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Journal articles on the topic 'Spirogyra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Bahri, Syamsul. "Application of Cigeratte Filter from Algae Spyrogira peipingensis to Reduce Nicotine, Tar, and Carbon Monoxide." International Journal of Applied Biology 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v1i1.2014.

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Algae Spirogyra peipingensis is a group of green algae from the order Zygnematales. Spirogyra algae serves as a bioremediation agent. In addition Spirogyra algae has great potential in reducing toxin levels in cigarette smoke. Because the biomass of alga Spirogyra has an irregular shaped surface texture and consists of amino acid, amide, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and carbonyl group that can bind various heavy metals and other harmful compounds. Alga Spirogyra peipingensis samples used are algae from Bone, South Sulawesi. Prior to the trial, the first pretreatment and processed to become powder. Algae powder was then applied to cigarette filters and tested on several respondents. Results showed that there was a significant decrease tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide levels in cigarette smoke by using Spirogyra peipingensis algae but the most significant decrease of carbon monoxide, while tar and nicotine decreased even though not as high as carbon monoxide.

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2

Kadłubowska, J. Z. "Conjugation between Spirogyra ternata Ripart and Spirogyra Fuellebornii Schmidle." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 33, no. 3 (2015): 481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1964.035.

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3

Townsend, Simon A., and Armando V. Padovan. "The seasonal accrual and loss of benthic algae (Spirogyra) in the Daly River, an oligotrophic river in tropical Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04079.

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The hierarchy of factors that control the growth and biomass of Spirogyra sp. was examined for an 18-km reach of the Daly River in the wet/dry tropics of northern Australia. On an annual temporal scale, hydrological disturbances control Spirogyra. Over the wet season (typically December–April), frequent runoff events prevent the colonisation and growth of Spirogyra in the Daly River. This is followed, however, by a lengthy period (typically May–November) without hydrological disturbances and river velocities that favour benthic algal growth. In 2001, Spirogyra became visible in mid-May, then grew to reach a maximum biomass in early August of 28 mg m−2 of chlorophyll a. The standing crop of Spirogyra was primarily determined by the availability of gravel substrate and the velocity and shear stress at the river-bed. Photosynthetically available radiation (200–800 μE m−2 s−1) reaching the river-bed should not have limited algal growth, though self shading within the Spirogyra mats may have been important. Although the growth rate of Spirogyra was probably limited by nutrients, the maximum biomass was constrained by autogenic sloughing. The biomass of Spirogyra steadily declined to half its maximum in early October despite favourable river velocities, most likely a result of nutrient limitation. Spirogyra was then removed from the river by the first major runoff event of the wet season in late October. The hierarchy of factors that control benthic algal biomass in the Daly River are the same as in lower latitudes, though the long period of favourable river velocities when smaller scale, proximate factors (e.g. nutrients, shear stress) control biomass should be noted.

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4

Ilyas, Nimra, Sadia Ilyas, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, Sidra Yousaf, Aqsa Zia, and Sidra Sattar. "Removal of copper from an electroplating industrial effluent using the native and modified spirogyra." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 1 (May 17, 2018): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.226.

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Abstract In the present study, biosorption behavior of a green filamentous alga, spirogyra in its native and modified states was investigated for copper removal from an electroplating industrial effluent. For this, the effluent containing 194 mg·L−1 Cu2+ in sulfate medium was contacted with both forms of spirogyra, under the parametric variations of effluent pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and sorption temperature. The study revealed spirogyra as a prominent candidate for removing contaminant metal cation; however, at the same condition, biosorption capacity of modified biomass in gel form was higher than the native spirogyra. At the optimized condition with 6 g sorbent dosage treated to 100 mL effluent for 30 min at pH 6.0 and temperature 20 °C, the maximum 82.8% and 96.4% copper could be adsorbed by the native and modified spirogyra, respectively. The batch sorption data using native biomass followed pseudo-first-order kinetic; exhibiting the multilayer sorption mechanism via surface diffusion could be defined by the Freundlich model. In contrast, the sulfuric acid treated modified spirogyra followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and intra particle diffusion as the rate-limiting step.

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5

Kadłubowska, Joanna Zofia. "Morphologische Untersuchungen von Spirogyra granulata Jao and Spirogyra pseudogranulata Ley." Archiv für Protistenkunde 143, no. 1-3 (March 1993): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80282-4.

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6

Sulfahri, Mohamad Amin, Sutiman Bambang Sumitro, and Murni Saptasari. "Comparison of biomass production from algae Spirogyra hyalina and Spirogyra peipingensis." Biofuels 8, no. 3 (September 22, 2016): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1231954.

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7

Baihaqi, Baihaqi, Mujibul Rahman, Ilham Zulfahmi, and Muslich Hidayat. "BIOREMEDIASI LIMBAH CAIR KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN Spirogyra sp." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 5, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v5i2.3021.

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One type of algae that potentially reduces palm oil mill effluent is Spirogyra sp. Spirogyra sp. Has a wide distribution on the coast of Indonesia and is still underutilized by pond farmers. This study aims to test the efficiency of Spirogyra as a bioremediation agent of palm oil liquid waste and to examine the effect of palm oil liquid waste on the growth of Spirogyra. This research was conducted from March to July 2017. The research design consisted of five treatments, treatment A control (0 mL.L-1), B treatment (25 mL.L-1), C treatment (50 mL.L-1) ), Treatment D (75 mL.L-1) and E treatment (100 mL.L-1). Observation parameters include absolute growth, relative growth rate, doubling time and water quality parameters (pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and COD). The stastistic analysis used in this study uses one way ANOVA. The obvious different criteria used in this study was at a 95% confidence level (p

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8

Weber, Johanna, and Michael Schagerl. "Strategies of Spirogyra against epiphytes." Algological Studies 123 (May 1, 2007): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2007/0123-0057.

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9

Mesbahzadeh, Behzad, Seyed Ali Rajaei, Parnia Tarahomi, Seyed Ali Seyedinia, Mehrnoush Rahmani, Fatemeh Rezamohamadi, Muhammad Azam Kakar, and Nasroallah Moradi-Kor. "Beneficial effects of Spirogyra Neglecta Extract on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." Biomolecular Concepts 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2018-0015.

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AbstractObjectivesThis study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral supplementation of Spirogyra algae on oxidative damages and inflammatory responses in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced by administration of 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin. A total of sixty-four rats were divided into eight groups of eight rats each as follows:1) non-diabetic control; 2, 3, and 4) non-diabetic rats treated with 15, 30, and 45 mg of Spirogyra algae/kg/d; 5) control diabetic; and 6, 7, and 8) diabetic rats treated with 15, 30, and 45 mg of Spirogyra algae extract. At the end of the trial, the serum concentrations of glucose, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant status (TAS), C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were examined by specified procedures.ResultsOur findings indicated that the administration of STZ significantly increased the serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, IL-6, TNF-a, and MDA and decreased the serum levels of GSH and TAS (P<0.05) in diabetic rats. Oral administration of Spirogyra alleviated adverse effects of diabetes on oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in diabetic rats (P<0.05).ConclusionIt can be stated that Spirogyra algae extract can be used for treatment of diabetes likely due to prevention of oxidative stress and alleviation of inflammation in the rat model.

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10

Volkova, Ekaterina A. "Life cycle of Spirogyra decimina var. juergensii (Kütz.) O.V. Petlovany from Lake Baikal." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 1(16) (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2018-1(16)-1-7.

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Identification of Spirogyra species is based on the morphology of the fertile specimens. This work provides characteristics of growth and the time of reproduction of Spirogyra decimina var. juergensii in Lake Baikal and describes sexual reproduction and conditions for germination of new filaments of this species isolated from the lake.

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11

Lee, Yi Chao, Shui Ping Chang, Chih Sheng Lee, and Nien Hsin Kao. "Influence of Pigment Extraction on Pb(II) Biosorption of Cladophora and Spirogyra Algae Powder." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3591.

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The Cladophora and Spirogyra genera are classified within the green algae division. Species belonging to these genera comprise large filamentous algae, possess significant biomass, and are found in freshwater around the world. These characteristics give Cladophora and Spirogyra high potential to be developed as biological materials. For this study, we harvested fresh Cladophora and Spirogyra and produced algae powder using two of conventional procedures: with pigment extraction and without pigment extraction. The resulting algae powders were subjected to Pb(II) biosorption, and the differences in biosorption rates were subsequently analyzed. Our study found the following: (i) significant differences in cell structure, cell wall thickness, the type and content of cell composition, and the quantity of epiphytes between Cladophora and Spirogyra. This variation influenced the functional groups within the resulting algae powders and their binding sites, which further led to different levels of Pb(II) adsorption. (ii) Glacial acetic acid, a compound commonly employed in pigment extraction procedures, affected the functional groups and the binding sites of the resulting algae powders. For Cladophora algae powder, Pb(II) biosorption was reduced by 16.6 %; whereas for Spirogyra algae powder, Pb(II) biosorption was reduced by 19.8 %. (iii) The pigment extraction procedure exerted the most significant influence on the carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups in algae powder. (iv) The pigment extraction procedure is not suitable for the preparation of algae powders which will be used for metal ion biosorption.

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12

Kamenarska, Zornitza G., Stefka D. Dimitrova-Konaklieva, Christina Nikolova, Athanas Il Kujumgiev, Kamen L. Stefanov, and Simeon S. Popov. "Volatile Components of the Freshwater Algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 7-8 (August 1, 2000): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-7-801.

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Abstract Several species of freshwater green algae belonging to the order Zygnematales (Spirogyra crassa (Ktz.) Czurda, S. longata (Vauch.) Ktz., and Mougeotia viridis (Ktz.) Wittr.) were found to have a specific composition of the volatile fraction, which confirms an earlier proposal for the existence of two groups in the genus Spirogyra. Antibacterial activity was found in volatiles from S. longata.

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13

Junthip, Rattanabhorn, Doungporn Amornlerdpison, and Thitiphan Chimsook. "Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Spirogyra spp." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.693.

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A freshwater macroalga, Spirogyra spp., were analyzed for its phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (Folin−Ciocalteu method). Phytochemical analysis of Spirogyra neglecta revealed presence of phenolics, tannins, glycosides and saponins. The crude extraction of Spirogyra spp. was carried out using two solvents via, methanol (methanolic extract) and water (aqueous extract). The total phenolic contents of crude extracts were shown at 346.58±1.61 and 589.77±1.65 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract in aqueous and methanolic extracts, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of aqueous and methanolic extract was estimated by two different methods; ABTS assay, and DPPH assay. The antioxidant activity of two extracts is affected by the extracting solvent and different assay. In the DPPH scavenging assay and ABTS assay, both extracts showed high antioxidant activity. In addition, the high correlation between results of all antioxidant activities and total phenolic content was found. The rapid TLC assay in methanolic extract is considered as the rapid test to evaluate the antioxidant activity of natural compounds. The compounds showing four bands at Rf = 0.25, 0.35, 0.42, 0.64. This study showed that Spirogyra spp. might constitute an important source of natural antioxidants.

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14

Brahmbhatt*, Nayana Hasmukhbhai, R. T. Jasrai, and Rinku V. Patel. "Resoluteness of biogas potential of Cr, Pb & Cd accumulated green algae Spirogyra sp. and Oscillatoria sp." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 01 (December 31, 2016): 5224. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.01.008.

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Water pollution due to heavy metals are spreading world-wide along with industrial progress. In this research work cultivation of Spirogyra sp. & Oscillatoria sp. were done and wastewater treatment of heavy metal such as Cr, Cd & Pb was accumulated by algae. After treatment of algae Spirogyra sp. & Oscillatoria sp. were decomposed and to prepare compost. The production of biogas from algal biomass becomes economically feasible and cheaper. This present study revealed that the nutrient content of natural compost was recorded about C- 38.5%, N- 3.31%, P- 1.02%, & K- 3.42%, heavy metal content of Cd- BDL, Pb- 0.21ml/mg & Cr- 0.01ml/mg and biogas value 19.19 l/kg. The maximum value of biogas was recorded at 30 ppm concentration (27.95 l/kg) of algal compost as compare to natural compost (19.19 l/kg) in Spirogyra sp. The experimental study concluded that the selected algae showed better biogas production as compared to natural. Whereas out of selected two algae, Spirogyra sp. gave better outcome as compare to Oscillatoria sp. Thus, Study suggested that algal biomass constitute a promising, efficient, cheap, decayed material for making compost and biogas production.

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15

Wei, Yin-Xin, Ying-Kit Yung, Michael B. Jackson, and Takashi Sawa. "Some Zygnemataceae (Chlorophyta) of Ontario, Canada, including descriptions of two new species." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 3233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-403.

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We examined 1455 filamentous algal samples collected from 32 Ontario sites since 1981 and identified 21 Zygnemataceae, including two new species: Spirogyra favosa Wei et Yung sp.nov. and Zygnema lacustre Wei et Yung sp.nov. Of the 21 taxa described in this paper, Zygogonium tunetanum, Temnogametum tirupatiense, Mougeotia quadragulata, and Spirogyra fennica were the important species in the acidic sites, whereas Mougeotia laetevirens, Zygnemopsis stephensiae, and Spirogyra jatobae were common in the circumneutral and alkaline locations. Zygogonium tunetanum was the most important metaphytic alga in lakes with pH 6.8 and lower, proliferating in the littoral areas of acidic Ontario lakes. These data support the view that the taxonomy of Zygnemataceae should place more emphasis on the zygospore wall structures and ornamentations and less emphasis on the dimensions of vegetative cells.

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Alfasane, Md Almujaddade, Md Miraj Kobad Chowdhury, and Maliha Mehnaz. "Molecular characterization and new reports of two green algae from Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41915.

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This communication portrays the molecular characterization and confirms the new reports of two fresh water green algae namely, Pithophora polymorpha Wittrock and Spirogyra maxima (Hassall) Wittrock from Bangladesh. The samples of these algal species were cultured and partial 18S rDNA was sequenced and analysed for their molecular identification. It was found that the primers reported here could sufficiently identify these algae as P. polymorpha and S. maxima. Furthermore, the Neighbour joining (NJ) tree generated from 18s rDNA sequences suggested that Spirogyra maxima of Bangladesh is distantly related to the cluster of S. juergensii and S. platensis. Pithophora polymorpha along with P. roettleri, P. sano and Pithophora sp. seems to form a strongly supported monophyletic group. The alga AP1 clusters with Pithophora and the alga AS1 clusters with Spirogyra. This study is the first-time report of molecular identification of Bangladeshi algae and a landmark towards the future exploration of thealgal biodiversity of Bangladesh.

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Xu, Qiuyang, Meixue Shi, Shaohua Wang, and Yuchun Qing. "Study on the Effect of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Algae Growth in the Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016502001.

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With the development of industry, synthetic drugs and their secondary metabolites bring some hidden dangers to environmental safety. As an excellent drug, salicylic acid is widely used in cardiovascular drugs, industrial dyes, skin care and acne products, etc. Therefore, it is possible to detect salicylic acid molecules, its derivatives or secondary metabolites in the natural environment. It should be noted that salicylic acid, as an endogenous signal molecule, can greatly affect plant growth. In this study, the common algal Spirogyra in fresh water was taken as the research object. The effects of exogenous salicylic acid on the growth of Spirogyra were analyzed through the changes of chlorophyll content and plant cross section during the growth of Spirogyra. It is found that the concentration of salicylic acid in the natural environment generally promotes the development of algae and improves their resistance to environmental stress. Therefore, as a possible correlation index of algal blooms, it deserves our attention.

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18

Klopfer, Tadeusz. "Podział chloroplastu podczas cytokinezy u Spirogyra [Die Teilung des Chloroplasten während der Zytokinese bei Spirogyra]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 11, no. 4 (2017): 443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1934.028.

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19

Kadłubowska, Joanna Z. "Rare species of fungi parasiting on algae I. Parasites of Spirogyra and Mougeotia." Acta Mycologica 33, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.020.

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Investigations carried out on the genus <i>Spirogyra</i> Link and <i>Mougeotia</i> Agardh revealed the following species of fungi parasiting in the <i>Spirogyra</i> and <i>Mougeotia</i> cells: <i>Olpidium endogenum, Blyttiomyces helicus, B. spinulosus, Micromyces zygogonii</i> and <i>Rhizophydium ampullaceum</i>. First information on <i>B. helicus</i> as parasitic on algae is presented.

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20

Mustaffa, Ahmad, Ku Ku Hamid, Mohibah Musa, Juferi Idris, and Roslina Ramli. "High Nitrate and Phosphate Ions Reduction in Modified Low Salinity Fresh Water through Microalgae Cultivation." Processes 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7030129.

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The treatment of nitrate and phosphate ions in fresh water such as streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands through biological treatment has been getting more crucial and popular in recent years. This paper reports the reduction of nitrate and phosphate ions in modified low salinity fresh water via the cultivation of a microalgae strain, e.g., Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. The low salinity fresh water (9054 to 9992 ppm) was modified with the addition of organic fertiliser (VermiCompost Tea) and used as the cultivation medium to grow microalgae. The microalgae strains were grown under controlled conditions in an indoor laboratory for 14 days. The initial concentrations of nitrate and phosphate ions in the modified fresh water sample were 1.17 mg/L and 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The reduction of nitrate and phosphate ions associated with the effect of cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. in ambient air (0.03% of CO2) and 15% of CO2 was investigated. In ambient air, the cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. greatly reduced the nitrate ions concentration from 5.96 ± 0.28 to 0.37 ± 0.05 mg/L and from 2.35 ± 0.19 to 0.59 ± 0.08 mg/L, respectively. A 100% reduction of phosphate ions was observed in the cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. from 0.52 ± 0.10 mg/L in 13 days of and from 0.63 ± 0.15 mg/L in 6 days, respectively. Meanwhile, with the aeration of 15% of CO2, after the 14 days cultivation of Tetraspora sp. and Spirogyra sp. reduced the nitrate ions concentration from 5.27 ± 0.06 to 1.80 ± 0.20 mg/L and from 4.73 ± 0.12 to 2.80 ± 0.10 mg/L, respectively. The excessive CO2 in water consequently lowered the pH of water medium from 7.18 to 6.60 due to the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3). It was feasible to couple the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in Sungai Sura (4°42″28.2° N 103°26″12.1° E) while cultivating microalgae through biological treatment to produce biomass for biofuel production.

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Devi, K. Usha, and M. N. V. Panikkar. "Species of Spirogyra new to Kerala." Feddes Repertorium 105, no. 1-2 (April 18, 2008): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19941050118.

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22

Mann, H., S. Mann, and W. S. Fyfe. "ARAGONITE CRYSTALS IN SPIROGYRA SP. (CHLOROPHYTA)." Journal of Phycology 23, no. 3 (September 1987): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1987.tb02539.x.

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23

Shi, Yu-Tong, Yang-Yang Yu, Zi-Ai Xu, Jiabiao Lian, and Yang-Chun Yong. "Superior carbon belts from Spirogyra for efficient extracellular electron transfer and sustainable microbial energy harvesting." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 12 (2019): 6930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00332k.

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Nabila, T. I., and S. Ibrahim. "Physico-chemical properties of tannery effluents from Challawa industrial area in Kano and evaluation of bioremediation potentials of Spirogyra porticalis and Chlorella vulgaris on the effluents." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.26s.

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Discharge of industrial effluent in aquatic environment is a serious threat to life due to toxic heavy metals. Algae can be used as cheap bioremediation agents in comparison to conventional technologies. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioremediation potential of two algal species (Spirogyra porticalis and Chlorella vulgaris) for the removal of Lead from two tannery industries (M Tannery and G Tannery), located in Challawa Industrial Area. Temperature, EC, TDS, DO and BOD were measured. In G Tannery, Spirogyra porticalis had the highest affinity for Lead which was 51%, 55% and 51% at 3, 6 and 9 weeks interval respectively while Chlorella vulgaris affinity for Lead was 40% 45% and 45%. In M tannery, Chlorella vulgaris had the highest potential to remove Lead from the effluent, which was 90%, 86% an 90% while Spirogyra porticalis affinity for Lead was 10%, 41% and 10%. Temperature ranged from 30-31˚C which might be as a result of ambient temperature. The pH of both tannery effluents did not differ significantly (p=<0.5) and it was not within the maximum permissible limit of 6.5-8.5. EC of M Tannery was a little higher than that of G Tannery (8.417±0.26, 6.920±0.050) which were below the permissible limit. TDS of M tannery was higher than that of G Tannery 1919.0±68.46mg/L, 1916.0±61.94mg/l which were not within the permissible limit. DO content were within the permissible limits of 6.4mg/L. BOD of both effluent samples were below the permissible limit of 4mg/L. This research shows that both species are suitable for bioremediation and are also tannery specific. Keywords: Bioremediation, Effluent, Tannery, Spirogyra porticalis, Chlorella vulgaris

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Kadłubowska, Joanna Zofia. "die variabilität einiger diagnostischer merkmale von spirogyra minor(schmidle) transeau und spirogyra punctulata jao variability of some diagnostic features in spirogyra minor (schmidle) transeau andspirogyra punctula jao." Archiv für Protistenkunde 139, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9365(11)80011-4.

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Rai, S. K., and P. K. Mishra. "Spirogyra Link and Sirogonium Kutzing Species: New to Algal Flora of Nepal." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 14 (September 22, 2016): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v14i0.4831.

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27

Kim, Ji-Hwan, Yeong-Hwan Kim, and In-Gyu Lee. "Numerical Phenetics of the Genus Spirogyra (Zygnematales, Chlorophyta) in Korea." ALGAE 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2003): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2003.18.4.239.

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Gaiya, D. D. "CHARACTERIZATION OF OIL AND CAKE FROM Spirogyra porticallis." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 3 (June 2021): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.03.054.

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Aim. Search of healthy and edible alternative oils from algae. Such oil provides many health benefits mainly because of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) form of omega-3 fattyacids and some other micro nutrients in smaller amounts. Methods. Soxhlet extraction method was used to extract the oil with n-hexane as the solvent. The proximate composition was determined by AOAC methods, while the mineral contents were determined by AAS. FTIR and UV-Visible spectra of the oil were run using Agilent- FTIR Spectrometer and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer respectively. Results. The oil yield was very low (1.05%). The proximate composition reveals carbohydrate as the major nutrient in the residue (79.18%), others include lipid (8.03%), crude protein (5.00%), moisture (2.78%), crude fibre (3.01%) and ash (2.00%). The mineral composition reveals high amount of potassium (1602.5 mg/100g) and calcium (632.5 mg/100g) with low levels of phosphorous (14.9 mg/100g) and sodium (12.8 mg/100g). The FTIR spectrum of algae oil is similar to the normal vegetable oil. Stretching vibrations at 2922.2 cm-1 and 2855 cm-1 are attributed to methylene (-CH2--) and methyl (-CH3) groups while absorption bands at 1710 cm-1 and 1744 cm-1 showed carboxylic groups for algae oil and vegetable oil (control) which was attributed to C=O stretching vibrations (esters). The UV-Visible spectrum of algae oil showed two peaks at 408 nm and 660 nm for carotenoids and chlorophyll A respectively, which corroborate with previous studies. Conclusions. We conclude that the oil and cake characterized from Spirogyra porticallis has great potential for medicinal and nutritional usage.

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Kadłubowska, J. Z. "O odchyleniach w przebiegu koniugacji Spirogyra majuscula Kütz [Über die Unregelmassigkeit im Kopulationsprozess von Spirogyra majuscula Kütz]." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 28, no. 4 (2017): 745–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1959.044.

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Cannell, R. J. P., P. Farmer, and J. M. Walker. "Purification and characterization of pentagalloylglucose, and α-glucosidase inhibitor/antibiotic from the freshwater green alga Spirogyra varians." Biochemical Journal 255, no. 3 (November 1, 1988): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2550937.

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Jaya, Danang, Rahayu Setiyaningtyas, and Sudiyono Prasetyo. "Pembuatan Bioetanol Dari Alga Hijau Spirogyra sp." Eksergi 15, no. 1 (July 4, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/e.v15i1.2290.

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Bioetanol merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang sangat berpotensi menggantikan BBM. Bahan baku bioetanol dapat berasal dari alga Spirogyra sp yang jarang dimanfaatkan. Karbohidrat tinggi yang terkandung dalam alga Spirogyra sp sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi etanol melalui proses kimia dan biologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yaitu hidolisis asam menggunakan H2SO4 0,2 M, fermentasi dengan bantuan mikroorganisme Saccharomyses cereviseae secara anaerob, dan distilasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu dan kadar yeast optimum pada proses fermentasi. Pada proses fermentasi, digunakan variasi waktu fermentasi 3, 4, 5, dan 6 hari serta variasi kadar khamir 0,5%; 0,75%; 1%; 1,25%; 1,5%; dan 1,75% dari volume filtrat. Hasil fermentasi dari masing-masing percobaan dianalisa untuk mengetahui kadar etanol dengan menggunakan perhitungan secara stoikiometri.Waktu optimum yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah 5 hari dan kadar khamir optimum yang didapat adalah 1 % volume filtrat. Kondisi operasi saat fermentasi yaitu pada pH 4,5 dan suhu dijaga pada 300C. Mol alkohol yang terbentuk sebanyak 0,0613 mol. Bioethanol is an alternative fuel that has potential to replace the oil fuel. The bioethanol feedstock can be derived from the green algae Spirogyra sp that is rarely exploited. High carbohydrates content in the Spirogyra sp algae is highly potential to be developed into ethanol through chemical and biological processes. This research is done through several stages: preparation of raw material, hydrolysis using sulfuric acid 0,2 M, and fermentation using Saccharomyses cerevisiae in an anaerob condition. The objective of this study is to find out the optimum reaction time and optimum quantity of Saccharomyses cerevisiae in the fermentation process. Variations of reaction time and yeast quantity are applied; those are 3, 4, 5 and 6 days for reaction time, and 0,5%; 0,75%; 1%; 1,25%; 1,5%; and 1,75% for yeast quantity. The stoichiometric calculation is used to analyse the result of this experiment. The result shows that the optimum duration for the fermentation is 5 days and the optimum quantity of yeast is 1% by weight. The condition of fermentation process must be held in pH of 4,5 and temperature of 30oC. The produced alcohol in those condition is 0,0613 mol.

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Skinner, Stephen, and Timothy Entwisle. "A colligate Spirogyra(Zygnemataceae, Zygnematophyceae) in Australia." Telopea 11, no. 1 (September 7, 2005): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea20055707.

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Nabavi, Seyed Fazel, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh, Naser Jafari, and Saber Yazdanpanah. "Biological Activities of Freshwater Algae,Spirogyra singularisNordstedt." Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 22, no. 1 (January 2013): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2011.624292.

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Baek, Jaewon, and Jong-Il Choi. "Optimization of Spirogyra Flocculation Using Polyaluminium Chloride." KSBB Journal 29, no. 3 (June 30, 2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7841/ksbbj.2014.29.3.220.

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Dias, Izabel C. A., and Carlos E. De M. Bicudo. "Spirogyra verrucogranulata (Zygnemaphyceae), a new species from southeastern Brazil." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 82 (November 21, 1996): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/82/1996/5.

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Chang, Shui Ping, Yi Chao Lee, Chih Sheng Lee, and Nien Hsin Kao. "Using Gin Adsorption Model for Assessing the Influence of Algal Powder Bleach Process in Cu(II) Adsorption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.123.

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The Cladophora and Spirogyra algae examined in this study belong to the Chlorophyta division. Macro filamentous algae, which are widespread in fresh water worldwide, have high potential to be developed as biological materials because of their large biomass and availability. In this study, we collected fresh algae from where they grew and produced bleached and unbleached algae powder using to adsorb Cu(II) ion solution. After the biosorption process, we noted the following four significant findings: (i) The functional groups and binding sites in the produced algae powder were affected, causing variations in the amount of copper adsorbed. The variations resulted from differences in the cell structure, the cell wall thickness of Cladophora and Spirogyra algae, cell composition, and the types and amount of epiphytic algae. (ii) Common bleaching procedures using glacial acetic acid influenced the binding sites of the functional groups and the biomass of the produced powder. Because of the bleaching, the amount of copper adsorbed by the Cladophora powder declined by 14.2%, and by 15.7% for Spirogyra powder. (iii) The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of unbleached powder were the main elements affected during the bleaching procedures. Examining whether the biosorption experiment results fit Gin’s biosorption model, we found that the biosorption amount and equilibrium reaction of the two bleached algae powders were inferior to that of the unbleached algae powders. (iv) The bleaching procedure using glacial acetic acid was not suitable for producing algae powder to use as an adsorbent for metal ions.

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Luknitskaya, A. F. "To the flora of Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta) of Valdaiskoe Lake (Novgorod Region, Russia)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 47 (2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2013.47.62.

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49 species and 2 varietas from 11 genera of Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae (Closterium, Cosmarium, Cosmoastrum, Euastrum, Micrasterias, Mougeotia, Pleurotaenium, Raphidiastrum, Spirogyra, Staurastrum, Staurodesmus) were found in Valdaiskoe Lake (National Park «Valdaisky», Novgorod Region, Russia). Leading genus is Cosmarium (23 species).

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Windyaswari, Ari Sri, Elfahmi Elfahmi, Fahrauk Faramayuda, Soraya Riyanti, Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi, Inna Puspa Ayu, Niken Tunjung Murti Pratiwi, Khairunisa Harizqi Nurul Husna, and Ridzka Magfirah. "Profil fitokimia selada laut (Ulva lactuca) dan mikro alga filamen (Spirogyra sp) sebagai bahan alam bahari potensial dari perairan Indonesia." Kartika : Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi 7, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26874/kjif.v7i2.288.

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<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Perairan Indonesia merupakan habitat bagi berbagai spesies makro dan mikro alga. Selada laut <em>(Ulva lactuca)</em> adalah salah satu makroalga hijau yang secara empiris digunakan sebagai makanan oleh masyarakat Indonesia yang hidup dipesisir pantai. Pada perairan tawar, ganggang hijau (<em>Spirogyra porticalis</em>) merupakan mikroalga filamen yang berperan penting sebagai bioindikator dalam sistem akuatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil fitokimia dari selada laut dan ganggang hijau yang tumbuh di perairan Indonesia. Hasil pengujian kualitatif pada selada laut <em>(Ulva lactuca)</em> menunjukkan kandungan metabolit primer dan sekunder berturut-turut adalah karbohidrat, alkaloid, flavonoid, mono dan seskuiterpenoid. Sementara itu ganggang hijau (<em>Spirogyra porticalis</em>) mengandung karbohidrat, protein, alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik, tannin, kuinon, mono dan seskuiterpenoid. Pola kromatogram selada laut <em>(Ulva lactuca) </em>dan ganggang hijau (<em>Spirogyra porticalis)</em> mendeteksi aktivitas antioksidan yang dimiliki oleh senyawa- metabolit sekunder seperti fenol, tannin, flavonoid, mono dan seskuiterpenoid yang memiliki variasi kepolaran dari semi hingga polar. Hasil uji pendahuluan aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode dinamolisis menunjukkan selada laut <em>(Ulva lactuca) </em>dan ganggang hijau (<em>Spirogyra porticalis)</em> memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai obat, suplemen, eksipien farmasi dan makanan nutrisi.</p><p align="center"> </p><p>Kata kunci: selada laut <em>(Ulva lactuca),</em> ganggang hijau (<em>Spyrogyra porticalis</em>), antioksidan, bahari, Indonesia.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>Indonesian waters are habitat for various macro and micro algae species. Sea lettuce </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em> is one of the green macroalgae that is empirically used as food by Indonesian people. In freshwater, green algae </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spirogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em> is filament microalgae that play an important role as bioindicators in the aquatic system. The aim of this research was to profiling the chemical constituent from native Indonesian sources,</em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em> and</em> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spirogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em>. The results of </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em> qualitative analysis showed the content of primary and secondary metabolites are carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, mono, and sesquiterpenoids, respectively. On the other hand, green algae </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spirogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em> carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, quinones, mono, and sesquiterpenoids, respectively. The chromatogram pattern of sea lettuce </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em> and </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spirogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em> showed the antioxidant activity caused by secondary metabolites such as phenol, tannin, flavonoids, mono and sesquiterpenoids which were various polarity. Preliminary test results of antioxidant activity with the dinamolysis method showed sea lettuce </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em> and</em> <em>and green algae </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spirogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em> have antioxidant activity. It potentially developed as drugs, supplements, pharmaceutical excipients and nutritional foods.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Keywords</em>: <em>sea lettuce </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ulva</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">lactuca</span><em>, green microalgae </em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Spyrogyra</span> <span style="text-decoration: underline;">porticalis</span><em>, antioxidant, marine, Indonesia, </em></p>

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Shrestha, Sabitri, Shiva Kumar Rai, and Min Raj Dhakal. "Algae of Itahari Municipality and its adjoining area, Eastern Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (April 10, 2013): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i1.7920.

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A total fifty-two algal taxa belonging to 3 classes and 21 families were reported from Itahari and its adjoining areas. Among them, Chlorophycean taxa were rich with 36 taxa followed by 9 taxa of Cyanophyceae and 7 taxa of Bacillariophyceae. Sixteen taxa were identified up to generic level only and rest 36 up to species level. Most of the species were collected from aquatic habitat both lotic and lentic, some were from soil and few as epiphytic. Out of 36, ten algae viz., Oscillatoria tenuis, Lyngbya martensiana, Achnanthes brevips, Pithophora varia, Stigeoclonium fasciculare, Oedogonium gallicum, Spirogyra crassa, S. gracilis, Closterium acerosum var. tumidum and Cosmarium nitidulum were new to Nepal. Dominant genera were Spirogyra, Oscillatoria, Closterium, Cosmarium, Navicula and Hydrodictyon collected from ponds, moist soils, ditches, and canals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i1.7920 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, 2013, Vol. 1(1): 5-10

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KURODA, Kiyoko, and Noburô KAMIYA. "Cytoplasmic Movement in Spirogyra during and after Centrifugation." Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences 67, no. 4 (1991): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.67.78.

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Nishizawa, Makoto, Takashi Yamagishi, Gen-Ichiro Nonaka, Itsuo Nishioka, and Mark A. Ragan. "Gallotannins of the freshwater green alga Spirogyra sp." Phytochemistry 24, no. 10 (January 1985): 2411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)83053-8.

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Ikegaya, Hisato, Seiji Sonobe, Kohei Murakami, and Teruo Shimmen. "Rhizoid differentiation of Spirogyra is regulated by substratum." Journal of Plant Research 121, no. 6 (October 8, 2008): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-008-0182-8.

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Ikegaya, Hisato, Takuto Nakase, Kazuyoshi Iwata, Hideaki Tsuchida, Seiji Sonobe, and Teruo Shimmen. "Studies on conjugation of Spirogyra using monoclonal culture." Journal of Plant Research 125, no. 3 (October 18, 2011): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-011-0457-3.

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Tanaka, K., S. Kitazawa, T. Sasaki, N. Ooshima, and T. Yamada. "Studies on the growth and development in Spirogyra." Planta 167, no. 1 (January 1986): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00446363.

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Rajfur, Małgorzata. "Influence of Preparation Method of Spirogyra Sp. Algae on their Sorption Capacity." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0035.

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Abstract The influence of the preparation method of samples on the zinc ions sorption parameters in Spirogyra sp. algae was analysed. The Zn2+ sorption process from the salt solutions of this analyte was carried out in static conditions. The carried out analyses results show that the method of algae samples preparation for analyses (thermal drying, freeze drying, samples conditioning in demineralised water) and storage period influence their sorption capacity. On the basis of the carried out research of the metal sorption kinetics in live and prepared algae samples, it was found that the equilibrium is achieved after approximately 30 min. In the experiment conditions, 56% of metals are sorbed in live algae during the first 15 min. Approximately 17 and 65% of zinc ions present in the dilution accumulated in thermally dried and freeze dried algae samples respectively after 30 min of the process. It was confirmed that conditioning of the algae samples in demineralised water, prior to the sorption process, increases its efficiency. In order to define sorption capacity of freeze dried Spirogyra sp. algae, the Langmuir isotherm model was applied. It was found out that algae absorb heavy metals in proportion to their content in a solution, in which they were immersed. The sorption capacity of freeze dried Spirogyra sp. algae and zinc, defined with the use of the Langmuir isotherm, shows considerable imprecise result. Evident influence of hydrogen cations on zinc concentrations in algae and in the solution in the state of equilibrium was found out.

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Chadseesuwan, U., S. Puthong, and P. Deetae. "Growth promotion of some lactic acid bacteria by crude extract of Spirogyra sp., Cladophora sp., Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa corynephora." Food Research 4, S4 (January 17, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s4).011.

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The aim of this research was to evaluate the growth promotion of two freshwater macroalgae (Spirogyra sp., Cladophora sp.) and two saltwater macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera and Caulerpa corynephora) crude extracts to some lactic acid bacteria using in vitro fermentation. Total soluble carbohydrates of macroalgae were obtained after extraction with 75oC of water for 1 hr. The concentration of total sugar and reducing sugar were 0.764 and 0.197 mg/g in Spirogyra sp., 0.368 and 0.082 mg/g in Cladophora sp., 0.484 and 0.055 mg/g in C. lentillifera, and 0.253 and 0.037 mg/g in C. corynephora, respectively. Degree of polymerization (DP) that refers to the size of oligosaccharide, were 3.8, 4.5, 8.8 and 6.8, respectively. The prebiotic activity was assessed by the change of the bacterial population. Crude extracts from macroalgae were tested for growth stimulation effect on lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR862 and Escherichia coli TISTR073. Results demonstrated that the population of L. plantarum TISTR862 and E. coli TISTR073 were higher in crude extracts from freshwater than saltwater macroalgae. The prebiotic activity score was calculated based on the change of growth in probiotic and pathogen after 24 hrs of incubation time. The highest score was obtained from C. corynephora extracts (1.10) follow by C. lentillifera extracts (0.77), Cladophora sp. extracts (0.173) and Spirogyra sp. extracts (0.07). In comparison with commercial culture (Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium), the addition of 3.5% C. lentillifera extracts resulted as prebiotic activity score value as 3.5% FOS. Preliminary study demonstrated that crude extract of C. lentillifera could be a prebiotic substance

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Luknitskaya, A. F. "Preliminary data to the flora of conjugates (Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae) of Mshinskoye Bog System (Leningrad Region)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 45 (2011): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2011.45.50.

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73 species and varieties from 15 genera of Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae (Actinotaenium, Closterium, Cylindrocystis, Cosmarium, Cosmoastrum, Desmidium, Euastrum, Gonatozygon, Mougeotia, Netrium, Pleurotaenium, Spirogyra, Spondylosium, Staurastrum, Staurodesmus) were found in Mshinskoye Bog System (Leningrad Region, Russia). Cosmarium (17 species), Closterium (16), Euastrum (8 species) are leading genera.

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Luknitskaya, A. F. "The additional data for the flora of conjugates (Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae) of Mshinskaya Wetland System (Leningrad Region)." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 46 (2012): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2012.46.52.

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51 species from 18 genera of Streptophyta, Zygnematophyceae (Actinotaenium, Bambusina, Closterium, Cylindrocystis, Cosmarium, Cosmoastrum, Docidium, Euastrum, Micrasterias, Mougeotia, Netrium, Pleurotaenium, Raphidiastrum, Spirogyra, Staurastrum, Staurodesmus, Tetmemorus, Xanthidium) were found in Mshinskaya Wetland System (Leningrad Region, Russia). Leading genera are Cosmarium (10 species), Closterium (10), Staurastrum (8 species).

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Sohail, Saqib, Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz, Hamid Mukhtar, Tooba Touqeer, Muhammad Kafeel Anjum, Umer Rashid, Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani, and Thomas Shean Yaw Choong. "Spirogyra Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior." Catalysts 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10101214.

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Algae are emerging as a major and reliable source of renewable biodiesel that could meet the energy requirements of the world. Like plants, algae produce and store oils in their cells. Algal samples were collected from Gujrat District, Pakistan, their oil content was analyzed, and the best oil producing alga was identified as Spirogyra crassa. After collecting sample, oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. Spirogyra oil was characterized physico-chemically for the evaluation of its quality. Acid value, density, saponification value, peroxide value, as well as viscosity and iodine values were determined and their values were 16.67 ± 3.53 mg KOH/g, 0.859 ± 0.050 g/cm3, 165.33 ± 13.20 mg KOH/g, 4.633 ± 0.252 meq/kg, 5.63 ± 0.833 mm2/mL, and 117.67 ± 13.01 mg I2/g, respectively. Chemical as well as enzymatic transesterification protocols were employed for biodiesel production using NaOCH3 and NOVOZYME-435, respectively. Different reactions parameters involved in transesterification were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimized yield of biodiesel (77.3 ± 1.27%) by the chemical transesterification of algal oil (spirogyra) was observed by carrying out the reaction for 90 minutes at a reaction temperature of 45 °C using 1.13% catalyst (NaOCH3) concentration and 6:1 methanol:oil. Meanwhile, for enzymatic transesterification, the optimized yield (93.2 ± 1.27%) was obtained by conducting the reaction for 42.5 h at the temperature of 35 °C using 1% enzyme concentration and 4.5:1 methanol:oil. Fuel properties, including flash point, pour point, cloud point, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and density, were determined and their values are 125.67 ± 2.11 °C, −19.67 ± 0.8 °C, −13 ± 1 °C, 138.667 ± 2.52 °C, 5.87 ± 2.20 mm2/mL, and 0.85 6 ± 0.03 g/cm3, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis were performed for the monitoring of the transesterification process and fatty acid methyl acid (FAME) profiling, respectively.

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Kadłubowska, Joanna Z., and Anders Langangen. "Mougeotia ag. and Spirogyra Link (Zygnemaceae) - new species for the European flora." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 66, no. 1 (2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1997.013.

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In samples collected in Norway the following species new for Europe, <em>Mougeotia olivacea</em> Y.J. Ling,<em> Mougeotia mysorensis</em> Iyengar, <em>Spirogyra reflexa</em> Transeau and <em>Spirogyra schmidtii</em> W. et G.S. West, are identified. The diagnosis of <em>M. olivacea</em> has been supplemented with data on the dimensions of vegetative cells and zygotes and the number of pyrenoids. The diagnosis of <em>M. mysorensis</em> has been supplemented with data on the number and distribution of pyrenoids and, often curved, vegetative filaments. The sites of <em>M. olivaceas</em> and <em>M. mysorensi</em>'s occurrence are the second one in the world. Morphological features and dimensions of <em>S. reflexa</em> and <em>S. schmidtii</em> are congruent with those given from other non-European sites.

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