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Journal articles on the topic 'Spodosols Soil science Soils'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Oliveira, Aline Pacobahyba de, João Carlos Ker, Ivo Ribeiro da Silva, Maurício Paulo Ferreira Fontes, Alessandra Pacobahyba de Oliveira, and Alan Tadeu Goyatá Neves. "Spodosols pedogenesis under barreiras formation and sandbank environments in the south of Bahia." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832010000300026.

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Morphologically differentiated Spodosols usually occur in the Coastal Plain of the South of Bahia and North of Espírito Santo. They are found in profiles known as "muçungas", i.e. sandy soils that accumulate water. In these areas, two kinds of Spodosols, different from those in the Restinga area, can be found: Spodosols with E albic horizon (white muçunungas) and without this horizon (black muçunungas). Eight soil profiles with spodic characteristics were collected and described in order to evaluate differences in the formation process of Barreiras and Restinga Spodosols in the South of Bahia. The soil profiles were also characterized chemically, physically and mineralogically. Additionally, texture and chemical analysis, Fe and Al extraction by sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DBC), acid ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate extract optic density (DOox), sulphuric acid attack, and X ray difractometry of the clay fraction were performed. In the Spodosols of the Barreiras area, fragipan was found the spodic layers. Cemented B spodic horizon were observed in the white muçunungas, and granular structure and dark color from the surface in the black muçunungas. There was no fragipan or hard spodic horizon in the Restinga Spodosol. This soil is acid, dystrophic and alic, with sandy texture and high clay percentages in the spodic horizons. The CEC, based on H + Al, is predominantly represented by the organic matter. The most representative components of the mineral phase of the clay fraction are kaolinite and possibly vermiculite traces with interlayered hydroxy. Chemical, physical, morphological and mineralogical differences were observed between the Barreiras and Restinga environments. The black and white muçunungas differ in morphologic and chemical properties only.

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2

Shiver, Barry D., John W. Rheney, and Michael J. Oppenheimer. "Site-Preparation Method and Early Cultural Treatments Affect Growth of Flatwoods Slash Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.4.183.

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Abstract A study was established in 1979 to evaluate the effects of burning, chopping, and bedding on growth of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Elgelm.) plantations. In addition, a fertilizer and a complete vegetation control treatment were superimposed on the site preparation methods to test their impacts and to evaluate interactions. The study was balanced over two flatwoods soil groups; Spodosols and non-Spodosols. Complete vegetation control provided the most consistently dramatic improvement in slash pine growth. Fertilization and bedding were also significant treatments regardless of soil group. There was a significant soil group X treatment interaction for height, probably due to the adverse effects of burning on spodosols. Chopping improved pine height growth on non-Spodosols, but had no significant effect on Spodosol heights. Bedding, fertilization, and complete vegetation control continued to significantly improve growth on spodosols from ages 5 to 8. On non-Spodosols, only complete vegetation control continued to provide a significant growth response from age 5 to age 8. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):183-188.

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3

Ho, Soo Ying, Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli, and Mugunthan Perumal. "Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sandy-Textured Soils under Smallholder Agricultural Land Use Practices in Sarawak, East Malaysia." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2019 (February 6, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7685451.

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A study was conducted in the Sabal area, Sarawak, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of sandy-textured soils under smallholder agricultural land uses. Study sites were established under rubber, oil palm, and pepper land uses, in comparison to the adjacent secondary forests. The sandy-textured soils underlain in all agricultural land uses are of Spodosols, based on USDA Soil Taxonomy. The soil properties under secondary forests were strongly acidic with poor nutrient contents. Despite higher bulk density in oil palm farmlands, soil properties in rubber and oil palm land uses showed little variation to those in secondary forests. Conversely, soils under pepper land uses were less acidic with higher nutrient contents at the surface layer, especially P. In addition, soils in the pepper land uses were more compact due to human trampling effects from regular farm works at a localized area. Positive correlations were observed between soil total C and soil total N, soil exchangeable K, soil sum of bases, and soil effective CEC, suggesting that soil total C is the determinant of soil fertility under the agricultural land uses. Meanwhile, insufficient K input in oil palm land uses was observed from the partial nutrient balances estimation. In contrast, P and K did not remain in the soils under pepper land use, although the fertilizers application by the farmers was beyond the crop uptake and removal (harvesting). Because of the siliceous sandy nature (low clay contents) of Spodosols, they are poor in nutrient retention capacity. Hence, maintaining ample supply of organic C is crucial to sustain the productivity and fertility of sandy-textured soils, especially when the litterfall layers covering the E horizon were removed for oil palm and pepper cultivation.

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4

WANG, C., and H. KODAMA. "PEDOGENIC IMOGOLITE IN SANDY BRUNISOLS OF EASTERN ONTARIO." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-013.

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Imogolite that appears to have formed by weathering in the present soil (pedogenic imogolite) occurred in two well-drained Dystric Brunisols on fine sand materials in eastern Ontario. Imogolite was detected by electron microscopy and was most abundant in the fine clay fraction of the lower B horizons. Several characteristics of these two pedons considered to be favorable for the occurrence of imogolite are: low organic matter content in the sola; high ratio of (Alo-Alp)/Alp in the B horizons; the strong but not extremely acid soil reaction in the B horizons and the porous nature of the soils. The finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the downward movement and precipitation of inorganic amorphous forms of Al and Si is a major process in podzolization. It also demonstrates that the occurrence of imogolite is not restricted to Spodosols or Podzolic soils. Key words: Pedogenic imogolite, proto-imogolite allophane, Dystric Brunisols, Spodosols

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5

Kodama, H., and C. Wang. "Distribution and Characterization of Noncrystalline Inorganic Components in Spodosols and Spodosol-Like Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, no. 2 (March 1989): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1989.03615995005300020037x.

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6

ALEXANDER, E. B. "BULK DENSITY EQUATIONS FOR SOUTHERN ALASKA SOILS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-017.

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A close relationship between organic-carbon content and bulk density was utilized to develop equations for predicting the bulk densities of inorganic soils around the Gulf of Alaska; for example[Formula: see text]where Db is the bulk density (Mg m−3) of fine-earth and OC is the organic carbon content (g kg−1). Adding discrete variables for soil texture (three classes):[Formula: see text]where A is 2.24 for loamy sands, 1.86 for sandy loams, and 1.73 for silt loams. Most of the samples used in developing these equations were from B and C horizons, but they appear to be applicable to other horizons too. They are not valid for (1) horizons with very low organic carbon content (C < 1 g kg−1); (2) organic soils; or (3) disturbed or compacted soils. Coarse fragments (particles > 2 mm) were considered in computing the bulk densities of whole soil horizons, because rock fragments are generally much denser than the bulk fine-earth. Key words: Clod samples, Podzolic soils, Spodosols, organic matter

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7

SILVA, GIVANILDO ALVES DA, DANILO DE LIMA CAMÊLO, MARCELO METRI CORRÊA, VALDOMIRO SEVERINO DE SOUZA JÚNIOR, MATEUS ROSAS RIBEIRO FILHO, and JOSÉ COELHO DE ARAÚJO FILHO. "PEDOGENESIS ON COASTAL TABLELANDS AREA WITH LOW RANGE ALTIMETRY IN PARAÍBA STATE." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n219rc.

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ABSTRACT Small variations of relief may change drainage and runoff and hence promote the formation of sandy surface horizons and hardened subsurface horizons (fragipans and/or duripans) in Coastal Tablelands soils. This study aimed to investigate the pedogenesis on Coastal Tablelands area with low range altimetry in Paraíba state; secondly, we also sought to contribute to the improvement of the Brazilian Soil Classification System (BSCS). Four soil profiles ware described and collected to be submitted to routine physical and chemical analysis, determination of Fe, Al and Si extracted by sulfuric acid digestion, sodium citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite and acid ammonium oxalate, sodium pyrophosphate, and mineralogical analysis in the sand and clay fractions by X-ray diffractometry. Optical density of the oxalate extract (ODOE) was also determined; the results were statistically evaluated using the R software. Microrelief variations conditioning differentiated water flows, along with the sandy texture of the surface horizons (A and E) and the lower coarse sand/fine sand ratio in the subsurface horizon, seem to promote clay accumulation in depth in the Spodosols developed on Coastal Tablelands environments. For this soils, the argilluvic (argissólico) character at the subgroup level of the BSCS should be incorporated. In addition, Al amorphous mineral phases and/or poorly crystalline play an important role in the formation of strongly cemented horizons (duripans) of the Spodosols, as also reported by other authors. Finally, the ODOE showed to be an efficient indicator of soils under podzolization process, being possible its use as a taxonomic criterion for classification of Spodosols by the BSCS.

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8

Schmidt, Robert A., Eric J. Jokela, James E. Allen, Roger P. Belanger, and Thomas Miller. "Association Between Fusiform Rust Incidence and CRIFF Soil Classification for Slash Pine Plantations in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/14.1.39.

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Abstract The association between fusiform rust incidence in young slash pine plantations and the CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization) soil classification system in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia was examined in two independent data sets: (1) 958 predominantly 5-year-old plantations from an industrial forest inventory and (2) 73 9-to-13-year-old plantations in a CRIFF research study. Rust incidence was calculated as the percentage of living trees with a branch or stem gall. Soils were classified into six groups (A-F) according to soil drainage and the nature of and depth to the B horizon. A third data set relates oak (alternate host) abundance to soil groups in 53 plantations. Overall, the very poorly to moderately well-drained CRIFF C and D group soils (flatwoods Spodosols) exhibit the lowest rust incidence (ẋ = 5.9% and 5.3%); the moderately well- to well-drained E and F group soils (Inceptisols and Ultisols) have the highest rust incidence (ẋ = 45.2% and 28.5%); and the poorly to somewhat poorly drained A and B soils (Ultisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols) are intermediate in rust incidence (ẋ = 18.4% and 16.5%). Oak abundance varied significantly within and among soil groups. In general, oaks were more abundant on E and F soils than on B and C group soils. CRIFF soil groups are useful to characterize regional rust incidence, but are not associated with rust incidence in individual plantations. Plantations of like soil groups exhibit high or low rust incidence depending on the mean rust incidence of the area in which they occur. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):39-43.

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9

Ahmad, Ayaz, Shahzada Sohail Ijaz, and Zhenli He. "Effects of Zeolitic Urea on Nitrogen Leaching (NH4-N and NO3-N) and Volatilization (NH3) in Spodosols and Alfisols." Water 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141921.

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Global use of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer is increasing, but N losses are still very high (40–70%). Zeolites have the capability of holding NH4+, thus reducing N losses when applied as a soil amendment. However, application of a large quantity of zeolite is costly and inconvenient. In this study, zeolitic fertilizers were evaluated to select the best formulation with reduced leaching of NH4-N and NO3-N and NH3 volatilization in agricultural soils (Alfisol and Spodosol). The treatments included the following: T0 = control, T1 = urea fertilizer, T2 = zeo-urea (1:1), T3 = zeo-urea (2:1), T4 = zeo-urea (3:1), T5 = zeo-urea (1:2), and T6 = zeo-urea (1:3). Leaching was performed at 4, 8, 12, 19, 25, 32, 39 and 45 days after the soils were treated with the designated fertilizers, including control, and packed into columns. Leachate samples were collected after each leaching event and analyzed for the concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N and the quantity of leachate. Ammonia volatilization was recorded at days 1, 5, 9, 13 and 20 of soil treatments. Results indicate that zeolitic fertilizer formulations effectively reduced N losses. NH4-N loss was reduced by 13% and 28% by zeo-urea (1:1) in Alfisol and Spodosol soils, respectively, whereas zeo-urea (2:1) and zeo-urea (3:1) effectively decreased NO3-N leaching in Alfisol. Volatilization loss of NH3 was reduced by 47% in Spodosol and 32% in Alfisol soil with zeo-urea (1:1) as compared with that of urea fertilizer. The results suggest that zeo-urea (1:1) is an effective fertilizer formulation for reducing N losses, especially in Alfisol, as compared with conventional urea fertilizer.

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10

Hughes, JC, and RJ Gilkes. "Rock phosphate dissolution and bicarbonate-soluble-P in some soils from South-Western Australia." Soil Research 32, no. 4 (1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940767.

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Samples were collected from 228 soils from the main agricultural areas of Western Australia (W.A.) and their chemical and textural properties analysed. Soils were incubated for 7 days with North Carolina rock phosphate at a rate equivalent to 1022 �g Ca g(-1) and 383 �g P g(-1) soil. Subsequently, the amount of rock phosphate (RP) that had dissolved was determined by measuring the increase in extractable calcium (�Ca) and changes in plant-available P were estimated by a sodium bicarbonate extraction (�Bic-P). Only 29 soils dissolved more than 40% of the added RP and these occur in the wettest area of W.A., to the west of the 800 mm rainfall isohyet. They represent a variety of soil types including Vertisols, Spodosols, Alfisols and Ultisols. Simple and multiple regressions were carried out to investigate the soil properties responsible for RP dissolution and associated P availability. No single soil property adequately predicted RP dissolution or concomitant changes in bicarbonate-P. Titratable acidity and sand content together explained 61% of the variance in RP dissolution; titratable acidity was the most predictive single variable for bicarbonate-P but only explained 56% of the variance. Stepwise regression showed that titratable acidity and pH(CaCl2) together explained 79% of the variance in bicarbonate-P. The most suitable soils for RP application are sandy, humic or peaty podzols where much of the dissolved P remains available to plants. The other soils (mainly red and yellow earths and Vertisols) which dissolved much RP contain larger amounts of extractable aluminium (by dithionite or oxalate) which is the soil component largely responsible for P-sorption in these W.A. soils. These results indicate that RP fertilizers will be most effective on the humic, sandy podzols of the western and southern coastal plains of WA.

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11

Vance, G. F., D. L. Mokma, and S. A. Boyd. "Phenolic Compounds in Soils of Hydrosequences and Developmental Sequences of Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 4 (July 1986): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040032x.

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12

Engstrom, D. R., and B. C. S. Hansen. "Postglacial vegetational change and soil development in southeastern Labrador as inferred from pollen and chemical stratigraphy." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-070.

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Palynological and geochemical analyses of Holocene lake sediments are used to evaluate long-term interactions between vegetation and soils from four sites in southeastern Labrador, Canada. Changes in soil composition are inferred from the stratigraphy of humic materials and the elemental composition of authigenic and allogenic fractions of the sediment. Early Holocene lake muds deposited under tundra vegetation are predominantly inorganic and contain high concentrations of allogenic elastics derived from the erosion of barren soils. Concentrations of humic materials and redox–pH-sensitive elements (Fe, Mn, P, Al) of authigenic origin increase markedly with the subsequent invasion of spruce and fir (8000–7000 years BP). These changes represent decreased erosion of clastic minerals and increased mobilization of organometallic complexes from waterlogged soils produced through humus accumulation under coniferous vegetation. This transition of inorganic tundra inceptisols to humic-rich boreal spodosols contributed to the competitive replacement of Picea glauca and Abies balsamea by the more edaphically tolerant P. mariana between 6500 and 6000 years BP. A subsequent decline in sedimentary humic content and increase in allogenic components may signal a regional climatic cooling after 4000 years BP. Geochemical analyses of lake sediments reveal no stratigraphic changes in allogenic mineral composition that might indicate progressive soil weathering.

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Rourke, R. V., B. R. Brasher, R. D. Yeck, and F. T. Miller. "Characteristic Morphology of U.S. Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 52, no. 2 (March 1988): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1988.03615995005200020026x.

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14

Stone, E. L., W. G. Harris, R. B. Brown, and R. J. Kuehl. "Carbon Storage in Florida Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 1 (January 1993): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010032x.

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15

SHOJI, S., and T. ITO. "CLASSIFICATION OF TEPHRA-DERIVED SPODOSOLS." Soil Science 150, no. 5 (November 1990): 799–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199011000-00006.

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Nørnberg, P., L. Sloth, and K. E. Nielsen. "Rapid changes of sandy soils caused by vegetation changes." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss93-047.

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Development of Typic Haplorthods in a heathland area in Denmark responded over a short period of time (decades) to changes of vegetation. Part of the heath, Hjelm Hede, was left undisturbed and was invaded by trees, mainly oak and a few aspen and conifers. Another part of the heath was planted with Norway and Sitka spruce 60–70 yr ago. The soils under heath, oak and spruce were studied. Major differences were found, some visible in the field and others detectable in the laboratory. Under oak, relative to heath, horizon boundaries were less distinct, pH increased in the top horizons, organic carbon and C/N ratio decreased, and iron and aluminum contents in the upper B horizons decreased. Compared with the original heath podzol, the soil under spruce had a lower pH in the O, E and upper B horizons, higher organic carbon content and C/N ratio in the top horizons, increased cementation, and a placic horizon. However the pyrophosphate-extractable iron and aluminum content was significantly lower than in any of the other soils. The soil under oak showed "depodzolization" features, whereas the soil under spruce was increasingly podzolized, though the podzolization mechanism might be different from that under heath. Analyses of phenolic compounds in the soil water were consistent with these conclusions. The three main components of substituted benzoic acids were gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and coumaric acid, which are all strongly complexing agents believed to take part in the podzolization process. Generally, the highest concentrations were found under spruce and the lowest under oak.Key words: Vegetation-induced soil changes, Spodosols, phenolic compounds

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17

Kasozi, G. N., P. Nkedi-Kizza, and W. G. Harris. "Varied Carbon Content of Organic Matter in Histosols, Spodosols, and Carbonatic Soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, no. 4 (July 2009): 1313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0070.

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SHOJI, SADAO, and HIRO-OMI YAMADA. "COMPARISONS OF MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN TEPHRADERIVED SPODOSOLS FROM ALASKA AND NONTEPHRA-DERIVED SPODOSOLS FROM NEW ENGLAND." Soil Science 152, no. 3 (September 1991): 162–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199109000-00003.

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Beck, M. A., and H. Elsenbeer. "Biogeochemical cycles of soil phosphorus in southern Alpine spodosols." Geoderma 91, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(99)00026-9.

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Mokma, D. L. "Color and Amorphous Materials in Spodosols from Michigan." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 1 (January 1993): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700010024x.

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21

YLI-HALLA, M., and D. L. MOKMA. "Soils in an agricultural landscape of Jokioinen, south-western Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5677.

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Eleven pedons in an agricultural landscape at elevations 80-130 m above sea level in Jokioinen, south-western Finland were investigated and classified according to Soil Taxonomy, the FAO-Unesco system (FAO), and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources system (WRB). The soils were related to geomorphology of the landscape which is characterized by clayey fields and forested bedrock high areas covered with glacial till. A Spodosol/Podzol was found in a coarse-sandy soil in an esker while the sandy loam in a bedrock high area soils did not have an E horizon. A man-made mollic epipedon was found in a cultivated soil which had a sandy plow layer while clayey plow layers were ochric epipedons. Cambic horizons, identified by structure and redox concentrations, were common in cultivated soils. In a heavy clay soil, small slickensides and wedge-shaped aggregates, i.e., vertic characteristics, were found. Histosols occurred in local topographic depressions irrespective of the absolute elevation. According to the three classification systems, the following catenas are recognized: Haplocryods - Dystro/Eutrocryepts -Haplocryolls - Cryaquepts - Cryosaprists (Soil Taxonomy), Podzols - Regosols - Cambisols - Histosols (FAO-Unesco), and Podzols - Cambisols - Phaeozems - Gleysols - Histosols (WRB).;

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Evans, C. V., and D. L. Mokma. "Sandy Wet Spodosols: Water Tables, Chemistry, and Pedon Partitioning." Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, no. 5 (September 1996): 1495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000050030x.

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Li, Shin-Yi, Zueng-Sang Chen, and Jen-Chyi Liu. "Subalpine Loamy Spodosols in Taiwan: Characteristics, Micromorphology, and Genesis." Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, no. 3 (May 1998): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200030024x.

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Kronvang, B., A. Laubel, S. E. Larsen, H. E. Andersen, and J. Djurhuus. "Buffer zones as a sink for sediment and phosphorus between the field and stream: Danish field experiences." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 3-4 (February 1, 2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0575.

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Rill erosion, surface runoff and storage of sediment and phosphorus in buffer zones were investigated during three winters on ca. 140 arable field slope units in twenty places in Denmark covering all landscape types, climate gradients and dominant soil types. The dominant soils are Alfisols and Spodosols, with textural composition typically ranging from sand to loam. The average slope is 7% (range: 2–20%) and median buffer zone width was 8.3 m (range: 0.6–125 m). The geometric mean annual rill erosion was 0.33 m3 ha−1 equalling to 495 kg sediment ha−1 and 0.25 kg P ha−1. The deposition of sediment on the field, in the buffer zone and delivery of soil to the stream was surveyed within the 140 slope units following three winters. Deposition of sediment in the buffer zone was observed in 31% (1997/98), 31% (1998/99) and 29% (1999/2000) of the slope units. Delivery of soil across the edge of the stream was observed in 23% (1997/98), 17% (1998/99) and 25% (1999/2000) of the 140 slope units. Median dissolved P concentration in surface runoff was 0.18 mg P l−1 (range: 0.029–16.294 mg P l−1). A probability model was developed to predict the efficiency of different widths of buffer zones.

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Arbogast, Alan F., Randall J. Schaetzl, Joseph P. Hupy, and Edward C. Hansen. "The Holland Paleosol: an informal pedostratigraphic unit in the coastal dunes of southeastern Lake Michigan." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-071.

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A very prominent buried soil crops out in coastal sand dunes along an ~200 km section of the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan. This study is the first to investigate the character of this soil informally described here as the Holland Paleosol by focusing on six sites from Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore north to Montague, Michigan. Most dunes in this region are large (>40 m high) and contain numerous buried soils that indicate periods of reduced sand supply and comcomitant stabilization. Most of these soils are buried in the lower part of the dunes and are thin Entisols. The soil described here, in contrast, is relatively well developed, is buried in the upper part of many dunes, and formed by podzolization under forest vegetation. Radiocarbon dates indicate that this soil formed between ~3000 and 300 calibrated years BP. Pedons of the Holland Paleosol range in development from thick Entisols (Regosols) with ABwBCC horizonation to weakly developed Spodosols (Podzols) with AEBsBwBCC profiles. Many profiles have overthickened and (or) stratified A horizons, indicative of slow and episodic burial. Differences in development are mainly due to paleolandscape position and variations in paleoclimate among the sites. The Holland Paleosol is significant because it represents a relatively long period of landscape stability in coastal dunes over a broad (200 km) area. This period of stability was concurrent with numerous fluctuations in Lake Michigan. Given the general sensitivity of coastal dunes to prehistoric lake-level fluctuations, the soil may reflect a time when the lake shore was farther west than it is today. The Holland Paleosol would probably qualify as a formal pedostratigraphic unit if it were buried by a formal lithostratgraphic or allostratigraphic unit.

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Fuller, R. D., M. B. David, and C. T. Driscoll. "Sulfate Adsorption Relationships in Forested Spodosols of the Northeastern USA." Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, no. 4 (July 1985): 1034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040049x.

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McDaniel, P. A., A. L. Falen, and M. A. Fosberg. "Genesis of Non-Allophanic E Horizons in Tephra-Influenced Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, no. 1 (January 1997): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010029x.

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28

Degryse, F., and E. Smolders. "Mobility of Cd and Zn in polluted and unpolluted Spodosols." European Journal of Soil Science 57, no. 2 (April 11, 2005): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00721.x.

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COURCHESNE, FRANÇOIS, and RENÉ LANDRY. "SULFATE RETENTION BY SPODOSOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC LIGANDS." Soil Science 158, no. 5 (November 1994): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199411000-00004.

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30

Nettleton, W. D., A. Goldin, and R. Engel. "Differentiation of Spodosols and Andepts in a Western Washington Soil Climosequence." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 4 (July 1986): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040031x.

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31

Alexander, E. B., S. Shoji, and R. West. "Andic Soil Properties of Spodosols in Nonvolcanic Materials of Southeast Alaska." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 2 (March 1993): 472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700020029x.

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32

Muhs, Daniel R., John P. McGeehin, Jossh Beann, and Eric Fisher. "Holocene loess deposition and soil formation as competing processes, Matanuska Valley, Southern Alaska." Quaternary Research 61, no. 3 (May 2004): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.02.003.

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Although loess–paleosol sequences are among the most important records of Quaternary climate change and past dust deposition cycles, few modern examples of such sedimentation systems have been studied. Stratigraphic studies and 22 new accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages from the Matanuska Valley in southern Alaska show that loess deposition there began sometime after ∼6500 14C yr B.P. and has continued to the present. The silts are produced through grinding by the Matanuska and Knik glaciers, deposited as outwash, entrained by strong winds, and redeposited as loess. Over a downwind distance of ∼40 km, loess thickness, sand content, and sand-plus-coarse-silt content decrease, whereas fine-silt content increases. Loess deposition was episodic, as shown by the presence of paleosols, at distances >10 km from the outwash plain loess source. Stratigraphic complexity is at a maximum (i.e. the greatest number of loesses and paleosols) at intermediate (10–25 km) distances from the loess source. Surface soils increase in degree of development with distance downwind from the source, where sedimentation rates are lower. Proximal soils are Entisols or Inceptisols, whereas distal soils are Spodosols. Ratios of mobile CaO, K2O, and Fe2O3 to immobile TiO2 show decreases in surface horizons with distance from the source. Thus, as in China, where loess deposition also takes place today, eolian sedimentation and soil formation are competing processes. Study of loess and paleosols in southern Alaska shows that particle size can vary over short distances, loess deposition can be episodic over limited time intervals, and soils developed in stabilized loess can show considerable variability under the same vegetation.

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33

Barrett, L. R., and R. J. Schaetzl. "An examination of podzolization near Lake Michigan using chronofunctions." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 527–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-044.

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A chronosequence of sandy soils was investigated on four terraces near Lake Michigan to assess rates of podzolization and changes in soil properties with age. The terraces ranged in age from 3000 to 10 000 BP. Each surface was systematically sampled to determine the modal profile, which was then described and sampled. Quantities of OC, Fe, and Al in the B horizons of modal soils increased with soil age. Silt content of surface horizons also increased with age, possibly due to eolian input or physical weathering. For weighted profile and B horizon Al and Fe averages and a variety of soil development indices, a single logarithmic model generally gave the highest statistical significance of the three chronofunction models used. All pedons sampled failed to classify as Podzols, but the oldest two met the criteria for the Spodosol order. Thus, more than 4000, but less than 10 000, years are required for the development of a spodic horizon in Michigan. Key words: Soil chronosequence, Podzol development, soil genesis, modal profile

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34

Adegbidi, H. G., N. B. Comerford, E. J. Jokela, and N. F. Barros. "Root Development of Young Loblolly Pine in Spodosols in Southeast Georgia." Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, no. 2 (March 2004): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.5960.

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35

Fox, T. R., N. B. Comerford, and W. W. McFee. "Kinetics of Phosphorus Release from Spodosols: Effects of Oxalate and Formate." Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, no. 5 (September 1990): 1441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400050038x.

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36

Courchesne, François. "Electrolyte Concentration and Composition Effects on Sulfate Sorption by Two Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 6 (November 1991): 1576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500060012x.

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37

Fox, T. R., and N. B. Comerford. "Influence of Oxalate Loading on Phosphorus and Aluminum Solubility in Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, no. 1 (January 1992): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600010046x.

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38

Yuan, G., and L. M. Lavkulich. "Phosphate Sorption in Relation to Extractable Iron and Aluminum in Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, no. 2 (March 1994): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800020013x.

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39

COURCHESNE, F., and W. H. HENDERSHOT. "KINETICS OF SULFATE DESORPTION FROM TWO SPODOSOLS OF THE LAURENTIANS, QUEBEC1." Soil Science 150, no. 6 (December 1990): 858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199012000-00005.

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40

Almeida, Jaime Antonio de, Denis Cesar Cararo, and Antônio Ayrton Auzani Uberti. "Genesis of the sombric horizon in ultisols (red argisols) in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 33, no. 2 (April 2009): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832009000200018.

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Dark subsurface horizons, with properties similar to the sombric horizon characterized by the USA Soil Taxonomy, are frequent in Southern Brazil. The genesis of this horizon is controversial and poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of sombric-like horizons in Ultisols in the South of Santa Catarina State, at low altitudes, and suggest possible processes of humus transference, accumulation and persistence in these horizons. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of four Ultisols were evaluated; three were sampled in a toposequence, and another representative one in an isolated profile (RSP). The dark subsurface horizons coincide with the AB and BA transitional genetic horizons; they are acid, low in base saturation, and have a similar clay mineralogy in all horizons. Very high amounts of Fe and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate solution as well as maximum Al extracted by CuCl2 solution were observed in these dark subsurface horizons, indicating a possible migration of these elements in the form of organometallic complexes. The contents of Al plus ½ Fe extracted from the RSP soil horizons with ammonium oxalate indicated spodic materials in the sombric-like horizon, although the soil morphology was not compatible with Spodosols. Maximum contents of fine clay were also found in the sombric-like horizon, suggesting Fe and Al migration as clay-humic substances. However, the hypothesis that sombric-like horizons in these soils are a relict feature of a grass paleovegetation, different from the current dense seasonal forest, should not be discarded but investigated in further studies.

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41

Courchesne, François, Marie-Claude Turmel, and Paul Beauchemin. "Magnesium and Potassium Release by Weathering in Spodosols: Grain Surface Coating Effects." Soil Science Society of America Journal 60, no. 4 (July 1996): 1188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000040033x.

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42

Morton, L. S., C. V. Evans, G. Harbottle, and G. O. Estes. "Pedogenic Fractionation and Bioavailability of Uranium and Thorium in Naturally Radioactive Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 65, no. 4 (July 2001): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.6541197x.

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43

Arbestain, M. Camps, M. E. Barreal, and F. Macías. "Phosphate and Sulfate Sorption in Spodosols with Albic Horizon from Northern Spain." Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, no. 2 (March 2002): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.4640.

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44

Wang, C., J. A. McKeague, and H. Kodama. "Pedogenic Imogolite and Soil Environments: Case Study of Spodosols in Quebec, Canada." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 3 (May 1986): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030032x.

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45

Wang, C., J. A. McKeague, and H. Kodama. "Pedogenic Imogolite and Soil Environments: Case Study of Spodosols in Quebec, Canada." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 3 (May 1986): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030058x.

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46

Wang, C., J. A. Mc Keague, and H. Kodama. "Pedogenic Imogolite and Soil Environments: Case Study of Spodosols in Quebec, Canada." Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, no. 5 (September 1986): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050063x.

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47

Ugolini, F. C., and R. A. Dahlgren. "Weathering Environments and Occurrence of Imogolite/Allophane in Selected Andisols and Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 4 (July 1991): 1166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500040045x.

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48

Ibrikci, H., N. B. Comerford, E. A. Hanlon, and J. E. Rechcigl. "Phosphorus Uptake by Bahiagrass from Spodosols: Modeling of Uptake from Different Horizons." Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, no. 1 (January 1994): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1994.03615995005800010020x.

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49

Vogel, Jason G., and Eric J. Jokela. "Micronutrient Limitations in Two Managed Southern Pine Stands Planted on Florida Spodosols." Soil Science Society of America Journal 75, no. 3 (May 2011): 1117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2010.0312.

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50

Schaetzl, Randall J., Chase Kasmerchak, Pavel Samonil, Christopher Baish, Matthew Hadden, and David Rothstein. "Acidification and weathering associated with deep tongues in sandy Spodosols, Michigan, USA." Geoderma Regional 23 (December 2020): e00332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00332.

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