Academic literature on the topic 'Spirulina Platensis Protein Concentrate'

The use of packaging films containing natural preservative compounds attracts great attention for the quality improvement of seafood. Microalga spirulina (Spirulina platensis) represents a potential source of high added-value and preservative biocompounds. The goal of this study was to enhance the quality of refrigerated Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) by including a protein concentrate (PC) of spirulina in a gelatine-based film. Quality changes in fish muscle were monitored by microbial and chemical analyses throughout an 11-day refrigerated storage (4 °C). As a result of the presence of spirulina PC in the film, an antimicrobial effect (p < 0.05) was concluded as determined by comparative evolution of aerobes and psychrotrophs, while no effect (p > 0.05) was concluded for Enterobacteriaceae, proteolytics and lipolytics counts. Furthermore, a lower (p < 0.05) formation of trimethylamine and free fatty acids was detected. Lipid oxidation, measured by fluorescent compounds formation, also exhibited lower average values in fish corresponding to the batch containing spirulina concentrate. The preservative effects observed can be explained on the basis of the presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds in the microalga concentrate. It is proposed that the current packaging system may constitute a novel and promising strategy to enhance the quality of commercial refrigerated fatty fish.

The aim of the study was to investigate the complete substitution of imported soybean meal in beef cattle diets and the consequences on performance, meat, and adipose tissue quality. Thirty growing crossbred Limousin bulls, with an initial bodyweight of 164 ± 13 kg and 4.3 ± 0.3 months of age, were fed a grass/maize-silage based diet with little additional concentrate (0.5:0.3:0.2). Concentrates contained either soybean meal (positive control), faba beans, pumpkin seed cake, or spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), resulting in about 226 g crude protein (CP)/kg concentrate dry matter (DM) and 158 g CP/kg total diet DM. A grain-based concentrate providing just 135 g CP/kg concentrate DM and 139 g CP/total diet DM served as a negative control. Bulls of all groups had comparable average daily gains (1.43 ± 0.1 kg) and feed intakes (6.92 ± 0.37 kg). Carcass and meat quality did not differ among groups. The fatty acid profile of meat lipids was hardly affected. These results indicate that soybean meal can be replaced by any of the tested protein sources without impairing performance or meat quality. Importantly, bulls fed the negative control achieved a fattening and slaughter performance comparable to that of the protein-supplemented groups without affecting meat and adipose tissue quality. Thus, the present findings suggest that feeding crossbred bulls a grass/maize-silage based diet does not require additional protein supplementation.

The intake and in vivo digestibility of Trypsacumlaxum in guinea pigs according to the graded level of spirulina was evaluated in Cameroon. 20 animals aged of 6 months with an average weight of 450 ± 50 g were randomly divided into 4 equivalent groups. Each group received T. laxum and 40g of compound feed containing 0% (TS0), 2% (TS2), 4% (TS4), and 6% (TS6) of spirulina. Feed intake was the different between the left over and the quantity served. The sample of T. laxum and those of each diet as well as feces were collected and analyzed for the apparent digestibility of each nutrient. Animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of each period of the test to determine the body weight gain. This study showed that the average daily intake of dry matter (DM) for TS0, TS2, TS4 and TS6 was 74.39 ± 2.98, 78.66 ± 3.14, 83.89 ± 4.28 and 77.76 ± 4.40 g/head/day. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients of different nutrients were obtained with animals fed TS6 group while the lowest were observed in TS0.The apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) of the supplemented group were statistically higher than those of the control diet. Animals’ weight performances were statistically comparable between treatments. Thus, the combination of T. laxum with concentrated feed containing spirulina can be recommended for guinea-pigs, but the level of incorporation may not exceed 4% of its daily ration.

<p>This experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer and chicken manure on population growth and nutrient content of <em>Spirulina platensis</em>. It was found that <em>Spirulina platensis</em> cultured in inorganic medium reached a maximum population on day-9 with a density of 614.77x10³ Sin/ml, containing 56.39% of crude protein and 17.92% of lipid. On the other hand, <em>Spirulina platensis</em> cultured in 250 ppm of chicken manure reached a maximum population on day-4 with a density of 434.32x10³Sin/ml, containing 45.39% of crude protein and 12.50% of lipid.</p> <p>Keywords: spirulina, <em>Spirulina platensis</em>, culture, inorganic fertilizer, chicken manure, population maximum</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan efektivitas pupuk inorganik (urea, TSP dan ZA) dan kotoran ayam terhadap pertumbuhan dan kandungan nutrien <em>Spirulina platensis</em>. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa <em>Spirulina platensis</em> dikultur menggunakan pupuk inorganik mencapai puncak populasi pada hari ke-9 dengan kepadatan 614,77x10³ Sin/ml, mengandungkan protein kasar 56,39% dan lemak 17,92%. Sementara itu, <em>Spirulina platensis</em> dikultur menggunakan kotoran ayam 250 ppm mencapai puncak populasi pada hari ke-4 dengan kepadatan 434,32x10³ Sin/ml, kandungan protein kasar 45,39% dan lemak 12,50%.</p> <p>Kata kunci: spirulina, <em>Spirulina platensis</em>, kultur, pupuk inorganik, kotoran ayam, populasi maksimal</p>

Spirulina platensis merupakan mikroalga hijau biru yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi, sehingga sering dimanfaatkan sebagai pangan fungsional. Penerapan Spirulina platensis sebagai pangan fungsional sering mengalami kendala karena kandungan senyawa volatile penyebab aroma kurang sedap pada mikroalaga ini. Intervensi O. bacillicum pada S. platensis dapat mengurangi aroma kurang sedap yang ditimbulkan. Mikroenkapsulasi dilakukan untuk menjaga stabilitas nutrisi serta serta menahan aroma saat dikonsumsi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh intervensi O. bacillicum terhadap kandungan protein S. platensis, nilai pH dan tingkat kesukaan pada serbuk dan mikrokapsul S. platensis. Spirulina sebagai sampel kontrol (SP), intervensi O. bacillicum yang dikeringakan (DSB), dan yang dilakukan mikroenkapsulasi (MSB). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa intervensi O. bacillicum pada S. platensis serta dilakukan mikroenkapsulasi berpengaruh (P < 0,05) terhadap kadar protein, nilai pH dan uji hedonik. meningkatkan nilai pH, menurunkan kadar protein 19,87% pada sampel DSB dan menurun drastis pada sampel MSB. Asam amino mengalami penurunan kecuali asam aspartat dan arginin. Semakin tinggi nilai pH dari perlakuan intervensi tersebut semakin rendah kadar proteinnya. Intervensi O. bacillicum dapat meningkatkan skala hedonik pada S. platensis. Sampel DSB memberikan nilai terbaik pada aroma, sedangkan sampel MSB memberikan nilai terbaik pada warna yang dihasilkan. Oleh karena itu intervensi O. bacillicum pada S. platensis menjadi solusi dalam mengurangi aroma tidak sedap pada S. platensis.

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A microalga Spirulina platensis é uma fonte renovável e não-convencional de proteínas que pode ser aplicada na confecção de filmes biopoliméricos, para serem utilizados na produção de embalagens biodegradáveis, minimizando agressões ao meio ambiente e agregando valor a esta matéria-prima antes utilizada principalmente como ração animal. Com base nisso, este trabalho teve por objetivo a produção, avaliação e aplicação de filmes nanocompósitos obtidos a partir de extrato proteico proveniente da microalga Spirulina platensis. Para tanto, inicialmente foi obtido um extrato proteico da Spirulina (EPS) através de extração química por variação do pH. Este extrato, contendo 64 % de proteína (base seca), foi avaliado quanto à sua composição de aminoácidos e caracterizado quanto à sua funcionalidade (solubilidade; capacidade de retenção de água e óleo; capacidade espumante; estabilidade espumante). Posteriormente, o EPS foi utilizado como matéria-prima para obtenção de filmes proteicos nanocompósitos com adição de nanoargila montmorilonita (MMT). A obtenção dos mesmos foi realizada através do preparo de soluções filmogênicas, seguido da técnica de casting e secagem a 40 °C (±2 °C) em estufa com circulação de ar. Foram utilizados dois tipos de planejamento: um para avaliar as variáveis do processo de obtenção dos filmes (Planejamento Fatorial Fracionário) e outro para determinar as melhores condições de obtenção dos filmes (Delineamento Central Composto Rotacional - DCCR). Os filmes foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração - RT, e elongação) e ópticas (diferença de cor - ΔE* e opacidade – Y %), espessura, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), solubilidade em água e umidade (U %). Com base na menor PVA (8,51 g.mm.(kPa. d. m2 ) -1 ) e umidade (12,7 %), o filme escolhido para ser utilizado como parte de um sistema de embalagem individual para massa de pizza teve a seguinte formulação: 4,5 g de EPS, 1,35 g de glicerol e 0,1 g de MMT em 150 mL de água destilada, pH 11,0 e temperatura final do processo de 75 °C (ensaio 5 do DCCR). Ele foi um dos filmes menos espesso (0,092 mm), elástico (elongação de 16 %), escuro e opaco, apresentou RT de 2,49 MPa (dentre as maiores) e foi o mais solúvel dos filmes, com solubilidade de 69,2 %. Foi avaliada a eficiência deste filme como parte do sistema de embalagem através de análises de perda de massa, textura e contagem de bolores e leveduras nas pizzas. Verificou-se que o mesmo não foi eficiente em conservar as massas de pizza, pois permitiu uma grande perda de massa e alterações inaceitáveis na textura, indicando assim uma alta permeabilidade ao vapor de água, o que também é indesejável. De modo geral, concluiu-se que é possível obter um extrato proteico a partir de Spirulina e aplicá-lo como matéria-prima de filmes proteicos nanocompósito com adição de MMT. No entanto, o filme em questão não foi eficiente quando aplicado como embalagem para conservação de massa de pizza.
Microalgae Spirulina platensis are a renewable, unconventional source of protein which can generate biopolymeric films to be applied on the production of biodegradable packaging, minimizing environmental damage and adding economic value to a raw material mostly used as animal feed. Based on that, the purpose of this study was to product, evaluate and test an application of nanocomposite films obtained from protein concentrate of Spirulina platensis microalgae. In that regard, a Spirulina-based protein concentrate (SPC) was developed by chemical extraction through pH-shift process. This concentrate contains 64 % protein (dry base) and the tests analyzed its amino acid composition and its functionality (solubility; water/oil absorption capability; capacity of producing foam; foam stability). Afterwards, the SPC was used as raw material to produce nanocomposite protein films with addition of montmorillonite nanoclay (MMT). The production was done using filmogenic solutions, followed by casting and drying at 40 °C (±2 °C) in incubator with blower. Two types of planning were used: Fractional Factorial Planning (FFP), to evaluate film-producing process variables, and Central Composite Rotational Delineation (CCRD), to settle the best conditions to make the films. Those films had their mechanical (tensile strength – TS and elongation) and optical (color deviation and opacity) properties analyzed, as well as thickness, water steam permeability, solubility in water and humidity. Based on the smaller permeability (8.51 g.mm.(kPa. d. m2 ) -1 ) and humidity (12.7 %), the film chosen for use as part of a system of individual packing for pizza dough had the following formulation: 4.5 g of SPC, 1.35 g of glycerol and 0.1 g of MMT in 150 mL of distilled water, pH 11.0 and final process temperature of 75 ºC (CCRD sample no. 5). That film was one of the thinnest (0.092 mm) and less elastic (16 % of elongation), dark and opaque, as well as it had a TS of 2.49 MPa (one of the highest) and was the most soluble (69.2 % of solubility). Its efficiency as part of a packaging system was evaluated by texture, mass losses and mold and yeast count. The tests showed that the film is inefficient to preserve pizza dough, since it was unable to avoid large mass losses and inacceptable texture modifications, indicating moreover high permeability to water steam, which is also undesirable. In conclusion, it is possible to obtain a Spirulina-based protein concentrate and use it to make nanocomposite protein films with addition of MMT. Nevertheless, the film tested in this study is inefficient as part of a packaging system for pizza dough.

Tyrimo problema: Pienininkystei Lietuvoje plėtoti sąlygos yra palankios, pienas žemės ūkio produkcijos struktūroje užima beveik ketvirtadalį, o pieno produktų eksportas sudaro apie penktadalį šalies žemės ūkio ir maisto produktų eksporto. Lietuvoje karvių produktyvumas artimas Lenkijos ir Latvijos karvių produktyvumui, tačiau nuo kitų Europos Sąjungos šalių karvių produktyvumas atsilieka 15 – 20 proc. Todėl norint konkuruoti pasaulinėse rinkose būtina atrasti patikimų būdų gerinti karvių pieno kokybės rodiklius, taip pat didinti primilžį. Darbo tikslas: ištirti melsvadumblio Spirulina Platensis įtaką pieno sudėties rodikliams. Šiam tikslui įgyvendinti keliami tokie darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką primilžiui. 2. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką pieno sudėties rodikliams. 3. Ištirti Spirulina Platensis papildo vartojimo įtaką somatinių ląstelių skaičiui piene. Atlikę bandymą 8-iuose Lietuvos rajonų ūkiuose nustatėme, kad karvių šėrime panaudojus Spirulina Platensis papildą, iš bandomosios grupės karvių per parą primelžta vidutiniškai 2,44 kg arba 14,2 proc., pieno daugiau, nei iš kontrolinės grupės karvių (p<0,05). Vartojant Spirulina Platensis papildą bandomosios karvių grupės pieno riebumas buvo nustatytas vidutiniškai 0,27 proc., mažesnis, nei kontrolinės karvių grupės (p<0,05), tačiau iš bandomosios karvių grupės per parą gaunama 0,07 kg daugiau pieno riebalų. Pieno baltymingumas bandomosios karvių grupės piene... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Research problem: The conditions of the dairy development are favorable in Lithuania. The milk production takes up nearly a quarter of the whole agriculture production and the export of dairy products is about one-fifth of the country agricultural and food export. Lithuanian cow productivity is close to the Polish and Latvian cow productivity, but is about 15 – 20 percent lower than in other European Union countries. Therefore, in order to compete in global markets, it is necessary to find ways to improve the quality of milk, as well as to increase the milk yield. Research purpose: To investigate the influence of the blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis) on the milk composition parameters. For this purpose there are the following tasks: 1. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis onthemilkingyield. 2. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis onthemilkcompositionparameters. 3. Investigationoftheinfluenceof Spirulina platensis ontheamountofsomaticcellsinmilk. After tests in eight Lithuanian farms, it was found that the use of Spirulina platensis additives in cow feeding increases the average of milk yield of about 2.44 kg or 14.2 percent in compare with the control group (p<0,05). Although the additives of Spirulina platensis reduces the fatness of cow milk of about 0.27 percent, but absolute amount of the milk fat increases of about 0.07 kg pro day. In the similar way, the milk protein in the test group was lower of about 0.14% than in the control groups... [to full text]

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2007.
Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-09-25T18:50:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 purificao de ficocianina de spirulina platensis atravs de sistema aquoso bifsico e caracterizao cintica da desnaturao trmica.pdf: 1169483 bytes, checksum: 91e10f6deec4d439a925bcb5d565c5a5 (MD5)
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Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-01T01:00:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 purificao de ficocianina de spirulina platensis atravs de sistema aquoso bifsico e caracterizao cintica da desnaturao trmica.pdf: 1169483 bytes, checksum: 91e10f6deec4d439a925bcb5d565c5a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
A microalga Spirulina platensis apresenta em sua biomassa compostos de alto valor agregado como a ficocianina, um pigmento azul usado como corante natural na indústria alimentícia e de cosméticos e de grande interesse na indústria farmacêutica devido as suas propriedades terapêuticas, fatos estes que tornam sua obtenção com alto grau de pureza e sua caracterização uma possibilidade atraente. A presente dissertação teve como objetivos estudar e otimizar o processo de purificação do extrato aquoso de ficocianina de Spirulina platensi, com e sem células, por Sistema Aquoso Bifásico (SAB) polietilenoglicol (PEG)/fosfato de potássio variando-se a massa molar do polímero, 1500, 4000, 6000 ou 8000 Da, assim como estudar a cinética de desnaturação térmica do extrato aquoso de ficocianina, avaliando sua estabilidade entre 50 e 65°C para valores de pH entre 5 e 7 e estabelecer o modelo cinético para cada uma das situações propostas. Verificou-se que o pH 6 proporcionou a melhor purificação da ficocianina que se concentrou na fase de topo, rico em PEG, em todos sistemas estudados. A análise de efeitos, realizada através de quatro planejamentos fatoriais completos (22 ensaios + 3 pontos centrais), evidenciou que o aumento do percentual de sal causou um incremento no fator de purificação e o inverso ocorreu para o percentual de PEG. A otimização do processo de purificação através de quatro planejamentos fatoriais completos tipo delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR) (22 ensaios + 4 pontos axiais + 3 pontos centrais) estabeleceu que os SABs compostos por PEG 1500 e 8000 e fosfato de potássio, com 7 e 23% e 4 e 22,5%, respectivamente, atingiram fatores de purificação máximos de 1,6 vezes para a ficocianina, com recuperação total da proteína no primeiro e de 57% no segundo e que os formados pelos PEG 4000 e 6000, compostos ambos por 4% de polímero e 21% de sal, alcançaram fatores de purificação de 2,1 e 2,2 vezes, recuperando 100 e 73,5% da proteína-alvo. A extração e a purificação da ficocianina em SAB polietilenoglicol/fosfato de potássio pH 6 integrando essas duas etapas, composto pelo PEG 1500 alcançou valores de pureza para a ficocianina superiores aos obtidos com o sistema convencional, em todos os percentuais estudados, enquanto que para o PEG 6000, as purezas da proteína alcançadas nos ensaios do sistema convencional foram todas superiores às obtidas no outro. Os sistemas integrados compostos por 15% de PEG 1500 e 13% de fosfato de potássio e 5% de PEG 4000 e 18% de sal, alcançaram, nessa ordem, 0,73 e 0,79 de pureza (A620/A280), valores estes que classificam esta ficobiliproteína como de grau alimentar, superior a 0,7. As concentrações de ficocianina obtidas nas fases de topo desses dois sistemas respectivamente, 2,67 e 1,60 mg.mL-1, evidenciam que o sistema composto pelo PEG 4000 foi mais eficiente que os demais pois alcançou a maior pureza conjugada a maior concentração da proteína. Para a caracterização cinética da desnaturação térmica da ficocianina, o modelo foi assumido como de primeira ordem e entre 50 e 55°C, o extrato aquoso de ficocianina foi mais estável a pH 6 e entre 57 e 65°C em pH 5, sendo então, na faixa de temperaturas estudadas, mais instável a pH 7. As energias de ativação para os extratos de ficocianina foram de 87,36, 135,57 e 111,14 kcal/gmol, para os valores de pH 5, 6 e 7. A adição do agente estabilizante sorbitol, entre 10 e 50% ampliou o tempo de meiavida, provando que a descoloração da ficocianina é relacionada com a desnaturação da cadeia protéica e, através de testes estatísticos de diferença de médias, pode-se definir que ao final de 40 minutos de tratamento térmico, o extrato de ficocianina de pH 5 manteve cerca de 80% de sua concentração média relativa com adição de 30% (p/p) de sorbitol, para o pH 6, com 40% (p/p) de agente estabilizante, a concentração foi mantida em cerca de 86% e para o pH 7, a partir de 10 minutos, todas as concentrações de sorbitol adicionadas ocasionaram concentrações médias relativas de ficocianina diferentes significativamente e com 50% (p/p) de sorbitol 85% da concentração da proteína se manteve.
Spirulina platensis microalgae presents in its biomass high added value compounds like phycocyanin, a blue pigment used as a natural colorant in the food and cosmetic industry also of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry due to its therapeutic properties. These facts make obtaining it with a high purity level and its characterization an attractive possibility. The present paper aimed at studying and optimizing the purification process of the phycocyanin aqueous extract from Spirulina platensis with and without cells through aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) polietilenoglicol (PEG)/potassium phosphate by varying the polymer molar mass, 1500, 4000, 6000 or 8000 Da, as well as studying the thermal denaturization kinetics of the phycocyanin aqueous extract by evaluating its stability between 50 and 65°C for pH values between 5 and 7 and establishing the kinetic model for each proposed situation. It was verified that the pH 6 provided the best phycocyanin purification which was concentrated in the top phase in all the studied systems. The effect analysis done for the four full factorial designs (22 trial plus + 3 central points), made clear that the increase of the salt percentage caused an increment in the purification factor and the inverse occurred for the PEG percentage. The optimization of the purification process through four full factorial design CCRD (22 trial + 4 axial points + 3 central points) established that the ATPS composed by PEG 1500 and 8000 and potassium phosphate, with 7 and 23% and 4 and 22.5%, respectively, reached maximum purification factors of 1.6 fold for the phycocyanin, with total protein recovery in the first and 57% in the second and that the ones formed by PEG 4000 and 6000, both composed by 4% of polymer and 21% of salt, reached purification factor of 2.1 and 2.2 fold, recuperating 100 and 73.5% of the target protein. The phycocyanin extraction and purification in SAB polyethylene glycol/potassium phosphate pH 6, integrating these two phases, composed by PEG 1500, reached purity values for phycocyanin higher than the ones obtained with the conventional system in all studied percentages, while for PEG 6000, all protein purities obtained in the conventional system trials were higher than the ones obtained in the other. The integrated systems composed by 15% of PEG 1500 and 13% of potassium phosphate and 5% of PEG 4000 and 18% of salt, reached, in this order, 0.73 and 0.79 of purity (A620/A280). These values classify this phycobiliprotein as of food grade, higher than 0.7. The concentrations of phycocyanin obtained in the top phases of these two systems, respectively, 2.67 and 1.6 mg.mL-1, make clear that the system composed by PEG 4000 was more efficient than the others because it reached the biggest purity along with to the highest protein concentration. For the kinetic characterization of the phycocyanin thermal denaturization, the model was assumed as of first order and, between 50 and 55°C, the phycocyanin aqueous extract was more stable at pH 6 and between 57 and 65°C at pH 5, thus, being more stable at pH 7 for the ranges of temperature studied. The activation energy for the phycocyanin extracts were 87.36, 135.57 and 111.14 Kcal/gmol for pH 5, 6 and 7 values. The addition of the sorbitol stabilizing agent between 10 and 50% increased the half-life, proving that the phycocyanin discoloration is related to the denaturization of the protein chain and, through statistical tests of average differences, it is possible to define that, at the end of 40 minutes of thermal treatment, the pH 5 phycocyanin extract kept about 80% of its relative average concentration with the addition of 30% (w/w) of sorbitol, for pH 7, with 40% (w/w) of stabilizing agent, the concentration was kept at about 86% and for pH 7, from 10 minutes on, all the sorbitol concentrations added caused significantly different phycocyanin relative average concentrations and with 50% (w/w) of sorbitol, 85% of the protein concentration was kept.

CAPES; CNPQ
A Spirulina platensis é reconhecida como uma fonte não convencional de proteínas, em função da sua constituição favorável deste nutriente (46 a 63%), possuindo concentração superior a das carnes e da soja. Além disso, apresenta potencial como matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol, podendo acumular entre 8,0 e 14,0% de carboidratos. A fim de abranger o conceito de Biorrefinarias Integradas, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar a extração conjunta de proteínas e carboidratos da biomassa de Spirulina platensis utilizando tratamento ultrassônico e agitação em meio alcalino, e a posterior produção e caracterização do concentrado proteico. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, aplicou-se uma estratégia sequencial de planejamento experimental (Planejamento Fatorial Fracionário (PFF) seguido de Delineamentos Compostos Centrais Rotacionais (DCCR)) para seleção e maximização das variáveis com influência significativa sobre o processo de extração. Com as condições de extração otimizadas, foi possível atingir recuperação final de 75,85% e de 41,54% de proteínas e carboidratos, respectivamente. Na segunda etapa do trabalho foi realizada a precipitação de proteínas, para a separação da fase líquida contendo os carboidratos e obtenção do concentrado proteico, o qual foi caracterizado quimicamente e de acordo com sua funcionalidade tecnológica. O concentrado proteico apresentou coloração verde azulada com 75,97% de proteínas (b.s.), concentrações apreciáveis de aminoácidos, sendo o que o triptofano apresentou o maior escore químico (1,71) e o aminoácido limitante foi a histidina; na análise da estrutura secundária das proteínas, as conformações mais abundantes foram β-folha e α-hélice. Na etapa de avaliação da funcionalidade tecnológica observou-se que o pH apresentou influência nas propriedades de capacidade de absorção de água, capacidade de formação e estabilidade de espuma e emulsão, e capacidade de formação de gel, o que pode ser justificado pela solubilidade desta proteína, que é mínima em pH 3,0 e máxima em 9,0. A concentração de concentrado proteico também interferiu no desempenho destas propriedades; melhores resultados foram obtidos em maiores níveis de concentração, exceto para a capacidade de absorção de água e de óleo. Desta forma foi possível determinar que as proteínas de Spirulina platensis podem contribuir na formulação de alimentos, possuindo características eficazes de formação de emulsões, espumas ou géis, bem como pode ser utilizada como fonte suplementar de proteínas.
Spirulina platensis is considered an unconventional source of protein, because its avorably constitution on this component (46 to 63%), which is higher than the meat and soy. Furthermore, it has potential as a feedstock for bioethanol production and can accumulate between 8.0 to 14.0% of carbohydrate. In order to cover the concept of Integrated Biorefineries, the aim of this study was to evaluate the combined extraction of proteins and carbohydrates from Spirulina platensis biomass using sonication and agitation, under alkaline conditions, and the subsequent production and characterization of protein concentrate. The first stage of this work consisted of applying a sequential strategy of experimental design (Fractional Factorial Design FFD) and Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD)) by selecting and maximizing variables with significant influence on the protein and carbohydrates extraction. With the extraction conditions established, a final yield of 75.85% and 41.54% from protein and carbohydrate, respectively, was reached. In the second step, the protein concentrate obtained by precipitation was submitted to chemical and echnological functionality analyzes. The protein concentrate showed blue-green color with 75.97% of proteins (dry weight), appreciable concentrations of amino acids, where tryptophan had the highest chemical score (1.71) and the limiting amino acid was histidine; the secondary structure of proteins showed that the most abundant conformations present were β-sheet and α-helice. At the step of echnological functionality evaluation it was observed that the pH influenced on the properties of water absorption capacity, foaming and emulsion capacity and stability, and gelation capacity; it can be justified by the solubility of this protein which is minimal at pH 3.0 and maximum at 9.0. The level of addition of protein concentrate also interfered on the performance of these properties; better results have been obtained at higher concentrations levels, except for water and oil absorption capacity. Thus, it was confirmed that the Spirulina platensis proteins may contribute in different ormulations of foods, having effective characteristics to form emulsions, foams or gels, and can be used as a supplemental source of protein.

The still growing world population naturally raises a concern about the existence of food to satisfy the human feeding needs. However, conventional means of food production cause major environmental pollution impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, excessive use of arable land and significant water footprints. In this way, microalgae emerge as a promising alternative of protein supply for future generation. The present work, shows the laboratory-scale results of two Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis biorefinery proposals for the production of a color-free protein extract which is applicable to food industry, and simultaneously an isolated fraction of phycocyanin, which is a pigment of high commercial value, and lipid and carbohydrate extracts are also produced. In order to meet the requirements of the food industry, extractions were tested using non-toxic solvents for protein and phycocyanin extraction and for lipid extraction. In order to separate phycocyanin from other soluble proteins an aqueous two-phase system was tested, which is an innovative biocompatible two-phase separation technique suitable for the food industry. Subsequently, the laboratory results were extrapolated for mass balance calculations in order to select the best biorefinery proposal through a technical-economic analysis. The proposal for Spirulina biorefinery using the two-phase aqueous system for the extraction and prepurification of phycocyanin, at the same time, proved to be the most promising process for future studies, since, this process had the lower estimated CAPEX and the purity of the phycocyanin fraction obtained is included in the food grade, the two-phase aqueous system having two aqueous phases has beneficial effects for the application of recovered protein products to human food.