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Journal articles on the topic 'Spore yield'
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1
Damilola, O. Seyi-Amole, and A. Onilude Abiodun. "Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on the spore yield of Trichoderma harzianum in fed-batch culture." International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM) 7, no. 1 (2018): 18–23. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8398525.
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The influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on the spore yield of <em>T. harzianum </em>in fed-batch culture was investigated. <em>T. harzianum</em> was cultivated in liquid culture media under the effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources at different concentration using a fed-batch process. It was observed that among the various carbon sources studied, glucose (2.5 g l<sup>-1</sup>) gave the highest spore yield of 2.81±0.14 while starch (15.0 g l<sup>-1</sup>) gave the lowest spore yield (0.22±0.17). The effect of nitrogen sources revealed that 1.0 g l<sup>-1</sup> of casein enhanced the highest spore yield (2.88±0.02) while the lowest spore yield (0.23±0.02) was recorded in medium containing soy meal (9.0 g l<sup>-1</sup>) preparation. The results revealed that <em>T. harzianum </em>has the ability to utilize various carbon and nitrogen compounds and produce high spore yield at low carbon and nitrogen concentration. This can be considered during industrial production of <em>T. </em><em>harzianum</em> spores for biocontrol. Published by the <strong>International journal of Microbiology and Mycology (IJMM)</strong>
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HAMPSON, M. CHISNALL, and ALEXANDER ROBERTSON. "Distribution of Fungal Spores and Fractal Diversity of Quadrats on Membrane Filters†." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 9 (1995): 1038–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.9.1038.
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In standard practice, estimations of populations of fungal spores on gridded membrane filter discs are made from spore loads in arbitrarily selected groups or rows of grids (quadrats). We used the resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum to examine actual/expected spore ratio. The ratios showed unacceptable divergences, and are characterized by an aggregated spore distribution. The fractal diversity index of the quadrats is inversely related the loga of the population numbers. The analysis gives values for the appropriate spore number per quadrat and the quadrat pattern to yield the best actual/expected ratio.
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Tu, Zhiwei, Wishwas R. Abhyankar, Bhagyashree N. Swarge, et al. "Artificial Sporulation Induction (ASI) by kinA Overexpression Affects the Proteomes and Properties of Bacillus subtilis Spores." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (2020): 4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124315.
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To facilitate more accurate spore proteomic analysis, the current study focuses on inducing homogeneous sporulation by overexpressing kinA and assesses the effect of synchronized sporulation initiation on spore resistance, structures, the germination behavior at single-spore level and the proteome. The results indicate that, in our set up, the sporulation by overexpressing kinA can generate a spore yield of 70% within 8 h. The procedure increases spore wet heat resistance and thickness of the spore coat and cortex layers, whilst delaying the time to spore phase-darkening and burst after addition of germinant. The proteome analysis reveals that the upregulated proteins in the kinA induced spores, compared to spores without kinA induction, as well as the ‘wildtype’ spores, are mostly involved in spore formation. The downregulated proteins mostly belong to the categories of coping with stress, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as the regulation of sporulation. Thus, while kinA overexpression enhances synchronicity in sporulation initiation, it also has profound effects on the central equilibrium of spore formation and spore germination, through modulation of the spore molecular composition and stress resistance physiology.
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Nirosha, A., S. Rajeshkanna, and G. Mikunthan. "Effect of oil cakes and garlic aqueousbased formulations of trichoderma viride on management of meloidogyne incognita in chilli." Open Agriculture 3, no. 1 (2018): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2018-0022.
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Abstract Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) is a major threat to chilli (Capsicum annum) cultivation, by forming root galls and subsequent wilting. These nematodes live in soil, roots debris and reported surviving in other Solanaceae crops. Chemical application of nematicides cause impact on environment, therefore biocontrol using antagonistic fungi is desired to tackle this problem. This research is aimed to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma viride and its formulations on management of M. incognita. Oil cakes such as neem (Azadiracta indica), gingelly (Sesamum indicum), Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) and garlic (Allium sativum) extracts were used to evaluate the growth and sporulation of T. viride. Chilli variety MI-2 was used. Among the four preparations, neem oil cake recorded high spore yield of 1.75 ×107 spores/ml. Similarly gingelly oil cake and garlic produced the spore yields of 1.57 ×107 spores/ml and 1.368 ×107 spores/ml, respectively. Comparatively Mahua oil cake obtained low spore yield of 7.87×106 spores/ml. Plant growth was significant (P<0.05) in the application of neem oil cake formulation (30.42 cm). Extent of galling was significantly low with garlic (9.00) and neem (9.25). These results confirmed that the formulations of neem, gingelly oil cake extracts and garlic aqueous extract stimulated the chilli plant growth, productivity and reduced the nematode infestation. Above all, neem oil cake and garlic are the best formulations that can be used to manage M. incognita
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Tang, Chuanhong, Yi Tan, Jingsong Zhang, Shuai Zhou, Yoichi Honda, and Henan Zhang. "A Novel Strain Breeding of Ganoderma lucidum UV119 (Agaricomycetes) with High Spores Yield and Strong Resistant Ability to Other Microbes’ Invasions." Foods 12, no. 3 (2023): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12030465.
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The spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been proven to have a variety of pharmacological activities, and it has become a new resource for the development of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, the scarcity of natural resources, strict growth conditions and difficulty in controlling the stable yield, and quality of different culture batches seriously limit the development and utilization of G. lucidum spore powder. In the present study, the strain with the highest spore powder yield, G0109, was selected as the original strain to generate mutants of G. lucidum using ultraviolet ray irradiation. A total of 165 mutagenic strains were obtained, and fifty-five strains were chosen for the cultivation test. Importantly, one mutagenic strain with high spore powder yield and strong resistance to undesired microorganisms was acquired and named strain UV119. More cultivations demonstrated that the fruiting body and basidiospore yields from UV119 were, respectively, 8.67% and 19.27% higher than those of the parent (G0109), and the basidiospore yield was 20.56% higher than that of the current main cultivar “Longzhi No.1”. In conclusion, this study suggested that ultraviolet ray irradiation is an efficient and practical method for Ganoderma strain improvement and thus provided a basis for the development and application of G. lucidum spore production and outstanding contributions to the rapid development of the G. lucidum industry.
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Bekil, Semih, Aycan Tosunoglu, and Prof dr Adem Bıçakçı. "The Annual Variation of Allergenic Cladosporium and Alternaria Spores in the Atmosphere of Büyükorhan (Bursa), Turkey; Effects of Meteorological Factors." Journal of Fungus 12, no. 2 (2021): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30708/mantar.942793.
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Fungal spores are important bio-allergens frequently encountered in the atmosphere. Cladosporium Link and Alternaria Nees spores are generally recorded as dominant in many atmospheric fungal spore studies and have high allergic effects on susceptible individuals. The species belonging to these two genera may live as pathogens on the plants and cause low yield. This study was carried out between January 2012 to December 2013. Durham sampler, which is the device of the gravimetric method, was used in the research. A total of 10817 spores were recorded in the Büyükorhan (Bursa) atmosphere during the consecutive years. 4119 spores belonged to the first year and 6698 to the second year. The total numbers of Cladosporium spores were observed much higher than the total numbers of Alternaria spores in both years. This study aims to determine the variation of atmospheric spores in these two genera during the two years by comparing them with meteorological factors. For both spore types, the maximum spore numbers were found between the June-August term. Summer months revealed a risky period in terms of atmospheric fungal spore allergy for sensitive individuals.
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Rai, I. N., I. M. Sudana, I. W. Wiraatmaja, N. K. A. Astiari, and G. Wijana. "Test the viability and effectiveness of the AMF biofertilizer prototypes using different spore carrier media on production of organic cocoa." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1208, no. 1 (2023): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1208/1/012047.
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Abstract Increasing consumer demand for healthy food products has an impact on increasing demand for organic cocoa, but it is difficult for farmers to fulfil it because the production per hectare is still very low. Development of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) as biological fertilizers is expected to relieve farmers’ difficulties. This study aimed to find the best AMF biofertilizer prototype that can increase organic cocoa production while increasing soil fertility. The research was conducted through 2 stages. Stage 1 made prototypes of biological fertilizers from 7 indigenous AMF species isolated from cocoa roots using different spore carrier media and then tested the spore viability during storage, and stage 2 selected 2 of the best AMF biofertilizer prototypes to test their effectiveness on organic cocoa plantations. The results showed the AMF biofertilizer prototype with spore’s carrier media volcanic sand and zeolite gave the viability of spores remained high after being stored for 1 month, reaching 91.78% and 90.67%. The effectiveness test on organic cocoa plantations showed that the AMF biofertilizer prototype with different spore-carrying media had no significant effect on the yield and yield components of organic cocoa beans, but AMF biofertilizer prototype with volcanic sand spore-carrying media tended to increase the yield and improves soil fertility. It was concluded that the AMF biofertilizer prototype with volcanic sand spore carrier media was the best prototype, but it is necessary to carry out tests at several locations to determine the consistency of the effect.
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Tursynbayev, Nurtas, Nurlan Akhmetsadykov, Yerkin Krykbayev, and Damir Khussainov. "EFFECT OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVEL ON B. SUBTILIS SPORE CULTIVATION DURING SUBMERGED FERMENTATION IN BIOREACTOR." 3i intellect idea innovation - интеллект идея инновация 3 (2024): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52269/22266070_2024_3_3.
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This paper presents research findings on the impact of dissolved oxygen levels on the spore formation of B. subtilis during submerged cultivation in a bioreactor. The experiments analyzed both static and dynamic oxygen levels. The study revealed that oxygenation changes significantly affect the kinetics and yield of B. subtilis spores. When static DO values ranged from 0% to 50%, the process proved economically inefficient, with either non-viable bacteria at the end of the cycle or a spore yield that was not cost-effective. Conversely, DO levels from 50% to 0% resulted in rapid spore formation, followed by a shift from sporulation form back to vegetative form. The research identified the optimal dissolved oxygen range for cultivation as a dynamic cycle between 0% and 50%, where sporulation occurred after 36 hours, with spores comprising 95% of the total bacterial mass. This study broadens our understanding of biotechnological growth factors in bioreactor systems. Microbiological and biotechnological methods were used for submerged cultivation in bioreactors, along with physicochemical monitoring of dissolved oxygen. The practical relevance of this study lies in its potential application in controlling the cultivation of this microorganism for industrial biotechnological processes.
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Laho, Maroš, Mária Šedivá, Juraj Majtán, and Jaroslav Klaudiny. "Fructose and Trehalose Selectively Enhance In Vitro Sporulation of Paenibacillus larvae ERIC I and ERIC II Strains." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020225.
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Paenibacillus larvae is a Gram-positive bacterium, the spores of which are the causative agent of the most destructive brood disease of honeybees, American foulbrood (AFB). Obtaining viable spores of pathogen strains is requisite for different studies concerning AFB. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of five saccharides that may naturally occur in higher amounts in bee larvae on in vitro sporulation of P. larvae. The effect of individual saccharides at different concentrations on spore yields of P. larvae strains of epidemiologically important ERIC genotypes was examined in Columbia sheep blood agar (CSA) and MYPGP agar media. It was found that fructose in ERIC I and trehalose in ERIC II strains at concentrations in the range of 0.5–2% represent new sporulation factors that significantly enhanced the yields of viable spores in both media, mostly in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhancements in spore yield were mainly caused by improvements of the germination ability of the spores produced. Glucose, maltose and sucrose at 1% or 0.5% concentrations also supported sporulation but to a lower extent and not in all strains and media. Based on the knowledge gained, a novel procedure was proposed for the preparation of viable P. larvae spores with supposed improved quality for AFB research.
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Ortatatli, Mesut, Levent Kenar, Sermet Sezigen, Koray Eyison, and Huseyin Oktem. "Molecular detection of Bacillus anthracis: evaluation of the efficiency of DNA extraction and a novel dry PCR." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 44, no. 2 (2019): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2018-0292.
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Abstract Background Due to recent increase in mailings of anthrax spores, the detection of bioweapons has gained a great deal of interest. This study aimed to investigate the yield and purity of DNA obtained from spores and vegetative forms of Bacillus anthracis for detection by conventional (wet) and dry (lyophilized) PCR methods. Materials and methods Biosamples from stock solution were reconstituted to a concentration 108 cfu/mL followed by the spectrophotometric measurement of the yield and purity of acquired DNA. Twelve wet and 12 dry PCR studies of four various DNA dilution samples were performed for each three target gene (cap, pag, sap) of B. anthracis. Results Significant differences for both DNA yields and purity were found between liquid-agar and liquid-spore samples. No significant difference was observed between wet and dry PCR in concentration of 2.5 ng/μL DNA for all gene regions. PCR results of sap gene region with DNA concentrations of 1.5 ng/μL and 0.9 ng/μL was found statistically significant in favor of conventional wet PCR method (p = 0.047 and p ≤ 0.001, respectively). Conclusion It is concluded that B. anthracis cultivated in liquid medium is more usable than vegetative or spore form obtained on plate agar for proper DNA extraction.
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Kelly, R. M., D. G. Edwards, J. P. Thompson, and R. C. Magarey. "Growth responses of sugarcane to mycorrhizal spore density and phosphorus rate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 12 (2005): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04185.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mg P/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.
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Senthamizhlselvan, P., J. Alice, R. P. Sujeetha, and C. Jeyalakshmi. "GROWTH, SPORULATION AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF NATIVE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGAL ISOLATES ON A SUITABLE MEDIUM." Journal of Biopesticides 03, no. 02 (2010): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.3.2.466-469.
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ABSTRACT The two culture media tested both Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar ( SDA) recorded maximum mycelial growth in Beauveria bassiana isolates. Maximum growth was observed in the isolates of VpNlKKL 2121 (65.22mm), BbMtKKL 2107 (65.16mm), BbMdKKL 2106 (63.44mm) and FmNvKKL 2121 (62.78mm) and minimum growth was noticed in VpPmKKL 2120 (37.33mm) in PDA media. With SDA media maximum growth was observed in BbMtKKL 2107 (68.02mm) and BbMdKKL 2106 (66.91). Slowest growth was noticed in VpPmKKL 2120 (32.18 mm) .Highest spore count was noticed in B. bassiana isolates BbMtKKL 2107 (8.90 X 108 spores /ml) and BbMdKKL 2106 (8.77 X 108 spores / ml) isolates and are on par with FmNvKKL 2124 and VpPmKKL 2120 with PDA media. All other isolates had similar effect. Similarly, BbMdKKL 2106 isolate of B. bassiana in SDA media showed maximum spore count of 8.95 X 108 spores / ml and other isolates were on par with each other, except FpEvKKL 2119 which recorded least spore count of 0.52 X 108 spores / ml. Of the various fungi tested in (Potato Dextrose Broth)PDB and(Sabouraud Dextrose Broth) SDB (liquid broths) revealed that isolate BbMtKKL 2107 produced highest yield of (1.87g) followed by FpCmKKL 1526 (1.66g) and BbMdKKL 2106 (1.40g) and they were on a per with each other and remaining cultures four cultures were on par with each other. With reference to SDB media tested, highest yield was noticed in FpCmKKL 1526 (2.10g).
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Skelsey, P., W. A. H. Rossing, G. J. T. Kessel, and W. van der Werf. "Scenario Approach for Assessing the Utility of Dispersal Information in Decision Support for Aerially Spread Plant Pathogens, Applied to Phytophthora infestans." Phytopathology® 99, no. 7 (2009): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-7-0887.
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Opportunities exist to improve decision support systems through the use of dispersal information gained from epidemiological research. However, dispersal and demographic information is often fragmentary in plant pathology, and this uncertainty creates a risk of inappropriate action whenever such information is used as a basis for decision making. In this article, a scenario-based simulation approach is used to evaluate crop and economic risks and benefits in the use of dispersal information for decision making using the potato late blight pathosystem (Phytophthora infestans–Solanum tuberosum) as a case study. A recently validated spatiotemporal potato late blight model was coupled to submodels for crop growth, tuber dry matter production, and fungicide efficacy. The yield response of a range of management scenarios to a single influx of primary inoculum (the initial spore load) was calculated. Damage curves (relative yield loss versus initial spore load) from a range of combinations of varietal susceptibility and fungicide treatments were used to classify the various management scenarios as either sensitive to initial spore load or tolerant to initial spore load, thus identifying where a high degree of accuracy would be required in dispersal information for appropriate decision making, and where a greater degree of uncertainty could be tolerated. General epidemics, resulting from spatially homogeneous initial spore loads, responded more strongly to the size of the initial spore load than focal epidemics, resulting from an initial spot infection. Susceptible cultivars responded with sizeable yield losses even at low levels of initial spore load, regardless of the fungicide management regime used. These results indicated that, for susceptible cultivars (late cultivars in particular), the degree of accuracy that would be required in dispersal information for appropriate decision making is unlikely to be practically attainable. The results also indicated that, contrary to “folk wisdom,” spore loads of a few hundred spores per square meter do not lead to appreciable crop loss in resistant cultivars and are therefore acceptable. We conclude that scope exists for including dispersal information in decision making for potato late blight with resistant potato cultivars but not for susceptible cultivars. The modeling framework used in this study can be extended to investigate the scope for inclusion of dispersal information in decision support for other aerially transmitted pathogens.
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Kwon, Seok Joon, Heung-Chae Jung та Jae-Gu Pan. "Transgalactosylation in a Water-Solvent Biphasic Reaction System with β-Galactosidase Displayed on the Surfaces of Bacillus subtilis Spores". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, № 7 (2006): 2251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01489-06.
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ABSTRACT The ever-increasing industrial demand for biocatalysis necessitates innovations in the preparation and stabilization of biocatalysts. In this study, we demonstrated that β-galactosidase (β-Gal) displayed on Bacillus spores by fusion to the spore coat proteins (CotG) may be used as a whole-cell immobilized biocatalyst for transgalactosylation in water-solvent biphasic reaction systems. The resulting spores had a specific hydrolytic activity of 5 × 103 U/g (dry weight) of spores. The β-Gal was tightly attached to the spore surface and was more stable in the presence of various organic solvents than its native form was. The thermostability of the spore-displayed enzyme was also increased, and the enzyme was further stabilized by chemically cross-linking it with glutaraldehyde. With spore-displayed β-Gal, octyl-β-d-galactopyranoside was synthesized at concentrations up to 27.7 mM (8.1 g/liter) with a conversion yield of 27.7% (wt/wt) after 24 h from 100 mM lactose and 100 mM octanol dissolved in phosphate buffer and ethyl ether, respectively. Interestingly, the spores were found to partition mainly at the interface between the water and solvent phases, and they were more available to catalysis between the two phases, as determined by light microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We propose that spore display not only offers a new and facile way to construct robust biocatalysts but also provides a novel basis for phase transfer biocatalytic processes.
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Lou, Hanxiao, Qizheng Luo, Qingqing Guo, et al. "Optimization of the Culture Medium of Beauveria bassiana and Spore Yield Using Response Surface Methodology." Fermentation 10, no. 11 (2024): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10110587.
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Beauveria bassiana has distinct nutrient requirements depending on the growth stage, with the mycelial growth stage being particularly nutrient-intense. When nutrients are exhausted, B. bassiana produces numerous spores that re-germinate and release visible hyphae under suitable environmental conditions. This study aimed to use low-cost agricultural by-products for developing an optimized sporulation medium. Single-factor experiments revealed that potato, wheat bran, and wheat had the greatest influence on sporulation after 14 d of culture. Wheat, wheat bran, and corncob had the strongest effect on spore production. Using a mathematical model and Box–Behnken design, the maximum predicted sporulation using the stock medium was 5.55 × 106/mL. The optimized formula comprised 54.82 g potato, 77.74 g wheat bran, and 101.48 g wheat. The actual stock medium produced a spore yield of 5.52 × 106/mL. Similarly, the maximum predicted sporulation was 15.66 × 106/mL for the culture medium. The optimized formula comprised 50.81 g wheat, 99.6 g wheat bran, and 112.59 g corncob, with a spore yield of 15.69 × 106/mL. The high consistency between predicted and experimental values indicated that our model can accurately determine the effect of medium on sporulation.
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Tian, Zhiliang, Lizhen Hou, Miao Hu, et al. "Optimization of Sporulation Conditions for Bacillus subtilis BSNK-5." Processes 10, no. 6 (2022): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061133.
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Bacillus subtilis spores have important biological applications; however, high spore-cell densities and sporulation efficiencies in fermentation is poorly reported. This study systematically analyzed the spore densities and formation efficiency of B. subtilis BSNK-5 in different culture substrates. A response surface regression equation was established based on the results of single factor and Box–Behnken experimental designs. The optimal medium formulation, as predicted from the equation, consisted of soluble starch at 3 g·L−1, soybean flour at 12 g·L−1, and MgSO4 at 5 g·L−1. The spore yield reached 2.43 × 109 CFU·mL−1, and the sporulation rate was 83.3%, which was nearly three times higher than before optimization using an optimized medium at 36 °C and 200 rpm for 60 h.
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Emmanuel, Bukola, Olajire Fagbola, and Oluwole Osonubi. "Influence of fertiliser application on the occurrence and colonisation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under maize/Centrosema and sole maize systems." Soil Research 50, no. 1 (2012): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11254.
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Soil fertility management practices can influence colonisation of crops by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their abundance. The effects of different rates of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertiliser on AMF occurrence and colonisation were studied in maize/Centrosema pascuorum and sole maize systems. The NPK treatments were at rates (kg/ha): 0-10-30, 45-10-30, and 0-0-0 (control). The AMF spore populations were enumerated by direct counting under a microscope. Nutrient uptake was calculated as the product of nutrient concentration and shoot dry weight, and maize yield was estimated per ha. In the maize/Centrosema system, spore count, AMF colonisation, and nutrient uptake (except N) decreased with NPK 45-10-30 compared with 0-10-30, although maize yields were comparable at the two fertiliser levels. In the sole maize system, fertiliser application did not influence AMF spore abundance, but colonisation, nutrient uptake, and crop yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with NPK 45-10-30. Maize yield increased by 1200% under the maize/Centrosema system compared with sole maize at NPK 0-10-30. The lowest values for all parameters were obtained under the control treatments. Colonisation of AMF, nutrient uptake, and maize yield were positively correlated. The maize/Centrosema system can maximise AMF benefits to increase yield and also reduce fertiliser input into agricultural soils, while application of N fertiliser is important to increase yield in the sole maize system.
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Atmaca, Emel. "Comparison of the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) Spore Inoculation on The Growth of Mexican Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Plants Grown with Two Different Techniques." International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention 13, no. 10 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35629/6734-13100108.
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In recent years, the importance and utilization of plant-root-fungal mutualistic symbiosis in crop production have been increasing. In this system, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores are mostly used as the production material. The abundant production of healthy spores is an influential factor in the widespread use of this microbial fertilizer. Various cultivation and inoculation techniques have been developed for AMF spore production. Soil and substrate-based production techniques are widely used for the large-scale production of AMF spores. However, beyond the commercial scale, it is important to obtain reliable results in plant nutrition and growth by AMF spore inoculation without contamination for scientific studies. Therefore, in this study, the growth status of Mexican marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) grown using the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and the Hydroponic Technique (HT) by AMF spore inoculation was monitored. For this purpose, a pure mixture of AMF spores (Rhizopaghus irregularis) and a control treatment were applied to the media (500 spores were given to perlite media as plant inoculation material for both systems). Some yield parameters and nutrient contents were determined. At the end of the 3-month study, the differences between the yield and nutrient values of the treatments were found statistically significant (p<0.05). The highest plant height, fresh and dry plant weight, root length, and fresh root weight values (12.93cm-3.65g-1.87g-7.32cm-1.18g, respectively) were obtained in the plants inoculated with mix spores in the HT system. The highest values of some macro and micronutrients in the plants were generally obtained from the plants inoculated in the HT system (R. irregularis and mix mycorrhizal spores). The lowest values of the measured parameters were generally obtained from the control treatments in both systems, but the highest values of B, Zn, and Mn (469.44-371.42-1501.05 mg kg-1) were obtained in the non-inoculated plants (NFT system).
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Zhou, Huiru, Qiang Lai, Qiong Huang, Dingzhou Cai, Dong Huang, and Boming Wu. "Automatic Detection of Rice Blast Fungus Spores by Deep Learning-Based Object Detection: Models, Benchmarks and Quantitative Analysis." Agriculture 14, no. 2 (2024): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14020290.
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The severity of rice blast and its impacts on rice yield are closely related to the inoculum quantity of Magnaporthe oryzae, and automatic detection of the pathogen spores in microscopic images can provide a rapid and effective way to quantify pathogen inoculum. Traditional spore detection methods mostly rely on manual feature extraction and shallow machine learning models, and are mostly designed for the indoor counting of a single spore class, which cannot handle the interference of impurity particles in the field. This study achieved automatic detection of rice blast fungus spores in the mixture with other fungal spores and rice pollens commonly encountered under field conditions by using deep learning based object detection techniques. First, 8959 microscopic images of a single spore class and 1450 microscopic images of mixed spore classes, including the rice blast fungus spores and four common impurity particles, were collected and labelled to form the benchmark dataset. Then, Faster R-CNN, Cascade R-CNN and YOLOv3 were used as the main detection frameworks, and multiple convolutional neural networks were used as the backbone networks in training of nine object detection algorithms. The results showed that the detection performance of YOLOv3_DarkNet53 is superior to the other eight algorithms, and achieved 98.0% mean average precision (intersection over union > 0.5) and an average speed of 36.4 frames per second. This study demonstrated the enormous application potential of deep object detection algorithms in automatic detection and quantification of rice blast fungus spores.
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Mutlu, Alper, Charlotte Kaspar, Nils Becker, and Ilka B. Bischofs. "A spore quality–quantity tradeoff favors diverse sporulation strategies in Bacillus subtilis." ISME Journal 14, no. 11 (2020): 2703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0721-4.
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Abstract Quality–quantity tradeoffs govern the production of propagules across taxa and can explain variability in life-history traits in higher organisms. A quality–quantity tradeoff was recently discovered in spore forming bacteria, but whether it impacts fitness is unclear. Here we show both theoretically and experimentally that the nutrient supply during spore revival determines the fitness advantage associated with different sporulation behaviors in Bacillus subtilis. By tuning sporulation rates we generate spore-yield and spore-quality strategists that compete with each other in a microscopic life-cycle assay. The quality (yield) strategist is favored when spore revival is triggered by poor (rich) nutrients. We also show that natural isolates from the gut and soil employ different life-cycle strategies that result from genomic variations in the number of rap-phr signaling systems. Taken together, our results suggest that a spore quality–quantity tradeoff contributes to the evolutionary adaptation of sporulating bacteria.
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Havrylenko, Ksenia. "The influence of agricultural land on the level of airborne Alternaria spores." ScienceRise: Biological Science, no. 3(36) (September 30, 2023): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-8025.2023.287424.
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Aim of the research was to investigate the impact of agricultural activity on the concentration of Alternaria spores.
 Materials and methods. The study was carried out at the Department of Medical Biology, Parasitology and Genetics of the ZSMPhU. Samples were collected using a 7-day volumetric sampler of the Hirst type, using the volumetric method. Samples were identified under a light microscope, and spore identification and counting were limited to genus levels. The relationship between seasonal Alternaria spore levels and harvest rates was analysed using Pearson's correlation method. The effect of meteorological conditions and agricultural activity on the daily concentration of Alternaria was analysed using stepwise correlation based on logarithmically transformed daily average spore counts. Classical leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was used to estimate the mean square error (MSE), associated with this model and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) was used to assess its accuracy.
 Results. Seasonal characteristics of Alternaria spores and agricultural activity in Zaporizhzhia and Dnipro regions were analysed. The connection of some seasonal and daily indicators with harvesting rates and meteorological conditions was determined. Two models with 5 and 9 parameters were found that best explain the dynamics of Alternaria spores.
 Conclusions. The most significant parameters positively correlated with Alternaria spore levels were temperature, pressure, westerly wind and wheat yield; relative humidity was negatively correlated
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Xi, Xiangheng, Xinjie Sun, Yunzhe Ma, Xinyue Jiang, Yangzi Guo, and Xinli Liu. "The effect of seed morphology on the biosynthesis of transglutaminase." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 845. https://doi.org/10.56028/aetr.12.1.845.2024.
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Transglutaminase (TGase) is a crucial enzyme, widely utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and textile industries due to its ability to catalyze protein cross-linking reactions. Despite its significant industrial relevance, the effects of spore age and concentration on seed mycelium morphology and subsequent TGase synthesis have not been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, studies on the application of particle-enhanced cultivation techniques are also limited, such as using talc powder to regulate seed morphology and enhance enzymatic activity. This study aims to explore the effects of spore age, concentration, and the addition of talc powder as particles on TGase synthesis. By optimizing spore age and concentration, and precisely controlling seed morphology through particle-enhanced cultivation techniques, we obtained the optimal seed morphology for TGase production, namely free mycelial clumps. The optimal conditions for enzyme synthesis were found to be a spore age of 8 days, a spore concentration of 4.24×107 spores/mL, and a talc powder treatment concentration of 10 g/L. Under these conditions, the enzyme activity reached its peak value of 16.28±0.57 U/mL. These results indicate that precise control of morphology is key to maximizing TGase yield.
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Trung Hieu, Pham, Tran Dai Lam, Le The Tam, et al. "Optimization of fermentation medium for spore production of Paenibacillus polymyxa IN937a and its antifungal activity." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 1 (2022): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/17202.
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In this study, we optimized the fermentation medium for spore production of Paenibacillus polymyxa IN937a. Seven factors including molasses, glucose, magnesium sulfate, potassium pyrophosphate, yeast extract, zinc sulfate, and ammonium sulfate are selected as the basis for the screening of factors affecting the spore production of P. polymyxa IN937a by the Plackett-Burman experiment. Based on the analysis of the Plackett-Burman matrix, the result showed that yeast extract, molasses, and ammonium sulfate were the three main impact factors (P < 0.05), which affected the yield of P. polymyxa IN937a spores. Then, the optimum combination of the three factors was subsequently optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken design to increase the spore production in P. polymyxa IN937a fermentation. The obtained results by RSM predicted that maximum spore density of P. polymyxa IN937a was 6.606×109 spore/mL after 48 hours of the experiment when the appropriate medium for the spore production of P. polymyxa IN937a included yeast extract 14.44 g/L, molasses 19.14 g/L, and ammonium sulfate 0.20 g/L. In addition, the antifungal activity of P. polymyxa IN937a was also tested in this study. The preliminary results of in vitro antifungal activity indicated that P. polymyxa IN937a had a good inhibition on the growth of two phytopathogenic fungal strains Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani. These results could be used for further research on the fermentation of P. polymyxa IN937a on a pilot scale to obtain the optimal number of spores for use in the development of biological crop protection products.
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Meng, Zhen, Shuangshuang Xiang, Xue Wang, et al. "Turning Waste into Wealth: Utilizing Trichoderma’s Solid-State Fermentation to Recycle Tea Residue for Tea Cutting Production." Agronomy 14, no. 3 (2024): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030526.
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Trichoderma is a widely recognized plant-growth-promoting fungus that has been extensively utilized in various agricultural applications. However, research on the economic production of Trichoderma spores and their effects on tea cuttings must be further advanced. In this study, T. guizhouense NJAU 4742 (NJAU 4742) emerged as a growth-promoting strain for tea cuttings, and the spore-production conditions of NJAU 4742 attained through solid-state fermentation (SSF) using tea residues were optimized. In a pot experiment, nursery substrates containing different concentrations of NJAU 4742 spores were tested for their influence on tea cutting growth and the rhizosphere fungal community. The optimal conditions for spore yield were determined as a 7:3 (w/w) ratio of tea residue to rice bran, a material thickness of 3 cm, an inoculum concentration of 15% (v/w), and an incubation time of 4 days, resulting in a spore count of 1.8 × 109 CFU/g. Applying NJAU 4742 spore products significantly increased the biomass of tea cuttings and influenced the fungal community composition. Moreover, higher concentrations of NJAU 4742 spores yielded better growth performance, and applying nursery substrate with 1.0 × 107 CFU/mL spores was the most economically viable option. Notably, among the top ten fungal genera with the highest relative abundance, Trichoderma showed a positive correlation with the fresh weight of tea cuttings, while the others exhibited a negative correlation. Overall, utilizing tea residue for SSF to produce NJAU 4742 was a feasible approach, and the application of NJAU 4742 spores enhanced the growth of tea cuttings by increasing the relative abundance of Trichoderma.
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Ephraim Motaroki Menge. "Developing novel techniques for efficient Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Inoculum Production." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 10, no. 2 (2023): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.2.1011.
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The demand for AMF propagules has experienced a surge as a result of their capability to amplify growth and nutrient uptake. This demand has triggered the adoption of contemporary propagule cultivation techniques, as conventional AMF propagation methods often involve extensive labor and time requirements, creating difficulties for large-scale production. The adoption of bioreactors, for example, has become one of the most promising approaches for the substantial cultivation of AMF propagules. Bioreactors offer a promising approach for the large-scale production of AMF propagules, which boost nutrient absorption and plant development. They provide superior yield, cost-effectiveness, and scalability in contrast to conventional methods. Synthetic substrates also provide a regulated environment that enhances optimal growth and development. They can be adjusted to satisfy specific nutrient specifications and promote consistent spore production. Synthetic substrates enable researchers to manipulate concentration and timing, thereby increasing spore yields and preserving non-destructive yield. This approach enables the iterative extraction of spores from the same batch. The prioritization of nutrient composition optimization in bioreactors is crucial for supporting AMF propagule growth and reproduction in future research. For instance, understanding AMF's distinct nutrient requirements can lead to media that is nutrient-rich, increased yields of propagules, and improved interactions with plants. Furthermore, developments in synthetic substrate technology can produce substrates that replicate natural soil environments. This study focused on innovative materials and additives can amplify substrate fertility and stability. Likewise, the careful concentration and timing of application when optimizing growth regulators can have a substantial impact on the production of AMF spores. These advancements can contribute to the sustainable production of AMF propagules, thereby offering advantages to agriculture and ecological restoration initiatives.
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Diego-Nava, Fidel, Carlos Granados-Echegoyen, Jaime Ruíz-Vega, et al. "Functional and Quality Assessment of a Spore Harvester for Entomopathogenic Fungi for Biopesticide Production." AgriEngineering 5, no. 2 (2023): 801–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5020049.
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The Green Revolution led to an increased use of synthetic pesticides, causing environmental pollution. As an alternative, biopesticides made from entomopathogenic agents such as fungi have been sought. This study aimed to design and evaluate the performance of a harvester machine for efficiently collecting entomopathogenic spores of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana grown on rice and corn substrates. The spore yield was estimated, and a spore count and a colony-forming unit (CFU) count were performed. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the mean values of spores obtained from different combinations of solid substrate and fungi. The Corn-Metarhizium combination produced 34.15 g of spores per kg of substrate and 1.51 × 109 CFUs mL−1. Similarly, the Rice-Metarhizium combination produced 57.35 g per kg and 1.59 × 109 CFUs mL−1. Meanwhile, the Corn-Beauveria combination yielded 35.47 g per kg and 1.00 × 109 CFUs mL−1, while the Rice-Beauveria combination had a yield of 38.26 g per kg and 4.50 × 108 CFUs mL−1. Based on the reported results, the Rice-Metarhizium combination appears to be the most effective, yielding the highest number of harvested spores per kg of substrate. The study estimated a total cost of approximately $409.31 for manufacturing the harvester, considering only the cost of the materials. These results could potentially increase the availability and affordability of entomopathogenic fungi in integrated pest management.
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Rahman, MA, TH Ansari, MF Alam, JR Moni, and M. Ahmed. "Efficacy of Trichoderma against Colletotrichum capsici Causing Fruit Rot Due to Anthracnose of Chili (Capsicum annum L.)." Agriculturists 16, no. 02 (2018): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v16i02.40345.
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Five Trichoderma species/strains, Trichoderma virens IMI-392430, T. pseudokoningii IMI-392431, T. harzianum IMI-392432, T. harzianum IMI-392433 and T. harzianum IMI-392434 were tested against anthracnose and fruit rot of chilli. Effect of Trichoderma species in suppressing anthracnose and fruit rot as well as the growth and yield of chilli were evaluated. Seven treatments consisting of five Trichoderma strains, one Colletotrichum capsici and control were used as seed treatments. Chilli seeds were treated with spore suspension or secondary metabolites of each Trichoderma species/strain and C. capsici separately. Mixture of suspension of each Trichoderma species/strain with C. capsici was also used as spore suspension or secondary metabolites. Percent fruit infection in the control treatment was found almost similar to the treatment that contained T. viridae and T. pseudokoningii spore suspension or secondary metabolites. T. harzianum strains alone suppressed fruit infection (%) significantly. Further all the Trichoderma species/strains reduced the fruit infection (%) than the diseased control even when seeds were treated with Trichoderma separately mixing with C. capsici. Spore suspension of T. harzianum IMI-392433 was found much more effective against C. capsici which suppressed 95.8% and 79.6 % fruit infection respectively under natural (without C. capsici) and high inoculum pressure of C. capsici. All the tested Trichoderma species/strains showed higher plant growth and increased fruit yield irrespective of rest of the treatments. It was found that Trichoderma strains control chilli fruit rot significantly but high inoculum pressure of C. capsici reduced fruit yield drastically. Among the treatments, spore suspension of T. harzianum IMI-392433 increased the fruit yield 83.6% and 76.5% per plant compared to spore suspension of C. capsici and control treatments, respectively. These results implied that T. harzianum IMI-392433 can effectively control fruit rot of chili caused by C. capsici through host resistance and antifungal metabolite activity. The fruit yield was increased due to the influence of T. harzianum IMI-392433 on vigorous physiological growth of plants as well as efficacy against the disease.
 The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 75-87
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Sella, Sandra Regina Barroso Ruiz, Belquis Palácio Guizelini, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Adriane Bianchi Pedroni Medeiros, and Carlos Ricardo Soccol. "Lab-Scale production of Bacillus atrophaeus' spores by solid state fermentation in fifferent types of bioreactors." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, spe (2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000700021.
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Studies were conducted to evaluate Bacillus atrophaeus spores' production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using sugarcane bagasse as support and soybean molasses as substrate at lab-scale in column bioreactors (forced aeration), plastic bags and Erlenmeyer flasks (aeration by diffusion). Different moisture contents (84%, 86% and 88%; 89%, 91% and 93%) and aeration rates (30mL/min, 45mL/min, 60mL/min and 90mL/min) were studied. The best condition for spore production (3.3x10(10) CFU.g-¹dry matter) in column bioreactor was 80% of initial humidity and no aeration. In Erlenmeyer flasks and plastic bags the best sporulation production reached 1.7 up to 4.7x10(10) CFU.g-1dry matter with 88-93% of initial moisture. The aeration rate had no significant effect on the spore yield. The initial moisture had a significant effect depending on the bioreactor type. Sporulation kinetic's assay was carried out and it showed the possibility to reduce the time of spore formation in two days.
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Robert, Corinne, Marie-Odile Bancal, and Christian Lannou. "Wheat Leaf Rust Uredospore Production and Carbon and Nitrogen Export in Relation to Lesion Size and Density." Phytopathology® 92, no. 7 (2002): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.762.
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To develop mechanistic yield loss models for biotrophic fungi, we need better account for the export of dry matter, carbon, and nitrogen from the leaf into the spores. Three experiments in controlled environment chambers were performed to study the dynamics of uredospores production of Puccinia triticina on seedling leaves of wheat in relation to time, lesion density, and sporulating surface area. The detrimental effect of lesion density on the sporulation capacity of brown rust lesions was confirmed. When lesion density increased, spores production per lesion strongly decreased. However, our results showed that increasing lesion density also greatly reduces lesion size. A model was developed to summarize these relationships. Our main conclusion is that the density effect on spore production per lesion is accounted for by lesion size. When sporulation was related to the sporulating surface area, it became independent of density. As well, carbon and nitrogen contents of the spores were independent of lesion density. Our data suggest that when nitrogen available in the host is limiting, spore production is reduced but nitrogen content of spores tend to remain stable.
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Xu, Li, Zhi Chun Zhan, ShiShen Du, et al. "Isolation, functional evaluation, and fermentation process optimization of probiotic Bacillus coagulans." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (2023): e0286944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286944.
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Bacillus coagulans is a probiotic agent widely used in various industries. In this study, we isolated a novel strain of B. coagulans, X26, from soil and characterized its properties. X26 exhibited superior enzyme, acid, and biomass yields when compared with other bacterial probiotics and an antibiotic. Moreover, X26 significantly improved the body weight of rats, highlighting its potential for industrial development as a supplement for animals. To optimize the fermentation process of this bacterium, we adopted the response surface design. When X26 was cultured in a medium with 16.5 g/L maltose, 25.00 g/L yeast extract, and 3.5 g/L K2HPO4, the optimal yield was predicted to be 5.1 × 109 CFU/mL. Consistent with the prediction, the yield of X26 in a 500-mL flask culture was (5.12 ± 0.01) × 109 CFU/mL, and in a 30-L fermenter was (5.11 ± 0.02) × 109 CFU/mL, accounting for a 9.9-fold higher field than that with a basal medium before optimization. We further optimized the fermentation process in the 30-L and a 10-T fermenter, generating yields of (7.8 ± 0.2) × 109 CFU/mL (spore rate: 96.54%) and (8.7 ± 0.1) × 109 CFU/mL (spore rate: 97.93%), respectively. These yields and spore rates were achieved at 45–55°C, the typical fermentation temperature of B. coagulans. Our findings indicate that B. coagulans X26 is a promising probiotic with considerable potential for cost-effective industrial fermentation.
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Şesan, Tatiana Eugenia, Anca Olguța Oancea, Laura Mihaela Ştefan, et al. "Effects of Foliar Treatment with a Trichoderma Plant Biostimulant Consortium on Passiflora caerulea L. Yield and Quality." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010123.
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The influence of spore concentration on the ability of a Trichoderma consortium to colonize the Passiflora caerulea phyllosphere was evaluated by determining the effects of foliar treatments with two spore concentrations, in two repeated treatments, on the morphological, physiological, and ultrastructural characteristics, and on the yield and quality of P. caerulea. The studied crop quality features were related to its nutraceutical use: the accumulation of polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and effects on mouse fibroblast L929 cells. The Trichoderma consortium consisted of two strains, T. asperellum T36b and T. harzianum Td50b, and the concentrations used were 106 colony forming units (cfu)/mL and 108 cfu/mL. As a reference treatment, a commercial product that was based on herbs and algal extracts was used. As compared to the negative control, the treatment with the Trichoderma consortium at 108 cfu/mL concentration determines the accumulation of higher level of polyphenols and flavonoids and increased antioxidant activity. This enhancement of P. caerulea quality characteristics after treatment with the higher concentration of Trichoderma consortium was associated with larger leaves, increased number and size of chloroplasts, improved plant physiology characteristics, and an increased yield. The treatment with high concentration of Trichoderma consortium spores promotes phyllosphere colonization and benefits both crop yield and quality.
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Verma, Neelam, J. Tarafdar, and K. Srivastava. "Standardization of Inoculum dose of an AM Fungus for Prosopis cineraria seedlings." Indian Journal of Forestry 32, no. 3 (2009): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2009-02m8m6.
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To examine the critical level of arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for Prosopis cineraria under nursery seedling production, Glomus sp. was used at different spore levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 spores per seedling per polybag). Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant height, dry matter yield, root length and per cent root infection. Eighty five per cent infections were found to be sufficient for optimum response by P. cineraria seedling. The critical level of spores was found to be 400 per polybag (1 kg soil).
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Billones-Baaijens, Regina, Meifang Liu, Mark R. Sosnowski, Matthew R. Ayres, and Sandra Savocchia. "Molecular detection and identification of Diatrypaceous airborne spores in Australian vineyards revealed high species diversity between regions." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0286738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286738.
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The grapevine trunk disease, Eutypa dieback (ED), causes significant vine decline and yield reduction. For many years, the fungus Eutypa lata was considered the main pathogen causing ED of grapevines in Australia. Recent studies showed other Diatrypaceous fungi were also associated with vines exhibiting dieback symptoms but there is limited information on how these fungal pathogens spread in vineyards. Thus, information on the spore dispersal patterns of Diatrypaceous fungi in different wine regions will assist in identifying high-risk infection periods in vineyards. Using more than 6800 DNA samples from airborne spores collected from eight wine regions in south-eastern Australia over 8 years using a Burkard spore trap, this study investigated the diversity and abundance of Diatrypaceous species, using multi-faceted molecular tools. A multi-target quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay successfully detected and quantified Diatrypaceous spores from 30% of the total samples with spore numbers and frequency of detection varying between regions and years. The high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) coupled with DNA sequencing identified seven species, with E. lata being present in seven regions and the most prevalent species in the Adelaide Hills, Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale. Cryptovalsa ampelina and Diatrype stigma were the predominant species in the Clare Valley and Coonawarra, respectively while Eutypella citricola and Eu. microtheca dominated in the Hunter Valley and the Riverina regions. This study represents the first report of D. stigma and Cryptosphaeria multicontinentalis in Australian vineyards. This study further showed rainfall as a primary factor that triggers spore release, however, other weather factors that may influence the spore release in different climatic regions of Australia still requires further investigation.
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Taliyan, Ankush, Ajay Kumar, Rajendra Singh, Rohit Rana, and Shekhar Rana. "Mass multiplication of Metarhizium anisopliae on different media." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 5, no. 01 (2020): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2020.5.1.21.
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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae are fungal species that is the frequently occurring and destructive pest management to the pathogenic soil and insects. The effect of different substrates for the mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml was significantly higher recorded The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly producing spore per ml and thus increasing the yield significantly as compared to other substrates. The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly higher effective in producing spore/ml as compared to other substrates overall finding showed that substrate tested, for Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml production was significantly higher recorded 240.53 and 195.26 spore/ml were recorded on substrate irrespective of the temperature.
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Ankush, Taliyan, Kumar Ajay, Singh Rajendra, Rana Rohit, and Rana Shekhar. "Mass multiplication of Metarhizium anisopliae on different media." Mass multiplication of Metarhizium anisopliae on different media 5, no. 1 (2020): 138–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8260826.
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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae are fungal species that is the frequently occurring and destructive pest management to the pathogenic soil and insects. The effect of different substrates for the mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml was significantly higher recorded The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly producing spore per ml and thus increasing the yield significantly as compared to other substrates. The results revealed that all the treatments were significantly higher effective in producing spore/ml as compared to other substrates overall finding showed that substrate tested, for Metarhizium anisopliae spore/ml production was significantly higher recorded 240.53 and 195.26 spore/ml were recorded on substrate irrespective of the temperature.
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Lebrón, Ligia, D. Jean Lodge, and Paul Bayman. "Differences in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi among Three Coffee Cultivars in Puerto Rico." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (August 16, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/148042.
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Mycorrhizal symbiosis is important for growth of coffee (Coffea arabica), but differences among coffee cultivars in response to mycorrhizal interactions have not been studied. We compared arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) extraradical hyphae in the soil and diversity of AM fungi among three coffee cultivars, Caturra, Pacas, and Borbón, at three farms in Puerto Rico. Caturra had significantly lower total extraradical AM hyphal length than Pacas and Borbón at all locations. P content did not differ among cultivars. Extraradical hyphal lengths differed significantly among locations. Although the same morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungal spores were present in the rhizosphere of the three cultivars and total spore density did not differ significantly, frequencies of spore morphotypes differed significantly among cultivars. Spore morphotypes were typical of Glomus and Sclerocystis. Levels of soil nutrients did not explain differences in AM colonzation among cultivars. The cultivar Caturra is a mutant of Borbón and has apparently lost Borbón’s capacity to support and benefit from an extensive network of AM hyphae in the soil. Widespread planting of Caturra, which matures earlier and has higher yield if fertilized, may increase dependence on fertilizers.
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Nicholas Olga Situmorang, I Nyoman Rai, and I Wayan Wiraatmaja. "Growth and yield responses of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) to fungi arbuscular mycorrhizal biofertilizer prototypes with Different Spore Carrier Media and pruning." Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (2023): 042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2023.8.2.0029.
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Bali is one of the organic cocoa producers in Indonesia, but its production has not met the national demand for cocoa. Bali is one of the cocoa producing centers is located in Buleleng Regency. In an effort to increase the growth and yield of cocoa plants, prototype mycorrhizal biofertilizers with different spore carriers can be used to improve soil fertility and cocoa productivity added with pruning treatment. This study aimed to determine the growth and yield response of cocoa to a prototype of mycorrhizal biofertilizer with different spore-carriers’ media and pruning. The study used a randomized block design with 2 factors and 6 replications. The results showed that the prototype of mycorrhizal biofertilizer with volcanic sand carrier media treatment gave the best results compared to others treatments. Pruning new shoots and the end of twigs 2-3 internode can provide the best growth and yield of cocoa. The interaction of mycorrhizal biofertilizer prototypes with different spore carrier media and pruning had a very significant effect only on leaf chlorophyll, leaf reducing sugar, and leaf sucrose content.
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Jigar, T. Mistry, S. Bijalwan Aditi, and R. Thakkar Yagnesh. "Evaluating the Influence of Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Greenical VAMTM ) on Sugarcane Growth and Yield." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 44 (2023): 3971–77. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i44.2499.
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Abstract <strong>Objective:</strong> The present study aimed to assess the effects of Greenical VAM™, a commercial mycorrhizal fungi tablet comprised of Rhizophagus fasciculatus and Rhizophagus intraradices, on sugarcane growth and yield differences.<strong> Methods:</strong> Two sugarcane cultivars, Co 0238 and Co 86002, were exposed to two AMF inoculation levels, each replicated three times. Parameters included root colonization, soil properties, nutrient uptake, and sugarcane productivity. <strong>Findings:</strong> AMF significantly improved root colonization, soil properties, nutrient uptake, and overall sugarcane productivity in both cultivars. Co 0238 performed better, highlighting varietal differences. Our study emphasizes the potential of AMF like Greenical VAM™ to enhance sugarcane development and yield under favorable conditions. AMF root colonization varied between 56% and 76% throughout the studied cultivars, with Co 0238 outperforming Co 86002 in terms of yield parameters. This improvement resulted in improved yield characteristics and overall sugarcane production. <strong>Novelty:</strong> This research pioneers the use of Greenical VAM™ in sugarcane cultivation, with practical implications for higher yields. Each tablet boasts an impressive spore concentration of 50,000 spores per gram, surpassing existing formulations. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Greenical VAM™, Mycorrhizae, Plant Growth, Root colonization, Sugarcane
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Blackall, James L., Jie Wang, Mostafa R. A. Nabawy, Mark K. Quinn, and Bruce D. Grieve. "Development of a Passive Spore Sampler for Capture Enhancement of Airborne Crop Pathogens." Fluids 5, no. 2 (2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020097.
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Yellow rust spores currently blight commercial and domestic wheat production in areas of East Africa such as Ethiopia. Yellow rust is a hazard to crops which appears asymptomatic for a time, but inevitably causes significant losses in yield once symptoms of infection manifest themselves to the point where they can be readily observed by the naked eye. Regionally recurrent losses of up to 5% are common and reach as high as 25% in rare cases. Historically, spore sampling has been undertaken by large, cumbersome devices that require heavy power supplies and significant expertise to reliably operate. Moreover, tools for the design and development of such devices are currently limited. This paper, therefore, proposes design and testing processes to develop a spore sampling device that is compact, passive (requires no power to operate), and can better direct spores onto a biomimetic sensor platform enhancing the capture and detection of pathogens. This represents a novel design context for fluidic devices. Performance of the device has been simulated using Lagrangian particle tracking embedded into computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, demonstrating significant improvements across a range of spore Stokes numbers. Experimental validation of numerical simulations was performed using wind tunnel testing and practical performance such as weathervaning was demonstrated. Results show that that the developed sampler is capable of enhancing the probability of yellow rust spores interacting with an internal sensor by a factor of between 20 and 25; demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed design.
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Alexandrova, Ekaterina G., Vladimir A. Milyutkin, and Oksana A. Blinova. "Assessment of yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700040.
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The article presents the results of experimental data characterizing the yield and quality of double-spore champignon mushrooms obtained by their cultivation on the substrate with the use of organic additives of plant and animal origin - waste of food and processing industries: sunflower husks, meat and buckwheat meal and coarse grains. The yield of mushrooms is estimated by periods of substrate preparation (winter and summer) and fruit-bearing waves. Higher yield of mushrooms of mushrooms of double-spore champignon was obtained on the substrate prepared in summer for two waves of fruiting. Assessment of the quality of mushrooms involved studying the content of protein, fiber, fat and ash elements (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and magnesium). The results show that sunflower husk and meat and bone meal are the best organic additives that not only increase the yield of mushrooms, but also their quality. The study shows that the quality of mushrooms obtained in the second wave is significantly higher than the quality of mushrooms obtained in the previous wave. Positive is the fact that the use of organic waste in industrial mushroom production contributes to the efficient management of, as a rule, little used by-products of food and processing industries.
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Sapkota, Sita Ram, and Tarani Prasad Paneru. "Study the stability of chickpea endophytic actinobacteria species on broth and agar culture media." Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation 10, no. 1 (2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jmen.2022.10.00350.
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The actinobacteria acts by colonising plant roots and increases the nitrogen fixation capacity of the rhizobial partner. In this study, endophytic actinobacterial strains CP21A2, CP56, CP84B, and CP200B isolated from chickpea were evaluated for the sporulation rate in solid and liquid media. These resultant spores were evaluated for their stability at different pH and temperature. Calcium carbonate in the liquid broth and MS medium in solid agar media can be used to increase the sporulation rate of the actinobacteria. Additionally, we found out that almost all spore-producing strains were stable at 70°C 4 minutes but temperatures greater than that were lethal to the spores obtained from both types of media. In addition, the tested spore strains were more sensitive and prone to lysis at alkaline pH rather than acidic. Furthermore, our study suggested that CP56 spores obtained from liquid media and CP84B from solid media can be the best performers in promoting the overall growth of plants and nodules. However, further detailed investigations need to be carried out in order to determine their influence on the growth and development of legume plants which can be useful to increase the yield in the agricultural industry.
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Prinz, Susanne, Angelika Amon, and Franz Klein. "Isolation of COM1, a New Gene Required to Complete Meiotic Double-Strand Break-Induced Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 146, no. 3 (1997): 781–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.3.781.
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We have designed a screen to isolate mutants defective during a specific part of meiotic prophase I of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes required for the repair of meiotic double-strand breaks or for the separation of recombined chromosomes are targets of this mutant hunt. The specificity is achieved by selecting for mutants that produce viable spores when recombination and reductional segregation are prevented by mutations in SPO11 and SP013 genes, but fail to yield viable spores during a normal Rec+ meiosis. We have identified and characterized a mutation com1-1, which blocks processing of meiotic double-strand breaks and which interferes with synaptonemal complex formation, homologous pairing and, as a consequence, spore viability after induction of meiotic recombination. The COM1/SAE2 gene was cloned by complementation, and the deletion mutant has a phenotype similar to com1-1. com1/sae2 mutants closely resemble the phenotype of rad50S, as assayed by phase-contrast microscopy for spore formation, physical and genetic analysis of recombination, fluorescence in situ hybridization to quantify homologous pairing and immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the capability to synapse axial elements.
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Reen, R. A., J. P. Thompson, T. G. Clewett, J. G. Sheedy, and K. L. Bell. "Yield response in chickpea cultivars and wheat following crop rotations affecting population densities of Pratylenchus thornei and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 5 (2014): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13441.
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In Australia, root-lesion nematode (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces chickpea and wheat yields. Yield losses from RLN have been determined through use of nematicide; however, nematicide does not control nematodes in Vertosol subsoils in Australia’s northern grains region. The alternative strategy of assessing yield response, by using crop rotation with resistant and susceptible crops to manipulate nematode populations, is poorly documented for chickpea. Our research tested the effectiveness of crop rotation and nematicide against P. thornei populations for assessing yield loss in chickpea. First-year field plots included canola, linseed, canaryseed, wheat and a fallow treatment, all with and without the nematicide aldicarb. The following year, aldicarb was reapplied and plots were re-cropped with four chickpea cultivars and one intolerant wheat cultivar. Highest P. thornei populations were after wheat, at 0.45–0.6 m soil depth. Aldicarb was effective to just 0.3 m for wheat and 0.45 m for other crops, and increased subsequent crop grain yield by only 6%. Canola, linseed and fallow treatments reduced P. thornei populations, but low mycorrhizal spore levels in the soil after canola and fallow treatments were associated with low chickpea yield. Canaryseed kept P. thornei populations low throughout the soil profile and maintained mycorrhizal spore densities, resulting in grain yield increases of up to 25% for chickpea cultivars and 55% for wheat when pre-cropped with canaryseed compared with wheat. Tolerance indices for chickpeas based on yield differences after paired wheat and canaryseed plots ranged from 80% for cv. Tyson to 95% for cv. Lasseter and this strategy is recommended for future use in assessing tolerance.
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Asif, Rizwan, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sumreen Hayat, et al. "Efficacy of Saccharothrix algeriensis NRRL B-24137 to suppress Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum induced wilt disease in cotton." PeerJ 11 (February 6, 2023): e14754. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14754.
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Fusarium cotton wilt is a devastating disease of the cotton crop throughout the world, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (FOV). Chemical control has many side effects, so, biological controls have been widely used for the management of Fusarium wilt. This study aimed to investigate the possible use of an actinomycetes Saccharothrix algeriensis (SA) NRRL B-24137 to control FOV. To access in-vitro anti-Fusarium ability of SA NRRL B-24137, dual culture assay, spore germination and seed germination tests were carried out. Following in-vitro investigations, several pot tests in a greenhouse environment were used to evaluate the biological control potential of SA NRRL B-24137 against FOV. Dual culture assay and spore germination revealed that SA NRRL B-24137 showed significant anti-Fusarium activity.During spore germination 87.77% inhibition of spore germination were observed. In pot experiments, SA NRRL B-24137 primed cotton seeds resulted in a 74.0% reduction in disease incidence. In soil there was a significant reduction in FOV spores in the presence of SA NRRL B-24137. Positive correlation was also observed on different concentrations of SA NRRL B-24137 towards FOV reduction. The results of this study showed that SA NRRL B-24137 has the potential to be employed as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium cotton wilt, improving cotton growth characteristics and yield.
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Malik, Muhammad T., Zubair Sahu, Talal Tariq, et al. "IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON SPORE DISPERSAL TREND OF FUSARIUM MANGIFERAE CAUSING MANGO MALFORMATION DISEASE IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology 30, no. 1 (2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.030.01.0448.
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Malformation is one of the most destructive mango diseases. Although trees are not killed, the vegetative phase of the disease impedes canopy development during vegetative phase of the host plant and floral phase dramatically reduces fruit yield with overwintering inoculums during dormant phase of the host plant. Environmental conditions and trend of spore liberation of its pathogenic fungus “Fusarium mangiferae” were recorded during flowering phase (Feb-April, 2014), fruit development phase (May-July, 2014), vegetative phase (Aug-Oct, 2014), and dormant phase (Nov-Jan, 2014-15), of the mango plants. Through installation of spore traps of various distance levels containing Nash-Synder media in petri plates. During these phases, different environmental variables including temperature (T), relative humidity (R.H) and wind speed (W.S) were observed. Maximum number of colonies were observed through the spores trapped from the centre of the experimental block (0m) while minimum numbers of colonies were developed from the spores trapped at 150 m distance. Amongst different phenological phases of mango, fruit development remained very much contaminated with spores of the fungus while minimum spore liberation was noted during flowering phase of mango indicating very rare infection during this phase. This study also reflected that maximum number of airborne macro conidia of F. mangiferae were recorded when R.H was below 55%. Low R.H appeared to be a major factor associated with the diurnal conidial dispersal of airborne pathogen. Hence primary infection of F. mangiferae starts from vegetative and floral buds differentiation and control strategy including spray of systemic fungicides should start at this stage of development.
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Podsiadło, Cezary, Janusz Błaszkowski, Stanisław Karczmarczyk, and Stefan Friedrich. "Changes in plant health, development and yielding of white lupine and pea." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 1 (2013): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.026.
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In 1995-1998 two field experiments were carried out on a sandy soil. Supplemental irrigation and mineral fertilization modified the yield of pea and white lupine. Higher yield increases gave pea. Furthermore, the applied practices influenced both the anatomical and morphological features of both plant species. Leaves of irrigated and well fertilized plants were bigger and had an increased number of stomata of larger dimensions. Leaves of both plant species harboured numerous populations of spores of microscopic fungi. More abundant spore populations of these fungi were isolated from the white lupine leaves. The most frequently revealed spores were those of the genera <i>Cladosporium</i> and <i>Uromyces</i>. In white lupine, the abundance of spores associated with leaves increased due to the irrigation applied, whereas in pea following the use of fertilizers. Additionally, irrigation increased the number of spores of arbuscular fungi of the genus <i>Glomus</i> in the root zone of pea, but decreased their occurrence among roots of white lupine.
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Devi, Thamidela Meera, P. Duraimurugan, K. Manjula, K. S. V. P. Chandrika, and P. Lavanya Kumari. "Compatibility of Chitosan and Lignosulphonate with Entomopathogenic Fungi (Beauveria bassiana) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae)." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 46, no. 11 (2025): 313–18. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i115032.
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Insect pests cause substantial yield losses in agriculture, prompting widespread use of chemical pesticides that threaten environmental and human health. Biological control using Beauveria bassiana offers a sustainable alternative, but its efficacy is often limited by environmental stresses and formulation challenges. Encapsulating B. bassiana conidia with biopolymers helps protect the fungus from environmental stresses and improves shelf life by acting as a physical barrier. This study evaluated the compatibility of biopolymers, chitosan (0.1 %, 0.25 %, 0.5%, 1 % and 2.5 %) and lignosulphonate (1 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 % and 10 %) with B. bassiana by assessing mycelial growth, spore production and virulence against Spodoptera litura larvae. Low chitosan concentrations (0.1–0.5 %) maintained high radial growth (up to 99.60 %), sporulation (2.00 × 10⁸ spores/mL) and larval mortality (88.33 %). However, at the highest concentration (2.5 %), chitosan significantly reduced B. bassiana performance, with radial mycelial growth declining to 90.21%, spore production dropping to 1.33 × 10⁸ spores/mL and larval mortality decreasing to 75.00 %. Lignosulphonate demonstrated superior compatibility, with mycelial growth above 98.8 % and larval mortality above 85 % at all concentrations. The control (without any added biopolymers) achieved 100 % mycelial growth, 2.00 × 10⁸ spores/mL and 91.67 % larval mortality. These results highlight lignosulphonate and low-dose chitosan as promising encapsulating agents for stable, effective B. bassiana formulations.
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Kurppa, Aarne. "The response of some spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to air-borne secondary infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana." Agricultural and Food Science 57, no. 2 (1985): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72190.
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Air-borne secondary inoculum of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused severe foliar diseases and yield losses in all 12 spring barley cultivars tested in greenhouses or in the field. For secondary infection to occur a high relative humidity was necessary. Yield losses due to foliar diseases reached a maximum of 43.4 % in greenhouse experiments and 27.8 % in the field. The mean losses were 20.3 % and 12.3%, respectively. Early infection at the time of heading or shortly after it resulted in higher yield losses than did later infection, although the symptom expression was opposite. Spore inoculation or natural secondary infection by the spores from a diseased crop after heading always resulted in a high infection incidence in the grain. Infection incidence as well as fungal invasion of the internal cell leyers of the grains varied significantly among barley cultivars. The most susceptible of those tested were cvs. Teemu, Paavo and Pomo, while the most resistant were Ingrid, Otra and Pirkka.
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Cascino, J. J., R. F. Harris, C. S. Smith, and J. H. Andrews. "Spore Yield and Microcycle Conidiation of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Liquid Culture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, no. 8 (1990): 2303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.56.8.2303-2310.1990.
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Monteiro, Sandra M., João J. Clemente, Adriano O. Henriques, Rui J. Gomes, Manuel J. Carrondo, and António E. Cunha. "A Procedure for High-Yield Spore Production by Bacillus s ubtilis." Biotechnology Progress 21, no. 4 (2008): 1026–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bp050062z.
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