Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Split injection / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Split injection.

Journal articles on the topic 'Split injection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Split injection.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

SLAVINSKAS, Stasys, Gvidonas LABECKAS, and Tomas MICKEVIČIUS. "Effect of biodiesel on the development of split injection characteristics." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-218.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper presents the experimental test results of a common rail injection system operating with biodiesel and the diesel fuel. The three fuel split injection strategies were implemented to investigate the effects made by biodiesel and a fossil diesel fuel on the history of injector inlet pressure and the injection rate. In addition, the three intervals between split injections and the different injection pressures were used to obtain more information about the studied subjects. The obtained results showed that the peak mass injection rates of the main injection phase were slightly higher when using biodiesel than the respective values measured with the normal diesel fuel. Because the first injection phase activated the fuel pressure fluctuations along the high-pressure line and in front of the injector, the time-span between injections has an impact on the injector inlet pressure and thus the fuel injection rate during the second injection phase. Since the nozzle closes little later for biodiesel, the injector inlet pressure also occurred latter in the cycle.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Li, Y., H. Zhao, N. Brouzos, and B. Leach. "Managing controlled auto-ignition combustion by injection on a direct-injection gasoline engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto372.

Full text

Abstract:

Controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in gasoline engines has great potential for reducing both NO x emissions and fuel consumption, but its application is still hindered by the lack of direct control of combustion phasing and by the limited CAI operation range. In this paper, the effect of injection timing and split injection on CAI combustion is presented in a single-cylinder direct-injection gasoline engine with an air-assisted injector. The CAI combustion was achieved by trapping some of the burned gases within the cylinder by using low-lift short-duration camshafts and early closure of the exhaust valves. During the experiments, the engine speed was varied from 1200 to 2400 r/min and the air-fuel ratio was altered from stoichiometric to the misfire limit. Both single and split injections were investigated at different injection timings and fuel quantities. The experimental results show that injection timing has an important effect on CAI combustion for single and split injections. Early injection produces faster and more stable combustion, less hydrocarbon and CO emissions, but very rapid heat release rates and higher NO x emissions. The CAI operation range could be extended significantly by early injection. Split injection gives even further extension of the CAI range in both stoichiometric and lean mixture operations. These results indicate that optimizing the injection timing and using split injection is an effective way to control and extend CAI operation in a direct-injection gasoline engine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Gharehghani, Ayat, Alireza Kakoee, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Thanos Megaritis, and Apostolos Pesyridis. "Numerical Investigation of an RCCI Engine Fueled with Natural Gas/Dimethyl-Ether in Various Injection Strategies." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061638.

Full text

Abstract:

Reactivity control compression ignition engines illustrated suitable abilities in emission reduction beside high thermal efficiency. In this research, nine various direct fuel injection strategies were studied numerically: three cases with single injection strategy and six cases with split injection and different start of injection (SOI). In all simulated cases, equivalence ratio kept constant (i.e., 0.3). Among various strategies, single injection showed higher IMEP as a factor of efficiency with about 5.39 bar that occurred at SOI = 60 before top dead center (bTDC), while lower efficiency was observed for split injection case with 50%-50% injections of fuel in each injection stage. Start of combustion (SOC), burn duration and CA50 as factors for combustion characteristics were affected with SOI changes. In single SOI strategies, more advanced injection caused more advanced SOC where there was about 1.3 CAD advancing from 40 to 80 bTDC injection. Spilt SOI showed more advanced SOC, which, also more advanced, was allocated to 50%-50% split injection strategy. There was also the same trend in CA50 changes during change in SOI. Burn duration variations were insignificant and all of them approximately close to 4.5 CAD. According to the emissions researched in this study (Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), monoxide carbon (CO) and unburned hydro carbons (UHC)), all of these pollutants are below euro six diesel standards. Contours of emissions show that there were appropriate SOI for each case study, which were 45 degree bTDC for single strategy, 48 degree bTDC for 80%-20% mass injection and 70 degree bTDC for 50%-50% cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Raju, A. V. Sita Rama, and P. Ravinder Reddy. "Experimental Investigation Using Split Injection." i-manager's Journal on Mechanical Engineering 5, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jme.5.3.3443.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Merola, Simona, Adrian Irimescu, Cinzia Tornatore, Stefano Valentini, Gregor Kruczek, Andrzej Szlęk, and Wojciech Adamczyk. "UV-visible digital imaging of split injection in a Gasoline Direct Injection engine." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141121071m.

Full text

Abstract:

Ever tighter limits on pollutant emissions and the need to improve energy conversion efficiency have made the application of gasoline direct injection (GDI) feasible for a much wider scale of spark ignition engines. Changing the way fuel is delivered to the engine has thus provided increased flexibility but also challenges, such as higher particulate emissions. Therefore, alternative injection control strategies need to be investigated in order to obtain optimum performance and reduced environmental impact. In this study, experiments were carried out on a single-cylinder GDI optical engine fuelled with commercial gasoline in lean-burn conditions. The single-cylinder was equipped with the head of a commercial turbocharged engine with similar geometrical specifications (bore, stroke, compression ratio) and wall guided fuel injection. Optical accessibility was ensured through a conventional elongated hollow Bowditch piston and an optical crown, accommodating a fused-silica window. Experimental tests were performed at fixed engine speed and injection pressure, whereas the injection timing and the number of injections were adjusted to investigate their influence on combustion and emissions. UV-visible digital imaging was applied in order to follow the combustion process, from ignition to the late combustion phase. All the optical data were correlated with thermodynamic analysis and measurements of exhaust emissions. Split injection strategies (i.e. two injections per cycle) with respect to single injection increased combustion efficiency and stability thanks to an improvement of fuel air mixing. As a consequence, significant reduction in soot formation and exhaust emission with acceptable penalty in terms of HC and NOx were measured.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Jia, Yun Lin, and Jin Cheng Xu. "Optimization of the Injection Rate of Well Group Water Injection Using BP Neural Network Method." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1219.

Full text

Abstract:

This page considers split methods on well group water injection rate researched by predecessors. So the dividing coefficient is introduced in determining the proper well group water injection. Based on considering all factors that affect the well group water injection, it analyzed the factors that were considered in the course of determining well group split coefficient. It adopted BP neural network method to determine well group split coefficient. Choosing the development data of one year, it established the neural network model about split coefficient and other values to determine well group split coefficient. Then it obtained the single well water injection rate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Wičar, Stanislav. "Split injection into a capillary column at very low split ratios." Journal of Chromatography A 557 (September 1991): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87117-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Moiz, Ahmed Abdul, Khanh D. Cung, and Seong-Young Lee. "Ignition, lift-off, and soot formation studies in n-dodecane split injection spray-flames." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 10 (April 3, 2017): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417700778.

Full text

Abstract:

A close-coupled double injection strategy with two 0.5-ms injections separated by a 0.5-ms dwell is implemented. Studies are performed in a constant volume pre-burn type combustion vessel over two ambient temperatures (900 and 800 K) at constant density (22.8 kg/m3) with 15% O2 by volume in the ambient. The aim of this work is to investigate the establishment and dependence of ignition delay and flame stabilization on the ambient temperature conditions especially for the main injection, and thereby investigating eventual soot production. Simultaneous schlieren and planar laser -induced fluorescence experiments as well as three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation computational fluid dynamic modeling with chemical kinetics in every computational fluid dynamic cell were performed. It was observed experimentally that at 900 K, the second injection is injected in a high-temperature combustion recessed ambient of the first injection whereas at 800 K it is injected in a low temperature, possibly reactive species environment. It was found from Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation modeling that combustion recession at 900 K in the present case entails rich presence of hydroxyl radical species and also the ambient of 800 K is source of reactive radicals like peroxides, leading to acceleration of main ignition. Flame stabilization of the second injection occurs closer to the injector due to short ignition delays with flame being sustained in the fuel–air premixing zone. Flame stabilization of the second injection was found to follow a premixed flame propagation mechanism. Investigation in mixture fraction and temperature space of pilot-main spray combustion revealed that the lower lift-off of main results in lower air-entrainment which causes richer ignition of main resulting in quicker and higher soot formation. The effect of the second injection in enhancing the oxidation of soot from the first injection by inducing enhanced mixing was also revealed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Yang, Kang, Hirotaka Yamakawa, Keiya Nishida, Youichi Ogata, and Yusuke Nishioka. "Effect of split injection on mixture formation and combustion processes of diesel spray injected into two-dimensional piston cavity." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 8 (September 19, 2017): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017724246.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to obtain an enhanced understanding of the effect of split injection on mixture formation and combustion processes of diesel spray. A two-dimensional (2D) piston cavity of the same shape as that used in a small-bore diesel engine was employed to form the impinging spray flame. The fuel was injected into a high pressure, high temperature constant volume vessel through a single-hole nozzle with a hole diameter of 0.11 mm. The injection process comprised a pre-injection followed by the main injection. The main injection was carried out either as a single injection of injection pressure 100 MPa (Pre+S100), or by two types of split injection of injection pressure 160 MPa. The latter two types were defined by mass fraction ratios 1:1 and 3:1 (Pre+D160_1-1, Pre+D160_3-1). In order to observe the spray mixture formation process, the tracer laser absorption scattering (LAS) techique was adopted. Tracer LAS fuel with 97.5 vol% of n-tridecane and 2.5 vol% of 1-methylnaphthalene (α-MN) was employed. The spatial distributions of the vapor and liquid phases and the spray mixture formation characteristics in the 2D piston cavity for the three injection strategies were investigated. The diesel spray combustion and soot formation processes were studied using a high-speed video camera. The flame structure and soot formation process were examined using two-color pyrometry. The experimental results revealed that the split-injection vapor distribution was significantly more homogeneous than that of the single injection. The main injection fuel caught up with the pre-injection fuel and provided the spray tip with substantial additional momentum, enabling it to advance further. A high soot concentration and low temperatures appeared near the cavity wall region under the three injection strategies. The soot reduction rate for split injection was higher than that for single injection. The second main injection caught up with the previous injection’s flame, which deteriorated the combustion and resulted in higher soot generation. The effect of split injection on the process of soot evolution finished at the same time as that of single injection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Odi, Akhyarsi, Yuzuru Nada, and Susumu Noda. "406 Numerical Simulation of Sprays with Split-Injection Schemes using Modified KIVA." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2007.56 (2007): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2007.56.191.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Chen, Kai, Min Pan, and Tingting Liu. "Design and Analysis of a Continuous Split Typed Needle-Free Injection System for Animal Vaccination." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701711010059.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Liquid needle-free injection devices (NFIDs) employ a high-velocity liquid jet to deliver drugs and vaccine through transdermal injection. NFIDs for animal vaccination are more complicated than those used for human beings for their much larger and more flexible power sources, as well as rapid, repetitive and continuous injection features. Method: In the paper, spring-powered NFID is designed for animal vaccine injection. For convenience, the device is a split into a power source and handheld injector. A mathematical model is proposed to calculate the injection pressure, taking into the account pressure loss and the strain energy loss in the bendable tube due to elastic deformation. An experimental apparatus was build to verify the calculation results. Results and Conclusion: Under the same system conditions, the calculation results of the dynamic injection pressure match the experimental results. It is found that the bendable tube of the split typed NFID has significant impact on the profile of the injection pressure. The initial peak pressure is less than the initial peak pressure of NFID without bendable tube, and there is occurrence time lag of the peak pressure. The mathematical model is the first attempt to reveal the relationship between the injection pressure and the system variables of split typed NFID.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Liu, G., and Z. Xin. "Basic aspects of stop-flow split injection." Chromatographia 28, no. 7-8 (October 1989): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02261020.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Canakci, M., and R. D. Reitz. "Experimental optimization of a direct injection homogeneous charge compression ignition gasoline engine using split injections with fully automated microgenetic algorithms." International Journal of Engine Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808703762826642.

Full text

Abstract:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is receiving attention as a new low-emission engine concept. Little is known about the optimal operating conditions for this engine operation mode. Combustion under homogeneous, low equivalence ratio conditions results in modest temperature combustion products, containing very low concentrations of NOx and particulate matter (PM) as well as providing high thermal efficiency. However, this combustion mode can produce higher HC and CO emissions than those of conventional engines. An electronically controlled Caterpillar single-cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE), originally designed for heavy-duty diesel applications, was converted to an HCCI direct injection (DI) gasoline engine. The engine features an electronically controlled low-pressure direct injection gasoline (DI-G) injector with a 60° spray angle that is capable of multiple injections. The use of double injection was explored for emission control and the engine was optimized using fully automated experiments and a microgenetic algorithm optimization code. The variables changed during the optimization include the intake air temperature, start of injection timing and the split injection parameters (per cent mass of fuel in each injection, dwell between the pulses). The engine performance and emissions were determined at 700 r/min with a constant fuel flowrate at 10 MPa fuel injection pressure. The results show that significant emissions reductions are possible with the use of optimal injection strategies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Odi, Akhyarsi, Yuzuru Nada, and Susumu Noda. "1836 Numerical Investigation of Optimum Liquid Fuel Split-Injection in a Combustion Chamber." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2007.7 (2007): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2007.7.0_177.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

BALAWENDER, Krzysztof, Hubert KUSZEWSKI, Kazimierz LEJDA, and Adam USTRZYCKI. "The effect of multi-phase injection on selected parameters of the common rail fuel system." Combustion Engines 135, no. 4 (November 1, 2008): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117228.

Full text

Abstract:

The common rail fuel supply systems due to their flexibility of injection characteristics are the most frequently applied fuel supply solution in Diesel engines. The most essential parameters, which have the effect on the phenomena taking place in a Common Rail system are the duration of the injection, rail pressure and fuel temperature. There may also be other factors effecting the course of the injection. The split of the fuel dose into a few parts can cause a pressure fluctuation in the rail and also in the whole system, effecting the course of the injection. In the article tests results related with the influence of multiple injection on the total fuel dose and real onset of the injection have been presented. The tests were carried out on a test stand fitted with Bosch EPS-815 (electronic fuel dose measurement). For the testing of the real injection onset the visualization system AVL Visioscope was used. The control of the injector was realized through a controller which enabled to split the fuel dose into three parts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Wang, Xinyan, Jun Ma, and Hua Zhao. "Analysis of mixture formation process in a two-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 9 (October 17, 2017): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417736451.

Full text

Abstract:

The two-stroke engine has the great potential for aggressive engine downsizing and downspeeding because of its double firing frequency. For a given torque, it is characterized with a lower mean effective pressure and lower peak in-cylinder pressure than a four-stroke counterpart. In order to explore the potential of two-stroke cycle while avoiding the drawbacks of conventional ported two-stroke engines, a novel two-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine was proposed and designed. In order to achieve the stable lean-burn combustion in the boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine, the mixture preparation, especially the fuel stratification around the spark plug, should be accurately controlled. As the angled intake scavenge ports produce strong swirl flow motion and complex transfer between the swirl and tumble flows in the two-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine, the interaction between the in-cylinder flow motions and the direct injection and its impact on the charge preparation in the boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine are investigated in this study by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations. Both the single injection and split injections are applied and their impact on the mixture formation process is investigated. The start of injection timing and split injection ratio are adjusted accordingly to optimize the charge preparation for each injection strategy. The results show that the strong interaction between the fuel injection and in-cylinder flow motions dominates the mixture preparation in the boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine. Compared to the single injection, the split injection shows less impact on the large-scale flow motions. Good fuel stratification around the spark plug was obtained by the late start of injection timings at 300 °CA/320 °CA with an equal amount in each injection. However, when a higher tumble flow motion is produced by the eight scavenge ports’ design, a better fuel charge stratification can be achieved with the later single injection at start of injection of 320 °CA.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Kaufman, A. E., and C. E. Polymeropoulos. "Study of the injection process in a gas chromatograph split injection port." Journal of Chromatography A 454 (January 1988): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)88599-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Benajes, J., S. Molina, R. Novella, R. Amorim, H. Ben Hadj Hamouda, and J. P. Hardy. "Comparison of two injection systems in an HSDI diesel engine using split injection and different injector nozzles." International Journal of Automotive Technology 11, no. 2 (April 2010): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-010-0019-z.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Tesařík, Karel. "Classical split and splitless injection in capillary GC." Journal of Chromatography A 387 (January 1987): 569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94576-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Feron, Martijn, Zhen Zhang, Zhigang Suo, and Martijn Feron. "Split singularities and dislocation injection in strained silicon." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 2 (July 15, 2007): 023502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2753674.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Liu, Guanghui, and Zhenxue Xin. "The glass insert in stop-flow split injection." Chromatographia 29, no. 7-8 (April 1990): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02261307.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Akiba, Sadahiro, Keiya Nishida, and Xinyun Zi. "Effect of Split Injection Pattern on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of D.I. Diesel Engine." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 46, no. 3 (2011): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.46.441.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Hiwase, Subhash Deo, S. Moorthy, Hari Prasad, Mahendra Dumpa, and Rajesh M. Metkar. "Multidimensional Modeling of Direct Injection Diesel Engine with Split Multiple Stage Fuel Injections." Procedia Engineering 51 (2013): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.01.095.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Xie, Fangxi, Wenliang Zheng, Hong Chen, Yu Liu, Yan Su, and Wei Hong. "Effects of split and single injection strategies on particle number emission and combustion of a GDI engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 5 (March 23, 2018): 1100–1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018759739.

Full text

Abstract:

Influence of fuel injection parameters of the single and split injection strategies on combustion, performance and particle number emission had been investigated on a gasoline direct injection engine with stoichiometric mixture combustion under medium and low engine operating conditions. The test results showed that the optimal injection timing for single injection strategy was about 290–280 °CA BTDC, and an earlier or a later injection timing could lead to a deterioration of particle number emission. For split injection strategy, the injected parameters also needed to be optimized subtly in order to improve particle number emission. When the inappropriate injected parameters were adopted, particle number emission increased rather than decrease when compared with single injection strategy. Similar to single injection strategy, when the second injection timing of split injection strategy further retarded from 280 °CA BTDC, the particle number emission and brake-specific fuel consumption also started to deteriorate, and the in-cylinder combustion process was delayed and slowed. The optimal first injection timing was about 300 °CA BTDC. When the first injection timing was delayed to 280 °CA BTDC with the second injection timing being 260 °CA BTDC, the particle number emission increased and the shortened interval time between first and second fuel injection might have had a negative effect. The smaller difference of the fuel quantity between the first and the second injection was not good for the improvement of particle number emission and brake-specific fuel consumption, and the best injection proportion was 2:8. Overall, the engine particle number emission could be decreased to some extent, which could reach about 10–30%, by split injection strategy with optimal control parameters at medium and low engine loads.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Wu, Gang, Xinyi Zhou, and Tie Li. "Temporal Evolution of Split-Injected Fuel Spray at Elevated Chamber Pressures." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 11, 2019): 4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224284.

Full text

Abstract:

For reducing soot and NOx emissions, an effective method is to apply split injection strategies. In this research, characteristics of split injection were investigated by applying the pilot-main injection strategy and main-post injection strategy. The injection mass of fuel with the two strategies was measured by an in-house fuel injection rate test system based on the Bosch method. The development of spray tip and tail penetrations, as well as the evolvement of the spray angle when applying these two injection strategies, were explored by employing the high speed shadowgraphy at various injection pressures and surrounding gas densities. The results indicate the tail penetration rate of spray has no relation to the fuel injection pressure. However, the increased injection pressure causes a faster penetration development in the spray tip position. It was also found that the spray tip penetration rate of the second spray is slightly slower than that of the first spray at the beginning stage of injection, but it was significantly larger than the first one at the later stage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Desantes, Jose M., José M. García-Oliver, Antonio García, and Tiemin Xuan. "Optical study on characteristics of non-reacting and reacting diesel spray with different strategies of split injection." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 6 (May 13, 2018): 606–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418773012.

Full text

Abstract:

Even though studies on split-injection strategies have been published in recent years, there are still many remaining questions about how the first injection affects the mixing and combustion processes of the second one by changing the dwell time between both injection events or by the first injection quantity. In this article, split-injection diesel sprays with different injection strategies are investigated. Visualization of n-dodecane sprays was carried out under both non-reacting and reacting operating conditions in an optically accessible two-stroke engine equipped with a single-hole diesel injector. High-speed Schlieren imaging was applied to visualize the spray geometry development, while diffused background-illumination extinction imaging was applied to quantify the instantaneous soot production (net result of soot formation and oxidation). For non-reacting conditions, it was found that the vapor phase of second injection penetrates faster with a shorter dwell time and independently of the duration of the first injection. This could be explained in terms of one-dimensional spray model results, which provided information on the local mixing and momentum state within the flow. Under reacting conditions, interaction between the second injection and combustion recession of the first injection is observed, resulting in shorter ignition delay and lift-off compared to the first injection. However, soot production behaves differently with different injection strategies. The maximum instantaneous soot mass produced by the second injection increases with a shorter dwell time and with longer first injection duration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hinshaw, J. V., and W. Seferovic. "Programmed-temperture split-splitless injection of triglycerides: Comparison to cold on-column injection." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 9, no. 2 (February 1986): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240090203.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Kumaresan, M., and G. Devaradjane. "Effect of split injection concept on emission levels of oxygenated diesel operated CI engine." Material Science Research India 7, no. 1 (June 25, 2010): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/070121.

Full text

Abstract:

An experimental investigation has been carried out to understand the effect of split injection concepts on the emission level particularly on the reduction of Nitrogen oxide emission is accompanied with the reduction of Brake thermal efficiency, hence to offset the reduction of thermal efficiency blend of diesel and oxygenated compound Di-ethylene glycol have been used as fuel for the analysis.Thus the emission characteristics of diesel- Di-ethylene glycol are investigated using the single cylinder direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine using split injection method involving double lobed cams. The double lobed cam was designed to inject fuel in the proportion of 40-60% with an interval of 8Ú between pilot and main injection. The oxygenated compounds Di-ethylene glycol is blended with diesel fuel in the proportion 5% and 7% by volume. The engine was tested using Eddy current dynamometer at a speed of 1500 r.p.m from no load to full load using diesel, 5% and 7% diesel-Diethylene Glycol blend using single injection and split injection. The AVL smoke meter and krypton gas analyzer are used for measuring emission parameters values. The emission curves such as CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke with respect to brake power are plotted for both single injection and single injection and compared. From the results, it is found that NOx emission is drastically reduced with split injection using diesel but slightly higher with diesel- Di-ethylene Glycol blend.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Li, Guanting, Xiumin Yu, Weibo Shi, Chuanzhao Yao, Sen Wang, and Qingxu Shen. "Effects of split injection proportion and the second injection timings on the combustion and emissions of a dual fuel SI engine with split hydrogen direct injection." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 21 (April 2019): 11194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.02.222.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Dardoize, F., G. Clodic, and J. Chevalet. "A new split-flow injector for preparative liquid chromatography columns. Annular injection system." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 372, no. 7-8 (April 2002): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1273-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Penton, Zeldae E. "Optimization of Sample Introduction Parameters for Determinations of Pesticides by Capillary Gas Chromatography Using a Two Column, Two Detector System." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 74, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/74.5.872.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract A study was undertaken to determine if another injection mode could be substituted for splitless Injection in the trace analysis of pesticide samples. This technique often leads to problems such as carryover, poor repeatability, and breakdown of labile pesticides. Two capillary injectors were compared: a hot splitless injector and a temperature- programmable Injector, in which the sample is introduced into a glass insert under nonvaporizing conditions. With each injector, 2 columns of different polarity were Installed and a test sample containing a variety of pesticides was split between the 2 columns immediately after introduction. The effects of changing parameters such as Injector temperature, injection speed, method of installation of the 2 columns, and method of filling the syringe were examined for splitless injection. K was concluded that optimization is more difficult with splitless injection. Additionally, a comparison of precision and discrimination data demonstrated superior performance with the nonvaporizlng temperature-programmable Injector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Yamauchi, Yoshimitsu, Yoshinari Kamakura, Toshimasa Matsuoka, and Naoki Ueda. "Source-side injection single-polysilicon split-gate flash memory." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 53, no. 3 (February 19, 2014): 034201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.53.034201.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Gill, Richard. "Classical Split and Splitless Injection in Capillary Gas Chromatography." Analytica Chimica Acta 188 (1986): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86061-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ghaoui, L. "Solvent effect in split injection in capillary gas chromatography." Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 11, no. 5 (May 1988): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240110512.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Lim, Jaeman, Sangyul Lee, and Kyoungdoug Min. "Combustion Modeling of Split Injection in HSDI Diesel Engines." Combustion Science and Technology 183, no. 2 (December 10, 2010): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2010.519012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Görög, S. "Classical split and splitless injection in capillary gas chromatography." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 5, no. 7 (August 1986): XXIV. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(86)80037-1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Yang, Binbin, Mingfa Yao, Zunqing Zheng, and Lang Yue. "Experimental Investigation of Injection Strategies on Low Temperature Combustion Fuelled with Gasoline in a Compression Ignition Engine." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/207248.

Full text

Abstract:

The present study focuses on the experimental investigation on the effect of fuel injection strategies on LTC with gasoline on a single-cylinder CI engine. Firstly, the engine performance and emissions have been explored by sweeping SOI1 and split percentage for the load of 0.9 MPa IMEP at an engine speed of 1500 rpm. Then, the double-injection strategy has been tested for load expansion compared with single-injection. The results indicate that, with the fixed CA50, the peak HRR is reduced by advancing SOI1 and increasing split percentage gradually. Higher indicated thermal efficiency, as well as lower MPRR and COV, can be achieved simultaneously with later SOI1 and higher split percentage. As split percentage increases,NOXemission decreases but soot emission increases. CO and THC emissions are increased by earlier SOI1, resulting in a slight decrease in combustion efficiency. Compared with single-injection, the double-injection strategy enables successful expansion of high-efficiency and clean combustion region, with increasing soot, CO, and THC emissions at high loads and slightly declining combustion efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency, however. MPRR and soot emission are considered to be the predominant constraints to the load expansion of gasoline LTC, and they are related to their trade-off relationship.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Fu, Xue-Qing, Bang-Quan He, Si-Peng Xu, Tao Chen, Hua Zhao, Yan Zhang, Yufeng Li, and Honglin Bai. "Multi-point micro-flame ignited hybrid lean-burn combustion of gasoline with direct injection dimethyl ether." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419840469.

Full text

Abstract:

Lean-burn combustion is effective in reducing fuel consumption of gasoline engines because of the higher specific heat ratio of the fuel lean mixture and reduced heat loss from lower combustion temperature. However, its application to real engines is hampered by the unstable ignition, high cyclic variability, and partial-burn due to slower combustion, as well as the restricted maximum lean-burn air/fuel ratio limit and the insufficiently low nitrogen oxides emission. Multi-point micro-flame-ignited hybrid combustion has been proposed and applied to extend the lean burn limit of premixed gasoline and air mixture. To achieve micro-flame-ignited combustion in premixed lean gasoline mixture formed by port fuel injection, a small amount of dimethyl ether is injected directly into the cylinder of a four-stroke gasoline engine to control and accelerate the ignition and combustion process so that the engine could be operated with the overall excess air coefficient (Lambda) of 1.9. The results show that heat release processes can be grouped into three forms, that is, ramp type, double-peak type, and trapezoid type. Regardless of single or split injections, direct injection timing of dimethyl ether dominates the features of heat release. The ramp type occurs at early injection timing while the double-peak type takes place at late injection timing. Trapezoid type appears between the above two types. Dimethyl ether injection timing controls the ignition timing and has less effect on combustion duration. Single injection of dimethyl ether leads to much earlier ignition timing and slightly longer combustion duration, forming higher nitrogen oxides emissions than the split injections. Ultra-low nitrogen oxides emissions and higher thermal efficiency are achieved in the ramp type combustion compared to the other two types of combustion in both injection approaches.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Winklhofer, E., B. Ahmadi-Befrui, B. Wiesler, and G. Cresnoverh. "The Influence of Injection Rate Shaping on Diesel Fuel Sprays—An Experimental Study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206, no. 3 (July 1992): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_176_02.

Full text

Abstract:

A current strategy in the development of direct injection (DI) diesel engine combustion systems is the control and limitation of the initial ‘premixed’ combustion heat release ensuing from the auto-ignition of the injected fuel. This requires control of the amount of fuel vaporization and mixing taking place during the ignition delay time. Since the latter is determined by the fuel composition and the in-cylinder gas temperature, development efforts have focused on the injection of well-controlled, portioned fuel quantities prior to the ignition as a means of achieving the desired goal. This practice is becoming known as ‘fuel rate shaping’. Consequently, the fuel spray penetration during this period, fuel evaporation and mixture preparation, as well as the influence of in-cylinder air motion on mixture distribution, are main subjects of interest in affording insight into fuel rate shaping attempts. These have been addressed through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the spray characteristics associated with different injection practices. The experimental investigations have been performed in an optically accessed spray research engine. Basic aspects of fuel spray tip penetration, time and location of auto-ignition and flame propagation have been recorded with a high-speed line-scan camera. The results provide the space and time-scale characteristics for the propagation, ignition and combustion of a selection of diesel fuel sprays. Investigations have been carried out for a conventional fuel injection system equipped with a set of different single-hole injector nozzles, as well as for a dual-spring injector and an injector with a split injection device. The experimental results provide an insight into the propagation of the fuel spray front, yield qualitative information about its spatial and temporal distribution, and, in the case of split injection, show the interaction of the initial pilot fuel portion with the main injection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Gainey, Brian, Deivanayagam Hariharan, Ziming Yan, Steven Zilg, Mozhgan Rahimi Boldaji, and Benjamin Lawler. "A split injection of wet ethanol to enable thermally stratified compression ignition." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 8 (November 11, 2018): 1441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418810587.

Full text

Abstract:

Thermally stratified compression ignition is a new advanced, low-temperature combustion mode that aims to control the heat release process in a lean, premixed, compression ignition combustion mode by controlling the level of thermal stratification in the cylinder. Specifically, this work uses a mixture of 80% ethanol and 20% water by mass, referred to as “wet ethanol” herein, to increase thermal stratification via evaporative cooling of areas targeted by an injection event during the compression stroke. The experiments conducted aim to both fundamentally understand the effect that a late cycle injection of wet ethanol has on the heat release process, and to use that effect to explore the high-load limit of thermally stratified compression ignition with wet ethanol. At an equivalence ratio of 0.5, injecting just 8% of the fuel during the compression stroke was shown to reduce the peak heat release rate by a factor of 2, subsequently avoiding excessive pressure rise rates. Under pure homogeneous charge compression ignition using wet ethanol as the fuel, the load range was found to be 2.5–3.9 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure. Using a split injection of wet ethanol, the high-load limit was extended to 7.0 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure under naturally aspirated conditions. Finally, intake boost was used to achieve high-load operation with low NOx (oxides of nitrogen (NO or NO2)) emissions and was shown to further increase the high-load limit to 7.6 bar gross indicated mean effective pressure at an intake pressure of 1.43 bar. These results show the ability of a split injection of wet ethanol to successfully control the heat release process and expand the operable load range in low-temperature combustion.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Fuyuto, Takayuki, Masahiro Taki, Reiko Ueda, Yoshiaki Hattori, Hiroshi Kuzuyama, and Tsutomu Umehara. "Noise and Emissions Reduction by Second Injection in Diesel PCCI Combustion with Split Injection." SAE International Journal of Engines 7, no. 4 (October 13, 2014): 1900–1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2676.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Li, T., K. Nishida, Y. Zhang, and H. Hiroyasu. "Effect of split injection on stratified charge formation of direct injection spark ignition engines." International Journal of Engine Research 8, no. 2 (April 2007): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14680874jer02106.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Yamane, K., and Y. Shimamoto. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Direct-Injection Compression Ignition Engines by Means of Two-Stage Split and Early Fuel Injection." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 3 (June 19, 2002): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1473157.

Full text

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to experimentally clarify the effect of two-stage split and early injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. Engine tests were carried out using a single-cylinder high-speed DI diesel engine and an injection system, combining an ordinary jerk pump and an electronically controlled high-pressure injection system, KD-3. In these experiments to compare the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics with two-stage split and early injection, a single-stage and early injection was tested. The FT-IR exhaust-gas analyzer simultaneously measured the exhaust emissions of 26 components. The results showed that HCHO, CH3CHO, and CH3COOH were emitted during the very early stage of both single injection and two-stage injection. These concentrations were higher than those from diesel combustion with ordinary fuel injection timings. These exhaust emissions are characteristic components of combustion by premixed compression ignition with extremely early injection. In particular, the HCHO concentration in exhaust was reduced with an increase in the maximum rate of heat release after cool flame due to pre-reaction of pre-mixture. At extremely early injection, the NOx concentration was extremely low; however, the indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) was higher than that of ordinary diesel combustion. In the case of two-stage injection, the degree of constant volume is increased, so that ISFC is improved. These results also demonstrated the possibility of reducing HCHO, NOx, and smoke emissions by means of two-stage split and early injection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Niculae, Andrei Laurentiu, Adnan Kadhim Rashid, and Radu Chiriac. "The effects of split direct injection on the operation of a tractor diesel engine fueled by biodiesel B20." E3S Web of Conferences 286 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128601006.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of biodiesel-diesel blends is a current solution to some important problems, such as the depletion of oil resources, global warming, and the pollutant emissions of smoke, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons of diesel engines. However, the use of this alternative fuel is characterized by a reduction in engine effective power and an increase in brake-specific fuel consumption and nitrogen oxide pollutant emissions. Using the AVL MCC zero-dimensional combustion model of the AVL BOOST simulation program, it was evaluated to what extent split injection strategies can improve the performance and fuel economy of a tractor diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel B20 at maximum brake torque condition considering noise and pollutant emissions limitation. Various pilot – main – post split injection strategies have been studied to establish the optimal injection characteristics in terms of performance and fuel economy. Subsequently, they have been adapted in terms of compliance with current emission standards. In this way, it has been emphasized that the split injection solution is a viable way to improve performance, economy, and pollutant emissions of a tractor diesel engine.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Wei, Haiqiao, Jie Yu, Aifang Shao, Lei Zhou, Jianxiong Hua, and Dengquan Feng. "Influence of injection strategies on knock resistance and combustion characteristics in a DISI engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 2637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018804118.

Full text

Abstract:

The combustion of a direct injection spark ignition engine is significantly affected by the fuel injection strategy due to the impact this strategy has on the gas-mixture formation and the turbulence flow. However, comprehensive assessments on both knock and engine performances for different injection strategies are generally lacking. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to provide an experimental evidence of how a single injection strategy and a split injection strategy compare in terms of both knock tendency and engine performances like thermal efficiency, torque and combustion stability. Starting from the optimization of a single injection strategy, a split injection strategy is then evaluated. Under the present operating conditions, an optimum secondary injection timing of 100 CAD BTDC is found to have significant improvements on both the knock resistance and the overall engine performances. It should be noted that the present results indicate that the relationship between double injection and anti-knock performance is not monotonous. In addition, the double injection shows superior potential in improving fuel economy and power performance in contrast with the single injection thanks to a more stable combustion when a late injection timing is applied.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Pavan, P., K. Bhaskar, and S. Sekar. "Effect of split injection and injection pressure on CRDI engine fuelled with POME-diesel blend." Fuel 292 (May 2021): 120242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120242.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Canakci, M., and R. D. Reitz. "Effect of Optimization Criteria on Direct-Injection Homegeneous Charge Compression Ignition Gasoline Engine Performance and Emissions Using Fully Automated Experiments and Microgenetic Algorithms." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1635395.

Full text

Abstract:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a new low-emission engine concept. Combustion under homogeneous, low equivalence ratio conditions results in modest temperature combustion products, containing very low concentrations of NOx and PM as well as providing high thermal efficiency. However, this combustion mode can produce higher HC and CO emissions than those of conventional engines. Control of the start of combustion timing is difficult with pre-mixed charge HCCI. Accordingly, in the present study charge preparation and combustion phasing control is achieved with direct injection. An electronically controlled Caterpillar single-cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE), originally designed for heavy-duty diesel applications, was converted to a direct-injection gasoline engine. The engine features an electronically controlled low-pressure direct injection-gasoline (DI-G) injector with a 60 deg spray angle that is capable of multiple injections. The use of double injection was explored for emission control, and the engine was optimized using fully automated experiments and a microgenetic algorithm optimization code. The variables changed during the optimization include the intake air temperature, start of injection timing, and the split injection parameters (percent mass of fuel in each injection, dwell between the pulses) using three different objective (merit) functions. The engine performance and emissions were determined at 700 rev/min with a constant fuel flow rate at 10 MPa fuel injection pressure. The results show the choice of merit or objective function (optimization goal) determines the engine performance, and that significant emission reductions can be achieved with optimal injection strategies. Merit function formulations are presented that minimized PM, HC, and NOx emissions, respectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Liechty, Jacob J., Michael J. Wilkinson, and Esther M. Bowie. "Assessment of Intravitreal Injection Training among U.S.-Based Ophthalmology Residents." Journal of Academic Ophthalmology 11, no. 01 (January 2019): e43-e49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688912.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose To describe the intravitreal injection training of ophthalmology residents in the United States in 2018. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods An anonymous, 29-question, internet-based survey was emailed to 119 ophthalmology residency program directors with the instructions to forward the survey to their ophthalmology residents. Results A total of 117 ophthalmology residents (7.89%) responded to the survey. The majority of residents stated that their intravitreal injection training began during their first year of ophthalmology training, PGY 2 year, (92.3%). The majority of residents performed at least 25 injections per year (78.6%). All residents use antiseptic on the conjunctiva prior to the injection, 94% use a lid speculum, and 84.6% avoided talking in the procedure room. Most injections are performed with gloves (83.8%). A minority of residents stated that they are trained to use povidone-iodine on the eyelids prior to performing an injection (45.3%). Only 6.0% of residents claimed to use postinjection antibiotic drops. Performance of bilateral, simultaneous intravitreal injections was split with nearly half of residents not being trained in this method (47.9%). Conclusion Ophthalmology residents from across the country experience a variety of different injection protocols when being trained on how to perform intravitreal injections. Conjunctival antisepsis has reached a clear consensus while topics such as simultaneous, bilateral injections and eyelid antisepsis are still uncertain among the resident community.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Zenkevich, Igor G., and Eugene Leleev. "Compensation of discrimination effects of split injection into capillary columns." Аналитика и контроль 23, no. 1 (2019): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2019.23.1.012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Clark, Gregory D., Jaromir Ruzicka, and Gary D. Christian. "Split zone flow-injection analysis: an approach to automated dilutions." Analytical Chemistry 61, no. 15 (August 1989): 1773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00190a036.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!