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Journal articles on the topic 'Splash zone'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Titlyanov, Eduard A., Tamara V. Titlyanova, Xiubao Li, Gayle I. Hansen, and Hui Huang. "Seasonal changes in the intertidal algal communities of Sanya Bay (Hainan Island, China)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 5 (2014): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315414000460.

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A floristic study of marine macrophytic algae and Cyanobacteria in the splash and intertidal zones at Luhuitou reef, Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, China, was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons of 2008−2012 utilizing 148 of the most common species. Macrophytic algal diversity increased from the splash zone to the low intertidal zone, while cyanobacterial diversity decreased. In the upper and middle intertidal zones, the dominant species (primarily highly productive ephemerals) changed frequently throughout each year. In the low intertidal zone, the dominant species (mainly annual fleshy, fo

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2

Chang, Hong, Zhicheng Zhang, Zhanguo Ma, Yongsheng Ji, and Xinshuo Huang. "Permeation Characteristics and Surface Accumulation of Chloride in Different Zones of Concrete along Altitude in Marine Environments." Crystals 11, no. 7 (2021): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070722.

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The accumulation characteristics of surface chloride in concrete in different zones are different in the marine environment. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the surface chloride and permeation characteristics of concrete in a simulated marine environment. The experimental results indicated that the surface chloride and chloride profiles of concrete in different zones of marine environment decreased in the following order: tidal zone > splash zone > submerged zone > atmospheric zone. The width of the ascent zone of Cl− concentration at tidal and splash

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3

Liu, JianGuo, Zili Li, Yantao Li, and BaoRong Hou. "Corrosion process of D32 steel used for offshore oil platform in splash zone." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 1 (2015): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-06-2014-1396.

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Purpose – This paper aims to study the corrosion behavior of D32 steel suffered to marine splash zone. Type D32 structural steel has good mechanical properties and is commonly used for offshore oil platform construction in China. To ensure the safety of marine steel structure, it is important to study the corrosion process of D32 steel in the splash zone. Design/methodology/approach – The corrosion behavior of D32 steel in splash zone environments was studied using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical results were obtained from the corroded steel

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4

Wei, Shi Cheng, Bin Shi Xu, Xiu Bing Liang, Yu Jiang Wang, and Yi Liu. "Research on Corrosion-Resistance of High Velocity Arc Spray Coatings on Surface of Steel Structure in Splash Zone Environment." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 1291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.1291.

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The most severe corrosion of offshore steel structure occurs in splash zone. There are many factors affecting the steel structure corrosion in the splash zone, such as corrosion problems caused by seawater and effect of impacted brought by the ocean wave. Considering the corrosion characteristics in splash zone and the corrosion invalidity behaviors of offshore steel structure, the Zn-15Al, Al-RE, Zn-Al-Mg-RE and FeBSiNb uncrystal coatings were prepared by automatic high velocity arc spraying. The different anti-corrosion behaviors of the four coatings were studied through the corrosion compar

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5

Li, Xiang, and Stuart I. Bailey. "A Laboratory Technique for Evaluating Marine Splash Zone Corrosion." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3345.

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An electrochemical cell and environmental chamber were developed to study corrosion in a simulated splash zone. The designs of the dual chambers and the mounting of the three electrodes in the cell resulted in an excellent simulation of the major parameters and conditions in the marine splash zone. Excellent data acquisition and corrosion observations were possible, thereby, leading to a successful laboratory technique for research on corrosion in the marine splash zone. Electrochemical corrosion measurements correlated with the progression of changes during the wet – dry cycles, and the corro

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6

Yakush, S. E., N. S. Sivakov, V. I. Melikhov, and O. I. Melikhov. "Modelling of water jet impact on molten metal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2119, no. 1 (2021): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2119/1/012073.

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Abstract Splashes of high-temperature melt spreading over a water pool bottom can be a reason for the formation of a zone where melt, water and steam are mixed, providing conditions for powerful steam explosions. The paper considers the formation of melt splashes arising from the impact of a water jet on the surface of the melt. Numerical simulations are performed in 3D formulation, using the VOF method and an improved phase change model. The evolution of melt surface following the water jet impact is demonstrated, including the formation of a cavern, a primary melt splash known as the crown,

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7

Nage, Deepashri D. "Thermal Spray Aluminum Coatings for Splash Zone Structures, Part I." AM&P Technical Articles 173, no. 10 (2015): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2015-10.p048.

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Abstract Recent advances in thermal spray techniques enable thermal spray aluminum coatings to reliably protect offshore oil and gas platform structures. This article presents a case study of preparing thermal spray aluminum coatings to protect steel structures in the splash zone. Testing and industry experience in marine environments indicate that aluminum coatings are a long-term solution for protection of hot risers in submerged, splash zone, and atmospheric service environments.

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8

Putra, Reza, Muhammad Muhammad, Abdul Rahman, and M. Rifai Adithia. "Analisa Laju Korosi Pada Plat Baja ASME SA-283 Pada Daerah Splash Zone." Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi 6, no. 2 (2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jmkn.v6i2.2960.

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Research on the corrosion rate of ASME SA-283 alloy steel has been carried out in the coastal environment. Corrosion is a decrease in the quality of the material that occurs due to the environment, where the coast is a splash zone area which is rich in salt content as a trigger for corrosion. Alloy steel is a material that is used widely as part of the construction of dock buildings on the coast The study was carried out by giving coating defects to ASME SA-283 material and varying the salinity in the splash zone area, where the coating thickness ranged from 350 μm - 410 μm and salt splash tes

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9

Kilian, R., and J. Wehner. "Leistungssteigerung technischerWirbelschichtreaktoren durch Nutzung der Splash-Zone." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 72, no. 7 (2000): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-2640(200007)72:7<703::aid-cite703>3.0.co;2-f.

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10

Xu, Xinwei, Yingjian Huang, Qiuqing Zhu, Anran Zuo, Hui Cang, and Yongming Tang. "Effect of splash amount on corrosion of low-alloy steel in marine splash zone." Materials Today Communications 36 (August 2023): 106804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.106804.

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11

Zhu, Qing Jun, and Kai Wang. "Microstructure and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Arc-Sprayed Aluminum Coating in Splash Zone." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1949.

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Aluminum coatings were developed by arc spray on mild carbon steel Q235. Scanning electron microscopy detection shows that the coatings have good bonding with the substrate and have low porosity. The corrosion behaviors of the coatings in splash zone were studied. The results show that free corrosion potentials of aluminum coatings are much lower than that of Q235. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements reveal that the curves of aluminum coatings have activity anodic dissolution zone, passivation zone and super-passivation zone. Corrosion morphology and energy dispersive spectrometers show

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12

Bailey, Stuart I., and Xiang Li. "Corrosion of Stainless Steels in the Marine Splash Zone." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.272.

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Splash zone corrosion was investigated for a number of selected corrosion resistant alloys including in synthetic seawater. Stainless steels 304 and 316 and duplex stainless steels 2205 and 2507 were all investigated. A laboratory apparatus designed to simulate the wetting by a splash, and the subsequent drying through exposure to the weather, was used for this study. The corrosion potential showed a distinct evolution throughout the wet – dry cycle, compared to a sample maintained under constant immersion. However, the corrosion potential gave no indication of susceptibility to pitting corros

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13

Easson, W. J. "Velocity and force measurements in the splash zone." Strain 23, no. 1 (1987): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.1987.tb01931.x.

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14

Nage, Deepashri D. "Thermal Spray Aluminum Coatings for Splash Zone Structures, Part II." AM&P Technical Articles 174, no. 2 (2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2016-02.p036.

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15

Goretzki, L., and D. Reisek. "Typische Schäden in verputzten Sockelbereichen / Typical damages at renderings in base zones." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 3 (1998): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5277.

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Abstract Damage at renderings in base zones caused by splash water are often observed. During this procedure, different situations have been investigated. Several types of renderings and paint systems as well as the exposition of the buildings are taken into consideration. Suggestions for higher durability of renderings in the base zone are made.

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16

Carpenter, Chris. "Robotic Technology Enables Automated Nondestructive Weld Inspection in Subsea Zone." Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, no. 09 (2024): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0924-0109-jpt.

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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 215588, “Automated Nondestructive Weld Inspection in Splash/Subsea Zone,” by Karsten Husby, Magnus Bjerkeng, and Jens T. Thieleman, SINTEF, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Jacket structures all over the world are now reaching the limit of their estimated service life, but new discoveries and improved production methods require lifetime extension of the assets. The complete paper presents an automated underwater robot and a nondestructive testing (NDT) eddy-current probe for alterna

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17

Skaare, Bjørn, and Olav Egeland. "Force control of a load through the splash zone." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 10 (2004): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)31736-6.

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18

Li, Yufang, Honglin Zhao, Ning Xu, Xiaoyu Wang, and Deguo Wang. "Study of the Installation Process of the Subsea Tree Passed Through the Splash Zone." Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051014.

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The subsea tree is one of the critical pieces of equipment in the subsea production system, and its installation is related to the safe production of offshore oil and gas. Due to the differences in the form of the structures, the speed of entering the water, the marine environment, and other factors, the process of the structure entering the water is exceedingly complicated. During the engineering installation, the most dangerous phase involves the structure passing through the splash zone. Based on the theory of the movement of the subsea tree passing through the splash zone, Lingshui 17-2 su

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19

Ma, Zheng, Xiumin Ma, Xiutong Wang, Nazhen Liu, Xuehui Liu, and Baorong Hou. "Study on the Photocathodic Protection of Q235 Steel by CdIn2S4 Sensitized TiO2 Composite in Splash Zone." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (2019): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9121067.

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In this work, the photo-catalytic activity of TiO2 is considerably enhanced via sensitization with CdIn2S4, and its application for protecting Q235 from corrosion in splash zones is examined. TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) are prepared on a flat Ti substrate via two-step anodization. CdIn2S4 is deposited on the surface of TiO2 NTAs by hydrothermal reaction. TiO2 NTAs with enormous specific surface areas and large-diameter hollow nanostructures are found to benefit the immobilization of CdIn2S4. As a narrow band gap semiconductor, CdIn2S4 is able to extend the light absorption range of TiO2, and t

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20

Li, Lin, Carlos Parra, Xinying Zhu, and Muk Chen Ong. "Splash zone lowering analysis of a large subsea spool piece." Marine Structures 70 (March 2020): 102664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102664.

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21

Zhao, Wei-min, Yong Wang, Cun Liu, Li-xian Dong, Hong-hui Yu, and Hua Ai. "Erosion–corrosion of thermally sprayed coatings in simulated splash zone." Surface and Coatings Technology 205, no. 7 (2010): 2267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.09.011.

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22

Pushpakumara, B. H. J., and M. S. G. M. Fernando. "Deterioration assessment model for splash zone of marine concrete structures." Case Studies in Construction Materials 18 (July 2023): e01731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01731.

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23

Yan-Tao, Li, Hou Bao-Rong, Wang Lu-Yao, and Liu Jian-Guo. "Behavior of Thermal-Sprayed Zinc Coatings in the Splash Zone." Materials Performance 50, no. 12 (2011): 46–49. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2011_50_12-46.

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Thermally sprayed Zn-coated steel samples were prepared; some of them were sealed with organic coating Then the corrosion behavior and mechanism were studied by in situ coupon tests. Metallographic tests showed that the Zn coating had mainly a layer-shaped structure with some irregular granular activity and proto filaments. The coupon tests showed none of the coating systems to be effective.

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24

Qiao, Zhixia, Huijun Li, Lianjin Li, Xiaoyu Ran, and Liwen Feng. "Microstructure and Properties of Spot Welded Joints of Hot-Stamped Ultra-High Strength Steel Used for Automotive Body Structures." Metals 9, no. 3 (2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030285.

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Hot-stamped ultra-high strength steels have been widely used in automobile structural parts. Considering the high splash tendency in resistance spot welding due to their extremely high hardness, in this work, microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of the resistance spot welded ultra-high strength steels are investigated. The results indicate that the interface between the nugget and heat-affected zone (HAZ) is the weakest zone where fractures initiate. In tensile shearing tests, a qualified spot welding joint failed with a button-shaped fracture. Welding defects would signi

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25

Mohammad, Maziah, and Ros Asmah Zahari. "Structural Repair to Conserve Langkawi’s Main Tourist Attraction: Practical Approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819910009.

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Direct exposure to marine environment causes accelerated corrosion process of all reinforced concrete structures, consequently, causes cracks, deterioration and overall reduction in the sstructural integrity. The aim of this paper is to study the deterioration and technique of repair work at Eagle Square as a landmark of Langkawi Island. Most of the structural problems which occurred at the splash zone were spalling and delamination on beam, slab and pile cap. Material testing was carried out at selected locations to ob tain detailed information relating to the extent and causes of deteriorati

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26

Moore, Amy, Hans Beushausen, Mike Otieno, Joanitta Ndawula, and Mark Alexander. "Oxygen Availability and Corrosion Propagation in RC Structures in the Marine Environment—Inferences from Field and Laboratory Studies." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 3, no. 3 (2022): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd3030022.

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The splash and spray and tidal zones are generally assumed to be the most severe marine exposure environments with respect to steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures. However, it has been observed in several aged marine structures along the Southern African coastlines, that there is usually relatively insignificant reinforcement corrosion damage in the tidal zone, despite very high (above-threshold) chloride contents. To develop a full understanding of the severity of marine exposure conditions with regard to the actual deterioration, it is imperative that other factors that direc

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27

Dyrness, A., L. R. Glicksman, and T. Yule. "Heat transfer in the splash zone of a bubbling fluidized bed." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 35, no. 4 (1992): 847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(92)90252-n.

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28

Zhao, Xiao Dong, Guang Feng Xi, and Jie Yang. "Comparative Study on Corrosion of Mild Steel in Natural and Simulated Marine Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 1828–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1828.

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Different zones of the marine environment were simulated by a designed marine corrosion test device in laboratory, through which the corrosion rate was tested by weight loss method applying separate specimens and electrically connected specimens, separately, and the test data were compared with those by seawater exposure method. The results showed that the corrosion in splash zone was the most severe whether for separate specimens or electrically connected specimens, and for the latter, the experimental data were more reasonable to simulate a continuous marine structure throughout the differen

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29

Nascimbene, Juri, Pier Luigi Nimis, Johanna Klüßendorf, and Holger Thüs. "Freshwater Lichens, Including New Species in the Genera Verrucaria, Placopyrenium and Circinaria, Associated with Lobothallia hydrocharis (Poelt & Nimis) Sohrabi & Nimis from Watercourses of Sardinia." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3 (2023): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9030380.

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This work summarizes the results of the exploration of freshwater lichen biota on the island of Sardinia associated with the regional flagship species Lobothallia hydrocharis, a large-sized crustose lichen from the splash zone along mountain streams, so far known from Sardinia only. Molecular data were used to confirm its distinctiveness from other taxa and its systematic placement and to identify critical taxa among its associated lichen biota. We found 25 species of lichenized fungi, including three species new to science in the genera Verrucaria, Placopyrenium, and Circinaria, and seven spe

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30

Li, Hai Hong, Zhi Hong Fan, and Peng Ping Li. "Influence of Mineral Admixtures on Corrosion Potential of Reinforced Concrete at Early Stage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.814.

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An artificial climate experiment system was designed and established to study reinforcement corrosion of concrete in splash zone at early stage. The relationship between corrosion potential and mineral admixtures was discussed. The results show that changes of mineral admixtures material will affect the corrosion potential of reinforcing steel in concrete, of which slag is the most obvious.

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31

Xia, Ruilin, Yordan Garbatov, Changyong Liu, and Mingyang Sun. "Model for Wastage Allowance and Strength Properties of Pipe Piles Exposed to Marine Corrosion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (2024): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010113.

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The study’s objective is to analyze the mechanical properties of steel pipe piles as a part of a trestle bridge subjected to five years of natural marine corrosion degradation. Sixteen tensile specimens are extracted from the steel pipe piles in the splash, tidal, and immersion zones. The experimental tensile test results are used to establish regression equations defining the elastic modulus, yield strength, strain hardening index, and strength coefficient for the true stress–strain curves of the three regions. A non-linear time-dependent mathematical model is exploited to identify the corros

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32

Niu, Shilei, Zhongxiang Liu, Tong Guo, Anxin Guo, and Sudong Xu. "Modeling and Investigation of Long-Term Performance of High-Rise Pile Cap Structures Under Scour and Corrosion." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 3 (2025): 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030450.

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High-rise pile cap structures, such as sea-crossing bridges, suffer from long-term degradation due to continuous corrosion and scour, which seriously endangers structural safety. However, there is a lack of research on this topic. This study focused on the long-term performance and dynamic response of bridge pile foundations, considering scour and corrosion effects. A refined modeling method for bridge pile foundations, considering scour-induced damage and corrosion-induced degradation, was developed by adjusting nonlinear soil springs and material properties. Furthermore, hydrodynamic charact

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33

Otsuki, Nobuaki, Takahiro Nishida, Kazumi Matsuoka, and Kenichiro imafuku. "Twenty-Year Tests Expose Steel with Organic Coatings in Marine Environments." Materials Performance 54, no. 3 (2015): 44–48. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2015_54_3-44.

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Various types of organically coated and bare steel pipe specimens were exposed for 20 years in the semitropical marine environment at Miya-kojima Island, Okinawa, Japan. The mechanism of the most serious deterioration of the coated steel specimens was found to be near the low water level, while the most serious corrosion for bare steel was observed in the splash zone.

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34

Aghajani, A. "In Situ Corrosion Protection of Oil Risers and Offshore Piles." Materials Performance 47, no. 4 (2008): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2008_47_4-38.

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The most corrosive environment for marine structures is the splash zone, the area that is constantly subject to wetting, drying, high concentration of solute oxygen, marine wave strokes, and access problems when preparing surfaces and repairing coating damage. This article describes a research project on in situ methods for preventing corrosion on Iranian oil risers and piles in the Persian Gulf.

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35

Mutoh, K., M. Nagasawa, S. Kawagishi, and M. Kunishima. "Construction of Prestressed Concrete Bridge in the Splash-Zone of Sea Water." Concrete Journal 25, no. 8 (1987): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.25.8_24.

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36

Neto, P., A. M. Ribeiro, and C. Pinho. "Splash and Disengagement Zone Heat Transfer in a Propane-Burning Fluidized Bed." Experimental Heat Transfer 22, no. 2 (2009): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916150902718559.

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37

Ren, Bing, and Yongxue Wang. "Numerical simulation of random wave slamming on structures in the splash zone." Ocean Engineering 31, no. 5-6 (2004): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2003.10.006.

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38

Mahima, S., A. Bahurudeen, Manu Santhanam, and K. Jayachandran. "Service Life Prediction of Bagasse ash Blended Concrete in Marine Splash Zone." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 9 (2017): 9664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.244.

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39

Ren, Bing, and Yongxue Wang. "Experimental study of irregular wave impact on structures in the splash zone." Ocean Engineering 30, no. 18 (2003): 2363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-8018(03)00104-5.

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40

Wang, Huan-Huan, and Min Du. "Corrosion Behavior of a Low-Carbon Steel in Simulated Marine Splash Zone." Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 30, no. 6 (2017): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-017-0535-1.

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41

Xiang-rong, Zhu, Huang Gui-qiao, and Liang Cai-feng. "Study on the corrosion peak of carbon steel in marine splash zone." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 15, no. 4 (1997): 378–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02850574.

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42

Wen, Xiao-dong, Jian-long Tu, and Wei-zhong Gan. "Durability protection of the functionally graded structure concrete in the splash zone." Construction and Building Materials 41 (April 2013): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.119.

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43

de Rincón, Oladis T., Matilde F. de Romero, Aleida R. de Carruyo, Miguel Sánchez, and José Bravo. "Performance of sacrificial anodes to protect the splash zone of concrete piles." Materials and Structures 30, no. 9 (1997): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02486400.

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44

Xu, Yuqing, Guangling Song, Dajiang Zheng, Changsheng Liu, and Enhou Han. "Polarization-Accelerated Seawater Splash Simulation for Rapid Evaluation of Protection Performance of an Epoxy Coating on Carbon Steel." Materials 17, no. 14 (2024): 3623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17143623.

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The application of organic coatings is the most cost-effective and common method for metallic equipment toward corrosion, whose anti-corrosion property needs to be improved and evaluated in a short time. To rapidly and rationally assess the anti-corrosion property of organic coatings in the ocean splash zone, a new accelerated test was proposed. In the study, the corrosion protection property of the coating samples was measured by an improved AC-DC-AC test in a simulated seawater of 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, a simulated ocean splash zone test and a new accelerated test combining the above two te

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45

Zhang, Jing An, Zhuo Wei, Cheng Gang Li, and Chang Bao Sun. "Piping System Design of Subsea Manifold." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1779.

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Show the layout of subsea manifold piping system, whose design base on the relevant parameters of the E oil and gas field in West Africa. The piping system adapt to the sea situation. The maximum stress of the piping system is within the allowable range under wind load, the pressure and temperature stress of circulating medium and wave load, even in the splash zone, and passed the stress test.

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46

Yan, Ge, Li Yan, and Zhu Xichang. "Testing Zinc Mesh Anodes for Prestressed Concrete Wharf Piles." Materials Performance 50, no. 9 (2011): 30–33. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2011_50_9-30.

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Premature damage of prestressed concrete piles in marine environments at tidal and splash zone areas, caused by corrosion of reinforcing steels, is a common occurrence. It is necessary to adopt effective measures to control corrosion of reinforcing steels to extend the durability of the piles. This article discusses application testing of zinc mesh anodes on one prestressed concrete wharf pile in a seaport to control further corrosion of reinforcing steel.

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47

Wang, Kui, Zhanqiang Li, and Mingjie Zhao. "Mechanism of Localized Corrosion of Steel Pipe Pile Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines and Corrosive Action." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010685.

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The wind turbine foundation serves as a permanent construction in the harsh marine corrosive environment, its anti-corrosion design is essential to the safe use of the wind turbine structure. At present, there is a significant controversy over the local corrosion mechanism (such as pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion) and its diffusion mechanism in the academic circle. In the paper, the Faraday electrochemistry formula was used to compute the local corrosion degree of the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine and obtain the general corrosion equivalent. The local corrosion effect of the of

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48

Milićević, Ana, Slađana Popović, Vanja Milovanović, et al. "Phototrophs in Unique Habitats of Thermomineral Springs in Central Serbia." Life 15, no. 2 (2025): 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020169.

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Thermomineral springs are unique aquatic habitats characterized by high temperatures or mineral-rich water and often host specialized microbial communities. In Serbia, these springs represent an important but under-researched ecological resource whose diverse physicochemical properties are shaped by their geological context. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of Serbian thermomineral springs and their relationship with phototrophic communities in different substrates are investigated. Phototrophic biofilms were categorized into fully submerged and splash zone biofilms, with th

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Li, Hong-Nan, Hu Cheng, and Dong-Sheng Wang. "Time-Variant Seismic Performance of Offshore RC Bridge Columns with Uncertainty." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 12 (2018): 1850149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418501493.

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To establish a framework for evaluating the time-variant seismic performance of deteriorated reinforced concrete (RC) structures with uncertainty, offshore RC bridge columns exposed to marine environments are studied in this paper. The uncertainties from the material parameters, corrosion initiation time and earthquake ground motions are taken into account. Due to the different corrosion characteristics in various zones (i.e. the submerged zone, splash and tidal zone, and atmospheric zone) along the column height, corrosion-induced damages in each zone are considered separately, and the geomet

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50

Zhang, Puyang, Yan'e Li, Conghuan Le, Hongyan Ding, Zhou Yang, and Li Qiang. "Dynamic characteristics analysis of three-bucket jacket foundation lowering through the splash zone." Renewable Energy 199 (November 2022): 1116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.034.

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