Relevant bibliographies by topics / Split injection

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Split injection'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Split injection"

1

SLAVINSKAS, Stasys, Gvidonas LABECKAS, and Tomas MICKEVIČIUS. "Effect of biodiesel on the development of split injection characteristics." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-218.

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The paper presents the experimental test results of a common rail injection system operating with biodiesel and the diesel fuel. The three fuel split injection strategies were implemented to investigate the effects made by biodiesel and a fossil diesel fuel on the history of injector inlet pressure and the injection rate. In addition, the three intervals between split injections and the different injection pressures were used to obtain more information about the studied subjects. The obtained results showed that the peak mass injection rates of the main injection phase were slightly higher when using biodiesel than the respective values measured with the normal diesel fuel. Because the first injection phase activated the fuel pressure fluctuations along the high-pressure line and in front of the injector, the time-span between injections has an impact on the injector inlet pressure and thus the fuel injection rate during the second injection phase. Since the nozzle closes little later for biodiesel, the injector inlet pressure also occurred latter in the cycle.
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Li, Y., H. Zhao, N. Brouzos, and B. Leach. "Managing controlled auto-ignition combustion by injection on a direct-injection gasoline engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto372.

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Controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in gasoline engines has great potential for reducing both NO x emissions and fuel consumption, but its application is still hindered by the lack of direct control of combustion phasing and by the limited CAI operation range. In this paper, the effect of injection timing and split injection on CAI combustion is presented in a single-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine with an air-assisted injector. The CAI combustion was achieved by trapping some of the burned gases within the cylinder by using low-lift short-duration camshafts and early closure of the exhaust valves. During the experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1200 to 2400 r/min and the air-fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. Both single and split injections were investigated at different injection timings and fuel quantities. The experimental results show that injection timing has an important effect on CAI combustion for single and split injections. Early injection produces faster and more stable combustion, less hydrocarbon and CO emissions, but very rapid heat release rates and higher NO x emissions. The CAI operation range could be extended significantly by early injection. Split injection gives even further extension of the CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. These results indicate that optimizing the injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct-injection gasoline engine.
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Gharehghani, Ayat, Alireza Kakoee, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Thanos Megaritis, and Apostolos Pesyridis. "Numerical Investigation of an RCCI Engine Fueled with Natural Gas/Dimethyl-Ether in Various Injection Strategies." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061638.

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Reactivity control compression ignition engines illustrated suitable abilities in emission reduction beside high thermal efficiency. In this research, nine various direct fuel injection strategies were studied numerically: three cases with single injection strategy and six cases with split injection and different start of injection (SOI). In all simulated cases, equivalence ratio kept constant (i.e., 0.3). Among various strategies, single injection showed higher IMEP as a factor of efficiency with about 5.39 bar that occurred at SOI = 60 before top dead center (bTDC), while lower efficiency was observed for split injection case with 50%-50% injections of fuel in each injection stage. Start of combustion (SOC), burn duration and CA50 as factors for combustion characteristics were affected with SOI changes. In single SOI strategies, more advanced injection caused more advanced SOC where there was about 1.3 CAD advancing from 40 to 80 bTDC injection. Spilt SOI showed more advanced SOC, which, also more advanced, was allocated to 50%-50% split injection strategy. There was also the same trend in CA50 changes during change in SOI. Burn duration variations were insignificant and all of them approximately close to 4.5 CAD. According to the emissions researched in this study (Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), monoxide carbon (CO) and unburned hydro carbons (UHC)), all of these pollutants are below euro six diesel standards. Contours of emissions show that there were appropriate SOI for each case study, which were 45 degree bTDC for single strategy, 48 degree bTDC for 80%-20% mass injection and 70 degree bTDC for 50%-50% cases.
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Raju, A. V. Sita Rama, and P. Ravinder Reddy. "Experimental Investigation Using Split Injection." i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering 5, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jme.5.3.3443.

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Merola, Simona, Adrian Irimescu, Cinzia Tornatore, Stefano Valentini, Gregor Kruczek, Andrzej Szlęk, and Wojciech Adamczyk. "UV-visible digital imaging of split injection in a Gasoline Direct Injection engine." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141121071m.

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Ever tighter limits on pollutant emissions and the need to improve energy conversion efficiency have made the application of gasoline direct injection (GDI) feasible for a much wider scale of spark ignition engines. Changing the way fuel is delivered to the engine has thus provided increased flexibility but also challenges, such as higher particulate emissions. Therefore, alternative injection control strategies need to be investigated in order to obtain optimum performance and reduced environmental impact. In this study, experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder GDI optical engine fuelled with commercial gasoline in lean-burn conditions. The single-cylinder was equipped with the head of a commercial turbocharged engine with similar geometrical specifications (bore, stroke, compression ratio) and wall guided fuel injection. Optical accessibility was ensured through a conventional elongated hollow Bowditch piston and an optical crown, accommodating a fused-silica window. Experimental tests were performed at fixed engine speed and injection pressure, whereas the injection timing and the number of injections were adjusted to investigate their influence on combustion and emissions. UV-visible digital imaging was applied in order to follow the combustion process, from ignition to the late combustion phase. All the optical data were correlated with thermodynamic analysis and measurements of exhaust emissions. Split injection strategies (i.e. two injections per cycle) with respect to single injection increased combustion efficiency and stability thanks to an improvement of fuel air mixing. As a consequence, significant reduction in soot formation and exhaust emission with acceptable penalty in terms of HC and NOx were measured.
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Jia, Yun Lin, and Jin Cheng Xu. "Optimization of the Injection Rate of Well Group Water Injection Using BP Neural Network Method." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1219.

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This page considers split methods on well group water injection rate researched by predecessors. So the dividing coefficient is introduced in determining the proper well group water injection. Based on considering all factors that affect the well group water injection, it analyzed the factors that were considered in the course of determining well group split coefficient. It adopted BP neural network method to determine well group split coefficient. Choosing the development data of one year, it established the neural network model about split coefficient and other values to determine well group split coefficient. Then it obtained the single well water injection rate.
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Wičar, Stanislav. "Split injection into a capillary column at very low split ratios." Journal of Chromatography A 557 (September 1991): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87117-x.

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Moiz, Ahmed Abdul, Khanh D. Cung, and Seong-Young Lee. "Ignition, lift-off, and soot formation studies in n-dodecane split injection spray-flames." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 10 (April 3, 2017): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417700778.

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A close-coupled double injection strategy with two 0.5-ms injections separated by a 0.5-ms dwell is implemented. Studies are performed in a constant volume pre-burn type combustion vessel over two ambient temperatures (900 and 800 K) at constant density (22.8 kg/m3) with 15% O2 by volume in the ambient. The aim of this work is to investigate the establishment and dependence of ignition delay and flame stabilization on the ambient temperature conditions especially for the main injection, and thereby investigating eventual soot production. Simultaneous schlieren and planar laser -induced fluorescence experiments as well as three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation computational fluid dynamic modeling with chemical kinetics in every computational fluid dynamic cell were performed. It was observed experimentally that at 900 K, the second injection is injected in a high-temperature combustion recessed ambient of the first injection whereas at 800 K it is injected in a low temperature, possibly reactive species environment. It was found from Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation modeling that combustion recession at 900 K in the present case entails rich presence of hydroxyl radical species and also the ambient of 800 K is source of reactive radicals like peroxides, leading to acceleration of main ignition. Flame stabilization of the second injection occurs closer to the injector due to short ignition delays with flame being sustained in the fuel–air premixing zone. Flame stabilization of the second injection was found to follow a premixed flame propagation mechanism. Investigation in mixture fraction and temperature space of pilot-main spray combustion revealed that the lower lift-off of main results in lower air-entrainment which causes richer ignition of main resulting in quicker and higher soot formation. The effect of the second injection in enhancing the oxidation of soot from the first injection by inducing enhanced mixing was also revealed.
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Yang, Kang, Hirotaka Yamakawa, Keiya Nishida, Youichi Ogata, and Yusuke Nishioka. "Effect of split injection on mixture formation and combustion processes of diesel spray injected into two-dimensional piston cavity." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 8 (September 19, 2017): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017724246.

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The objective of this study is to obtain an enhanced understanding of the effect of split injection on mixture formation and combustion processes of diesel spray. A two-dimensional (2D) piston cavity of the same shape as that used in a small-bore diesel engine was employed to form the impinging spray flame. The fuel was injected into a high pressure, high temperature constant volume vessel through a single-hole nozzle with a hole diameter of 0.11 mm. The injection process comprised a pre-injection followed by the main injection. The main injection was carried out either as a single injection of injection pressure 100 MPa (Pre+S100), or by two types of split injection of injection pressure 160 MPa. The latter two types were defined by mass fraction ratios 1:1 and 3:1 (Pre+D160_1-1, Pre+D160_3-1). In order to observe the spray mixture formation process, the tracer laser absorption scattering (LAS) techique was adopted. Tracer LAS fuel with 97.5 vol% of n-tridecane and 2.5 vol% of 1-methylnaphthalene (α-MN) was employed. The spatial distributions of the vapor and liquid phases and the spray mixture formation characteristics in the 2D piston cavity for the three injection strategies were investigated. The diesel spray combustion and soot formation processes were studied using a high-speed video camera. The flame structure and soot formation process were examined using two-color pyrometry. The experimental results revealed that the split-injection vapor distribution was significantly more homogeneous than that of the single injection. The main injection fuel caught up with the pre-injection fuel and provided the spray tip with substantial additional momentum, enabling it to advance further. A high soot concentration and low temperatures appeared near the cavity wall region under the three injection strategies. The soot reduction rate for split injection was higher than that for single injection. The second main injection caught up with the previous injection’s flame, which deteriorated the combustion and resulted in higher soot generation. The effect of split injection on the process of soot evolution finished at the same time as that of single injection.
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Odi, Akhyarsi, Yuzuru Nada, and Susumu Noda. "406 Numerical Simulation of Sprays with Split-Injection Schemes using Modified KIVA." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2007.56 (2007): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2007.56.191.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Split injection"

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Meah, Nabil Haque. "Modelling for turbulent autoignition with split fuel injection." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417852/.

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Split-injection is applied in automotive diesel engines in order to control heat release and pollution production. Injecting fuel prior to the main fuel injection, known as pilot injection, increases premixing and tends to reduce NOx emission. Injecting a portion of the fuel after the main injection has potential for reducing particulate emissions. In order to meet increasingly stringent emission and fuel consumption regulations, modern automotive diesel injectors have been developed with the capacity to deliver of the order of ten separate injection pulses during a single engine stroke. Simulation methods for split-injection engines are required in order to develop more advanced injection strategies with two or more separate fuel-injections. A range of additional combustion applications involve mixing and combustion between multiple streams such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and dual fuel injections. Modelling for the turbulent combustion interactions in multi-stream problems is developed in this thesis in the context of Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) methods. The CMC approach provides modelling of chemical processes in turbulent flows by linking composition fluctuations to the variation of a small number of conditioning variables such as mixture fraction. In order to achieve good accuracy, the conditioning variables must be chosen to minimise compositional fluctuations around the conditional mean. Split-injection diesel engine operation results in complex combustion behaviour in which a single conditioning variable may be insufficient. However multiple-conditioned moment closures, or even double conditional moment closures (DCMC) have not been exploited previously. The objective of this study is to identify the most appropriate conditioning variables for modelling of split-injection diesel engines and to formulate, validate and demonstrate a practical implementation of the DCMC approach for engine-relevant simulations. The thesis begins by developing a new formulation of the DCMC approach that is applicable to a general set of non-conserved conditioning variables, and a set of numerical solution approaches is demonstrated and verified. The choice of conditioning variables is then investigated through direct numerical simulations of autoignition in a turbulent flow with up to three separate fuel injections. In the case with a single injection, fluctuations around the mixture fraction-conditioned mean arise due to variation in mixture fraction dissipation rate affecting the progress of ignition differently at different points in space. In cases with multiple injections, the repeated addition of unreacted fuel also adds to fluctuations around the conditional mean. The high level of conditional fluctuations leads to large errors when employing singly-conditioned first-order conditional moment closure. Alternative doubly conditional moment closure approaches are tested using a priori and a posteriori analyses. Single conditioned first order closure gives extremely poor agreement with the DNS, and the study indicates that double conditioning on mixture fraction and progress variables, such as the sensible enthalpy, outperforms double conditioning on multiple mixture fractions. The feasibility of the zero-dimensional DCMC approach for practical predictive design calculations is then assessed further through simulations of n-heptane spray ignition in constant volume research vessels with single or multiple injections. The experimental flows are simulated by coupling the zero-dimensional first order double conditional moment closure (0D-DCMC) with a commercial CFD code and an efficient Operator Splitting solution method is demonstrated. The predictions show the same trends as the experimental observations, however ignition delays and lift off lengths agree with the measurements only approximately. Reasons for the discrepancies include the uncertainty in the chemical modelling as well as in the ambient temperature surrounding the spray in the experiments. The modelling of conditional cross-scalar dissipation rate is also found to have a significant influence on the flame evolution, with the limiting cases of modelling corresponding to zero correlation or unity correlation between mixture fraction and progress variable giving unrealistic predictions. Conditional cross-dissipation rate modelling corresponding to negative unity correlation gives reasonable predictions, and an argument for why negative mixture fraction-progress variable correlation is expected to be dominant in autoignitive lifted jet flames involving multiple fuel injections is presented. Other aspects of modelling uncertainty with regard to conditional dissipation rates, presumed joint mixture fraction-progress variable probability density functions and first order source term closures will also contribute to the model error, and further development of models suitable for spray autoignition cases would be beneficial. In comparison with the established three-dimensional singly-conditioned moment closure (3D-CMC), the 0D-DCMC model is a promising approach which is expected to be substantially faster than the 3D-CMC approach in most problems of engineering interest. Not withstanding the imperfect predictions, the ability of the zero-dimensional DCMC to describe the whole split-injection process and to provide new insight into the mechanisms involved is encouraging: this implies that only a few DCMC control volumes may be needed in order to model a wide range of flows involving very complex physics, of which split-injection is just one example, and the DCMC approach is therefore recommended for further development.
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Herfatmanesh, Mohammad Reza. "Investigation of single and split injection strategies in an optical diesel engine." Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4776.

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This study investigates the effects of a split injection strategy on combustion performance and exhaust emissions in a high speed direct injection optical diesel engine. The investigation is focused on the effects of injection timing, quantity, and the dwell angle between the injections using commercially available diesel fuel. Three different split injection strategies including 50:50, 30:70, and 70:30 have been investigated. Additionally, the effect of total injected fuel quantity using total fuel quantities of 10 mm3 and 20 mm3 has been investigated. Moreover, the effect of variable and fixed dwell angle in split injections has been examined for five different values between 5o CA and 25o CA in the case of variable and 10o CA for the fixed dwell timing. The last parameter investigated was the injection timing, nine injection timings have been tested for each of the strategies. A Ricardo Hydra single cylinder optical engine running at 1500 rpm was used in this investigation. Conventional methods such as direct in-cylinder pressure measurements and heat release rate analysis have been employed. In addition, optical techniques such as high speed video imaging and two-colour have been applied, aimed at in depth analysis of the effects of the aforementioned parameters on engine performance and emissions. Furthermore, a significant amount of effort was devoted to the development and application of the Laser Induced Excipex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique so that simultaneous fuel liquid and fuel vapour distribution could be visualised. This investigation concludes that split injection strategies have the potential to reduce diesel exhaust emissions while maintaining a good level of fuel economy, provided that injection timings and the dwell angle between injections are appropriately selected. Further investigations are required in order to examine the effect of split injection under different engine operating conditions and speeds. In addition, the effect of alternative fuels must be considered. Moreover, the application of LIEF technique for quantitative fuel vapour concentration measurement should be considered through further optimisation of the LIEF system and careful calibration experiments.
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Bao, Zhichao. "A Study for Improving the Thermal Efficiency of Diesel Engines by Split Injection Strategy." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253388.

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Sun, Han. "Lateral Current Injection lasers and the Integrated Split-Electrode Laser Modulator." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ53444.pdf.

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Rodríguez, Álvaro Díez. "Investigation of split injection in a single cylinder optical diesel engine." Thesis, Brunel University, 2009. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3666.

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Over the last decade, the diesel engine has made dramatic progress in its performance and market penetration. However, in order to meet future emissions legislations, Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions will need to be reduced simultaneously. Nowadays researchers are focused on different combustion modes like homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion and premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) which have a great potential for both low soot and low NOx. In order to achieve these combustion modes, different injection strategies have been investigated. This study investigates the effects of split injection strategies with high levels of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on combustion performance and emissions in a high speed direct injection optical diesel engine. The investigation is focused on the effects of split injections at different injection pressures, injection timings and dwell angles using base diesel and biodiesel fuels. The effect of fuel properties has been also investigated as an attempt to reduce regulated exhaust emissions in diesel engines. Performance, emissions and combustion characteristics have been examined for two different biodiesel fuels, namely BTL 50 and BTL 46. A Ricardo Hydra single cylinder optical engine was used in which conventional experimental methods like cylinder pressure data, heat release analysis and exhaust emissions analysis were applied. Optical techniques like direct spray and combustion visualization were applied by means of a high speed imaging system with a copper vapour laser illumination system. A high-speed two-colour system has been developed and implemented to obtain in-cylinder diesel combustion temperature and soot measurements to gain better understanding of the mixture formation and combustion processes. This investigation concludes that the split injection strategies show potential to achieve low emissions combustion.
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Brouzos, Nikolaos. "Experimental studies of CAI combustion in a four-stroke GDI engine with an air-assisted injector." Thesis, Brunel University, 2007. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/3039.

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CAI combustion and the factors affecting it were intensively investigated in a single cylinder, air-assisted gasoline direct injection engine. CAI was achieved by means of residual gas trapping by utilising low-lift short duration camshafts and early closing of the exhaust valves. The effects of EVC (Exhaust Valve Closure) and IVO (Inlet Valve opening) timings, spark timing, single and split injection timings, coolant temperature, compression ratio, cam lift and duration on exhaust emissions and CAI operation were investigated experimentally. Engine speed throughout the course of the experiments, was varied from 1200rpm to 2400rpm and the air/fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. The results show that the EVC timing, compression ratio, cam lift and duration had significant influences on CAI combustion and emissions. Early EVC when combined with higher compression ratio and higher cam lift, enhance CAI combustion operation and stability. IVO timing had minor effect on CAI combustion while spark timing hardly affects CAI operation as soon as fully-developed CAI conditions were established. Coolant temperature was revealed to have substantial impact on CAI combustion when the coolant temperature was below 65C. The results also show the importance of injection timing. Early injection gave faster and more stable combustion, less HC and CO emissions, but more prone to knocking combustion and higher NOx emissions. Furthermore, CAI operation range could considerably be extended with injection during the recompression process. Late injection led to slower and unstable combustion, higher HC and CO emissions but lower combustion noise and NOx emissions. Split injection gave even further extension of CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. All the above clearly suggest, that optimising injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct injection gasoline engine.
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Shrestha, Kendra. "Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) for low loadconditions in marine engines using computationaland experimental techniques." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-202624.

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Diesel Engine has been the most powerful and relevant source of power in the automobile industryfor decades due to their excellent performance, efficiency and power. On the contrary, there arenumerous environmental issues of the diesel engines hampering the environment. It has been agreat challenge for the researchers and scientists to minimize these issues. In the recent years, severalstrategies have been introduced to eradicate the emissions of the diesel engines. Among them,Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is one of the most emerging and reliable strategies. PPC is acompression ignited combustion process in which ignition delay is controlled. PPC is intended toendow with better combustion with low soot and NOx emission.The engine used in the present study is a single-cylinder research engine, installed in Aalto UniversityInternal Combustion Engine Laboratory with the bore diameter of 200 mm. The thesis presentsthe validation of the measurement data with the simulated cases followed by the study of the sprayimpingement and fuel vapor mixing in PPC mode for different injection timing. A detailed study ofthe correlation of early injection with the fuel vapor distribution and wall impingement has beenmade.The simulations are carried out with the commercial CFD software STAR CD. Different injectionparameters have been considered and taken into an account to lower the wall impingement and toproduce better air-fuel mixing with the purpose of good combustion and reduction of the emissions.The result of the penetration length of the spray and the fuel vapor distribution for different earlyinjection cases have been illustrated in the study. Comparisons of different thermodynamic propertiesand spray analysis for different injection timing have been very clearly illustrated to get insightof effect of early injection. The parameters like injection timing, injection period, injection pressure,inclusion angle of the spray have an influence the combustion process in PPC mode. Extensivestudy has been made for each of these parameters to better understand their effects in the combustionprocess. Different split injection profiles have been implemented for the study of better fuelvapor distribution in the combustion chamber.The final part of the thesis includes the study of the combustion and implementation of EGR tocontrol the temperature so as to get more prolonged ignition delay to accompany the PPC strategyfor standard piston top and deep bowl piston top. With the injection optimization and implementationof EGR, NOx has been reduced by around 44%, CO by 60% and Soot by 66% in the standardpiston top. The piston optimization resulted in more promising result with 58% reduction in NOx,55% reduction in CO and 67% reduction in Soot. In both cases the percentage of fuel burnt wasincreased by around 8%.
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Brooks, Thomas D. "Split-main fuel injection strategies for diesel engines and their influence on emissions and fuel consumption." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417186.

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Pugh, Gareth Joseph. "The analysis of heat release in the investigation of split-main fuel injection in a diesel engine." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420356.

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Abdullah, Nik Rosli. "Effects of split injection and exhaust gas recirculation strategies on combustion and emissions characteristics in a modern V6 diesel engine." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1582/.

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The thesis presents investigations of advanced combustion strategies in a modern V6 diesel engine fuelled with mineral diesel and Tallow Methyl Ester (TME)-diesel blends, in order to meet future emissions legislation. One of the main objectives of this research is to improve fuel consumption whilst minimising engine emissions through the combined effects of injection strategy (fuel injection pressure, dwell period, pilot fuel quantity) and cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on a modern V6 common rail direct injection diesel engine. In the case of using EGR (49–52%) at 1500 rpm and 10% of engine peak torque, by increasing the fuel injection pressure from 300 to 800 bar, engine thermal efficiency increased from 16.5 to 19.1% and 17.1 to 19.7%, BSFC decreased by 13.5% and 13.2%, smoke level decreased by 74.3% and 70.1% and NOx emissions increased by 69.6% and 68.0%, respectively for a short (5 CAD) and a long (40 CAD) dwell period. In addition, the study of a variation of pilot fuel quantities (0.8–3.0 mg/stroke) with a fixed dwell period (5 CAD) at two different fuel injection pressures (250 bar and 800 bar) shows that the smaller pilot quantity with the higher fuel injection pressure can be considered as an enhanced strategy to control engine performance and emissions simultaneously. Therefore, the combination of higher injection pressure, longer dwell, smaller pilot quantity and the use of EGR could potentially improve fuel consumption and minimise engine emissions. The use of TME-diesel blends results in lower engine thermal efficiency and higher fuel consumption and NOx emissions. In the case of 1500 rpm and 25% of engine peak torque, the combustion of TME10 and TME30 reduced the engine thermal efficiency from iii 35.3 to 33.7% and 35.3 to 33.2% and increased the BSFC by 4.9% and 6.5%, respectively. At the same engine condition, the combustion of TME-diesel blends increased NOx emissions by 1.8% and 10.0% and reduced CO by 0.9% and 1.8%, THCs by 18.0% and 23.9 %, smoke by 30% and 51.7% for TME10 and TME30 respectively. However, the engine thermal efficiency, BSFC and NOx emissions could be improved with the application of the combined effect of injection strategy (fuel injection pressure, dwell period, pilot fuel quantity) and EGR as shown in the first phase of this study.
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Books on the topic "Split injection"

1

Grob, Konrad. Classical split and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography: With some remarkson PTV injection. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Huethig, 1988.

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Konrad, Grob. Classical split and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography., ed. Split and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography: With some remarks on PTV injection. 3rd ed. Heidelberg: Hüthig Buch Verlag Heidelberg, 1993.

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Grob, Konrad. Classical split and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography: With some remarks on PTV injection. Heidelberg: A. Huethig, 1986.

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Sun, Han. Lateral current injection lasers and the integrated split-electrode laser modulator. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.

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Grob, Konrad. Split and splitless injection for quantitative gas chromatography: Concepts, processes, practical guidelines, sources of error. 4th ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2001.

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Grob, Konrad. Split and Splitless Injection in Capillary Gas Chromatography: With Some Remarks on PTV Injection, 3rd Enlarged and Revised Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1998.

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Grob, Konrad. Split and Splitless Injection for Quantitative Gas Chromatography: Concepts, Processes, Practical Guidelines, Sources of Error. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2007.

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Grob, Konrad. Split and Splitless Injection for Quantitative Gas Chromatography: Concepts, Processes, Practical Guidelines, Sources of Error. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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Agarwal, Anil, Neil Borley, and Greg McLatchie. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608911.003.0011.

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In this chapter on plastic and reconstructive surgery, the reconstructive ladder is introduced. Debridement of a complex wound, burns, and infected collection in hand are described. Steps of taking a split-skin graft, harvesting a full-thickness skin graft (FTSG), excision of malignant skin lesion and ganglion, tendon repair, nerve and tendon graft harvest, local skin flap, nail bed repair, repair of digital nerve and lip laceration, trigger digit repair, use of Z plasty, digital terminalization, reduction and fixation of hand fracture, insertion of tissue expander, execution of fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps, abdominoplasty, inguinal lymphadenectomy, correction of syndactyly, reconstruction of nipple, and selective fasciectomy are described. Also included is steroid injection of a scar.
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Book chapters on the topic "Split injection"

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Gwetu, Mandlenkosi Victor, Jules-Raymond Tapamo, and Serestina Viriri. "Random Forests with a Steepend Gini-Index Split Function and Feature Coherence Injection." In Machine Learning for Networking, 255–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45778-5_17.

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Kesharwani, Ankit, and Rajesh Gupta. "Numerical Investigation of Split Injection Strategy on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 751–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_59.

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Furukawa, Makoto, and Yoshitaka Takagai. "90Sr Analysis Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Split-Flow Injection and Online Solid-Phase Extraction for Multiple Concentration and Separation Steps." In Agricultural Implications of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (III), 233–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3218-0_20.

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Anand, R. "Simultaneous Control of Oxides of Nitrogen and Soot in CRDI Diesel Engine Using Split Injection and Cool EGR Fueled with Waste Frying Oil Biodiesel and Its Blends." In Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, 11–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7185-0_2.

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Corain, Massimo, Roberta Sartore, and Roberto Adani. "The Use of Dynamic Dorsal Splint for Dupuytren Rehabilitation After Collagenase Injection." In Dupuytren Disease and Related Diseases - The Cutting Edge, 137–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32199-8_17.

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N. Nair, Jayashri. "Mitigation of Emissions through Injection Strategies for C I Engine." In Internal Combustion Engine Technology and Applications of Biodiesel Fuel. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96483.

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Fuel conversion efficiency is high with diesel engines compared to petrol engines. However high emissions from diesel is a matter of concern and its mitigation paves way for scope of research. Exhaust gas recirculation is one of the method widely accepted to curb NOx emissions. Recently, split or multiple-injection strategy has been explored by researchers to precisely control the fuel injected per cycle and also to mitigate emissions. Present work reflects technical review of effect of injection strategies on performance, emissions and combustion on C.I. engine with diesel and biodiesel as fuel. Injection strategies like duration of injection, number of injections, the dwell period between two injections, quantity of injection, and multiple injections are analyzed for their influence on engine output and brake specific fuel consumption. Also their effect on emissions especially soot and NOx emission are reviewed. First the effect of injection strategies with diesel fuel is discussed followed by biodiesel.
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Herfatmanesh, M. R., H. Zhao, and L. Ganippa. "In-cylinder studies of split injection in a single cylinder optical diesel engine." In Internal Combustion Engines: Improving Performance, Fuel Economy and Emission, 99–109. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857095060.3.99.

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Jafarmadar, S. "The Effect of Split Injection on the Combustion and Emissions in DI and IDI Diesel Engines." In Diesel Engine - Combustion, Emissions and Condition Monitoring. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55232.

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Scott, Raymond. "Split/Splitless Injector." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, Third Edition (Print Version). CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe1420084597.ch443.

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Scott, Raymond. "Split/Splitless Injector." In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, Second Edition, 1582. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe0824727857.ch342.

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Conference papers on the topic "Split injection"

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Gokhale, Manoj, Bhaskar Tamma, Roy J. Primus, and Benzi John. "SFC Benefit With Split Injection in Two-Stroke Diesel Engine." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76022.

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The influence of split-injection on engine performance is studied using system and in-cylinder simulation of a two-stroke medium speed diesel engine. System level models for the engine and fuel system and a multi-dimension CFD model for the combustion chamber were developed and calibrated with experimental data. Calibration of these models from the available test data is discussed and calibration results are presented. The SFC and NOx predictions show good sensitivity to injection timing variation. These calibrated models were then used to simulate split injection through the modification of the fuel injector. Split injection achieved through this modification results in fuel savings while maintaining same NOx levels.
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Abdullah, Nik Rosli, Rizalman Mamat, P. Rounce, A. Tsolakis, M. L. Wyszynski, and H. M. Xu. "Effect of Injection Pressure with Split Injection in a V6 Diesel Engine." In 9th International Conference on Engines and Vehicles. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2009-24-0049.

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Kastengren, Alan, Christopher Powell, Kamel Fezzaa, Zunping Liu, Seoksu Moon, Xusheng Zhang, Jian Gao, and F. Tilocco. "Correlation of Split-Injection Needle Lift and Spray Structure." In SAE 2011 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0383.

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Michailidis, A. D., R. K. Stobart, and G. P. McTaggart-Cowan. "Fuel-Line Stationary Waves and Variability in CI Combustion During Complex Injection Strategies." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35069.

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This study investigated the effects of increased injection regime complexity on injector and combustion stability in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine equipped with a common rail fuel injection system and an instrumented injector. The injection regimes investigated included a single injection, a main injection with a pilot, and a split-main with a pilot. Injector performance was found to be very stable over all injection regimes and did not contribute to variations in combustion stability. Cylinder pressure variation during the initiation of combustion was identified as a potential method of identifying the start of combustion phasing and compared to current methods. Three series of tests were conducted at various speeds and injection pressures to demonstrate the influence of multi-pulse injection phasing on combustion stability and total fuel consumption. These results demonstrate that the presence of a stationary wave in the high-pressure fuel line, induced by an early injection, can dramatically affect the amount of fuel injected in subsequent injections within the same cycle.
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Kim, Yungjin, Sangki Park, and Kihyung Lee. "Investigation of the Optimal Injection Conditions for a PCCI Diesel Engine." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2012-92178.

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Premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engines have the potential with their attractive advanced combustion process to achieve a more homogeneous mixture and a lower peak combustion temperature resulting in both lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) and diesel particulate matter (PM) emissions. In this study, the spray characteristics for a PCCI engine according to various injection conditions were introduced and then the effects of injection strategies such as injection angles, injection timings and times on combustion and emissions were studied for a single cylinder PCCI engine using early multiple injections first. Add more, a method of early-main type split injection was used for a 4-cylinder PCCI engine and the effects of injection conditions on the combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Finally flame visualization tests were performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. The experimental results showed that the mixture formation, indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and emission characteristics were dominantly affected by the injection conditions and the multiple injection method resulted in higher IMEP and still low smoke level characteristics. It appeared that more homogeneous mixture could be formed with decreasing of spray penetration and increasing of fuel evaporation rate for the early multiple injections. In case of the split injection, both injection timing and injected fuel ratio of the early and main injection largely affected engine combustion and emission characteristics. From the results, as the early injection rate increased premixed combustion was activated, on the other hand, as the main injection rate increased conventional diesel combustion was activated, therefore suitable split injection conditions could be selected for the 4-cylinder PCCI engine.
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Girotra, Mukul, L. R. Zhong, Naeim A. Henein, and Walter Bryzik. "Split Injection Strategy for Prompt Cold Starting and Low White Smoke Emissions." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1100.

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Progressing needs for prompt cold start of direct injection Diesel engines is the motivation behind this study. Authors have examined the autoignition and combustion processes in the early firing cycles of the engine and proposed a strategy to reduce the cranking period and the white smoke emissions. The concept is to accelerate the preparation of the combustible mixture during the cranking process. This is achieved by splitting the injected fuel in two parts and controlling its timing. The duration of the first injection is limited such that the spray penetrates through the combustion chamber and evaporates before it reaches the walls. The dwell between the two injections is adjusted to allow time for the first spray to mix with the fresh charge, form a combustible mixture and start producing the autoignition radicals. The second part would evaporate and autoignite by reacting with the radicals before it reaches the cool walls. The strategy is verified on a 1.2 L Ford Diata Diesel engine equipped with a first generation common rail fuel injection system. The cycle resolved hydrocarbons, and NOx emissions are measured by high response detectors. In addition, the mass and constituents of the white smoke are measured. All the experiments for this paper have been conducted after the engine has been soaked at the normal room temperature for at least eight hours. The results showed that there is an optimum strategy for the split injection that would minimize the cranking period and white smoke emissions.
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Lee, Sangyul, Hoimyoung Choi, and Jaewoo Chung. "The Effects of Injection Timing and Piston Bowl Shape on PHCCI Combustion with Split injections." In SAE 2010 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0359.

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Ravi, Nikhil, Hsien-Hsin Liao, Adam F. Jungkunz, and J. Christian Gerdes. "Modeling and control of exhaust recompression HCCI using split injection." In 2010 American Control Conference (ACC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2010.5531460.

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Sun, Zhe, Mingli Cui, Hongyu Wang, Mohamed Nour, Xuesong Li, Min Xu, and David Hung. "Effect of Split Injection Timing on Combustion and Emissions of a DISI Optical Engine Under Lean Burn Condition." In ASME 2020 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2020-2961.

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Abstract Lean combustion has proven to be an effective way to improve the efficiency and emissions of the direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine. However, one of the main problems at the lean stability limit is the major decrease in flame temperature due to dilution, resulting in a low laminar flame speed, especially under low-speed engine operating conditions. The split injection is a potential technology to realize proper air-fuel mixing and achieve different spray distribution that can help in solving such problems. In this study, split injections with different secondary injection timings were tested to achieve homogeneous and homogeneous-stratified modes in a DISI optical engine under lean-burn mode. The split ratio of each strategy was 1:1. The engine was operated at 800 rpm, and a high-energy ignition system was utilized to realize lean combustion at a lambda of 1.55. Engine combustion performance and emissions were tested while performing high-speed color recording to study the characteristics of flame chemiluminescence through a quartz piston combined with a 45-degree mirror installed below. Flame structure during various combustion phases was compared under different selected conditions based on a digital image processing technique. The results show that the pressure and emissions vary with the second injection timing. Proper control of the split injection timing can improve lean combustion performance, including faster flame speed, increased indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and lower harmful emissions. Poor fuel evaporation and soot generation from spatial hot spots in the combustion process of split injection are the major challenges for further improvement.
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Zhang, Zhen, and Zhigang Suo. "Split Singularities: Applications and Implications." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41213.

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In the microelectronic system, many materials are integrated together in complex structures, from the level of transistors to the level of motherboard. These materials are of different thermomechanical properties, and usually meet together to form the sharp features, such as trenches, wedges, corners or junctions. These sharp features can concentrate stresses, which in turn fail the devices in the ways of cracking, debonding, or injecting dislocations, etc. The singular stress field is a linear superposition of two modes, usually of unequal exponents, either a pair of complex conjugates, or two unequal real numbers. In the latter case, a stronger and a weaker singularity coexist, known as split singularities. The weaker singularity can readily affect the outcome of failures. A dimensionless parameter, called the mode mixity, is defined to characterize the proportion of the two modes at the length scale where the processes of fracture occur. If the mode mixity is nearly zero, then the singular stress field can be simplified to a single mode, and be characterized by one stress intensity factor, on which the criteria of avoiding the failure initiated from the sharp features can be established. Otherwise, both modes need to be considered. We apply this theory to crack penetration or debond, and dislocation injection into strained silicon.
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