Academic literature on the topic 'Spline fit'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spline fit"
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Hong, J., D. Talbot, and A. Kahraman. "A generalized semi-analytical load distribution model for clearance-fit, major-fit, minor-fit, and mismatched splines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, no. 7-8 (2015): 1126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215603741.
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A generalized semi-analytical load distribution model for all common types of involute spline joints is proposed. It is formulated to model clearance-fit (side-fit) involute splines with contacts happening only at the drive flanks of the spline teeth, major or minor-diameter fit splines where additional contact occurs along the top land and the root land of the external spline teeth, respectively, as well as mismatched splines where an intentional lead mismatch is introduced to initiate contact along both drive and back (coast) flanks. Using this model, load distribution and tooth-to-tooth load sharing of example major and minor diameter-fit spline joints under typical multi-directional spur and helical gear loading conditions are characterized and compared to those of the corresponding side-fit spline joint. Further, self-centralizing performance of major and minor-fit splines versus side-fit splines is quantified including its sensitivity to the radial clearance magnitude. Finally, load distribution of an example side-fit spline having various intentional mismatch magnitudes at different torque level is investigated to show that a given mismatch value is optimal at a certain design torque.
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N, Gajalakshmi, and Karunanith S. "Image segmentation and preserve the boundary of the image using b-spline basis." Journal of Computational Mathematica 5, no. 2 (2021): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/cm115.
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This paper focuses the knot insertion in the B-spline collocation matrix, with nonnegative determinants in all n x n sub-matrices. Further by relating the number of zeros in B-spline basis as well as changes (sign changes) in the sequence of its B-spline coefficients. From this relation, we obtained an accurate characterization when interpolation by B-splines correlates with the changes leads uniqueness and this ensures the optimal solution. Simultaneously we computed the knot insertion matrix and B-spline collocation matrix and its sub-matrices having nonnegative determinants. The totality of the knot insertion matrix and B-spline collocation matrix is demonstrated in the concluding section by using the input image and shows that these concepts are fit to apply and reduce the errors through mean square error and PSNR values
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A., Srinivasulu, Sarojamma B., and Anil kumar K. "Splines for annual temperature Data in India." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 03, no. 06 (2018): 328–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1288683.
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Spline algorithms are the way to fit data points with a set of connecting curves (each one is called a Spline), such that the values between data points can be computed. They are various types/order of equations that can be used to specify the splines including Linear, Quadratic, Cubic, etc. Here annual temperature data is taken for 30 years from 1987 to 2016. In this data the highest temperature is in the year 1995, has structural break. So from 1987 to 1995 (9 years) we consider as before, and from 1996 to 2016 (21 years) consider as after. We applied four models such as Quadratic splines, Harmonic splines, Cubic splines and Regression splines for annual temperature data in India. In this paper We use Chow test for the presence of a structural break at a period. The four models are empirically tested using annual temperature data in India.
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Adriaenssens, S. "Feasibility Study of Medium Span Spliced Spline Stressed Membranes." International Journal of Space Structures 23, no. 4 (2008): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026635108786959889.
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This papers examines the feasibility of 3 medium span (16m – 32m) spliced spline stressed membranes. Medium span slender arch systems have been used for canopy structures of stadia cladding such as the Gottlieb-Daimler Stadium. Lateral bracing by the membrane means that the arch can be slender and flexible. Flexibility and lightness fit in well with the design of pre-stressed structures that are themselves flexible and adjust to applied loads. The presented membrane structures are designed bearing in mind their deployability (as necessary for temporary tents) and offer a good simple alternative to medium span high maintenance pneumatics covering squash courts or swimming pools.
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Wang, Tong, Yankai Wang, Meiru Liu, and Zhicai Zhong. "Stability Analysis of Rotor with a Spline Coupling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012001.
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Abstract The spline coupling is widely used in aero-engines. Once the spline coupling fails, it will cause great damage to the engine. In this paper, the stability of a rotor with a spline coupling was studied. The internal damping instability model of the rotor with spline coupling is deduced, and the instability mechanism is explored. The stability boundary is analyzed by using the R-H criterion. The mechanism of rotor instability is analyzed by simulation. An experimental system of rotors with different structural parameters of spline coupling was built. The influence of the positioning surface clearance on the stability was analyzed. The modeling results show that the internal friction of the spline coupling will introduce additional damping and anti-symmetrical cross stiffness to the rotor, the additional damping will reduce the vibration response, and the anti-symmetrical cross stiffness will cause the rotor to become unstable. The simulation and experimental results show that the rotor system will not be unstable when the two positioning surfaces of the spline coupling are in an interference fit. When one of the positioning surfaces is a clearance fit and the other is an interference fit, the internal friction will cause the rotor to become unstable. The instability threshold speed is higher than the first-order critical speed. At the same time, due to the additional damping introduced by the sleeve tooth structure, there will be a transition stage of instability. At this time, the rotor will vibrate with sub-harmonic components, but the vibration amplitude of the rotor will decrease. When the two positioning surfaces are clearance fit, the rotor is unstable and the amplitude increases suddenly. The obtained instability characteristics of the rotor with spline coupling have important value for the instability fault diagnosis, and provide help for the stability control.
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Wang, Tong, Yankai Wang, Meiru Liu, and Zhicai Zhong. "Stability Analysis of Rotor with a Spline Coupling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2252, no. 1 (2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2252/1/012001.
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Abstract The spline coupling is widely used in aero-engines. Once the spline coupling fails, it will cause great damage to the engine. In this paper, the stability of a rotor with a spline coupling was studied. The internal damping instability model of the rotor with spline coupling is deduced, and the instability mechanism is explored. The stability boundary is analyzed by using the R-H criterion. The mechanism of rotor instability is analyzed by simulation. An experimental system of rotors with different structural parameters of spline coupling was built. The influence of the positioning surface clearance on the stability was analyzed. The modeling results show that the internal friction of the spline coupling will introduce additional damping and anti-symmetrical cross stiffness to the rotor, the additional damping will reduce the vibration response, and the anti-symmetrical cross stiffness will cause the rotor to become unstable. The simulation and experimental results show that the rotor system will not be unstable when the two positioning surfaces of the spline coupling are in an interference fit. When one of the positioning surfaces is a clearance fit and the other is an interference fit, the internal friction will cause the rotor to become unstable. The instability threshold speed is higher than the first-order critical speed. At the same time, due to the additional damping introduced by the sleeve tooth structure, there will be a transition stage of instability. At this time, the rotor will vibrate with sub-harmonic components, but the vibration amplitude of the rotor will decrease. When the two positioning surfaces are clearance fit, the rotor is unstable and the amplitude increases suddenly. The obtained instability characteristics of the rotor with spline coupling have important value for the instability fault diagnosis, and provide help for the stability control.
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Lord, Marilyn. "Curve and Surface Representation by Iterative B-Spline Fit to a Data Point Set." Engineering in Medicine 16, no. 1 (1987): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1987_016_008_02.
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The method of B-splines provides a very powerful way of representing curves and curved surfaces. The definition is ideally suited to applications in Computer Aided Design (CAD) where the designer is required to remodel the surface by reference to interactive graphics. This particular facility can be advantageous in CAD of body support surfaces, such as design of sockets of limb prostheses, shoe insoles, and custom seating. The B-spline surface is defined by a polygon of control points which in general do not lie on the surface, but which form a convex hull enclosing the surface. Each control point can be adjusted to remodel the surface locally. The resultant curves are well behaved. However, in these biomedical applications the original surface prior to modification is usually defined by a limited set of point measurements from the body segment in question. Thus there is a need initially to define a B-spline surface which interpolates this set of data points. In this paper, a computer-iterative method of fitting a B-spline surface to a given set of data points is outlined, and the technique is demonstrated for a curve. Extension to a surface is conceptually straightforward.
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Jehan Mohammed Al-Ameri. "Cubic Spline Interpolation for Data Infections of COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraq." Al-Qadisiyah Journal Of Pure Science 26, no. 5 (2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29350/qjps.2021.26.5.1443.
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 In this paper, we use an empirical equation and cubic spline interpolation to fit Covid-19 data available for accumulated infections and deaths in Iraq. For Scientific visualization of data interpretation, it is useful to use interpolation methods for purposes fitting by data interpolation. The data used is from 3 January 2020 to 21 January 2021 in order to obtain graphs to analysing the rate of increasing the pandemic and then obtain predicted values for the data infections and deaths in that period of time. Stochastic fit to the data of daily infections and deaths of Covid-19 is also discussed and showed in figures. The results of the cubic splines and the empirical equation used will be numerically compared. The principle of least square errors will be used for both these interpolations. The numerical results will be indicated that the cubic spline gives an accurate fitting to data.
 
 
 
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Raúl, Alberto López-Meraz, Hernández-Callejo Luis, Omar Jamed-Boza Luis, and Alonso-Gómez Victor. "Spline adjustment for modelling solar intermittences." Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, no. 94 (June 4, 2019): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.17533/10.17533/udea.redin.20190524.
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One of the reasons why photovoltaic technology is not massively installed is its variation in production. This variation is due to intermittences in the solar resource. Based on real data from the microgrid of the Renewable Energy Development Center (CEDER, Spain) and another scenario in Xalapa (México), the study determines the solar intermittences produced and grouped monthly. The period of data acquisition, in the first study, was from May 30th, 2012 to March 3rd, 2015 with the help of a Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSNR) team; in the second, 2014 measurements were obtained from a meteorological station certified by the National Meteorological System (SMN). The analysis is based on the determination of monthly frames of reference for radiation by third-degree spline adjustments with smoothing, using the JUMP statistical application software (JMP © 2009, SAS Institute, version 8.0.2). The results of the analyses have provided important information to understand the unstable appearance of solar radiation and, in turn, will be the basis of a control system to optimize photovoltaic production.
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Yoshida, Takuma. "Direct Determination of Smoothing Parameter for Penalized Spline Regression." Journal of Probability and Statistics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/203469.
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Penalized spline estimator is one of the useful smoothing methods. To construct the estimator, having goodness of fit and smoothness, the smoothing parameter should be appropriately selected. The purpose of this paper is to select the smoothing parameter using the asymptotic property of the penalized splines. The new smoothing parameter selection method is established in the context of minimization asymptotic form of MISE of the penalized splines. The mathematical and the numerical properties of the proposed method are studied. First we organize the new method in univariate regression model. Next we extend to the additive models. A simulation study to confirm the efficiency of the proposed method is addressed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spline fit"
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Zaman, Muhammad Adib Uz. "Bicubic L1 Spline Fits for 3D Data Approximation." Thesis, Northern Illinois University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10751900.
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<p> Univariate cubic <i>L</i><sup>1</sup> spline fits have been successful to preserve the shapes of 2D data with abrupt changes. The reason is that the minimization of <i>L</i><sup>1</sup> norm of the data is considered, as opposite to <i>L</i><sup>2</sup> norm. While univariate <i>L</i><sup>1</sup> spline fits for 2D data are discussed by many, bivariate <i>L</i><sup>1</sup> spline fits for 3D data are yet to be fully explored. This thesis aims to develop bicubic <i>L</i><sup>1</sup> spline fits for 3D data approximation. This can be achieved by solving a bi-level optimization problem. One level is bivariate cubic spline interpolation and the other level is <i> L</i><sup>1</sup> error minimization. In the first level, a bicubic interpolated spline surface will be constructed on a rectangular grid with necessary first and second order derivative values estimated by using a 5-point window algorithm for univariate <i>L</i><sup> 1</sup> interpolation. In the second level, the absolute error (i.e. <i> L</i><sup>1</sup> norm) will be minimized using an iterative gradient search. This study may be extended to higher dimensional cubic <i>L</i><sup> 1</sup> spline fits research.</p><p>
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Park, Jae H. "Chebyshev Approximation of Discrete polynomials and Splines." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30195.
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The recent development of the impulse/summation approach for efficient B-spline computation in the discrete domain should increase the use of B-splines in many applications. Because we show here how the impulse/summation approach can also be used for constructing polynomials, the approach with a search table approach for the inverse square root operation allows an efficient shading algorithm for rendering an image in a computer graphics system. The approach reduces the number of multiplies and makes it possible for the entire rendering process to be implemented using an integer processor.
In many applications, Chebyshev approximation with polynomials and splines is useful in representing a stream of data or a function. Because the impulse/summation approach is developed for discrete systems, some aspects of traditional continuous approximation are not applicable. For example, the lack of the continuity concept in the discrete domain affects the definition of the local extrema of a function. Thus, the method of finding the extrema must be changed. Both forward differences and backward differences must be checked to find extrema instead of using the first derivative in the continuous domain approximation. Polynomial Chebyshev approximation in the discrete domain, just as in the continuous domain, forms a Chebyshev system. Therefore, the Chebyshev approximation process always produces a unique best approximation. Because of the non-linearity of free knot polynomial spline systems, there may be more than one best solution and the convexity of the solution space cannot be guaranteed. Thus, a Remez Exchange Algorithm may not produce an optimal approximation. However, we show that the discrete polynomial splines approximate a function using a smaller number of parameters (for a similar minimax error) than the discrete polynomials do. Also, the discrete polynomial spline requires much less computation and hardware than the discrete polynomial for curve generation when we use the impulse/summation approach. This is demonstrated using two approximated FIR filter implementations.<br>Ph. D.
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Argenti, Luca. "The B-spline K-matrix Method in Atomic Physics." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/85858.
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In the course of this thesis the B-spline K-matrix method, a theoretical technique
capable of reproducing the single ionization continuum of atoms, was developed.
Two systems were addressed in particular: helium and boron, as representatives
of two- and three-active-electron atoms.
Some of the findings presented here resulted in original cont
ributions to the scientific literature. Total and partial photoionization cros
s sections and asymmetry parameters of the fundamental helium state were examined up
to the sixth ionization threshold, yielding the first
ab initio reproduction of the first intruder state
effects below N=4 threshold, the first reproduction of dipole
asymmetry parameters below N=6 threshold and of nondipole anisotropy param
eter γ below N=2 threshold.
Most of the material presented here relies on the multiple ba
sis implementation of the B-spline K-matrix method which allows the reprod
uction of almost arbitrarily excited metastable satellites below a prescri
bed threshold. The new technique, when used to investigate helium triplet states,
yielded the most accurate and extensive existing characterization of triplet me
tastable states up to the fifth ionization threshold. Within more than 1700 natural and unnatural S, P and D doubly excited states, eleven intruder states were discov
ered, entirely unknown before.
At least two experimental groups, at ELETTRA in Trieste and at BESSY II in Berlin, are recently tackling the problem of measuring the m
etastable 2^3S helium photoionization cross section. We therefore undertook a parallel theoretical investigation of the photoionization process of both the fundame
ntal and the excited ^3S helium states. The latter prelude to the future investigati
on of the radiative decay of doubly excited states and already revealed interesting p
eculiar features.
To this purpose, we devised an extension of the K-matrix method to treat the
atom-radiation interaction non perturbatively.
A general three electron package has been developed and appl
ied to study boron resonances. Specific formulas were derived to obtain arbitrary tensorial one-particle and scalar two-particle matrix elements between three electron states on non-orthogonal basis as required for an efficient exploitation of B-splines.
A detailed study of the B-spline effective completeness led to a general result
which assure that B-spline based methods are well conditioned for a large class of
knot grids.
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Wang, Yulei. "Measuring political knowledge as latent trait : application of spline smoothing in Bayesian computation /." Available to subscribers only, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1095436141&sid=23&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hansen, Ann-Marie. "Une histoire du spleen français au XVIIIe siècle - la transmission, évolution et naturalisation d'un fait anglais." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86990.
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The history of the French notion of spleen originates in the linguistic and conceptual adoption thereof over the course of the 18th century. This thesis presents spleen as a discursive construct formed by the writing of its time, and thus takes into account the socio-historic context which surrounded its transmission from English to French culture. Accordingly, the beginning of the 18th century saw the introduction of spleen facilitated by a number of texts which presented the concept without naming it as such. This is followed by the first known textual occurrence of the term in French in 1745. An analysis of the term's occurrences thereafter reveals the semantic richness representative of spleen's gradual conceptual development and illustrates the process of naturalisation which in 1798 led to the consecration of the term "Spleen" by the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française.<br>L'histoire des origines du spleen français est l'histoire de son adoption linguistique et conceptuelle au cours du XVIIIe siècle. Nous considérons qu'il est grandement influencé par le contexte socio-historique qui facilite sa transmission de l'Angleterre en France, de sorte que nous le concevons comme une construction discursive formé par la production écrite de son époque. Ainsi, en début de siècle, est d'abord préparée son introduction par des textes qui le présentent sans le nommer, et en 1745 paraît sa première occurrence textuelle en langue française. Notre analyse des occurrences qui suivent révèle une richesse sémantique représentative du développement de la notion de spleen et éclaire en même temps son évolution et le processus de sa naturalisation qui aboutit en 1798 lorsqu'est consacré le terme par le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française.
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Paterson, Abby. "Digitisation of the splinting process : exploration and evaluation of a computer aided design approach to support additive manufacture." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13021.
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Upper extremity splinting is a popular treatment method for a range of conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. The intent of this treatment approach is multifaceted, but fundamentally, the provision of tools to enable and encourage patients to carry out everyday activities and to improve their quality of life is paramount. However, the aesthetic and functional limitations of wrist immobilisation splints demonstrate various weaknesses in terms of wear duration and frequency. Patient compliance is often compromised due to a number of factors, including the perceived stigma associated with assistive devices. Additive Manufacturing (AM) has proved its worth in a number of applications relating to the design of assistive devices; builds of complex, bespoke fitting geometries make AM an ideal fabrication method for upper extremity splints. However, recent advances in system technology to enable multi-material builds have been limited in this field, and a distinct need for a specialised three-dimensional (3D) Computer Aided Design (CAD) software approach is required to allow therapists to design splints for AM. Furthermore, the intent to keep practising therapists at the forefront of splint prescription is of utmost importance. This research proposes a digitised splinting approach, specifically through development of a 3D CAD software strategy to allow therapists to capture their design intent without compromising creativity. Furthermore, the approach proposes the exploration of AM build capabilities by allowing the integration of more creative features, such as aesthetically pleasing lattice structures for increased skin ventilation. The approach also proposes the integration of multiple materials to replicate and improve upon current splint design and fabrication practises. The approach therefore explores an exciting new paradigm for upper extremity splinting, the driving characteristics of which have not been proposed before as a collective medium. This research describes the feasibility of capturing therapists design intent in a 3D CAD virtual environment, whilst capturing therapists opinions of the approach with suggestions for future research and development. Results concluded that therapists were excited by the proposed transition in AM splinting, but that significant development is required elsewhere to establish a supporting infrastructure in order to make the approach a viable option in future upper extremity splinting.
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Hellstrand, Alina, and Veronika Pugner. "Passformen av polymera 3D-printade stabiliseringsskenor beroende på printningsvinkel och åldring." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-42887.
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Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande in vitro-studie är att undersöka passformen på ett 3D-printat polymerbaserat material för stabiliseringsskenor över tid, framställt i två olika printningsvinklar. Material och metod: 16 provkroppar tillverkades av Keysplint soft® Clear for Carbon® Printers och delades in i två grupper beroende på printningsvinkel. Åtta provkroppar printades i 0° och åtta printades i 10°. Provkropparna genomgick termocykling på 10 000 cykler och passformen utvärderades med replikatekniken där gruppernas medelvärden jämfördes i fem parametrar mot respektive referensvärde i CAD-inställningen. Statistisk analys gjordes med One-Way ANOVA, Tukey’s test och signifikansnivån sattes till α = 0,05. Resultat: Signifikant skillnad fanns för grupperna 0° och 0°TC i två av fem parametrar. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad före och efter termocykling för provkroppar printade i 10°. Signifikant skillnad hittades i tre parametrar mellan grupperna 0° och 10°. Slutsats: Inom föreliggande studies begränsningar kunde det påvisas att: 3D-printade stabiliseringsskenor med 0° printningsvinkel ger bättre passform än skenor med 10° printningsvinkel. 3D-printade stabiliseringsskenor med 10° printningsvinkel ger bättre passform över tid.<br>Aim: The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the fit of a 3D-printed polymeric material for splint appliance over time with two different printing angles. Material and method: 16 specimens were manufactured by Keysplint Soft® Clear for Carbon® Printers and were divided in two groups. Eight specimens were printed with a 0° angle and eight printed with a 10° angle. The specimens underwent a thermal cycling of 10 000 cycles and the fit was evaluated by the replica technique. The groups mean values were compared in five parameters against the reference value in the CAD-setting. Statistical analysis was done with One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test and significance level was set to α = 0,05. Results: Significant differences were found between groups 0° and 0°TC in two out of the five parameters. No significant differences were found before and after thermal cycling for specimens printed with a 10° angle. Significant differences were found in three parameters between groups 0° and 10°. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study the conclusions are: 3D-printed splint appliance indicates a better fit printed with 0° angle than with 10° angle. 3D-printed splint appliance printed with the 10° angle indicates a better fit over time.
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Hitchcock, Robert Arthur. "Epigenetic control of the kinetoplastid spliced leader RNA." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1998392041&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Matoussi, Salma. "User-Centric Slicing with Functional Splits in 5G Cloud-RAN." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS004.pdf.
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Le réseau d’accès radio (RAN) 5G vise à faire évoluer de nouvelles technologies couvrant l’infrastructure Cloud, les techniques de virtualisation et le réseau défini par logiciel (SDN). Des solutions avancées sont introduites pour répartir les fonctions du réseau d’accès radio entre des emplacements centralisés et distribués (découpage fonctionnel) afin d’améliorer la flexibilité du RAN. Cependant, l’une des préoccupations majeures est d’allouer efficacement les ressources RAN, tout en prenant en compte les exigences hétérogènes des services 5G. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons la problématique du provisionnement des ressources Cloud RAN centré sur l’utilisateur (appelé tranche d’utilisateurs ). Nous adoptons un déploiement flexible du découpage fonctionnel. Notre recherche vise à répondre conjointement aux besoins des utilisateurs finaux, tout en minimisant le coût de déploiement. Pour surmonter la grande complexité impliquée, nous proposons d’abord une nouvelle implémentation d’une architecture Cloud RAN, permettant le déploiement à la demande des ressources, désignée par AgilRAN. Deuxièmement, nous considérons le sous-problème de placement des fonctions de réseau et proposons une nouvelle stratégie de sélection de découpage fonctionnel centrée sur l’utilisateur nommée SPLIT-HPSO. Troisièmement, nous intégrons l’allocation des ressources radio. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une nouvelle heuristique appelée E2E-USA. Dans la quatrième étape, nous envisageons une approche basée sur l’apprentissage en profondeur pour proposer un schéma d’allocation temps réel des tranches d’utilisateurs, appelé DL-USA. Les résultats obtenus prouvent l’efficacité de nos stratégies proposées<br>5G Radio Access Network (RAN) aims to evolve new technologies spanning the Cloud infrastructure, virtualization techniques and Software Defined Network capabilities. Advanced solutions are introduced to split the RAN functions between centralized and distributed locations to improve the RAN flexibility. However, one of the major concerns is to efficiently allocate RAN resources, while supporting heterogeneous 5G service requirements. In this thesis, we address the problematic of the user-centric RAN slice provisioning, within a Cloud RAN infrastructure enabling flexible functional splits. Our research aims to jointly meet the end users’ requirements, while minimizing the deployment cost. The problem is NP-hard. To overcome the great complexity involved, we propose a number of heuristic provisioning strategies and we tackle the problem on four stages. First, we propose a new implementation of a cost efficient C-RAN architecture, enabling on-demand deployment of RAN resources, denoted by AgilRAN. Second, we consider the network function placement sub-problem and propound a new scalable user-centric functional split selection strategy named SPLIT-HPSO. Third, we integrate the radio resource allocation scheme in the functional split selection optimization approach. To do so, we propose a new heuristic based on Swarm Particle Optimization and Dijkstra approaches, so called E2E-USA. In the fourth stage, we consider a deep learning based approach for user-centric RAN Slice Allocation scheme, so called DL-USA, to operate in real-time. The results obtained prove the efficiency of our proposed strategies
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Chung, Ida Ho Ting. "Evaluation of the transcriptional response of chicken spleen to highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1)." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 113 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885480871&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textBooks on the topic "Spline fit"
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Brinkmann, Svend. The Historical Background. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190247249.003.0002.
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This chapter presents a selected history of Western philosophy from the Greeks to modern times, arguing that the very idea of qualitative research is a child of modernity’s split between the objective and subjective, quanta and qualia. This split became significant with the birth of modern natural science (Galilei, Newton, and Descartes), giving rise to the question of how to study those aspects of the world that do not seem to fit the perspective of the physical sciences. This question was answered in different ways by the British empiricists from John Locke onwards and also by Immanuel Kant in Germany.
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Bunch, Chris. Splenomegaly and other disorders of the spleen. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0035.
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The spleen is a predominantly lymphoid organ, normally about the size of a clenched fist located beneath the diaphragm in the left upper abdomen. It has a dual role as a filter for the circulation, and a primary lymphoid organ in its own right. About three-quarters of its volume is a matrix of capillaries and sinuses (the red pulp), through which blood is able to percolate slowly and come into contact with fixed macrophages, which are able to remove senescent or damaged red cells, or other particulate matter such as bacteria. The lymphoid tissue is organized into scattered follicles (the white pulp), which have a particularly important role in initiating primary humoral immune responses and antibody (IgM) synthesis. The spleen commonly enlarges when either its filtration function is increased—as in haemolysis—or it is stimulated by infection or inflammation. It may also be involved in myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative neoplasias. This chapter covers hypersplenism, splenectomy, hyposplenism, overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI), and other infections in hyposplenic patients.
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Holland, John H. 1. Complex systems. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199662548.003.0001.
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What is complexity? A complex system, such as a tropical rainforest, is a tangled web of interactions and exhibits a distinctive property called ‘emergence’, roughly described by ‘the action of the whole is more than the sum of the actions of the parts’. This chapter explains that the interactions of interest are non-linear and thus hierarchical organization is closely tied to emergence. Complex systems explains several kinds of telltale behaviour: emergent behaviour, self-organization, chaotic behaviour, ‘fat-tailed behaviour’, and adaptive interaction. The field of complexity studies has split into two subfields that examine two different kinds of emergence: complex physical systems and complex adaptive systems.
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Dunlop, Dr Brendan J. The Queer Mental Health Workbook. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781805016625.
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'A privilege to read, a pleasure to endorse' PROFESSOR TANYA BYRON 'This book completely bowled me over' DOMINIC DAVIES 'A super comprehensive book' MEG-JOHN BARKER To be queer is to feel different - a felt sense that you don't fit in. This can be alienating and difficult and lead to mental health challenges and lower wellbeing throughout life. Using a range of therapeutic approaches, this comprehensive, down-to-earth self-help workbook is designed to be your personal mental health resource. It is filled with techniques and activities you can read, tailor and 'pick and mix' to improve your wellbeing as a queer person, at your pace. The workbook is split into two sections - the first part focusses on laying the groundwork by exploring identity, psychological wellbeing, and mental health experiences in order to situate mental health challenges in context and improve overall mental health. The second half hones in on ideas and techniques applicable to specific challenges and situations. It explores difficult topics such as anxiety, low self-esteem, eating disorders, self-harm, suicidal ideation, shame, trauma, substance abuse, sleep, and low mood, all whilst maintaining a focus on your needs as a queer individual. Empowering and reassuring, and written by an experienced queer mental health practitioner, this one-of-a-kind workbook will help you to flourish as a queer person and begin to overcome any challenge.
Book chapters on the topic "Spline fit"
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Kermarrec, Gaël, Vibeke Skytt, and Tor Dokken. "A Statistical Criterion to Judge the Goodness of Fit of LR B-Splines Surface Approximation." In Optimal Surface Fitting of Point Clouds Using Local Refinement. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16954-0_4.
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AbstractThe surface approximation obtained with adaptive strategies using locally refined (LR) B-splines depends on the degrees of freedom of the spline space, the tolerance from which the refinement is performed, the noise level of the scattered observations, the refinement strategy and the bidegree of the spline space. The choice of the best model is a challenging task that can be partially answered with statistical criteria, such as the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Here we relax the assumption that the approximation error should be normally distributed and with equal variance and propose the use of the student distribution to compute the AIC. We apply the AIC to decide which tolerance, refinement level, or polynomial bidegree are the most adequate for an optimal fitting. We highlight how the resulting AIC can be combined with more usual criteria to judge the goodness of fit of the surface approximation.
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Allen, R. W., and J. G. Metcalfe. "Integration of absolute amplitude from a decibel B-spline fit." In Algorithms for Approximation II. Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3442-0_38.
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Mukherjee, Subhasis, Shamsul Huda, and John Yearwood. "A Reinforcement Learning Approach with Spline-Fit Object Tracking for AIBO Robot’s High Level Decision Making." In Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing 2011. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22288-7_14.
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Weinert, Howard L. "FFT Algorithm." In Fast Compact Algorithms and Software for Spline Smoothing. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5496-0_4.
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Skinner, Gillian. "One tragical Incident relieved by another; or, as is very natural, a Fit of the Spleen relieved by a Fit of the Gout." In The History of the Countess of Dellwyn, by Sarah Fielding. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351003421-14.
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Matsuno, Kenjiro, Taichi Ezaki, and Masahiko Kotani. "Localization of TI2 Antigen (Ficoll-FITC) and Corresponding Specific Anti-FITC Antibody Forming Cells in the Rat Spleen." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5535-9_134.
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Venter, Gary. "A Mortality Model for Pandemics and Other Contagion Events." In Springer Actuarial. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78334-1_5.
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AbstractThe crisis caused by COVID-19 has had various impacts on the mortality of different sexes, age groups, ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds and requires improved mortality models. Here a very simple model extension is proposed: add a proportional jump to mortality rates that is a constant percent increase across the ages and cohorts but which varies by year. Thus all groups are affected, but the higher-mortality groups get the biggest increases in number dying. Every year gets a jump factor, but these can be vanishingly small for the normal years. Statistical analysis reveals that even before considering pandemic effects, mortality models are often missing systemic risk elements which could capture unusual or even extreme population events. Adding a provision for annual jumps, stochastically dispersed enough to include both tiny and pandemic risks, improves the results and incorporates the systemic risk in projection distributions. Here the mortality curves across the age, cohort, and time parameters are fitted using regularised smoothing splines, and cross-validation criteria are used for fit quality. In this way, we get more parsimonious models with better predictive properties. Performance of the proposed model is compared to standard mortality models existing in the literature.
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Dumortier, Robert, and Eduardo De La Guerra Ochoa. "New Attractiveness of Rolling Stock: Circular and Modular Interiors." In Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-89444-2_43.
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Abstract According to 2021 Circularity Gap Report, global GHG emissions could be reduced by 39% with a circular economy. Rail transport is one of the most sustainable means of transport. However, trains consume material resources for their manufacturing and maintenance. Current trains are not fully designed for modularity and for circular economy, and need to be kept attractive during their 40 years lifetime. The interiors are based on a tailor-made design specific to each series and customers, and quick-fit fasteners are almost not existing, which limits the range of reusable solutions. It also increases purchasing and replacement costs. The project Attractiveness is integrated in the European Research Program Rail4EARTH and it received fundings from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program under grant agreement No: 101101917. The purpose is to strengthen train attractiveness by facilitating modal transfer and by making train more circular. The project is split in two main topics: Sustainable interiors focus on innovative modular and circular interiors User experience and user interface focus on new architectures and new human interfaces Each topic is built in three main steps: knowledges, concepts, and demonstrators with the objective to offer several mock-ups scale one as the final deliverable Phase 1 in 2026.
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Dierckx, Paul. "Fit Ing With Convexity Cons Raints." In Curve and Surface Fitting with Splines. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198534419.003.0007.
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Abstract In Chapter 6 we saw how to determine smoothing splines with B-spline coefficients that satisfy some simple equality constraints. On the other hand, certain shape preserving approximation problems result in linear inequality constraints for these coefficients. How they can be incorporated efficiently will be the topic of this chapter. : ‘.\rotably, we will describe in detail an algorithm for fitting cubic splines with local convexity constraints. In problems of data fitting it is often required that the approximating function should mimic certain properties of the function underlying the data. If it is known. for instance, that this function is strictly positive or monotonically increasing or perhaps convex, it is desirable that the approximation has the same properties. Another reason why it can be very useful to impose monotonicity or convexity constraints is that they may prevent undesirable inflections or oscillations of the fit. From the positiYity property (1.21) of B-splines, it immediately follows that a spline approximation s(x) in the form (1.30) is positive on the interval [a. b] if all its B-spline coefficients are non-negative, i.e. if
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Dierckx, Paul. "Smoothing Spline Curve Fitting." In Curve and Surface Fitting with Splines. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198534419.003.0005.
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Abstract In Chapter 4 we saw that we can obtain excellent approximation results with free knot least-squares splines. A serious drawback of the method is its computational cost which increases enormously with the number of knots. Moreover, as this number increases, the chance of missing the optimal location, because of an inappropriate initial position, also grows. Therefore, the method should not be recommended for data sets for which it is not possible to obtain a satisfactory fit with, say, fewer than 10 interior knots. In this chapter we will consider another approximation criterion which is specific to the use of splines. It will allow us to determine a satisfactory fit in a much faster and more flexible way. The knots will again be located automatically but here the knot placing strategy will only aim to be reasonably frugal with knots, not to find the minimal number nor the optimal location.
Conference papers on the topic "Spline fit"
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Fujisue, Kozo, Hans Dembinski, Ralph Engel, and Anatoli Fedynitch. "Global Spline Fit (GSF) 2024." In 7th International Symposium on Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays. Sissa Medialab, 2025. https://doi.org/10.22323/1.484.0087.
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Sakai, Tomotsugu. "Rotating-Loosening-Free Conditions of Joint Structure That Fastens Drive-Shaft and Hub in Automobile Axle." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-1351.
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Abstract In many automobiles, to prevent the nut loosening, the fastening structure of drive-shaft and hub in their axles has the lock-nut and the shaft with lead angled spline teeth to get the tight pressed-in fit, or very precisely machined/rolled spline teeth to eliminate the circumferential clearance. But, in these structures, the production process both of machining/rolling spline and of assembling the shaft and the hub becomes more complicated. So, more attention must be paid to the production process. As a result, the production cost and time can not help being higher and longer. Therefore, the author analyzed the necessary conditions that prevent the rotating loosening of the nut even without the above-mentioned spline, and got five independent necessary conditions that consist of the joint specifications. ➀ TF &gt; TE, TE: the drive line transmitted torque, TF: the friction torque between the shaft and the hub. ➁ θcr &gt; θ, θ: the relative rotating angle between the shaft and the hub under the torque TE, θcr: the “rotating-loosening-free critical angle” of the fastening axis. ➂ | deμs / dw cos α − μw | &gt; P / π dw, de: effective diameter of thread, dw: equivalent diameter of bearing surface, α: half angle of thread, P: pitch of thread, μs: friction coefficient of thread surface, μw: friction coefficient of bearing surface. ➃ TsLOCK &gt; Tw − TsL, TsLOCK: thread surface locking torque. ➄ TwLOCK &gt; TsT − Tw, TwLOCK: bearing surface locking torque. Here, Tw: friction torque on bearing surface, TsL: releasing torque on thread surface, TsT: tightening torque on thread surface. If at least one of these five conditions is satisfied, the screw thread can not loosen by rotating.
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Jin, Weilong, Ningmei Yu, Dian Tian, Liangchen Lv, Jiahao Tang, and Minghui Xie. "A Configurable Computing Architecture for Split-Radix FFT." In 2024 9th International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (ICICM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icicm63644.2024.10814250.
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Caprioli, Paul. "On the Flop and Flap Counts of the 2,8-Split-Radix FFT." In 2025 IEEE 32nd Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (ARITH). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/arith64983.2025.00017.
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Tian, Dian, Ningmei Yu, Jiahao Tang, Tao Fu, Álvaro Hernández, and Jesús Ureña. "A Hardware Architecture for Frequency-Domain Image Processing Based on Split-Radix 2-4 FFT." In 2024 39th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/dcis62603.2024.10769145.
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Carminelli, Antonio, and Giuseppe Catania. "PB-Spline Hybrid Surface Fitting Technique." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87195.
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This work considers the fitting of data points organized in a rectangular array to parametric spline surfaces. Point Based (PB) splines, a generalization of tensor product splines, are adopted. The basic idea of this paper is to fit large scale data with a tensorial B-spline surface and to refine the surface until a specified tolerance is met. Since some isolated domains exceeding tolerance may result, detail features on these domains are modeled by a tensorial B-spline basis with a finer resolution, superimposed by employing the PB-spline approach. The present method leads to an efficient model of free form surfaces, since both large scale data and local geometrical details can be efficiently fitted. Two application examples are presented. The first one concerns the fitting of a set of data points sampled from an interior car trim with a central geometrical detail. The second one refers to the modification of the tensorial B-spline surface representation of a mould in order to create a local adjustment. Considerations regarding strengths and limits of the approach then follow.
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Ballardie, George C., and Rafael C. Martinez. "Interference Fit on Involute Splines by the Use of a Helix Angle at the External Spline." In 24th SAE Brasil International Congress and Display. SAE International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2015-36-0172.
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Khan, Amna, Iram Noreen, and Zulfiqar Habib. "Coverage Path Planning of Mobile Robots Using Rational Quadratic Bézier Spline." In 2016 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fit.2016.065.
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AlZoukani, Ahmad, Gallyam Aidagulov, Farhan Ali, Mohammed Al-Hamad, and Wael Abdallah. "Robust Centrifuge Data Processing for Tight and Permeable Rock Samples." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22488-ms.
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Abstract Capillary pressure measurements are key to reservoir characterization. The centrifuge technique is the most used industrial laboratory method to obtain capillary pressure curves for rock samples. The generated experimental data, however, requires conversion of average saturation into local saturation to get correct capillary pressure curves, which is often complicated by the need of fitting of complex and noisy data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to construct a smooth, stable and physically-consistent data fitting model for complex centrifuge data, in order to deliver accurate local saturations for different capillary pressure curves. Drainage capillary pressure curves were generated by centrifugation. Isoparaffinic oil was used to displace brine from core samples at elevated capillary pressure steps. Average water saturation was determined at each capillary pressure step after attaining production stability. Hassler-Brunner and Forbes’s second approximate solutions were used to convert the acquired average water saturations into local saturations. For these two solutions, three analytical fitting techniques were compared on different sets of experimental data. These are power law, global polynomial and cubic spline fitting methods. Two carbonate samples of (96 md) and (0.7 md) permeability were evaluated to represent two distinct cases of a capillary pressure curves. Initially, the power law was used to fit the centrifuge data. For both permeable and tight samples, the resulting capillary pressure curves were found strongly biased by a choice of non-zero initial pressure point, which makes this technique not suitable for data interpretation. The second approach was to use the polynomial fitting method, which found unable to properly fit the tight sample data. It was, however, capable to fit the raw data of the permeable sample. The generated corrected capillary pressure curve, however, was unphysical at low water saturation ranges. Therefore, the raw data of the both samples required application of more complex fitting approach, i.e. the spline method. From the results, the spline function showed high degree of fitting and could account for irregularities of the experimental data. However, non-physical oscillations may occur during the data processing. Therefore, additional constraints of monotonicity of the fit and of the derived Forbes solutions were imposed on the optimal fitting spline. This approach was implemented using cubic splines and verified by equally good results obtained in processing experimental data sets for tight and permeable samples. Robust interpretation workflow to reconstruct capillary pressure curves from centrifuge experiment was built and verified on two limiting cases of tight and permeable samples. The approach is based on fitting of noisy experimental data with cubic spline, constructed using constrained optimization procedure to ensure monotonicity of the derived solutions. The latter physical consistency of the constructed spline fit returns correct capillary pressure curves required for accurate prediction of oil recovery and reservoir fluid distribution.
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Dai, Zezeng, Jianping Jing, Changmin Chen, and Jiqing Cong. "Extensive Experimental Study on the Stability of Rotor System With Spline Coupling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76262.
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Spline couplings which have simple structure, high reliability and can compensate torque transmission error are widely used in rotating machineries, such as aeroengine and gasturbine, etc. Recent efforts show that it is potential to make the rotor system losing its stability. Nevertheless, the experimental study of rotor system with spline coupling is rare and inadequate. This indicates a need to study the factors that affect the stability of rotor system with spline coupling experimentally. In this paper, a specially designed spline connection rotor test rig has been built and used to simulate a multi rotor system of turboshaft engine. The experimental instability characteristics of spline connected rotor system are presented. The instability speed and critical speed under different conditions such as lubrication conditions, external damping, load torque, spline tooth error and fit type of internal and external spline are measured. Based on the above-mentioned results, the effect rules of the influence factors on spline connected rotor system stability are studied. Results show that lubrication can effectively weaken the vibration of the system. The increased external damping makes the stability better when the spline coupling is unlubricated. With the increasing of load, the subharmonic vibration decreases after the system loses its stability, the system stability becomes better. The stability of spline coupled system with larger tooth error is better than that with normal one. Normal fit-up spline coupling improves the system stability under the conditions of lubrication and small external damping. This study may be helpful to get the favorable parameter setting of spline connected rotor system for avoiding instability and reducing vibration.
Reports on the topic "Spline fit"
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Eriksson, J. Assessment of RELAP5/MOD2, Cycle 36. 04 against FIX-II split break experiment No. 3051. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5380930.
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Miller, W. Laboratory study of the dynamic losses of a single speed, split system air-to-air heat pump having tube and plate fin heat exchangers, 1985--1986. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5558402.
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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.
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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.
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Benjamin, Connie, Wandoo Akosu, Mashat Mallo, and Dare Oduluyi. Improving Sanitation Services in Tough Physical Environments, Kirfi Local Government Authority, Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. https://doi.org/10.19088/slh.2024.012.
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This case study documents WaterAid Nigeria’s Strengthening Water Sanitation and Hygiene Delivery Systems (SWADS) project in Kirfi Local Government Area (LGA), Bauchi State between 2017-2019, as part of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) Water Programme II. The case study shares how adaptations to their implementation strategy were made to overcome challenges of sandy, loose soil in remote communities, which made traditional pit toilets vulnerable to collapse and issues with installation of new improved models, with reports of toilets sinking after only a few days. Markets were also weak, with Toilet Business Owners and masons struggling to transport toilets and construction materials to these communities, raising the costs for communities with high rates of poverty. Adaptations included introducing an offset pit, as well as a pit lining – although the latter increased toilet costs. The concrete slab was also split into four pieces to make it smaller for easy transportation, which fit together during construction. To address affordability challenges, which were found to be more acute during the rainy season, Village Savings and Loans Association schemes were introduced to encourage communal savings. Key recommendations included undertaking context analysis of topography, to understand challenges that might arise in constructing and installing different toilet technologies and come up with any necessary adaptions. Including this analysis early on can mitigate risk of unsuitable or unsafe toilets being constructed at the expense of households.
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Cunha e Melo, Mariana, and Jonas de Abreu Castro. Contribuições Fórum Pix: Gestor de Pagamentos. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/wf2jbb.
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O presente documento está dividido em três partes. A primeira é destinada à exposição de uma proposta alternativa à regulamentação da figura de um gestor de pagamento. Vamos expor algumas preocupações com a criação de um novo intermediário no arranjo do Pix e uma proposta alternativa focada em um mecanismo de pagamentos com múltiplos recebedores (split pay). A segunda parte é destinada à discussão de um outro tema objeto da 19a Plenária do Fórum Pix: a especificação do Pix automático. Neste ponto, vamos defender uma abordagem que unifica as jornadas de pagamento automático e amplifica o escopo e impacto desse mecanismo. Por fim, a terceira parte amarra as propostas das duas primeiras partes e descreve como ambas poderiam ser incorporadas na API Pix para máximo impacto no sistema de pagamentos. Nossa contribuição adota a posição de que a solução de formalizar a figura do gestor de pagamentos não é o melhor caminho para alcançar os objetivos do Banco Central de fomentar a inovação no mercado de pagamentos sem comprometer princípios importantes, como o combate à lavagem de dinheiro. Defendemos que a necessidade que o mercado está mostrando é resultado de três questões subjacentes e que uma solução efetiva deve atacar essas questões em suas raízes. A primeira questão subjacente pode ser uma frustração com o funcionamento da API Pix oferecidas pelos bancos para acessar as funcionalidades do Pix. Aqui, nossa proposta é corrigir esse problema específico implementando requisitos mínimos de experiência do usuário para as APIs da mesma maneira que o BCB fez com os aplicativos bancários desde o primeiro dia. Se as APIs funcionassem e dessem acesso a todas as funcionalidades do Pix, os intermediários poderiam gerenciar os pagamentos sem participar do fluxo de dinheiro. A segunda questão subjacente é que terceirizar os pagamentos também é muito difícil. Até mesmo a atividade de simplesmente registrar ordens de pagamento para aprovação futura pode ser difícil. Novamente, as APIs do Pix poderiam resolver esse problema permitindo a geração de credenciais para os operadores, mesmo que a aprovação final exija um nível mais alto de credencial. Por fim, a terceira questão é que participar do fluxo de dinheiro pode reduzir muito o risco de inadimplência, já que o intermediário pode deduzir sua taxa do que é finalmente encaminhado para o beneficiário final. Para resolver esse caso de uso específico, propusemos a implementação de um fluxo para acomodar o _split pay_. Ou seja, pagamentos com vários destinatários. O recurso de split pay estaria disponível para todos os beneficiários em seus aplicativos bancários ou APIs, para que os gerentes de conta pudessem configurar os QR Codes já com o split pay configurado. Também fizemos uma proposta adicional em relação à segunda questão mencionada acima. Sugerimos que o BCB considere o Pix automático como apenas uma nova forma de enviar descrições de pagamento para o banco do pagador para confirmação do pagador e início do fluxo de dinheiro. Isso significa que a mensagem que os bancos pagadores recebem dos bancos recebedores em um débito automático deve ser exatamente o conteúdo de um QR Code que um pagador pode digitalizar. Também sugerimos que tanto o Pix automático quanto os QR Codes possam ser únicos, recorrentes ou únicos e recorrentes. Se o BCB aceitar essa sugestão, poderíamos ter pagamentos por push em larga escala no Brasil.
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A Model-Based Investigation of Electrically Split Turbocharger Systems Capabilities to Overcome the Drawbacks of High-Boost Downsized Engines. SAE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-5052.
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Engine downsizing is one the most common methods of coping with strict emission regulations. However, it must be coupled with complementary systems so that the engine performance would meet the standards. That is why new efficient solutions can pave the way toward this goal. The electric forced-induction system (EFIS) is the emerging replacement for conventional forced-induction systems (FIS), namely, turbochargers and superchargers. The reason behind this replacement is the drawbacks associated with FIS, among them are turbo lag and inefficiency in exhaust gas energy recycling. Electrically split turbocharger (EST) is a form of EFIS which offers a great potential for engine downsizing. In this paper, a new approach to EST utilization for lowering the fuel consumption (FC) without compromising performance has been introduced, through which the augmented degree of freedom enabled by an EST is used to optimize the air-charge boosting. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, a model-based approach is used to compare two engines with and without EST technology; the performance of an already existing 1.6-l 4-cylinder turbocharged engine has been modeled based on the experimental data, and its performance indices are used as a benchmark for a downsized 1l 3-cylinder engine equipped with an EST. A comparison of these two engines in the dynamic drive cycles of the EPA Federal Test Procedure (FTP75) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycles (WLTC) has shown a 28.87% and 25.35% reduction in FC, respectively, independent of the external electrical source. Furthermore, the downsized engine has shown superior performance through full-throttle acceleration in terms of torque transient response. Finally, the concept of coherence among gas-path components and its importance is presented, and knock precautions associated with air charging in this method are addressed.