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1
Webb, Teresa. Can children with autism and severe communication difficuties be motivated to communicate spontaneously and functionally across a variety of contexts? Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.
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2
DuPre, Elizabeth, and R. Nathan Spreng. Rumination Is a Sticky Form of Spontaneous Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.5.
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This chapter examines rumination as a unique mode of thought capable of arising in both normative and pathological contexts. Although there has been extensive interest in rumination as a trait-level contributor to psychopathology, research on the neural correlates of ongoing rumination is relatively recent. Viewed through the lens of spontaneous thought, the chapter considers rumination as a spontaneously occurring form of thought that becomes “stuck” in a repetitive, highly constrained context. In considering the implications of this viewpoint, the chapter explores the contexts in which rumination has been identified, as well as its relationship to other forms of spontaneous thought such as mind-wandering.
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Phillips, Tom. Polyphony, Event, Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805823.003.0009.
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This chapter argues that Pindar’s Paean 9 creates a complex relationship between enunciative and performative situations. This complexity is pragmatic, but is also informed by the poem’s intertextuality, its construction of voice, and its self-consciousness about its status as an aesthetic artefact. Paean 9 positions itself in a tradition of poems about eclipses; doing so reinforces its control over the event it memorializes. Its opening utterance is meant to be understood simultaneously as a spontaneous response to the eclipse and a crafted authorial utterance, and attunes audiences both to the gods’ ineffable power and man’s capacities for meaningful if provisional understanding of it. The poem’s capacity to make itself understood as separable from its performance context inflects the specific way in which it discharges its ritual aims.
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Small, Mario Luis. Because They Were There. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0007.
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This chapter examines how much the graduate students’ decisions about approaching confidants were deliberative as opposed to spontaneous—whether they assessed pros and cons before deciding whom to ask or instead spontaneously spilled their emotions on the spot. It first considers the standard assumption in theories of purposive action across the social sciences that deliberation precedes action. It then discusses three decisions that a person inherently makes when he or she mobilizes his or her network: to seek help, to select a confidant, and to activate the tie. The chapter suggests that the extent to which their activation decisions were incidental or spontaneous, rather than reflective, depended in part on the context of students’ interactions with others. It argues that students often found themselves confiding in someone not because they had planned it, but simply because the confidant was present and available when needed.
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Rugman, Karin. Contact Unwinding. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039409.003.0012.
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In this chapter, the author examines kinesthetic correspondence and matching in Contact Unwinding, a Shin Somatics dance process which employs movement-based teaching through touch and is performed in an improvisational dance context. Contact Unwinding invites the inner self to instinctively express itself outwardly in a spontaneous unfolding of intuitive movement or dance, and in the process interweaves dance and somatics, connecting us intimately with our moving or dancing body. The discussion draws on the author’s personal experiences as a somatic educator and as a mover, combined with reflections from undergraduate dance students at Bath Spa University in the UK and students in somatic workshops. She highlights the educational and therapeutic aspects of Contact Unwinding, focusing on how knowledge is obtained through different modes of learning and especially how Contact Unwinding invites us to learn through experiencing, discovering, and communicating.
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Miriam, Goldby. Part I How Practices Become Norms: The Continued Development of Shipping Law, 3 Enforceability of ‘Spontaneous Law’ in England: Some Evidence from Recent Shipping Cases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the process of rule-making in the maritime transport industry. It uses the term ‘spontaneous law’ to refer to norms that emerge as a result of regular and repeated interactions among participants in shipping networks, interactions that create common understandings as to how contractual obligations undertaken are to be performed. The rule-making activity results in a combination of articulated or expressed rules that are enforceable directly as a result of the formation of a valid and binding contract; and unexpressed (or implicit) understandings that form part of the contractual context and that supplement the expressed rules. The context within which these unarticulated rules come into existence is a commercial network of contractual relationships. The chapter engages with the pragmatic question of how and to what extent these unarticulated rules will be enforced by the courts in the resolution of a dispute, focusing on the courts of England and Wales.
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Lifshitz, Michael, Eli Sheiner, and Laurence J. Kirmayer. Cultural Neurophenomenology of Psychedelic Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.4.
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This chapter explores psychedelics as catalysts of spontaneous thought. Classic serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca can induce potent alterations in cognition and perception. The chapter reviews research on these substances through the lens of cultural neurophenomenology, which aims to trace how neurobiology and sociocultural factors interact to shape experience. After a decades-long hiatus, the scientific study of psychedelics is rediscovering the potential of these substances to promote creative insight, evoke mystical experiences, and improve clinical outcomes. Moreover, neuroimaging experiments have begun to unravel the influence of psychedelics on large-scale connectivity networks of the human brain. Tapping perspectives from the social sciences, the chapter underscores how culture and context constrain the flexible cognitive states brought about by psychedelics. This integrative approach suggests that seemingly spontaneous psychedelic thought patterns reflect a complex interaction of biological, cognitive, and cultural factors—from pharmacology and brain function to ritual, belief, and expectation.
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Stawarczyk, David. Phenomenological Properties of Mind-Wandering and Daydreaming. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.18.
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Mind-wandering and daydreams (i.e., spontaneous thoughts that are both task-unrelated and decoupled from current sensory perceptions) have recently become the object of increased interest in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. To date, however, there have been relatively few attempts at investigating the form and content of these thoughts, and what individuals are exactly thinking about when they daydream or their minds wander from the here and now. This chapter provides a historical overview of the studies that have investigated the phenomenological properties of mind-wandering and daydreams. It reviews the current state of research, examining how specific phenomenological features of these thoughts are related to beneficial and deleterious aspects of cognitive and affective functioning. It concludes by discussing possible avenues for future investigations, such as how the content and context of occurrence of mind-wandering and daydreams might interact to determine their functional outcomes.
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Moseley, Mason W. Protest from the Top Down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0004.
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This chapter tests another observable implication of the protest state theory; namely that where protest has normalized as an everyday form of political voice, political elites actively mobilize demonstrators in pursuit of their goals. In other words, rather than serving only as a spontaneous political expression of the masses, protest is often orchestrated and managed by formal political organizations. I first investigate how linkages to political organizations fuel contentious behavior in protest states like Argentina and Bolivia, but are more strongly associated with conventional participation in strongly institutionalized contexts like Chile and Uruguay. Then, utilizing a unique battery of questions from the AmericasBarometer national surveys of Argentina and Bolivia, I also test the hypothesis that clientelism can motivate protest participation in a context where protest has normalized as a standard form of political voice.
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Rajagopalan, Shruti, and Mario J. Rizzo. Austrian Perspectives in Law and Economics. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.021.
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This article describes and analyzes the Austrian approach to law and economics within the context of the law and economics discipline. The important and distinctive feature of the Austrian approach is the emphasis on economic and legal processes. The article focuses on four themes within the Austrian approach to law and economics: the spontaneous origin of legal institutions; the analysis of implications of ignorance, decentralization of knowledge, and static and dynamic uncertainty; the interaction between the changes in legal institutions and the market process and coordination; and entrepreneurship in market and non-market settings.
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Andrews-Hanna, Jessica R., Zachary C. Irving, Kieran C. R. Fox, R. Nathan Spreng, and Kalina Christoff. The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.33.
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An often-overlooked characteristic of the human mind is its propensity to wander. Despite growing interest in the science of mind-wandering, most studies operationalize mind-wandering by its task-unrelated contents, which may be orthogonal to the processes constraining how thoughts are evoked and unfold over time. This chapter emphasizes the importance of incorporating such processes into current definitions of mind-wandering, and proposes that mind-wandering and other forms of spontaneous thought (such as dreaming and creativity) are mental states that arise and transition relatively freely due to an absence of constraints on cognition. The chapter reviews existing psychological, philosophical, and neuroscientific research on spontaneous thought through the lens of this framework, and calls for additional research into the dynamic properties of the mind and brain.
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Klinger, Eric, Ernst H. W. Koster, and Igor Marchetti. Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.24.
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Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including past and future goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. The same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination.
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Azzara, Christopher D., and Alden H. Snell, II. Assessment of Improvisation in Music. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935321.013.103.
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This article provides an overview of research on assessment of improvisation in music and offers suggestions for increasing its centrality in music teaching and learning. With listening, improvising, reading, and composing as context for music teaching and learning, it covers historical and philosophical foundations for, and research on, creativity and improvisation. The article’s synthesis of the literature focuses on assessment of ability to interact, group, compare, and anticipate and predict music while improvising. Six elements (repertoire, vocabulary, intuition, reason, reflection, and exemplars) contribute to a holistic and comprehensive creative process that inspires spontaneous and meaningful music making. The article concludes with recommendations for replication and extension of research to provide insight for improvisation assessment.
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Northoff, Georg. How Does the Brain’s Spontaneous Activity Generate Our Thoughts? Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.9.
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Recent investigations have demonstrated the psychological features (e.g. cognitive, affective, and social) of task-unrelated thoughts, as well as their underlying neural correlates in spontaneous activity, which cover various networks and regions, including the default-mode and central executive networks. Despite impressive progress in recent research, the mechanisms by means of which the brain’s spontaneous activity generates and constitutes thoughts remain unclear. This chapter suggests that the spatiotemporal structure of the brain’s spontaneous activity can integrate both content- and process-based approaches to task-unrelated or spontaneous thought—this amounts to what is described as the “spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought” (STTT). Based on various lines of empirical evidence, the STTT postulates two main spatiotemporal mechanisms, spatiotemporal integration and extension. The STTT provides a novel brain-based spatiotemporal theory of task-unrelated thought that focuses on the brain’s spontaneous activity, including its spatiotemporal structure, which allows integrating content- and process-based approaches.
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Galadza, Daniel. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812036.003.0007.
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Returning to the present-day situation where the introduction left off, the conclusion examines the current liturgy of the Jerusalem patriarchate and the recently revived practice of the Liturgy of Saint James in the Byzantine rite throughout the Orthodox world, revealing liturgical practice that is caught in nineteenth-century romanticism and unaware of the authentic liturgical tradition of Jerusalem. The conclusion then summarizes the previous five chapters, showing that the liturgical Byzantinization of Jerusalem cannot be explained exclusively through changes to the surrounding historical context, such as the destruction of holy sites or Byzantine imperial ideology. Rather the explanation lies in a spontaneous liturgical reform carried out by scribes and monks in Jerusalem and Palestine who were familiar with the liturgical tradition of Constantinople. Further answers to the phenomenon of Byzantinization are to be found in Antioch, which also lost its local liturgical traditions at the expense of Byzantine liturgical influence.
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Brownstein, Michael. The Habit Stance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0007.
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While it is clear that implicit attitudes are malleable, there is much to learn about the most effective techniques for changing them. This chapter examines three general approaches that increasingly appear to be well supported in both lab-based and field studies. The chapter considers the importance of rote practice, pre-commitment, and context regulation. Each represents a different element of adopting the “habit stance,” a way of cultivating more ethical implicit attitudes—and hence better spontaneous decisions and actions—by treating them as if they were habits. The chapter concludes by considering two kinds of objections. The first is empirical, focusing on the broadness and durability of implicit attitude change interventions. The second is not empirical. It is about the nature of praise, in particular whether the reshaping of one’s attitudes and behavior in the ways the chapter describes counts as a genuine form of ethical self-improvement.
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Shmueli, Ehoud. Ascites. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0032.
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Ascites is the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Most patients with ascites usually have a known diagnosis of cirrhosis, malignancy, or heart failure. For patients newly presenting with ascites, the diagnostic problem is usually to differentiate between cirrhosis and malignancy. For patients with established liver disease, ascites represents a deterioration of their liver function, the development of a hepatocellular carcinoma, or another complication. Worsening of preexisting ascites may be due to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In malignancy, ascites denotes the development of peritoneal deposits or massive liver metastases. The diagnosis may be obvious from the context, but can be confirmed with imaging and a diagnostic paracentesis. The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) ([ascitic fluid albumin] − [serum albumin]) reflects portal pressure, and is the key diagnostic test. A SAAG >11 g/l indicates portal hypertension, and therefore probable cirrhosis. A SAAG <11 g/l excludes portal hypertension, and therefore the ascites is not caused by cirrhosis.
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Smallwood, Jonathan, Daniel Margulies, Boris C. Bernhardt, and Elizabeth Jefferies. Investigating the Elements of Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.34.
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Spontaneous thoughts come in a large variety of different forms, varying in their experiential content as well as the functional outcomes with which they are associated. This chapter describes a component process architecture for spontaneous thought in which different types of experience arise through the combinations of different underlying neurocognitive processes. These underlying elements of cognition are not specific to spontaneous thought, since many, if not all, of these neurocognitive processes can be engaged when participants perform an externally directed task. We consider neurocognitive evidence that shows how this component process architecture provides explanatory value for accounts of spontaneous thought since it provides a mechanism that captures both the complex variety of spontaneous experiences that characterize the human condition, as well as the different functional outcomes that these different experiences are associated with.
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Camras, Linda A., Vanessa L. Castro, Amy G. Halberstadt, and Michael M. Shuster. Spontaneously Produced Facial Expressions in Infants and Children. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190613501.003.0015.
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This chapter explores the question of whether infants and children produce prototypic emotional facial expressions in emotion-eliciting situations. Investigations of both infants and children are described. These include a natural observation study of a single infant during routine caregiving activities, a systematic experiment in which infants were presented with elicitors of fear and anger, a seminaturalistic experiment during which mothers and children discuss a topic of disagreement, and a study of children’s responses to a fear stimulus presented in the context of an Internet prank. Together these studies show that prototypic expressions are sometimes produced when it is unlikely that the corresponding emotion is experienced and often are not produced when the corresponding emotional experience seems likely. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between emotion and facial expression is more complex than portrayed within contemporary discrete emotion theories.
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Vanhatalo, Sampsa, and J. Matias Palva. Infraslow EEG Activity. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0032.
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Infraslow electroencephalographic (EEG) activity refers to frequencies below the conventional clinical EEG range that starts at about 0.5 Hz. Evidence suggests that salient EEG signals in the infraslow range are essential parts of many physiological and pathological conditions. In addition, brain is known to exhibit multitude of infraslow processes, which may be observed directly as fluctuations in the EEG signal amplitude, as infraslow fluctuations or intermittency in other neurophysiological signals, or as fluctuations in behavioural performance. Both physiological and pathological EEG activity may range from 0.01 Hz to several hundred Hz. In the clinical context, infraslow activity is commonly observed in the neonatal EEG, during and prior to epileptic seizures, and during sleep and arousals. Laboratory studies have demonstrated the presence of spontaneous infraslow EEG fluctuations or very slow event-related potentials in awake and sleeping subjects. Infraslow activity may not only arise in cortical and subcortical networks but is also likely to involve non-neuronal generators such as glial networks. The full, physiologically relevant range of brain mechanisms can be readily recorded with wide dynamic range direct-current (DC)-coupled amplifiers or full-band EEG (FbEEG). Due to the different underlying mechanisms, a single FbEEG recording can even be perceived as a multimodal recording where distinct brain modalities can be studied simultaneously by performing data analysis for different frequency ranges. FbEEG is likely to become the standard approach for a wide range of applications in both basic science and in the clinic.
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Winkler, Nicole S. Nipple Discharge. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0044.
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Nipple discharge refers to expressible or spontaneous drainage of fluid from one or more duct orifices of the nipple. Discharge indicates excess fluid secretion into one or more ducts that will drain through an unobstructed duct orifice onto the nipple skin. The fluid content and appearance are important as they have clinical implications. Nipple discharge that is clear or bloody, unilateral (typically uniductal) and spontaneous (fluid discharges without breast or nipple compression) is considered suspicious for malignancy, though most cases are due to benign papillomas. This chapter, appearing in the section on nipple, skin and lymph nodes, reviews the key clinical features, associated imaging findings, imaging protocols and pitfalls, differential diagnoses, and management recommendations for patients presenting with nipple discharge. Topics discussed include clinical evaluation of nipple discharge, sonographic evaluation of ducts and nipple, ductography, intraductal mass, and papilloma.
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Brownstein, Michael. Perception, Emotion, Behavior, and Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0002.
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This chapter describes the four components of unplanned spontaneous inclinations. These are (1) noticing a salient Feature in the ambient environment; (2) feeling an immediate, directed, and affective Tension; (3) reacting Behaviorally; and (4) moving toward Alleviation of that tension in such a way that one’s spontaneous reactions can improve over time. Noticing a salient feature (F), in other words, sets a relatively automatic process in motion, involving co-activating particular feelings (T) and behaviors (B) that either will or will not diminish over time (A), depending on the success of the action. The interaction of FTBA components is described in terms of recent debates about the contents of perception, affective representation, and model-free and model-based evaluative learning.
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Brownstein, Michael. Deliberation and Spontaneity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633721.003.0006.
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This chapter argues that in some contexts, deliberation may have a limited role to play in making our spontaneous reactions more virtuous. The chapter begins by considering the arguments of Peter Railton, and Nomy Arpaly and Timothy Schroeder, that deliberation cannot be foundational for action. Then, the chapter examines cases in which agents appear to act ethically in spite of their deliberative reasoning. Even perfect deliberation can undermine ethical action, the chapter argues. In the case of overcoming implicit bias, the relationship between spontaneity and deliberation is fraught too. Even when deliberation appears to be playing a central role in guiding our decisions and behavior, things may be considerably more complicated.
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud. Mind-Wandering and Self-Referential Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.14.
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When one’s mind wanders, one frequently experiences thoughts, images, and feelings about oneself and one’s life. These self-referential thoughts involve diverse contents and take various forms, but most often focus on specific future events that are closely related to one’s personal goals and concerns. Neuroimaging studies show that such spontaneous thoughts recruit many of the same brain regions—largely corresponding to the default network—as directed self-referential thought. The medial prefrontal cortex is most consistently involved and might contribute to assign value and to integrate processed contents with autobiographical knowledge. The tendency of the wandering mind to focus on self-related information might foster a sense of personal identity and lay the foundation for long-term goal pursuit.
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Small, Mario Luis. Theoretical Generalizability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661427.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the extent to which theories that the book has proposed to explain the graduate students’ behavior can be applied to other situations. It first considers the structural theory on which the rule of thumb about the separate benefits of strong and weak ties is based. It then highlights the theory’s limitations and offers an alternative. It shows that most of the book’s propositions can be organized around three core principles, none of which is reducible to the characteristics of the network structure. It also relates these principles to three key findings: the avoidance of strong ties, or people who might otherwise seem to be good confidants; the pursuit of cognitive empathy from weak ties; and the prevalence of incidental and spontaneous decisions about whom to confide in. Finally, it looks at other contexts where similar principles are at play.
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Feijoó Rojas, Kerly Jazmín. Applying CLIL approach in Higher Edication. CIDEPRO EDITORIAL, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29018/978-9942-823-71-7.
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The realization of this work has been developed with the objective of analyzing the application of the CLIL approach for teaching English with a specific purpose and scaffolding strategies with students from a third level in bilingual secretarial school at the technical university of Babahoyo. This is the main reason that Bilingual secretarial school needs a change in the way to teach a foreign language through CLIL approach which is an exceptional alternative to integrate language and real-life contexts effectively in order to teach a foreign language in a spontaneous way. The main purpose of this volume is to design an intervention proposal based on the CLIL approach with the support of scaffolding strategies in the seventh semester of Bilingual Secretarial School in order to provide teachers a guide to make easier the application of this new teaching approach.
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Shinbrot, Troy. Biomedical Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812586.001.0001.
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This book provides an overview of fundamental methods and advanced topics associated with complex, especially biological, fluids. The contents are taken from a graduate level course taught to biomedical engineers, many of whom are math averse. Consequently the book is organized around gentle historical foundations and illustrative tabletop experiments to make for accessible reading. The book begins with derivations of fundamental equations, defined in the simplest terms possible, and adds embellishments one at a time to build toward the analysis of complex fluid dynamics an and introduction to spontaneous pattern formation. Topics covered include elastic surfaces, flow through elastic tubes, pulsatile flows, effects of entrances, branches, and bends, shearing flows, effects of increased Reynolds number, inviscid flows, rheology in complex fluids, statistical mechanics, diffusion, and self-assembly.
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Chiumello, Davide, and Cristina Mietto. Pathophysiology of pleural cavity disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0123.
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The pleural cavity is normally a virtual space that is essential to guarantee the mechanical coupling between the lung and the chest wall. The volume of pleural liquid is determined by the equilibrium of fluid turnover. The determinants of this balance are the Starling forces, the lymphatic drainage, and the active trans-membrane transport. When fluid or air accumulate inside the pleural cavity, pleural pressure rises to atmospheric level causing the lung to collapse while the chest wall to expand. The displacement is not equally distributed between lung and chest wall, because it depends upon their own compliance. Pneumothorax and pleural effusion are common diseases in critically-ill patients. Pneumothorax is divided in two groups based upon the aetiological mechanism—spontaneous and traumatic. Pleural effusion is classified as transudates or exudates, mainly based on protein content; this classification comprises different pathological mechanisms beneath the two kind of pleural effusion.
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Nelson, John. Diasporic Buddhisms and Convert Communities. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.21.
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This chapter explores issues of diasporic Buddhist movement and cultural adaptation, as well as how individuals affiliate with Buddhist denominations in diverse settings worldwide. One of the enduring features of religion worldwide is mobility. Ideas, concepts, practices, prohibitions, and cosmologies circulate beyond cultural and political boundaries in ways ranging from intentional to spontaneous. The transregional and multicultural dimensions of Buddhism have been central to its history, institutional growth, and conceptual development, yet we also see specific ethnic versions of Buddhist practice shaped by very local concerns. Using the term “diaspora” for coerced as well as voluntary relocations of Buddhist traditions and practitioners helps track issues of accommodation, hybridity, discourse, and experimentation as new sociocultural contexts shape existing practices and patterns. The discussion also investigates how individuals affiliating with Buddhist traditions, whether as a form of heritage or as new converts, experience “taking refuge” in the Three Jewels in culturally conditioned ways.
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Batmanian, Natalie, and Karin Stromswold. Getting to the Root of the Matter. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190464783.003.0008.
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Spontaneous speech data from three monolingual Turkish-speaking children between the ages 2;1 and 2;8 revealed that children produce bare lexical stems in ungrammatical contexts before they use grammatical morphemes productively. Given that root words are very rare in Turkish, the fact that Turkish children produce them indicates that they are able to decompose multimorphemic words into root + grammatical affixes. We also tested the hypothesis that when the correspondence between morphological form and grammatical meaning is one-to-one, morphemes are likely to be acquired earlier than when the correspondence between form and meaning is one-to-many (Slobin, 1973). Three grammatical morphemes, despite appearing equally frequently in adult speech, were acquired at different stages by children. The past tense inflection –di, which has a one-to-one correspondence between morphological form and grammatical meaning, is the morpheme that was acquired first by the children.
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Metzinger, Thomas. Why Is Mind-Wandering Interesting for Philosophers? Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.32.
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This chapter explores points of contact between philosophy of mind and scientific approaches to spontaneous thought. While offering a series of conceptual instruments that might prove helpful for researchers on the empirical research frontier, it begins by asking what the explanandum for theories of mind-wandering is, how one can conceptually individuate single occurrences of this specific target phenomenon, and how one might arrive at a more fine-grained taxonomy. The second half of this contribution sketches some positive proposals as to how one might understand mind-wandering on a conceptual level, namely, as a loss of mental autonomy resulting in involuntary mental behavior, as a highly specific epistemic deficit relating to self-knowledge, and as a discontinuous phenomenological process in which one’s conscious “unit of identification” is switched.
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Finn, Patrick C., and Michael C. Reade. Bleeding Emergencies (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0010.
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This chapter is concerned with coagulopathic and non-coagulopathic bleeding in the perioperative period, after trauma, and spontaneously, as a result of hematologic and other disease. The initial assessment and management of all potentially bleeding patients is to stop any obvious bleeding through mechanical first aid measures, then address airway or breathing compromise, and obtain intravenous (or intraosseous) access. Obvious external hemorrhage is easily identified, but most patients with bleeding emergencies who are already hospitalized will have occult blood loss. Physical examination should identify signs of shock and identify or exclude potential bleeding locations. This chapter will cover initial assessment and management, laboratory and bedside testing, as well as disease-specific therapies in the context of rapid response team (RRT) calls.
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Stan, Dylan, and Kalina Christoff. The Mind Wanders with Ease. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.2.
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Although mind-wandering has received increased attention in the field of cognitive neuroscience, definitions have not always aligned. Most have emphasized the contents of thought, treating it as synonymous with either task-unrelated thought or stimulus-independent thought. Such definitions miss an important aspect of what it means to let one’s mind wander: the easeful way that thoughts move about. A more recent definition looks, instead, at the dynamics of thought—the way that thoughts unfold over time—positioning mind-wandering as a type of spontaneous thought. By doing so, it is therefore more readily equipped to incorporate this quality of ease. While the term mind-wandering can sometimes refer either to a momentary event or to an ongoing activity, both usages, this chapter argues, will be unsatisfactory if they do not address this gentle mode of movement. Some benefits that ease can provide for future research are proposed.
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Devine, A. M., and Laurence D. Stephens. Pragmatics for Latin. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939472.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. This book provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. The book covers a wide ranges of issues including broad scope focus, narrow scope focus, double focus, topicalization, tails, focus alternates, association with focus, scrambling, informational structure inside the noun phrase and hyperbaton (discontinuous constituency). Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.
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Grint, Keith. Mutiny and Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192893345.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Mutiny is often associated with the occasional mis-leadership of the masses by politically inspired hotheads or a spontaneous and unusually romantic gesture of defiance against a uniquely overbearing military superior. In reality it is seldom either, and usually it has far more mundane roots, not in the absolute poverty of the subordinates but in the relative poverty of the relationships between leaders and led in a military situation. Using contemporary leadership theory to cast a critical light on an array of mutinies across time and space, this book suggests we consider mutiny as a permanent possibility that is further encouraged or discouraged by particular contexts. What turns discontent into mutiny, however, lies in the leadership skills of a small number of leaders, and what transforms that into a constructive dialogue or a catastrophic disaster depends on how the leaders of both sides mobilize their supporters and their networks. From mutinies in ancient Roman and Greek armies through those that were generated by uncaring European monarchs and those that toppled the German and Russian states—and those that forced governments to face their own disastrous policies and changed them forever—this book covers an array of cases across land, sea, and air that still pose a threat to military establishments today.
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Levinson, Marjorie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810315.003.0011.
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This chapter bridges the gap between historicism and formalism through a new model for lyric. Different kinds of explanation suit different levels of analysis: validity in interpretation is tied to analytic level. Proposed here is a theory of the middle range—Franco Moretti’s genre, Jonathan Culler’s poetics. “Lyric” indicates the kind of poem recognized since the eighteenth century as such—hence, as the extreme form of the literary. A process resembling thinking happens in such densely coded, layered, and self-reflexive poems. The model suggested, however, is not self-reflexivity but self-assembly through a transhistorical recursive process that equally applies beyond conventionally defined agents, subjects, and mental states. As a byproduct of recursion, lyric subjectivity is homologous with processes in the physical and biological sciences, as conceptualized in dynamic systems theory. Such systems spontaneously select for their own boundaries and identity, their own relevant contexts: entity and environment are co-created.
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Simon, Julia. Time in the Blues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190666552.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Time in the Blues presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the specific forms of temporality produced by and reflected in the blues. Often described as immediate, spontaneous, and intense, the blues focus on the present moment, creating an experience of time for both performer and listener that is inflected by the material conditions that gave rise to the genre. Examining time as it is represented, enacted, and experienced through the blues engages questions concerning how material conditions in the early twentieth century shaped a musical genre. The formal characteristics of the blues—ostinato patterns, cyclical changes, improvisation, call and response—emerge from and speak to economic, social, and political relations under Jim Crow segregation. A close examination of the structuring of time under sharecropping, convict lease, and migration reveals their significance to aesthetic constraints in the blues. Likewise, contexts and frames of reception, such as traveling shows, advertisements for 78 rpm records, and a sense of tradition structure the experience of time for an audience of listeners. Blues music provides a rich and complex articulation of a dynamic form of resonant temporality that speaks against the dominant culture through its insistence on the present moment. Ultimately, Time in the Blues, argues for the relevance, significance, and importance of time in the blues for shared values of community and a vision of social justice.
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Lev Kenaan, Vered. The Ancient Unconscious. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827795.001.0001.
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Commonly understood as a modern conceptual invention rather than the discovery of a psychic reality, the notion of the unconscious is often criticized by traditional classicists as an anachronistic lens, one that ineluctably subjects ancient experience to modern patterns of thought. The book challenges this ambivalent theoretical disposition toward the psychoanalytic concept by offering an interpretation of the unconscious, explaining why this concept is in fact inseparable from, and crucial for, the study of the ancient text and more generally for the methodology of classical philology. The book thus examines the complicated, often conflicted, relationship between classical studies and psychoanalytic theory. The Ancient Unconscious considers the debate over whether the ancients had an unconscious as an invitation to rethink the relationship between antiquity and modernity. While antiquity does not provide organic provenance for modernity, it is nevertheless the case that despite the cultural and historical distance, the two epochs are firmly connected. The book investigates the meaning of the textual ties created by arbitrary, spontaneous, and unintentional contacts between the past and its future. Understanding the meaning of textuality through contact between times, historical moments that have no priority under the law of chronology, goes hand in hand with the book’s interpretation of the unconscious. Associations and connections between the past and its future—including the present—belong to the sphere of the unconscious. This latter is primarily employed here in order to study the inherent, often hidden links that bind modernity to classical antiquity, modern to ancient experiences.
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Poplack, Shana. Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001.
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In virtually every bilingual situation empirically studied, borrowed items make up the overwhelming majority of other-language material, but short shrift has been given to this major manifestation of language contact. As a result, scholars have long been divided over whether borrowing is a process distinct from code-switching, leading to long-standing controversy over how best to theorize language mixing strategies. This volume focuses on lexical borrowing as it actually occurs in the discourse of bilingual speakers, building on more than three decades of original research. Based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, it characterizes the phenomenon in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing, this work examines the process: How speakers incorporate foreign items into their bilingual discourse, how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure, how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities, how long they persist in real time, and whether they change over the duration. It proposes falsifiable hypotheses about established loanwords and nonce borrowings and tests them empirically on a wealth of unique datasets on a wide variety of typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration, the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, we show that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal.
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Levy, David M., and Ieva Saule. General anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
General anaesthesia (GA) is most often indicated for category 1 (immediate threat to life of mother or baby) caesarean delivery (CD) or when neuraxial anaesthesia has failed or is contraindicated. Secure intravenous access is essential. Jugular venous cannulation (with ultrasound guidance) is required if peripheral access is inadequate. A World Health Organization surgical safety checklist must be used. The shoulders and upper back should be ramped. Left lateral table tilt or other means of uterine displacement are essential to minimize aortocaval compression, and a head-up position is recommended to improve the efficiency of preoxygenation and reduce the likelihood of gastric contents reaching the oropharynx. Cricoid pressure is controversial. In the United Kingdom, thiopental remains the induction agent of choice, although there is scant evidence upon which to avoid propofol. In pre-eclampsia, it is essential to obtund the pressor response to laryngoscopy with remifentanil or alfentanil. Rocuronium is an acceptable alternative to succinylcholine for neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex offers the possibility of swifter reversal of rocuronium than spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Management of difficult tracheal intubation is focused on ‘oxygenation without aspiration’ and prevention of airway trauma. The Classic™ laryngeal mask airway is the most commonly used rescue airway in the United Kingdom. There is a large set of data from fasted women of low body mass index who have undergone elective CD safely with a Proseal™ or Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway. Sevoflurane is the most popular volatile agent for maintenance of GA. The role of electroencephalography-based depth of anaesthesia monitors at CD remains to be established. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide tension should be maintained below 4.0 kPa.