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Journal articles on the topic 'Sponsorship'
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1
Vance, Lenny, Maria M. Raciti, and Meredith Lawley. "Beyond brand exposure: measuring the sponsorship halo effect." Measuring Business Excellence 20, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbe-07-2015-0037.
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Purpose Global spending on sponsorship continues to rise and many companies now establish portfolios containing a range of sponsorships across sport, arts and cause-related activities. Yet a lack of practical methodologies for the measurement and comparison of sponsorship performance within a portfolio context remains a challenge. Sponsors often rely solely on proxy measures for brand exposure drawn from advertising. These do not capture the higher-level outcomes of sponsorship awareness and goodwill transfer, often attributed to sponsorship as a ‘halo effect’. This paper aims to present a matrix tool that combines consumer awareness of and goodwill for a sponsorship so the halo effects of sponsorships within a portfolio can be quantified and compared. Design/methodology/approach This archival analysis study is based on six years of brand tracking data (comprising some 15,500 consumer surveys) supplied by a large Australian company. A sponsorship portfolio matrix is developed to measure the halo effect. Findings This study demonstrates that a sponsorship’s halo effect can be measured and comparisons can be drawn across sponsorship types within a portfolio. The study shows that despite the significantly higher levels of brand awareness achieved by commercially oriented professional sports sponsorship types, community relations oriented sponsorship types achieve a greater halo effect because of their more positive impact on the sponsor’s brand attributes. Originality/value The matrix provides a valuable tool by which sponsorships can be compared, evaluated and managed to meet the longer-term brand and marketing objectives of a company.
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Radicchi, Elena. "Sports Sponsorship Evolution in the Economic Recession: Analytical Evidence from Empirical Cases." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 61, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2014-0005.
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Abstract Sport sponsorship has developed into a major global industry. Even though it is still a significant communication tool for companies, in recent years, sponsorship is no more just a matter of exposing a logo on a jersey or purchasing an in-stadium sign. Rather sponsors and sport entities should engage in an activity that enables them to exchange value. Sponsorships are moving toward complex patterns of interactions in which each “player” is engaged in a meaningful activity that can deliver mutual benefits. The aim of the paper is to analyze the sport sponsorship’s evolution in the latest economic recession. To understand the patterns of relations among different actors involved within a sport sponsorship arrangement, we take as “interpretive lenses” the strategic partnerships’ theoretical framework and make an application to a wide range of empirical sponsorship cases. Our main focus are national and international sponsorships related to professional teams and major sports events in which we are able to underline roles and strategic behaviors of sponsors and sport entities. The empirical analysis has been supported by a qualitative methodology. Data and information has been gathered using online secondary sources. Moreover, interviews with key executives and professionals involved within several sport sponsorships deals have been carried out. Findings suggest that sport sponsorships are assuming the role of a huge variety of agreements-exchange transactions, collaborations, strategic alliances, cooperation, consortia, etc.-that involve multiple complementary assets (technology, distribution channels, financial resources, etc.) and functions (R & D, marketing, organization, etc.). Furthermore, by implementing sports partnerships corporate and/or institutional actors are able to emerge among various stakeholders and to gain a global exposure.
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Edeling, Alexander, Stefan Hattula, and Torsten Bornemann. "Over, out, but present: recalling former sponsorships." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 1286–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-05-2015-0263.
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Purpose This study aims at developing and testing a conceptual model that shows the antecedents of the recall of a former sponsorship. Design/methodology/approach Primary (n = 1,146) and secondary data from German professional soccer build the empirical base for this research. Multilevel logistic regression is used for data analysis. Findings The results show that retroactive interferences in the form of replacement sponsors for the same object reduce the recall of a former sponsorship, while the mere passage of time does not have a significant main effect. To counteract such forgetting, the empirical analysis shows that sponsor managers can influence recall of a former sponsorship positively after sponsorship termination by switching to a lower-level sponsorship for the same object or by engaging in subsequent sponsorships with other congruent objects in the same context. Research limitations/implications The focus on one type of sponsorship (sport sponsorship) in one country (Germany) is the main limitation of this research. Practical implications The findings of this paper should encourage managers to consider the long-term consequences of sponsorship engagements beyond the duration of the sponsorship contract. Managers can influence the recall of a sponsorship not only prior to and during an engagement, but also after the loss of sponsorship rights. Originality/value Previous research on former sponsorships has mainly focused on the phenomenon of former sponsor recall per se, without considering the determinants of the construct. This paper contributes to sponsorship literature by showing that the number of replacement sponsorships, a construct unique to the former sponsorship context, dominates the time since sponsorship ending as the main driver of forgetting. Moreover, it provides managers with new post-sponsorship strategies that help maintaining the recall of a former sponsorship at a high level.
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Cobbs, Joe, B. David Tyler, Jonathan A. Jensen, and Kwong Chan. "Prioritizing Sponsorship Resources in Formula One Racing: A Longitudinal Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 31, no. 1 (January 2017): 96–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0115.
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Accessing and exploiting organizational resources are essential capabilities for competitive sport organizations, particularly those engaged in motorsports, where teams lacking resources frequently dissolve. Corporate sponsorship represents a common method for resource acquisition, yet not all sponsorships equally benefit the sponsored organization. Sponsorship utility can be dependent on institutional dynamics such as league governance that produces competitive disparities. Through this study we extend the resource-based view to assert that sponsorships vary in their propensity to contribute to team survival, warranting prioritization in sponsorship strategy based on access to different sponsor resources. To empirically investigate the influence of a variety of sponsorships, survival analysis modeling was used to examine 40 years of corporate sponsorship of Formula One racing teams. One finding from the longitudinal analysis was that sponsorships offering financial or performance-based resources enhance team survival to a greater degree than operational sponsorships. However, such prioritization is subject to team experience, changes in institutional monetary allocation, and diminishing returns.
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Donlan, Leah. "An empirical assessment of factors affecting the brand-building effectiveness of sponsorship." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-09-2011-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to assess, in two different live sponsorship environments, the contribution of sponsorship to consumer-based brand equity. Design/methodology/approach – The study adopts a quantitative survey methodology, employing self-administered questionnaires at two UK sporting events (athletics and cricket). To isolate the impact of sponsorship, questionnaires were also distributed to comparison sample groups not exposed to the sponsorship activities. The elements of consumer-based brand equity are operationalized in line with Aaker's (1996) brand equity measurement tool. Findings – Sponsorship can be an appropriate vehicle through which to build consumer-based brand equity; however brand-building success is not guaranteed and is subject to a range of factors impacting upon particular sponsorships, including strength of the sponsor-event link, leverage activities and clutter. The most successful sponsorship displayed marked contributions to building brand associations, perceived quality and brand loyalty. However, the presence of sponsorship clutter in particular was found to impact negatively upon the perception of quality transferred to a brand through sponsorship. Research limitations/implications – The use of live event settings limits the ability to tightly control all variables; therefore replication of this study using experimental methodologies is recommended. Nonetheless, findings indicate managers should consider the above mentioned contextual factors when selecting sponsorships in order to maximize sponsorship success. Originality/value – This study explores the contribution of sports sponsorship to consumer-based brand equity in live sponsorship settings, addressing concerns over the generalizability of previous experimental studies. Equally, this study compares the brand equity-building effectiveness of sponsorship for two sponsors, which differ on a range of contextual factors that impact upon sponsorship success.
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J. Donovan, Robert, Geoffrey Jalleh, Johanna Clarkson, and Billie Giles-Corti. "Evidence for the effectiveness of sponsorship as a health promotion tool." Australian Journal of Primary Health 5, no. 4 (1999): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py99054.
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Health sponsorships are undertaken to achieve both structural and individual objectives. Structural objectives refer to the sponsored organisation being required to undertake activities such as the imposition of smoke free areas, or the provision of low alcohol beverages and healthy food choices at the sponsored event. Individual objectives refer to creating or reinforcing people's awareness of a health issue or message, and their beliefs, attitudes and behaviours with respect to the issue or message. This paper focuses on sponsorship's capacity to achieve individual level objectives, describing several studies undertaken by the Health Promotion Evaluation Unit (HPEU) at the University of Western Australia to evaluate the health promotion sponsorship activities of Healthway, the Western Australian Health Promotion Foundation. Given the results of evaluations of Healthway's (and other organisations') sponsorship activities, using a variety of methodologies and across a broad range of events and health issues, it is concluded that health sponsorships can be effective at increasing people's salience of a health issue, and can result in attitudinal and behavioural change.
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Jalleh, Geoffrey, Robert J. Donovan, Billie Giles-Corti, and C. D'Arcy J. Holman. "Sponsorship: Impact on Brand Awareness and Brand Attitudes." Social Marketing Quarterly 8, no. 1 (March 2002): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000212545.
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Sponsorship is a rapidly growing tool in both commercial and social marketing areas, in Australia and overseas. Australian health promotion foundations distribute substantial funds to arts, sports, and racing organizations for the opportunity to have these organizations' events sponsored by health promoting organizations. However, in spite of substantial commercial and health expenditures, there has been little published systematic evaluation of sponsorship. Recent years have seen far more attention to this area. This article presents the results of a study designed to evaluate sponsorship effectiveness in terms of its two main communication objectives: brand awareness and brand attitude. Two health and four commercial sponsorships were evaluated at two major sporting events. Overall, the data suggest that sponsorship can influence both brand awareness and brand attitude, and that the health sponsorships had more impact than the commercial sponsors studied. These and other data confirm the potential usefulness for greater use of sponsorship in social marketing campaigns.
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Kelly, Sarah Jane, Michael Ireland, Frank Alpert, and John Mangan. "The Impact of Alcohol Sponsorship in Sport Upon University Sportspeople." Journal of Sport Management 28, no. 4 (July 2014): 418–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0078.
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An online survey was conducted to examine the alleged association between alcohol sponsorship of sports and alcohol consumption and attitudes toward sponsoring brands by Australian university sportspeople (i.e., university students representing their university in competitive sports;N= 501; 51% female). A third (33%) of participants reported receipt of alcohol industry sponsorship. Multiple regression analysis revealed an association between disordered consumption (i.e., alcohol abuse) and sportspeople’s receiving direct-to-user sponsorship in the form of product samples, volume club rebates, vouchers, or prizes. Positive attitudes toward alcohol sponsorship in sport correlated with dangerously excessive (i.e., acute) drinking. The evidence suggests that policy makers, sporting organizations, and universities should target specific sponsorships and consumption outcomes rather than considering an overall ban on alcohol industry sponsorship in sport. Results suggest that student-targeted policy and governance alternatives directed at team culture, attitudes toward alcohol, and more subtle forms of sponsorships (i.e., discounted product and vouchers) may be appropriate.
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Bouchet, Adrien, Thomas W. Doellman, Mike Troilo, and Brian R. Walkup. "Pre-Empting the Competition: How Do Shareholders View Sponsorships in the Sport Apparel Industry?" Journal of Sport Management 31, no. 3 (May 2017): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0151.
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Gaining exclusive sponsorship rights to international football club apparel has become increasingly competitive, resulting in larger deal values. The first objective of this study was to analyze the effect of kit sponsorship announcements on the underlying value of sponsoring firms. Utilizing event study analysis, we found that firms announcing kit sponsorships experience negative abnormal returns. This finding may not be surprising given the fierce competition for obtaining valuable, scarce marketing space and the well-known winner’s curse. The second objective was to shed further light on the value of kit sponsorship deals by conducting a novel test in which we analyzed a subset of sample observations where the kit sponsorship changed to a new sponsor. We found that firms may be willing to overpay for sponsorships to pre-empt their direct competitors from obtaining valuable, scarce marketing space. Firms losing a pre-existing sponsorship to a direct competitor experience large negative abnormal returns.
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Kruger, Thomas S., Michael Goldman, and Mike Ward. "The impact of new, renewal and termination sponsorship announcements on share price returns." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-15-04-2014-b003.
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What impact do sports sponsorship announcements have on the share price returns of sponsoring firms? This research examines the impact of new, renewal and termination sponsorship announcements on returns, employing event study methodology to analyse 118 announcements made by 19 firms over more than 11 years. The mixed findings across all three announcement types indicate the lack of consideration given to sponsorship investment by investors. The findings suggest that, although firms may position their sponsorships so that they contribute towards a competitive advantage, announcements of sports sponsorships are not always taken into account by the market.
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Copeland, Robert, Wendy Frisby, and Ron McCarville. "Understanding the Sport Sponsorship Process from a Corporate Perspective." Journal of Sport Management 10, no. 1 (January 1996): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.10.1.32.
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Canadian corporations with advertising budgets in excess of $50,000 Cdn that are currently involved in sport sponsorship were contacted through a mailed survey. They were asked about the length and nature of their sport sponsorship involvements, the criteria used to select events, post-event evaluation methods, and reasons for discontinuing past sponsorships. The results revealed that these companies valued sport sponsorship as an important form of marketing communication but supplemented sponsorship initiatives with a variety of other communication measures. None viewed sponsorship as a philanthropic exercise. Respondents repeatedly noted the importance of return on investment in making sponsorship decisions. They valued exclusivity, public awareness, and positive image above other criteria when selecting sponsorship opportunities. Most of the sponsors had discontinued a sponsorship relationship in the past. Furthermore, only one-third of the sponsors felt that the benefits exchanged with sport organizers were fair and equitable.
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Lexchin, Joel. "Sponsorship of Australian and New Zealand medical societies by healthcare companies: an observational study." JRSM Open 13, no. 7 (July 2022): 205427042211112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20542704221111243.
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Summary Objectives To examine sponsorship of Australian and New Zealand medical societies by healthcare companies and whether societies have policies to deal with conflicts of interest. Design Cross-sectional study conducted in March 2022. Setting Australia and New Zealand Participants Medical societies in both countries. Main outcome measures The percent of medical societies that list sponsorship from healthcare companies on either their home webpages or the webpages of their annual meetings and/or that issue prospectuses to potential sponsors. The percent of societies with sponsorship that also have policies about their interactions with their sponsors. Whether societies feature their sponsors’ logos on their webpages and have hyperlinks to sponsors’ webpages and what percent of societies' annual revenue comes from sponsorships. Results Ninety-two medical societies were identified. Sixty-two had healthcare company sponsorship and 10 of the societies with sponsorship had policies to deal with interactions with their sponsors. Fifty-four societies displayed the logos of their sponsors on their home webpages and/or the webpages of their annual meetings. Only 6 societies provided enough information to calculate what percent of their revenue comes from sponsorships. For 5 of the 6 the percent was well below 50%. Conclusions The acceptance of sponsorships from healthcare companies by Australian and New Zealand societies is common and few societies have policies to deal with these relationships. In general, societies appear to get only a small percent of their annual revenue from sponsorships.
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Van Heerden, CH, and PJ Du Plessis. "Identifying associations between sport sponsorship decision-making variables." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 3 (April 8, 2004): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i3.1352.
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Sport sponsorship spending in South Africa has increased steadily. This paper discusses the findings of an exploratory study into key sponsorship decision-areas, namely the setting of sponsorship objectives, the integration of marketing communication variables into sponsorship to create a leverage effect, and the measurement of sponsorship success. It is argued that for a sponsorship to be successful certain associations should exist between these key decision-making areas and also among elements internal to each of these areas. The main findings are that the respondents indicated a bias towards setting media related objectives that will subsequently enable the sponsors to use media-related measurement tools. It is recommended that sponsors should develop alternative methods to measure the effectiveness of their sponsorships.
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Waguespack, Blaise, and Scott Ambrose. "AIRLINE SPONSORSHIPS AND SPORTS – AN EXPLORATORY REVIEW OF MAJOR AIRLINE ENGAGEMENT." Journal of Air Transport Studies 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.38008/jats.v10i1.19.
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Airline involvement in sport sponsorship has grown over the last few years as sponsorship activity has proven effective as one method to reach a global audience. Aiding in this move to the use of sponsorship is the growing role of social media networks that can be utilized with traditional media and event marketing activities to leverage the impact of the sponsorship. However, the extent of involvement in sports, the leading area of sponsorship activity, and across other events by the world’s major air carriers varies greatly. This review examines the reported sponsorships engagements in sports by leading global airlines at the airline’s web site.
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Chanavat, Nicolas, Michel Desbordes, and Geoff Dickson. "Sponsorship networks: toward an innovative model." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 6, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 424–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-12-2015-0041.
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Purpose Sponsorship rarely occurs in a one sponsor-one sponsee dyad (single sponsorship), yet a large portion of sponsorship research takes this perspective. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model that reflects the complexity and rich diversity inherent in the field. The sponsorship network model considers the plurality of stakeholders to a sponsorship and their potential relationships to each other. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper develops a theoretical and conceptual framework to better identify the effect of sponsorship networks on consumer behavior. Findings Based on a review of the multiple sponsorships literature, the authors propose an innovative theoretical framework and a set of research propositions. The model considers simultaneously the potential relations between sponsors, sponsees and ambushers at the cognitive, affective and conative levels. Originality/value This research emphasizes the managerial implications for stakeholders involved in sponsorship and ambush marketing actions in order to maximize their investment. The model provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex nature of sponsorship networks and their ability to influence consumer behaviors. These effects are more complex than is currently recognized.
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Ghazali, Norfazlina. "Sport Sponsorships: Employee attitudes, Organizational Identification and Inter - Organizational Citizenship." ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v3i2.10091.
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The objective of this research is to explore the nature and prevalence of inter-organisationalcitizenship behaviours within a sponsorship-rights holder relationship. This research willconceptualise sponsorship as an inter-organisational relationship and investigate how thisinter-organisational relationship impacts the employees of sponsors’ organisation. Recentstudies emphasize that understanding the mechanics of sports sponsorship is critical to itssuccess. However, there is a lack of research investigating sponsorships as an interorganisationalrelationship. This is a gap that would be valuable to fill, because an understanding of inter-organisational relationship principles would assist both sponsors and rights holders to initiate and develop more effective sponsorship relationships. Exploring the phenomenon in Malaysia as the research setting, this study will focus the sponsorship in the football industries in Malaysia.
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Ivens, Bjoern, Florian Riedmueller, and Peter van Dyck. "Success factors in managing the sponsor–sponsee relationship—a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis for state-owned enterprises in Germany." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-2019-0102.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide meaningful information about sponsorship management in state-owned enterprises.Design/methodology/approachQualitative and quantitative data from Germany are analyzed in a case study approach using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (Fs/QCA)—an analytic method relevant for describing configurational patterns of causal factors.FindingsThe case study of sponsorships from state-owned enterprises in Germany reveals four alternative configurations of top-management support, sponsee prominence, standardized processes, and sponsorship leverage explaining sponsor satisfaction.Originality/valueThe paper combines two underrepresented but important aspects of sponsorship research, i.e. sponsorship management in state-owned enterprises, in an empirical study. Further, present study adds to sponsorship literature by pointing to fuzzy-set Fs/QCA as a relatively novel method that can capture the phenomenon of complex causality.
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Scott, David K., Frank R. Veltri, and Brad Wallace. "Corporate Sponsorship in Campus Recreation." Recreational Sports Journal 23, no. 2 (October 1999): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.23.2.43.
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This paper examines corporate sponsorship as an additional source of funding for college recreational facilities and programs. The purpose of the study was to: (a) examine current sources of funding for campus recreation, (b) estimate the percentage of institutions currently involved with corporate sponsorship in their campus recreation programs, (c) identify the types of businesses sponsoring campus recreation centers as well as what these companies receive in return for their sponsorship, and (d) identify the reasons various institutions give for their lack of involvement with sponsorship. Questionnaires were mailed to campus recreation directors at 140 randomly selected universities representing four regions of the United States. Results indicated that primary sources of funding for campus recreation programs currently include student fees (63.5 percent), private donations (23.5 percent), and state funding (13 percent). The use of corporate sponsorship to supplement funding was indicated by 46 percent of responding institutions. The most common types of businesses currently sponsoring campus recreation programs included athletic equipment/apparel, soft drink, insurance companies and restaurants. Slightly over half of the companies identified in the sponsorships were national chain corporations, while almost 40 percent were local businesses. In regard to what sponsoring companies received in exchange, results of the study indicated that use of company names in recreation center literature was most common. In addition, 20 percent of respondents reported that sponsoring corporations were given advertising space on the recreation center website. The two primary reasons given by campus recreation directors for lack of involvement with sponsorship were: (a) institutional policy prohibiting sponsorship involvement, and (b) uncertainty of how to pursue sponsorships. There are several implications of the study for campus recreation directors. These include the following: 1. Corporate sponsorship represents a significant opportunity for obtaining additional funding for campus recreation. 2. Knowing the types of companies currently involved in campus recreation sponsorship provide a starting place for those recreation directors who are exploring sponsorship as a source of funding. 3. Recreation center directors should closely examine what sponsors are currently receiving, or will receive in exchange, so that the sponsorship is not perceived as purely philanthropic.
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Batty, Rachel J., Graham Cuskelly, and Kristine Toohey. "Community Sport Events and CSR Sponsorship." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 40, no. 6 (October 7, 2016): 545–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723516673189.
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Tobacco and alcohol companies have long faced criticism regarding the unhealthy nature of their products and decisions to sponsor community sport events (CSEs). Recent public health concerns have led to additional CSE sponsor products facing similar criticism, including soft drinks, confectionary, and fast food. With CSE sponsorship increasingly utilized as a corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative, research into the perceptions, effects, and management of CSR-based sponsorships within CSEs is opportune. This multiple case study reviews the food and beverage sponsorships of four New Zealand–based CSEs and positions resulting discourse within the sport management domain. Findings suggest that criticism of CSR-based CSE sponsorship is on the rise and predominantly stems from public health concerns. Such ongoing criticism of sponsorship decisions could be detrimental to the financial viability of CSEs.
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Bruhn, Manfred, and Matthias Holzer. "The role of the fit construct and sponsorship portfolio size for event sponsorship success." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 5/6 (May 11, 2015): 874–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2012-0517.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend sponsorship literature by investigating the role of the fit construct and perceived sponsorship portfolio size for event sponsorship success. To analyze the sponsor–event fit in more detail, the authors draw on the network perspective and, as a consequence, split the sponsor–event fit into two constructs: the sponsor–artist fit construct and the sponsor–event organizer fit construct. Then, a model is developed and tested that examines the effect of these two constructs and perceived sponsorship portfolio size on sponsorship success. Design/methodology/approach – The model is tested with data from 330 visitors to two different concerts in Switzerland. Real events with non-student samples are examined. The data are tested using Mplus 6.0 structural equation modeling. Findings – Results report that the sponsor–artist fit, the sponsor–event organizer fit and perceived sponsorship portfolio size are important drivers of attitude toward the sponsor. Moreover, sponsorships that cause positive attitudes toward the sponsor are found to enhance willingness to pay a price premium and purchase intention. Practical implications – This paper reveals that it is important for sponsorship managers to correctly consider the fit construct and perceived sponsorship portfolio size for sponsorship success. Additionally, the tested model provides an instrument for measuring sponsorship effectiveness. Originality/value – The current paper reveals new results by investigating the impact of the sponsor–artist fit and the sponsor–event organizer fit on sponsorship success. Furthermore, the current research paper is the first to analyze the effects of a sponsorship portfolio which is not limited to one sponsorship category on sponsorship success.
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Walraven, Merel, Ruud H. Koning, Tammo H. A. Bijmolt, and Bart Los. "Benchmarking Sports Sponsorship Performance: Efficiency Assessment With Data Envelopment Analysis." Journal of Sport Management 30, no. 4 (July 2016): 411–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0117.
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Over the last decades, sports sponsorship has become a popular and expensive marketing instrument. However, in business practice, projects are often not evaluated properly and academic research considering both costs and benefits of sponsorship is limited. In response to the concern that investments in sports sponsorship should be made more accountable, we propose data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a method for benchmarking sponsorship efficiency, and illustrate its usefulness by applying it on a sample of 72 major Dutch sports sponsorship projects. We find an average efficiency level of almost 0.3, which implies that the average project would have attained the same results with 30% of its fee if it had been performing as well as its benchmark. The results reveal that 12.5% of the investigated sponsorships are fully efficient. Moreover, we find a high degree of variety in efficiency scores; 37.5% of the projects with an efficiency below 0.1. In addition, we show how DEA scores may be used by sponsor managers to identify peers, which are those projects that attain roughly the same sponsorship outcomes, but at lowest budgets. After estimating the efficiency scores, a second step in the analyses involves investigating which sponsorship characteristics affect sponsorship efficiency. For this purpose, we use the DEA scores as a dependent variable in a Tobit regression model. The findings suggest that sponsorship clutter negatively affects sponsorship efficiency, whereas sponsorship duration has a positive effect.
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Wakefield, Kirk L. "How Sponsorships Work: the Sponsorship Engagement Model." Event Management 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599512x13343565268384.
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Mayorga Escalada, Santiago. "Peso de las marcas de ropa deportiva dentro del fútbol europeo de élite a través del patrocinio. ´Marketing´y competencia." INDEX COMUNICACION 11, no. 01 (January 11, 2021): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33732/ixc/11/01pesode.
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This research aims to elucidate the weight of the major sportswear brands in terms of sponsorship within elite European professional football. It will also be determined if Adidas and Nike have an equal role in terms of their ability to activate sponsorships within this sector, key in their global battle to be leaders in the market in which they compete. To obtain relevant information in this regard, a first stage is set in motion, aimed at building a theoretical framework through the use of bibliographic and documentary review. The second stage develops an ‘ad hoc’ investigation that uses content analysis to register the main players in the elite European football sector, and who are their official sportswear sponsors. The results obtained indicate that Adidas and Nike clearly dominate the activation of this type of sponsorship. Nike is the hegemonic brand on the activation of individual soccer player sponsorships, while in the collective sponsorships of clubs and federations Adidas stands out discreetly. It can be concluded that there is no exactly balanced weight between the sponsorship activation achievements by both brands.
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O'Reilly, Norman J., and Judith J. Madill. "Evaluating Social Marketing Elements in Sponsorship." Social Marketing Quarterly 13, no. 4 (December 2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000701662481.
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Organizations of all types increasingly recognize the importance of sponsorship as a source of revenue and as a means to achieve their objectives. This trend is driving the broader adoption of sponsorship, which has resulted in its use to pursue objectives other than those related to promotion, including those related to behavior change and, thus, social marketing. Concurrently, sponsors and sponsees are demanding the development of legitimate, reliable, and meaningful methods for the evaluation of sponsorship as investment in the area increases. For organizations whose objectives include behavior change and, thus seek to market behaviors (i.e., social marketers) this results in a need to be able to evaluate the social marketing elements of their sponsorships, distinct from other objectives that may be sought. The current research conceptualizes social marketing in sponsorship and then develops hypothetical examples for each resulting scenario to demonstrate how social marketing elements in sponsorship should be evaluated.
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Alonso Dos Santos, Manuel, Maria Huertas-Serrano, Manuel J. Sánchez-Franco, and Eduardo I. Torres-Moraga. "Alcohol versus sponsorship: effectiveness in sports posters." British Food Journal 123, no. 7 (February 23, 2021): 2398–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2020-0541.
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PurposeThe academic literature debates the desirability of sponsoring alcohol products at sporting events, a discussion that increases as major sporting events approach. This study aims to examine the influence that sponsorship of an alcoholic product such as beer has on the sports spectator, and the level of efficacy with respect to congruent, alcohol, and incongruent sponsorship.Design/methodology/approachThe experiment was performed on 180 subjects considering three variables 3 × 3 × 2 (congruency type vs alcohol; sport discipline; placement). The experiment consisted of exposure to sponsored sports posters. Visual attention was recorded through eye tracking and then a self-reported questionnaire.FindingsThrough an experiment using eye tracking the results showed that the recall variable is higher among alcohol sponsorships and incongruent sponsorship, but it cannot be concluded either that the intention to buy or the attitude toward the brand differ among the sponsorships analyzed.Practical implicationsAlcohol brand is perceived as an incongruous brand in the context of sports sponsorship. Congruent sponsors attract more attention and recall, but no differences in terms of intention to buy. If purchase intent and consumption does not increase, perhaps sports sponsorship by alcohol brands should be reconsidered.Originality/valueThis research makes at least three relevant contributions to the scientific literature. (1) It examines the response to sponsorship in the media of the sports poster. (2) It analyses the consumer's response using neurophysiological means and provides new indicators in this area and (3) It compares performance indicators such as purchase intent, recall and brand attitude for alcoholic and non-alcoholic brand sponsors. These contributions could introduce new information about sponsorship performance.
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Blake, Julian, Sonja Fourie, and Michael Goldman. "The relationship between sports sponsorships and corporate financial returns in South Africa." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-2016-0088.
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Purpose Sponsorship is a major contributor to income in the South African sports arena, and is a critical component allowing sports unions to remain financially viable and sustainable. Sports sponsoring companies, however, have long questioned the financial returns generated from these ventures. The purpose of this paper is to understand whether financial returns of companies with sports sponsorship in South Africa are significantly different to those without. This research was conducted on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies that sponsored sport consistently between 2000 and 2015 for a period of two years. A quantitative methodology was employed whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methodology was employed, whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did. South Africa is an emerging market and a member of the BRICS Forum ranked 14th in the sport sponsorship market globally (Sport Marketing Frontiers, 2011), becoming increasingly dominant in the global sports industry (Goldman, 2011). The population consisted of JSE-listed Main Board and alternative exchange companies that participated in any form of consistent sports sponsorship in the given time frame: 2000-2015, where the company’s share price, revenue and earnings per share (EPS) data for the period were available from the INET BFA database. The JSE is ranked 17th in terms of market capitalisation (over $1 trillion) in the world, being the largest stock exchange on the African continent with over $30bn being traded on average monthly. Multiple journals today publish research done on the JSE, for example the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, Investment Analysts Journal and the South African Journal of Accounting Research. This stock exchange is 125 years old and has over 400 listed companies of which 358 are domestic (Kruger et al., 2014). Findings Results show that companies involved in sports sponsorship during the period analysed did not experience enhanced share price or revenue growth in excess of those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. As a whole, sports sponsoring companies did however experience greater income growth (EPS) than those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. Enhanced revenue growth was found in the consumer services sector, indicating that sport sponsorship in this sector drives brand image and recall resulting in enhanced revenues. These results though indicate that a multitude of differing objectives may exist for companies engaging with sports sponsorship, with increased sales not the singular objective. In general it is concluded that sports sponsorship is considered to achieve a broad spectrum of outcomes that are likely to contribute to increased profitability. Research limitations/implications The relatively small size of 40 firms on the JSE in the South African sports sponsorship market is a limitation for this research. The purely quantitative approach limited the ability to gain the required level of insight into those sectors with small samples, which a qualitative study would reveal. SABMiller as example could not be analysed against its sector peers, given that it is one of the most prominent and consistent sports sponsors in South Africa across all major sporting codes. The telecommunications sector was represented entirely by companies that were involved in sports sponsorship and, hence, no in-depth comparison could be conducted within this sector. Vodacom, a major sponsor of sport in South Africa, could not be compared with its peers utilising purely financial and statistical methods. Cell C is one of the most prominent sponsors of rugby in South Africa, through its title sponsorship of the Cell C Sharks, and was not included in this study as it is not listed on the JSE. It is suggested that such companies should be included in a qualitative study approach. Practical implications The results of the Mann-Whitney U test for the consumer services and financial sectors confirm no significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix to those that do not. The consumer services sector has seen above-average revenue growth from sports sponsorship compared with its sector peers; however, the sector was unable to convert this increased revenue growth into increased profits, suggesting that the cost of sponsoring, as well as the operating costs associated with sports sponsorship, counteract any growth in revenue. Social implications The sample of sports-sponsoring companies experienced a larger annual mean EPS growth rate of 30.6 per cent compared to the remaining JSE Main Board companies which grew EPS annually at 27.4 per cent. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test confirm a significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix. From a practical interpretive perspective, this result reveals that those companies in South Africa involved in sports sponsorship consistently attain greater than market-related profit growth. This poses some interesting points for discussion, given that revenue growth was not statistically different, which suggests that many sponsors are utilising the sponsorships for purposes other than sales growths that result in a profitable outcome. The potential range of options is large but would likely comprise the creation of stronger supplier relationships, resulting in optimised business inputs. Sponsors might be utilising sponsorships to improve corporate social status, which assists them in creating regulatory compliance, in some instances. Additionally, these sponsorships may be utilised to maintain key client relationships that provide the highest levels of profitability, and whilst this might not grow revenue through new business acquisition, it may result in higher profitability as a result of a loyal and stable customer base. Originality/value Much of the available research focusses on the sponsorship of specific sporting events and the share price impact thereof at specific occasions like the announcement, renewal and termination. Where research is conducted across a multitude of sporting events and codes, this predominantly focusses on share price performance only, with varying and somewhat inconclusive results. There is little research focussing on wider, more comprehensive sets of sponsored events and sporting codes, and that seeks to provide an understanding of financial returns for sponsoring properties. In a study of more than 50 US-based corporations it was found that, as a group, corporations which consistently invested in sports sponsorships outperformed market averages, and that those with higher sponsorship spend achieved higher returns (Jensen and Hsu, 2011). The study utilised descriptive statistics. More analysis, utilising detailed statistical analysis, is required to better understand the effects of sponsorship on the wider set of variables analysed. In this case, a five-year compound annual growth rate was calculated for stock price appreciation, total revenue, net income and EPS, and analysed descriptively with only means and standard deviation. Measurement of such variables assists with an understanding of the materialized results of sponsorship as opposed to much of the work in this field, which analyses market reactions to sponsorship announcements.
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Pawar, Bhavya. "ROLE OF SPORTS SPONSORSHIP IN REVENUE GENERATION." International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research 08, no. 04 (2023): 731–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46609/ijsser.2023.v08i04.013.
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Sports sponsorship's contribution to income generation has been a hotly debated issue in the business world. In return for opportunities for advertising or promotion, businesses back teams or sporting events financially through sports sponsorship. This essay looks at the value of sports sponsorship in terms of generating income for both the sponsor and the organisation being sponsored. The paper examines how sports sponsorship can aid businesses in gaining brand recognition, boosting sales, and cultivating customer loyalty. It also examines how athletic organisations can generate money for their operations and investments through sports sponsorship. The paper concludes that, if done strategically and with a clear grasp of the goals and objectives of both the sponsor and the sponsored entertainment, sports sponsorship can be a potent tool for revenue generation
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Fizel, John, and Chris R. McNeil. "Bowling for Dollars." Journal of Sports Economics 18, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002514566282.
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Corporate title sponsorship of college football bowl games has proliferated over the past two decades, yet little analysis has been made concerning the returns to these investments. This article examines the impact that title sponsorships have had on the stock value of the corporate sponsors. Using event study analysis, we find that there was no significant change, on average, in the stock prices following the sponsorship announcements. However, a cross-sectional analysis of changes in firm stock prices relative to corporate and bowl characteristics reveals that markets view sponsorships by large and high-tech firms negatively and major bowls positively.
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Roy, Donald P., and Timothy R. Graeff. "Influences on Consumer Responses to Winter Olympics Sponsorship." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2003): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-04-04-2003-b006.
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Perceived fit between a sponsoring brand and an event is considered to be a key sponsorship requirement, but little is known about the variables that are related to perceived fit. Coca - Cola's sponsorship of the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics is examined to assess relationships between attitude toward the brand, attitude toward the event, and attitude toward sponsorships and brand/event fit. A telephone survey was used to contact 448 consumers. Results indicate that attitude toward the brand is moderately related to brand/event fit and attitude toward sponsorships is significantly related to brand/event fit.
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Zdrilić, Ivica, Dino Kevrić, and Željko Vrkić. "Sponzorstvo u sportu na primjeru hrvatskih košarkaških klubova." Oeconomica Jadertina 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/oec.1405.
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Sports sponsorship is one of the fastest growing forms of marketing communication and as such it is extremely attractive to many companies looking for a more efficient way of attracting customers. The article presents a theoretical review of literature, from sports marketing and sponsorship in a broader sense to sports sponsorship, its main forms as well as the positive and negative aspects related to it. It presents an overview of the status of sports sponsorship in the Republic of Croatia and its development after the economic crisis. What is emphasized in this article is the research of sponsorship in sports on the example of Croatian basketball clubs, which examines how much do clubs invest in their marketing and what are their strategies in the process of attracting sponsors. The research was conducted on Croatian male first-league basketball clubs, showing that they do not have the appropriate strategy when looking for sponsorships, or they do not address the issue appropriately.
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M. Woisetschläger, David, Vanessa J. Haselhoff, and Christof Backhaus. "Fans’ resistance to naming right sponsorships." European Journal of Marketing 48, no. 7/8 (July 8, 2014): 1487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-03-2012-0140.
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Purpose – The aim of this article is to contribute to the literature by analyzing potential determinants of fan resistance to naming right sponsorships. Although sports sponsorships mostly trigger neutral or positive reactions by fans, the authors find empirical support which provides evidence for fan boycott or resistance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors empirically test a model using a sample of 798 soccer fans and thereby quantify structural relations between determinants and fan resistance. They use a logistic regression to assess potential determinants of fan resistance. Findings – Results indicate that sponsee- and sports-related variables, such as fan/regional identification and attitude toward commercialization, contribute to higher fan resistance. Furthermore, fans see themselves as in-group members who discriminate out-group members. As the sponsoring company takes over control and imposes a “threat” (the change of a stadium’s name) on the group’s ritual place, this results in strong negative emotional reactions. These emotions tend to be repeated and affirmed in intra-group communications which intensify negative reactions unless the sponsor offers a positive contribution from the fans’ standpoints. Our findings confirm that sponsorship fit and perceived benefits of the sponsorship reduce fan resistance while the sponsor’s regional identification is unrelated to fan resistance. Research limitations/implications – Little attention has been paid on negative reactions to sponsorships in the existing research. Therefore, future research could assess negative effects resulting from other sponsorship contexts, such as the sale of a club's naming right, promotion campaigns during the venue and to sponsorship deals in general. Moreover, research should be devoted to finding strategies that lead to a reduction of fan resistance to sponsorship actions. Practical implications – Results show that sponsorship fit reduces fan resistance. Existing literature suggests that sponsorship fit can be improved by emphasis or creation of fit between sponsor and sponsee. Additionally, sponsors should try to build a bridge between sponsor and fans to gain acceptance of the in-group by raising awareness on the benefits that the sponsee receives from their partnership. Moreover, sponsors should actively strive to understand negative reactions of the fans and adapt their communication strategy to avoid resistance, e.g. due to fans’ feelings of overt commercialism. Originality/value – Although naming right sponsorships are generally considered a powerful instrument for companies to gain high profile and market share, they seem not to be entirely free of risk. This article contributes to the literature by conceptualizing the phenomenon of fan resistance and assessing the determinants that contribute to fan resistance when naming rights are sold. Our findings extend the understanding of negative sponsorship effects in addition to the mechanisms and theoretical frameworks that are documented in the literature (Cornwell et al., 2005).
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Zardini Filho, Carlos Eugenio. "Changing negative attitudes through sport sponsorship in Brazil:." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-5509202000020313.
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This research assesses whether a sport sponsorship is able to change a negative attitude towards a brand. In this way, investigating the influence and potentialities of sport sponsorships on Brazilians consumers’ attitude and on their consumption intentions. In addition, this paper also evaluates the effect of the sport sponsorship considering the level of sport involvement. An opinion research and a questionnaire were chosen to shape the data collection instrument. The questionnaire was segmented in scenarios, where, at first, negative information about the company was provided in order to create a negative evaluation of a fake brand. Then, the proper independent variable was inserted, being the sport sponsorship implanted through new sets of information (football, projects to the youth and sponsorship of a sport and athletes in an Olympic and Paralympic context). In front of each scenario, the participant was asked to express their attitudes and consumption intention regards the brand. In general, observing a cumulative effect, the findings provide evidence that the sport sponsorship is capable of change a negative attitude towards a brand. The descriptive results, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test and Spearman correlations supported the ideia that sport sponsorship can have this positive effect, having a similar positive trend in people with high or low sport involvement. However, the Olympic frame presented only a small effect in enhancing the attitude level in all involvement groups. In front of negative scenarios, lasting investments in different platforms of sport sponsorships seem like an effective strategy, affecting positively the purchase intention as well, with similar results regardless the levels of sport involvement, but a slight better performance of a high sport involvement group.
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Zardini Filho, Carlos Eugenio. "Changing negative attitudes through sport sponsorship in Brazil:." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 34, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.v34i2p313-330.
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This research assesses whether a sport sponsorship is able to change a negative attitude towards a brand. In this way, investigating the influence and potentialities of sport sponsorships on Brazilians consumers’ attitude and on their consumption intentions. In addition, this paper also evaluates the effect of the sport sponsorship considering the level of sport involvement. An opinion research and a questionnaire were chosen to shape the data collection instrument. The questionnaire was segmented in scenarios, where, at first, negative information about the company was provided in order to create a negative evaluation of a fake brand. Then, the proper independent variable was inserted, being the sport sponsorship implanted through new sets of information (football, projects to the youth and sponsorship of a sport and athletes in an Olympic and Paralympic context). In front of each scenario, the participant was asked to express their attitudes and consumption intention regards the brand. In general, observing a cumulative effect, the findings provide evidence that the sport sponsorship is capable of change a negative attitude towards a brand. The descriptive results, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test and Spearman correlations supported the ideia that sport sponsorship can have this positive effect, having a similar positive trend in people with high or low sport involvement. However, the Olympic frame presented only a small effect in enhancing the attitude level in all involvement groups. In front of negative scenarios, lasting investments in different platforms of sport sponsorships seem like an effective strategy, affecting positively the purchase intention as well, with similar results regardless the levels of sport involvement, but a slight better performance of a high sport involvement group.
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Jensen, Jonathan A., and T. Bettina Cornwell. "Why Do Marketing Relationships End? Findings From an Integrated Model of Sport Sponsorship Decision-Making." Journal of Sport Management 31, no. 4 (July 2017): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0232.
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With firms spending $60 billion on sponsorship annually, it has become an integral part of the marketing mix and is necessary for the survival of many sport organizations. Despite the importance of these partnerships, conditions that may jeopardize what can be a long-term relationship for both sides are underresearched. Utilizing survival analysis modeling to examine a longitudinal dataset of 69 global sponsorships, the purpose of this research is to isolate factors that predict the dissolution of such partnerships and test a dynamic, integrated model of sponsorship decision-making. From the perspective of the sponsoring firm, congruence and high levels of brand equity were found to reduce the hazard of dissolution. Results indicate that economic conditions, such as an inflationary economy, are a statistically significant predictor of sponsorship dissolution. Increased clutter was also detrimental, with every one sponsor added increasing the hazard of dissolution, demonstrating the importance of exclusivity in global sponsorships.
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Athanasopoulou, Pinelopi, and Elena Sarli. "The development of new sponsorship deals as new business-to-business services." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 30, no. 5 (June 1, 2015): 552–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-08-2012-0127.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the process followed by sponsors and sport properties in developing their sponsorship deals as seen from a new service development (NSD) perspective. Sponsorships are expensive and can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage if managed appropriately. Therefore, the authors need to approach sponsorship strategically and formalise sponsorship decision-making. Sponsorships are considered to be complex, relationship-based, business-to-business services, and the development of such services has been analysed in the NSD literature. As past research on the development process of sponsorship deals is limited, the use of an NSD perspective can help in formalising sponsorship decision-making. Design/methodology/approach – Four case studies were conducted involving two professional, premier league football clubs and two sponsoring organisations, one major sponsor for each club. One of the dyads involved a brand new sponsorship deal and the other a renewal. Findings – Results showed that in both dyads, the development process of the new service follows the NSD process of other complex, relationship-based, business-to-business services and involves three main phases, namely, information collection, proposal preparation and presentation or receipt and analysis, and negotiations and contract sign. All four firms use a semi-formal and flexible process, whereas the actors in each stage vary. Also, the new deal requires a more lengthy process than the renewal, following the example of really new and me-too services. Multi-functional teams are not present, and top management involvement is important only in the last stage of the process. Research limitations/implications – This paper helps in analysing the development process of new sponsorship deals, as new business-to-business services. However, it involves only four cases and has limited generalisability. Future research should substantiate results with more cases or quantitative research. Practical implications – Results can help sponsors and sponsees to structure their processes for successful development of new sponsorship deals. Also, as new sponsorship deals seem to be developed the same way with other business-to-business, complex services, potential sponsors that are big service providers can probably enjoy synergies from using the same or a slightly different process than the one they use for developing their main services. Finally, the use of a semi-formal and flexible process in sponsorship development can be helpful in dealing with customised services and rapid NSD that is critical for new service success. Originality/value – It is the first time that the development process of sponsorship deals is approached from an NSD perspective and analysed as a new business-to-business service.
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Jensen, Jonathan A., Akash Mishra, and Mara Averick. "Assessing the survival of shirt sponsorships in English football: an exchange theory perspective." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 9, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2017-0062.
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Purpose Over the past several years, growth in sponsorship spending has surpassed that of traditional marketing and promotional approaches, as it has become an indispensable part of the marketing mix. Yet, despite considerable advances in the application of analytics across the sport industry, sponsorship revenue forecasting still largely relies on a decades-old methodology. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This research seeks to assist sport organizations by applying more advanced survival analysis methodologies to the study of shirt sponsorships of football clubs, utilizing more than 300 sponsorships of every team that has competed in the English Premier League (EPL) over the past 25 years. Findings The analysis of the lifetimes of shirt sponsorships provides several insights for those employed by European football clubs and tasked with managing these increasingly lucrative sponsorships. Notably, tests confirmed that survivor functions of EPL shirt sponsorships are significantly different than those that appeared solely in English Football League (EFL) Championship play. In addition, results found that the median lifetimes of shirt sponsorships of EPL clubs were more than one year longer, when compared to EFL clubs. Originality/value This research marks the first attempt in the literature to apply survival analysis methods to describe the lifetimes of European football shirt sponsorships. The results provide empirical evidence that the potential effects of promotion or relegation could have consequences for football clubs in the tens of millions of dollars, and illustrate the importance of providing those tasked with managing such partnerships with more advanced methodologies to assist in the organization’s sponsorship revenue forecasting activities.
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Angelopulo, George, and Nina Overton. "Communication Objectives of Sport Sponsorships." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 6, no. 1 (November 14, 2022): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v6i1.2110.
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SPORT sponsorship is increasingly used as an organisational communication tool. Its effective use is generally diminished by a lack of coordination with greater organisational communication objectives. The alignment of the objectives of sport sponsorship with an organisation's greater communication objectives as a means of increasing sport sponsorship's effective use is dis- cussed. The validity of differentiating be- tween objectives of sport sponsorship for public relations and for marketing communication objectives was tested amongst a sample of South African sponsors, and a measuring instrument of sport sponsors communication objectives was developed.
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Koronios, Konstantinos, and Panagiotis Dimitropoulos. "Examining Sponsorship’s Effectiveness Over the Internet: A Conceptual Framework for Researchers and Practitioners." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 17, no. 04 (June 2020): 2050027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877020500273.
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The aim of this research is to examine sport sponsorship’s effectiveness over the internet. A conceptual framework for sponsorship evaluation over the internet was proposed, incorporating crucial factors such as supporters’ beliefs about sponsorship, their satisfaction form the sport event as well as their degree of sport involvement, the usage of website and social media, awareness of and attitude toward real sponsoring firms and their actual and future purchase intentions concerning sponsors’ goods and services. A quantitative method was used for the purpose of the current research and a total of 3434 questionnaires were successfully completed and analyzed. The empirical results indicated that sponsorship awareness impacts positively and significantly in both actual and intended purchase behavior of the respondents, suggesting that sponsorship awareness is the initial stage of a continuum of fans’ responses that can lead to their purchase intentions and actual purchase. Evidence on this study contributes to the ongoing debate about sponsorship effectiveness and its implication on customer behavior and provides significant implications for managers wishing to improve their future revenues by investing in sponsorship deals, since sponsorship awareness is an important feature that managers must control in order to affect their customers purchasing decisions.
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Boshoff, C., and C. Gerber. "Sponsorship recall and recognition: The case of the 2007 Cricket World Cup." South African Journal of Business Management 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v39i2.556.
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Millions of rands are spent on sponsorship in general every year, and on sports sponsorships in particular. Yet little is known about the effectiveness of this expenditure. In addition, sponsors are often not sure whether only their brands benefit from a sponsorship or whether competing brands in the same product category also benefit from their efforts.In this study an attempt is made to clarify these considerations by comparing both the brand recall and the brand recognition of companies (and brands) who sponsored the 2007 Cricket World Cup. To determine whether brand recall and brand recognition increased during a sponsorship campaign, a quasi-experimental study was conducted by means of a one-group pre-test-post-test design. The data were collected using a convenience sample of 131 undergraduate students.The results seem to suggest that both the brand recall and the brand recognition levels of the sponsors increased significantly (α = 0,05), but that neither the brand recall nor the brand recognition levels of non-sponsor brands increased. The results therefore show that sponsorship does in fact increase brand awareness, by significantly increasing unaided brand recall, as well as increasing brand recognition and that non-sponsoring companies and brands do not benefit indirectly from their competitors’ sponsorships in terms of brand recall and brand recognition.
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Chadwick, Simon. "Is sponsorship still sponsorship?" International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 8, no. 4 (July 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-08-04-2007-b001.
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Chavanat, Nicolas, Guillaume Martinent, and Alain Ferrand. "Sponsor and Sponsees Interactions: Effects on Consumers’ Perceptions of Brand Image, Brand Attachment, and Purchasing Intention." Journal of Sport Management 23, no. 5 (September 2009): 644–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.5.644.
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Notwithstanding the substantial development of sponsorship investigations, relationships between the sponsor and cosponsees and fan’s responses (i.e., cognitive, affective and conative) have not been investigated yet in a multiple sponsorship sport event context. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of commercial sponsorships on the intention to purchase sponsor products in relation to brand image and brand attachment. Furthermore, this researcher analyzed the relationships between a sponsor (adidas), an event (2006 FIFA Soccer World Cup Germany), a team (French National Soccer Team) and a top player (Zinédine Zidane). Structural equation modeling was used to conduct this research. The crucial results revealed that a multiple sponsorship arrangement creates interactions between the sponsor and the sponsees brands cognitive and affective stages. Secondly, the model demonstrated that multiple sponsorship activates brand behavioral dimensions (i.e., cognitive, affective and conative) according to the hierarchy of effects model (Lavidge & Steiner, 1961).
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Breuer, Christoph, and Christopher Rumpf. "The Viewer’s Reception and Processing of Sponsorship Information in Sport Telecasts." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 6 (November 2012): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.6.521.
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Although enormous sums are spent on sport sponsorships, knowledge of sponsorship information processing is still limited. For a continuing growth of sponsorship as a field significant improvements in our understanding of sponsoring effectiveness are required. Whereas the direct effect of sponsor signage exposure on sponsor recall has been identified in several studies, attention to sponsor signage as the mediator of sponsorship information has not been investigated thoroughly. Based on spotlight theory and the associative network model of memory, the present paper addresses this research gap and investigates the viewer’s visual attention to sponsorship information by applying eye tracking methodology. Regression models have been estimated to analyze information reception and processing in sport telecasts. The results reveal that the capture of attention is determined by the placement of sponsor signage and by exposure variables. Furthermore, sponsor recall is found to be a function of attention and brand-related variables.
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Nichols, Brian, and Joey Smith. "For the Money or the Thrill of the Game: The Financial Performance of National Basketball Association Arena Sponsors." Journal of Accounting, Business and Management (JABM) 29, no. 2 (November 27, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31966/jabminternational.v29i2.1056.
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Companies that sponsor NBA arenas spend millions of dollars each year for the naming rights. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the financial performance of the sponsoring companies over the course of the sponsorship. Managers appear to believe that such expenditures generate net financial benefits for their companies; however, measuring such returns can be elusive. We examine the impact of sponsorship on sales growth and stock price returns before, during, and (if applicable) after the sponsorship of the sponsoring companies. We then explore if the following factors moderate or enhance the sponsorship results – the NBA team’s on-court performance during the regular season, the performance during the playoffs, and whether the sponsor’s corporate headquarters are co-located with the arena. We find evidence of negative sales growth associated with sponsorships, but if the NBA team makes the playoffs, that performance positively correlates with the sponsoring company’s stock price return.
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Jensen, Jonathan, and Jeremy Vlacancich. "Improving the Generalizability of the Effects of Sport Sponsorship on Brand Awareness: A Longitudinal, Multilevel Perspective." Sport Marketing Quarterly 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/smq.323.092023.05.
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While the effects of sport sponsorship are widely researched, many studies suffer from a lack of generalizability and are oftentimes cross-sectional, given the challenges inherent in the collection and analysis of longitudinal data. This study seeks to remedy these issues by analyzing a longitudinal, heterogeneous dataset comprised of more than 500 sponsorships of North American sport leagues spanning 14 years. Results reveal an 8% increase in brand recognition in the first year following the initiation of the sponsorship. However, lagged variables indicate that the effect is reduced significantly after the second year. A second analysis confirms that effects are generalizable across multiple leagues and sponsorship categories. These results contradict the prevailing assumption that investments in sponsorship necessarily need to be long-term, suggesting that effects on brand awareness are more immediate and that effectiveness wanes the longer a brand remains a sponsor, representing an important and novel managerial contribution.
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King, Jesse, and Robert Madrigal. "Improved Articulation of Incongruent Sponsor–Property Partnerships Using Analogy." Journal of Sport Management 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2017-0290.
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Sport managers are often faced with a situation where they must activate an incongruent sponsorship in which the fit between a sponsor and property is not self-evident. Existing research has shown that consumers’ perceptions of fit enhance a sponsorship’s effectiveness. Therefore, the challenge is to explain how an otherwise incongruent sponsor and property are related to one another. The current research addresses this problem and considers analogy as a means for articulating an incongruent sponsorship. We find that analogical articulation offers distinct advantages over a more common method of articulating a sponsorship by describing how a property and sponsor’s consumer base overlap.
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Dolores, Luigi, Maria Macchiaroli, and Gianluigi De Mare. "Sponsorship’s Financial Sustainability for Cultural Conservation and Enhancement Strategies: An Innovative Model for Sponsees and Sponsors." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 13, 2021): 9070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169070.
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The topic of the paper is sponsorship for the requalification/conservation of historical-architectural heritage. In the literature, there are many models for evaluating the financial efficiency of sponsorship from the point of view of the sponsor (mostly in the sports field), but none of these jointly support both the sponsor and the sponsee in the selection of financially sustainable cultural sponsorships. Trying to reduce this gap, an innovative model is proposed for estimating the profitability of cultural sponsorship. The model consists of three phases. In the first, which consists of the financial analysis of the investment for the sponsee, the minimum amount that the sponsee can request from the sponsor is established. The second phase analyzes the financial performance of potential sponsors, estimating the optimal sponsorship budget that maximizes profits. In the final phase, where the results of the two analyses are compared, the sponsee eventually reformulates his offer and decides which company to sign the contract with. The model is tested through a case study: the sponsorship of the restoration of the Don Tullio Fountain in Salerno (Italy). It is assumed that two companies are interested in sponsorship. The results show that the investment is financially sustainable for both companies.
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Zardini Filho, Carlos Eugenio. "Changing negative attitudes through sport sponsorship: a gender perspective in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Marketing 18, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/remark.v18i4.16384.
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Objective: This study assesses if a sport sponsorship is able to change a negative attitude towards a brand, also investigating the influence on consumption intentions and differences in terms of gender.Method: A questionnaire applied on Brazilians was structured based on a repeated measure design. The instrument was segmented in different scenarios, whose first one brought negative information about a sponsoring fictitious brand. After selecting only participants who had developed negative attitudes in the first context, they were submitted to subsequent sports sponsorship scenarios, having their attitudes and consumption intentions measured. The second scenario associated the brand with sponsorships to football, having the third one also linking with football, but focusing on a community perspective. The last context approached volleyball, contextualizing the sponsorship in an Olympic/Paralympic frame. Relevance: Authors have been defending that the impact of sports sponsorships on attitudes is an important gap to be more investigated, where a lack of similar studies is clear.Results: In terms of gender, the football scenarios had a bigger influence on the male group, however, the Olympic/Paralympic frame was more efficient in women. In particular, the Scenario 3 showed the highest capacity of changing negative evaluations of attitude and consumption intentions.Contribution: In resume, it was demonstrated that sports sponsorship can change (minimize) a negative attitude towards a sponsor, with subsequent positive impacts on purchase intentions.
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Wagner, Ulrik. "Agency constraints and possibilities: Athletes manoeuvring between the logics of community, market, profession and corporation in their quest for individual sponsorships." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 213–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216643953.
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The purpose of this qualitative study is to add a sociological dimension to sponsorship research, which is otherwise dominated by marketing research. This paper analyses how world-class but often not well-paid athletes from time-consuming endurance sports like rowing and triathlon seek individual sponsorships as a strategy to improve their financial situation. With regard to theory, an institutional logics perspective is adopted in which logics both provide tools for individual actors as well as representing agency constraints. To understand how athletes cope with the encounter between sport and business, insights from micro-sociology are employed. The findings indicate that various roles are performed, that sponsorship commitment is an issue of finding a balance between ‘gameworthiness’ and integrity and that the quest for an individual sponsorship is deselected as an option by some athletes. These insights are used to sketch out the paradox of sponsorship commitment, where time-consuming sponsorship engagement as a solution to athletes’ financial problems may potentially undermine their professional identity, which is characterised by the quality of their craft – the quality that simultaneously makes the athlete a market asset.
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Good Gingrich, Luann, and Thea Enns. "A Reflexive View of Refugee Integration and Inclusion: A Case Study of the Mennonite Central Committee and the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program." Refuge 35, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1064816ar.
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Through a qualitative case study with Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) sponsorship groups and former refugee newcomers, we adopt a reflexive, relational, and systemic lens (Bourdieu) to analyze the institutional and interpersonal relationships in the Private Sponsorship of Refugees (PSR) Program, and more specifically, the ways in which MCC Ontario’s sponsorship program invigorates or frustrates dynamics of social inclusion. We situate the institutional relations of the PSR Program as nested social fields and sub-fields, revealing complementary and competing systems of capital that direct explicit and implicit visions for “success” in MCC sponsorships. A peculiar Mennonite/MCC social field and structure of capital generates institutional and social tensions, yet an ambivalent disposition or divided habitus presents possibilities for seeing, understanding, and challenging dynamics of social exclusion.
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Skard, Siv, and Helge Thorbjornsen. "Closed-ended and open-ended fit articulation." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 1414–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2016-0011.
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Purpose Previous research suggests that firms should articulate incongruent sponsorships to provide a rationale for the relationship between sponsor and sponsorship object. Fit articulation is a strategy that communicates shared associations between sponsor and object. Based on conclusion explicitness theory, this paper aims to conceptualize and tests two fit articulation strategies in sponsorships: open-ended and closed-ended. Design/methodology/approach Research hypotheses were tested in two experiments. Findings Only open-ended fit articulation improved brand attitudes. Mediation analyses show that while open-ended articulation influenced brand attitudes through brand image (Study 1 and Study 2) and altruistic motive attributions (Study 2), there was an indirect effect of closed-ended articulation on brand attitudes through global fit perceptions (Study 2). Practical implications The results from two experiments suggest that incongruent sponsors should use open-ended conclusions about a shared image dimension. Although explicit arguments may increase global perceptions of fit, they may impede a positive impact on the articulated brand image dimension and generation of altruistic motive attribution. Therefore, sponsorship managers should be careful in terms of using explicit arguments for fit when the sponsorship is incongruent because such arguments may hinder articulation from generating goodwill and a positive brand image. Originality/value This is the first paper to develop and test different types of fit articulation strategies in sponsorships.