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Journal articles on the topic 'Spitzbergen'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Jagiełło-Kowalczyk, Magdalena, Wojciech Kujawski, and Agnieszka Żabicka. "Przestrzenie miejskie a uwarunkowania klimatyczne. Spitzbergen." Środowisko Mieszkaniowe, no. 29 (2019): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25438700sm.19.037.11668.

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2

Petrov, G. M. "The Transit Instrument Under Optimum Conditions." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 109 (1986): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900076981.

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On the basis of experience with RA determinations during the polar nights of 1974–1977 on West Spitzbergen and of RA determinations of the Sun, Mercury and Venus at high latitutes one can conclude as follows: At high geographical latitudes the polar night conditions are nearly optimal for absolute determinations of stellar coordinates; high altitude sites near the equator are best for day time observations. It is suggested that observatories be built for absolute position determinations on Spitzbergen, and on McMurdo on the Antarctic Continent. The link between observations in the northern and the southern hemispheres can be established through observations at a high-altitude equatorial observatory, where the Sun and the planets can also be observed.

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3

FLOVIK, KARL. "CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND POLYPLOIDY WITHIN THE FLORA OF SPITZBERGEN." Hereditas 26, no. 3-4 (July 9, 2010): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1940.tb03246.x.

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4

Bostr�m, Sven. "A new terrestrial nematode species (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) from spitzbergen." Polar Biology 7, no. 6 (September 1987): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00293227.

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5

Bailey, David A. "Selected <i>Cribroperidinium</i> species (Dinophyceae) from the Kimmeridgian and Volgian of northwest Europe." Journal of Micropalaeontology 12, no. 2 (December 1, 1993): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.12.2.219.

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Abstract. Two new dinoflagellate species, Cribroperidinium complexum and C. erymnoseptum are described from the Kimmeridgian of the Norwegian Continental Shelf and Spitzbergen. The morphotypes described as Cribroperidinium sp. A by Davey (1982) from the Portlandian of Denmark, are thought to be conspecific with Cribroperidinium gigas Raynaud 1978. The holotype of Cribroperidinium longicorne (Downie) Lentin & Williams 1985 has been examined and is discussed.

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6

Litvinova, T. I., G. M. Kashulina, and N. M. Korobeynikova. "Soil organic matter of katena near the Barentzburg (Western Spitzbergen)." Transaction Kola Science Cetnre 2, no. 11 (July 2, 2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.2.8.002.

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7

Beyerle, Georg, and Roland Neuber. "The stratospheric aerosol content above Spitzbergen during winter 1991/92." Geophysical Research Letters 21, no. 13 (June 22, 1994): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93gl03292.

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8

Lenzenweger, Rupert, and Cornelius Lütz. "A contribution to knowledge of the desmid flora (Desmidiaceae, Zygnemaphyceae) of Spitzbergen." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 119 (April 1, 2006): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-1318/2006/0119-0079.

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9

Reimers, Eigil, Steinar Lund, and Torbjørn Ergon. "Vigilance and fright behaviour in the insular Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 8 (August 2011): 753–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-040.

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The insular Svalbard reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus Vrolik, 1829) provide an opportunity to study vigilance behaviour in the absence of predators and parasitizing insects. We measured vigilance and fright and flight response during summer 2006 in the Svalbard archipelago; in four areas on Nordenskiöld Land on the island Spitzbergen and in one area on the island Edgeøya. Vigilance was higher in reindeer on Edgeøya than in the four Spitzbergen areas. Males were less vigilant than lactating and barren females and vigilance decreased with increasing group size. The relaxed vigilance behaviour in Svalbard reindeer compared with wild reindeer in southern Norway demonstrates a vigilance threshold in the absence of traditional predators of Rangifer Hamilton Smith, 1827. Alert, flight initiation, and escape distances were all shorter in Adventdalen, with Longyearbyen and its considerably higher amounts of human activities and infrastructure than in the other study areas, supporting evidence of habituation towards humans. There were no systematic vigilance or differences in fright and flight responses between reindeer in Colesdalen, Reindalen, and Sassendalen, indicating that a combination of low level of human activities including hunting, recreation, and scientific activities affected the animals differently. Lower probability of assessing before fleeing in Edgeøya (63% vs. 94% in the Nordenskiöld Land areas), along with their higher vigilance, may indicate more frequent interactions with polar bears ( Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774) in Edgeøya.

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10

Gudmestad, Ove Tobias, and Knut Espen Solberg. "Findings from two Arctic search and rescue exercises north of Spitzbergen." Polar Geography 42, no. 3 (April 2019): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1088937x.2019.1597394.

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11

Furrer, G., A. Stapfer, and U. Glaser. "Zur nacheiszeitlichen Gletschergeschichte des Liefdefjords (Spitzbergen) (Ergebnisse der Geowissenschaftlichen Spitzbergenexpedition 1990)." Geographica Helvetica 46, no. 4 (December 31, 1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-46-147-1991.

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Abstract. Der Liefdefjord in Nordwestspitzbergen (79 &frac12°N)war 1990 – und 1991 nochmals – das Arbeitsgebiet der internationalen, interdisziplinären Spitzbergenexpedition SPE '90. Schwerpunkte der Forschungsarbeiten sind nacheiszeitliche und aktuelle geomorphologische und geoökologische Prozesse in diesem vom Menschen noch fast völlig unberührten Raum. Das Expeditionsgebiet besitzt zahlreiche Kar- und einzelne Talgletscher sowie ein stark differenziertes, «alpin» anmutendes Relief. Mit unserem Teilprojekt «Gletscherentwicklung und Moränendatierung» wird versucht, einen Beitrag zur noch wenig bekannten Gletschergeschichte Spitzbergenszuleisten: – Viele Gletscher – so der Monacobreen – münden heute direkt ins Meer oder enden nahe der Küste. Die Gletschervorfelder sind in der Regel durch einen markanten Wallmoränenkomplex (Moränenwall) umschlossen. Das Moränenmaterial im gletschernahen Bereich wurde von Vorstößen der Neuzeit (ab 16. Jahrhundert) abgelagert. – Im Liefdefjorden und Bockfjorden konnten aber durch Grabungen an der Außenseite der Moränenwälle mehrere, von Gletschern überfahrene, fossileorganische Bodenhorizonte (fAh) gefunden werden. Deren Radiokarbondatierungen lassen auf Gletschervorstöße im frühen und späten Älteren Subatlantikum (2800 – 1000 yBP) und im frühen und mittleren Jüngeren Subatlantikum (ab 1000 yBP) schließen. – Mächtigkeit und Polleninhalt der datierten fossilen Boden- und Torfbildungen deuten daraufhin, daß die Vegetation zur Zeit der organischen Sedimentation ähnlich wie heute in Küstennähe entwickelt war. Die klimatischen Bedingungen dürften während der früheren Torf-/Bodenbildungsphasen zumindest nicht ungünstiger gewesen sein als heute. Diese Resultate führen zur Schlußfolgerung, daß die heutigen Gletschervorfelder von Moränenwällen umschlossen sind, die aus Material von verschiedenen Gletschervorstößen zusammengesetzt sind, und daß die maximale Ausdehnung der Gletscherhochstände in den letzten 2800 Jahren (vermutlich im ganzen Holozän) stets etwa dieselbe war. Diese Charakteristika treffen auch für die nacheiszeitliche Gletschergeschichte der Alpen zu. – Im Untersuchungsgebiet konnten keine Hinweise auf ältere postglaziale und spätglaziale Gletschervorstöße gefunden werden. Vorallem die Frage nach dem Gletscherverhalten während der Jüngeren Dryas (11000–10200 yBP) bleibt offen. Aufgrund unserer Beobachtungen muß man vermuten, daß allfällige Gletschervorstöße während dieser Zeit die Maximalstände des Subatlantikums nicht übertroffen haben. –Spätestens zu Beginn des Alleröds (11800–11000 yBP) war der Liefdefjord mindestens soweit eisfrei wie heute.

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12

Evans, Edward, and Wilson Sturge. "Notes on the Birds of Western Spitzbergen, as observed in 1855." Ibis 1, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1859.tb06199.x.

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13

Al Khudary, R., N. I. Stosser, F. Qoura, and G. Antranikian. "Pseudoalteromonas arctica sp. nov., an aerobic, psychrotolerant, marine bacterium isolated from Spitzbergen." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 58, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 2018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64963-0.

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14

Rogov, M. A. "New data on ammonites and stratigraphy of the Volgian stage in Spitzbergen." Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 18, no. 5 (October 2010): 505–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0869593810050047.

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15

Leake, B. E. "Chapter 8 The 1896 Conway Spitzbergen (Svalbard) Expedition and related polar work." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 34, no. 1 (2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m34.8.

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16

Maisch, Michael W., and Andreas T. Matzke. "Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 229, no. 3 (October 2, 2003): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/229/2003/317.

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17

Ludwig, Petra. "Petrography and development of calcrete in Middle Carboniferous alluvial fans of Svalbard (Norway)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1990, no. 2 (March 20, 1990): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1990/1990/109.

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18

HIRAKAWA, Kazuomi. "A Comparative Observation of Periglacial Landforms and Phenomena in Iceland, Spitzbergen and Hokkaido." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 103, no. 4 (1994): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.103.4_421.

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19

Groudieva, Tatiana, Ralf Grote, and Garabed Antranikian. "Psychromonas arctica sp. nov., a novel psychrotolerant, biofilm-forming bacterium isolated from Spitzbergen." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02182-0.

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20

Boström, Sven. "A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Some Species of Terrestrial Nematodes From Spitzbergen." Nematologica 33, no. 4 (1987): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187529287x00029.

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21

Nagar, V. C., M. K. McDonald, and R. L. de Zafra. "Ground-based measurements of stratospheric ClO over Spitzbergen in the Arctic spring of 1997." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 104, no. D17 (September 1, 1999): 21579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900355.

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22

Obleitner, Friedrich, and Michael Lehning. "Measurement and simulation of snow and superimposed ice at the Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard (Spitzbergen)." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109, no. D4 (February 25, 2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003945.

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23

Oehme, M., P. Fürst, Chr Krüger, H. A. Meemken, and W. Groebel. "Presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and pesticides in arctic seal from Spitzbergen." Chemosphere 17, no. 7 (January 1988): 1291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(88)90081-1.

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24

Knutsen, Nils Magne. ""Sæt mig ikke paa en haardere prøve!" Johan Kulstads beretning fra Svalbard 1853." Nordlit 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2309.

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In his book from 1865 Johan Kulstad tells the story of a hunting expedition to Spitzbergen in 1853. The mother ship disappears, and in desperation Kulstad and his six men starts rowing their small hunting boat back to Norway. After six days of incredible suffering, they are rescued by a Danish ship a few miles off the coast of Finnmark. After outlining the main sides of this story, the article comments briefly on the way Kulstad tells his story: There is a mixture of pre-realistic and naturalistic narrative, there is a mixture of genres, and the text is without the heroism which is so prevalent in later Arctic narrative. Interesting detail: The way a Sami member of the expedition is portrayed

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25

Groudieva, Tatiana, Margarita Kambourova, Hoda Yusef, Maryna Royter, Ralf Grote, Hauke Trinks, and Garabed Antranikian. "Diversity and cold-active hydrolytic enzymes of culturable bacteria associated with Arctic sea ice, Spitzbergen." Extremophiles 8, no. 6 (July 14, 2004): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00792-004-0409-0.

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26

Pronina, Natalia V., Elena Yu Makarova, Aleksandr Kh Bogomolov, Dmitriy V. Mitronov, and Evgenia V. Kuzevanova. "Geology and coal bearing capacity of the Russian Arctic in connection with prospects of development of the region." Georesursy 21, no. 2 (May 2019): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.2.42-52.

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Detailed geologic information can be priceless for oil- and gas- oriented geologic exploration in Arctic aquatic basins. Exploration reports on coal basins and deposits located along the Arctic coast are highly detailed and can be used for reconstruction of facies and thermobaric conditions of the poorly explored offshore areas. The article summarizes information on the Russian Arctic coal basins geology: geological structure, tectonic settings, coalforming environments and coal quality parameters. Coal basins of the region contain not only brown and bituminous coals for energetics, but include valuable coking coal (Pechorskiy, Tungusskiy, Beringovskiy basins), anthracite, thermoanthracite and graphite (Taimyrskiy, Tungusskiy basins, Dolgozhdannoye deposit), related coal methane (Pechorskiy basin, coal deposits of Spitzbergen) and trace elements (Lenskiy basin, coal basins and deposits of Chukotka and Frantz Josef Land). It is also can be used for production of advanced materials (adsorbents, sunthetic graphites, etc).

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27

Kuznetsov, N. B., J. Czerny, M. Maneski, J. Majka, A. Kawalec-Majka, and M. Michalik. "First evidence of Cambrian conodonts in spitzbergen and their important implication for regional geology and stratigraphy." Doklady Earth Sciences 425, no. 1 (March 2009): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x09020020.

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28

Eilertsen, H. C., J. P. Taasen, and J. M. WesIawski. "Phytoplankton studies in the fjords of West Spitzbergen: physical environment and production in spring and summer." Journal of Plankton Research 11, no. 6 (1989): 1245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/11.6.1245.

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29

Neuman, Andrew G. "Fishes from the Lower Triassic portion of the Sulphur Mountain Formation in Alberta, Canada: geological context and taxonomic composition." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 8 (August 2015): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0165.

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The Sulphur Mountain Formation in Alberta, Canada, comprises shales, siltstones, and limestones laid down on the continental shelf and shoreline along the western margin of the North American Craton during the Early and Middle Triassic. At least 13 taxa of fossil marine fishes have been found at a number of Triassic localities along the Front Ranges and foothills in Alberta. Common taxa (Boreosomus, Birgeria, Bobasatrania, Australosomus, Saurichthys, parasemionotids, and coelacanths) found at localities in Alberta are similar to those found at the classic Lower and Middle Triassic localities near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, and in East Greenland, Spitzbergen, Madagascar, and China. The occurrence of Lower Triassic fishes in western Alberta shows that this fauna was widespread, occurring over at least 1000 km of shoreline, and that ecological and environmental factors were similar along the western edge of the Panthalassic Ocean during the Early Triassic.

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30

Piegza, Michał, Wojciech Łaba, and Miroslava Kačániová. "New Arctic Bacterial Isolates with Relevant Enzymatic Potential." Molecules 25, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 3930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173930.

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Fragments of wood drifting in the vicinity of Spitzbergen were used for the isolation of microorganisms, carried out using atypical carbon sources: colloidal chitin, cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, casein, tributrin and olive oil. Purified cultures were subjected to a three-step identification: with classical methods, using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper whole-cell protein fingerprinting, and molecular analysis of 16S rDNA. Subsequently, a preliminary assessment of the enzymatic potential of isolates was carried out. As a result, cellulolytic activity was observed in more than 50% of the bacterial strains, exhibiting activity of 0.30–0.40 U/mL. Over 53% of the isolates demonstrated xylanolytic activity, of which the highest reached from 0.40 to 0.90 U. Polygalacturonase activity of 0.003–1.6 was also demonstrated in half of the bacterial strains studied. Proteolytic activity of isolates did not exceed 0.3 U. An important highlight was the ability of fluorescent dye production by certain strains, grown on skim milk-agar, but also on pure meat extract.

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31

Devlin, C. Leah. "The letters between James Lamont and Charles Darwin on Arctic fauna." Polar Record 51, no. 5 (July 14, 2014): 492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000485.

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ABSTRACTIn the summers of 1858 and 1859, the Scot Sir James Lamont of Knockdow embarked on two cruises to Svalbard (referred to by Lamont as Spitzbergen [sic]) to hunt, make geographical surveys, and collect geological and biological specimens. Lamont's return from these voyages coincided with the publication of the joint Charles Darwin-Alfred Russel Wallace paper, ‘On the tendency of species to form varieties; on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection’ by the Linnean Society in August 1858 and, a year later, the publication of Darwin's On the origin of species (Darwin 1958). Profoundly influenced by Darwin's ideas, Lamont initiated a correspondence with the naturalist, relating examples of what he considered to be natural selection, observed during his hunting expeditions. In his Svalbard travelogue, Seasons with the sea-horses (1861), Lamont expounded specifically upon walrus and polar bear evolution, ideas inspired by sporadic yet encouraging letters from the renowned naturalist.

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32

Jacobsen, B. K., T. Hasvold, G. Høyer, and V. Hansen. "The General Health Questionnaire: how many items are really necessary in population surveys?" Psychological Medicine 25, no. 5 (September 1995): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037442.

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SYNOPSISThis paper seeks to investigate whether only a few questions selected from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) may be used to measure the degree of mental distress in population surveys. Data from 2112 men and women, 18 to 70 years old from two cross-sectional studies conducted in northern Norway and the island of Spitzbergen in the Arctic, were used. Correlation analysis of Likert scores from a 20-item version of GHQ (GHQ-20) with Likert scores based on four and six items selected by multiple regression analysis or by competent physicians was performed. The correlation coefficients between the scores from the subsets of four items and the full GHQ-20 questionnaire were high (greater than 0·80) in all examined subgroups of the populations. Increasing the number of questions from four to six only marginally increased the correlation coefficients. Thus, a simple linear sum of Likert scores based on a few GHQ items can be used to measure the degree of mental distress in population surveys.

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33

Oehme, M., Morten Ryg, P. Fürst, Chr Fürst, H. A. Meemken, and W. Groebel. "Re-evaluation of concentration levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Arctic seal from Spitzbergen." Chemosphere 21, no. 4-5 (January 1990): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90022-l.

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34

Maisch, Michael W., and Andreas T. Matzke. "Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part X: The Lower Triassic Merriamosaurus from Spitzbergen - additional data on its anatomy and phylogenetic position." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 227, no. 1 (January 10, 2003): 93–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/227/2003/93.

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35

Chernobrovkina, N. P. "The book review: Markovskaya E. F., Shimakova N. Yu. Plants and Lichens of the Western Spitzbergen: ecology, physiology." Учёные записки Петрозаводского государственного университета 172, no. 3 (March 2018): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/uchz.art.2018.136.

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36

WTNSNES, INGER M. "Augeneria algida (Wiren) comb.n., a deep-sea lumbrinerid from Spitzbergen with aberrant setae (Annelida, Polychaeta): redescription of holotype." Zoologica Scripta 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.1987.tb00050.x.

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37

MAISCH, MICHAEL W., and ANDREAS T. MATZKE. "The skull of a large Lower Triassic ichthyosaur from Spitzbergen and its implications for the origin of the Ichthyosauria." Lethaia 35, no. 3 (January 2, 2007): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2002.tb00082.x.

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38

Maisch, Michael W., and Andreas T. Matzke. "The skull of a large Lower Triassic ichthyosaur from Spitzbergen and its implications for the origin of the Ichthyosauria." Lethaia 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00241160260288839.

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39

Marshall, Chris, Jacob Uguna, David J. Large, William Meredith, Malte Jochmann, Bjarki Friis, Chris Vane, Baruch F. Spiro, Colin E. Snape, and Alv Orheim. "Geochemistry and petrology of palaeocene coals from Spitzbergen — Part 2: Maturity variations and implications for local and regional burial models." International Journal of Coal Geology 143 (April 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.03.013.

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40

Köberle, Cornelia, and Rüdiger Gerdes. "Simulated Variability of the Arctic Ocean Freshwater Balance 1948–2001." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1628–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3063.1.

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Abstract The Arctic Ocean freshwater balance over the period 1948–2001 is examined using results from a hindcast simulation with an ocean–sea ice model of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Atmospheric forcing is taken from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and different terrestrial freshwater sources as well as the Bering Strait throughflow are specified as constant seasonal cycles. The long-term variability of the Arctic Ocean liquid freshwater content is determined by the variability of lateral exchanges with the subpolar seas. Surface freshwater flux variability is dominated by the thermodynamic growth of sea ice. This component of the freshwater balance has larger variability at interannual frequencies. The Arctic Ocean liquid freshwater content was at a maximum in the middle of the 1960s. Extremely low liquid freshwater export through Fram Strait caused this maximum in the freshwater content. The low export rate was related to weak volume transports in the East Greenland Current. Low volume transports were forced by a reduction in sea surface height across Fram Strait, triggered by anomalous meltwater from Barents Sea ice export that was carried toward Fram Strait with the West Spitzbergen Current. After the 1960s maximum liquid freshwater content, the Arctic Ocean gradually returned to an equilibrium between export through the passages toward the Atlantic and the freshwater sources.

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41

Robinson, T. R., T. K. Yeoman, R. S. Dhillon, M. Lester, E. C. Thomas, J. D. Thornhill, D. M. Wright, A. P. van Eyken, and I. W. McCrea. "First observations of SPEAR-induced artificial backscatter from CUTLASS and the EISCAT Svalbard radars." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2006): 291–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-291-2006.

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Abstract. Results are presented from the first two active experimental campaigns undertaken by the new SPEAR (Space Plasma Exploration by Active Radar) high-power system that has recently become operational on Spitzbergen, in the Svalbard archipelago. SPEAR's high-power beam was used to excite artificial enhancements in the backscatter detected by the ESR (EISCAT Svalbard Radar) parallel to the geomagnetic field, as well as coherent backscatter detected by both of the CUTLASS (Co-operative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System) coherent radars, in directions orthogonal to the geomagnetic field. The ESR detected both enhanced ion-lines as well as enhanced plasma-lines, that were sustained for the whole period when SPEAR was transmitting ordinary mode radio waves, at frequencies below the maximum F-region plasma frequency. On a number of occasions, coherent backscatter was also observed in one or in both of the CUTLASS radars, in beams that intersected the heated volume. Although the levels of enhanced backscatter varied considerably in time, it appeared that ion-line, plasma-line and coherent backscatter were all excited simultaneously, in contrast to what has typically been reported at Tromsø, during EISCAT heater operations. A description of the technical and operational aspects of the new SPEAR system is also included.

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42

Krieger, Martin. "Book Review: Das erste gedruckte deutsche Walfangjournal: Christian Bullens ‘Tag-Register’ einer Hamburger Fangreise nach Spitzbergen und Nordnorwegen im Jahre 1667." International Journal of Maritime History 16, no. 1 (June 2004): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387140401600127.

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43

Lewkowicz, Antoni G., and James Hartshorn. "Terrestrial record of rapid mass movements in the Sawtooth Range, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e97-086.

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Widespread clastic deposits, 80-1800 m long, on the eastern side of the Sawtooth Range are the result of debris flow and slushflow. Small hillslope debris flows (10-103 m3), originating on talus slopes at the mountain front and not associated with preexisting gullies, and large channelized debris flows (103-104 m3), debouching from basins within the mountains, are comparable morphologically to those in other high-latitude and high-altitude environments. Channelized deposits are often modified by the effects of slushflow and fluvial activity. Provisional lichen growth curves for the area were produced by correlation of thallus size with the enlargement of ice-wedge polygon troughs. Lichenometry and aerial photograph interpretation were used to estimate the age of deposits so that event frequencies and rates of geomorphic work could be calculated. Vertical transport by rapid mass movements during the 20th Century averaged 17 x 103 Mg ·m ·a-1 ·km-2 ( ± half an order of magnitude), corresponding to a rock denudation rate of 0.05 mm ·a-1 for the basins and peaks feeding the east-facing slopes. Channelized debris flow produced more than 70% of this transport. Several of these large flows occurred in each of the three periods of 30-35 years examined, so their recurrence intervals are substantially shorter than values reported from locations in northern Scandinavia and Spitzbergen.

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44

Wright, D. M., J. A. Davies, T. K. Yeoman, T. R. Robinson, and H. Shergill. "Saturation and hysteresis effects in ionospheric modification experiments observed by the CUTLASS and EISCAT radars." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 2 (March 23, 2006): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-543-2006.

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Abstract. The results of high latitude ionospheric modification experiments utilising the EISCAT heating facility at Tromsø are presented. As a result of the interaction between the high power pump waves and upper hybrid waves in the ionosphere, field-aligned electron density irregularities are artificially excited. Observations of these structures with the CUTLASS coherent HF radars and the EISCAT incoherent UHF radar exhibit hysteresis effects as the heater output power is varied. These are explained in terms of the two-stage mechanism which leads to the growth of the irregularities. Experiments which involve preconditioning of the ionosphere also indicate that hysteresis could be exploited to maximise the intensity of the field-aligned irregularities, especially where the available heater power is limited. In addition, the saturation of the irregularity amplitude is considered. Although, the rate of irregularity growth becomes less rapid at high heater powers it does not seem to fully saturate, indicating that the amplification would continue beyond the capabilities of the Tromsø heater - currently the most powerful of its kind. It is shown that the CUTLASS radars are sensitive to irregularities produced by very low heater powers (effective radiated powers <4 MW). This fact is discussed from the perspective of a new heating facility, SPEAR, located on Spitzbergen and capable of transmitting high frequency radio waves with an effective radiated power ~10% of that of the Tromsø heater (28MW).

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45

Ozimek, Ewa, Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł, Justyna Bohacz, Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, Renata Tyśkiewicz, Anna Słomka, Artur Nowak, and Agnieszka Hanaka. "Synthesis of Indoleacetic Acid, Gibberellic Acid and ACC-Deaminase by Mortierella Strains Promote Winter Wheat Seedlings Growth under Different Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103218.

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The endogenous pool of phytoregulators in plant tissues supplied with microbial secondary metabolites may be crucial for the development of winter wheat seedlings during cool springs. The phytohormones may be synthesized by psychrotrophic microorganisms in lower temperatures occurring in a temperate climate. Two fungal isolates from the Spitzbergen soils after the microscopic observations and “the internal transcribed spacer” (ITS) region molecular characterization were identified as Mortierella antarctica (MA DEM7) and Mortierella verticillata (MV DEM32). In order to study the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), Mortierella strains were grown on media supplemented with precursor of phytohormones tryptophan at 9, 15 °C, and 20 °C for nine days. The highest amount of IAA synthesis was identified in MV DEM32 nine-day-culture at 15 °C with 1.5 mM of tryptophan. At the same temperature (15 °C), the significant promoting effect (about 40% root and shoot fresh weight) of this strain on seedlings was observed. However, only MA DEM-7 had the ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase activity with the highest efficiency at 9 °C and synthesized IAA without tryptophan. Moreover, at the same conditions, the strain was confirmed to possess the strong promoting effect (about 40% root and 24% shoot fresh weight) on seedlings. Both strains synthesized GA in all tested terms and temperatures. The studied Mortierella strains had some important traits that led them to be considered as microbial biofertilizers components, improving plant growth in difficult temperate climates.

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46

Archer, S. D., S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, F. E. Hopkins, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Piontek, and A. Engel. "Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2012): 12803–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-12803-2012.

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Abstract. Increasing atmospheric CO2 is decreasing ocean pH most rapidly in colder regions such as the Arctic. As a component of the EPOCA pelagic mesocosm experiment off Spitzbergen in 2010, we examined the consequences of decreased pH and increased pCO2 on the concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS). DMS is an important reactant and contributor to aerosol formation and growth in the Arctic troposphere. In the nine mesocosms with initial pH 8.3 to 7.5, equivalent to pCO2 of 180 to 1420 μatm, highly significant but inverse responses to acidity (hydrogen ion concentration [H+]) occurred following nutrient addition. Compared to ambient [H+], average concentrations of DMS during the most representative phase of the 30 d experiment were reduced by approximately 60% at the highest [H+] and by 35% at [H+] equivalent to 750 μatm pCO2, as predicted for 2100. In contrast, concentrations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS, were elevated by approximately 50% at the highest [H+] and by 30% at [H+] corresponding to 750 μatm pCO2. Measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of DMSP by phytoplankton indicate increased production at high [H+], in parallel to rates of inorganic carbon fixation. The elevated DMSP production at high [H+] was largely a consequence of increased dinoflagellate biomass and in particular, the increased abundance of the species Heterocapsa rotundata. We discuss both phytoplankton and bacterial processes that may explain the reduced ratios of DMS:DMSPt at higher [H+]. The experimental design of eight treatment levels provides comparatively robust empirical relationships of DMS and DMSP concentration, DMSP production and dinoflagellate biomass versus [H+] in Arctic waters.

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47

Carignan, Jean, Claude Hillaire-Marcel, and Anne de Vernal. "Arctic vs. North Atlantic water mass exchanges in Fram Strait from Pb isotopes in sedimentsThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Polar Climate Stability Network." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 11 (November 2008): 1253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e08-050.

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Surface sediment samples (n = 10), collected between Spitzbergen and Greenland, and two cores raised east (C04) and west (C16) from Fram Strait were analyzed for their chemical and isotopic (Pb) compositions to trace the source of sediments and water masses exchanging between the Arctic and the North Atlantic oceans. In surface sediments, variable major and trace element concentrations suggest variations in both the mineralogy (carbonate and quartz dilution of other silicate minerals) and source regions of detrital supplies, based on Th/Zr and, to a lesser extent, on Th/U ratios. Each core site shows specific but nearly constant Th/Zr ratios, indicating homogeneous source supplies. At both core sites, Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions display similar patterns: homogeneous low Pb and radiogenic crustal signals below 5–10 cm, contrasting with high Pb and less radiogenic anthropogenic inputs at core-tops. However, the differing pre-anthropogenic Pb isotopic ratios in C04 and C16 confirm the involvement of distinct source supplies east and west of Fram Strait. We suggest that this isotopic specificity is mainly owing to inputs of material carried from northwestern Europe by the North Atlantic water mass and from the Laptev Sea by the Transpolar Drift, respectively. Some material from the Greenland margin and possibly from the North Atlantic Ocean may reach this zone as well. Sediments from the western Arctic are not significantly transported into the Fram Strait area, suggesting that the Canadian and the Eurasian basins remained decoupled, at least during the time span of the cored sediments (∼2000 years).

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48

Bogomolov, E. S., Yu B. Marin, and L. P. Nikitina. "Nd-Sr systematics of upper mantle peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths in quaternary basalt from northwest Spitzbergen and the age of melting processes in the mantle." Doklady Earth Sciences 460, no. 2 (February 2015): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x15020099.

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49

Benkert, D. "Philippi, G., Moosflora und Moosvegetation des Freeman-Sund-Gebietes (Südost-Spitzbergen). 83 S., 2 Abb., 8 Bilder, 2 Karten. Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, Wiesbaden, 1973." Feddes Repertorium 85, no. 9-10 (April 18, 2008): 770–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19740850910.

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50

Archer, S. D., S. A. Kimmance, J. A. Stephens, F. E. Hopkins, R. G. J. Bellerby, K. G. Schulz, J. Piontek, and A. Engel. "Contrasting responses of DMS and DMSP to ocean acidification in Arctic waters." Biogeosciences 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 1893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1893-2013.

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Abstract. Increasing atmospheric CO2 is decreasing ocean pH most rapidly in colder regions such as the Arctic. As a component of the EPOCA (European Project on Ocean Acidification) pelagic mesocosm experiment off Spitzbergen in 2010, we examined the consequences of decreased pH and increased pCO2 on the concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS). DMS is an important reactant and contributor to aerosol formation and growth in the Arctic troposphere. In the nine mesocosms with initial pHT 8.3 to 7.5, equivalent to pCO2 of 180 to 1420 μatm, highly significant but inverse responses to acidity (hydrogen ion concentration [H&plus;]) occurred following nutrient addition. Compared to ambient [H&plus;], average concentrations of DMS during the mid-phase of the 30 d experiment, when the influence of altered acidity was unambiguous, were reduced by approximately 60% at the highest [H&plus;] and by 35% at [H&plus;] equivalent to 750 μatm pCO2, as projected for 2100. In contrast, concentrations of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS, were elevated by approximately 50% at the highest [H&plus;] and by 30% at [H&plus;] corresponding to 750 μatm pCO2. Measurements of the specific rate of synthesis of DMSP by phytoplankton indicate increased production at high [H&plus;], in parallel to rates of inorganic carbon fixation. The elevated DMSP production at high [H&plus;] was largely a consequence of increased dinoflagellate biomass and in particular, the increased abundance of the species Heterocapsa rotundata. We discuss both phytoplankton and bacterial processes that may explain the reduced ratios of DMS:DMSPt (total dimethylsulphoniopropionate) at higher [H&plus;]. The experimental design of eight treatment levels provides comparatively robust empirical relationships of DMS and DMSP concentration, DMSP production and dinoflagellate biomass versus [H&plus;] in Arctic waters.

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