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Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai, Mark D. Griffiths, and Ana Estévez. "In-Play Betting, Sport Broadcasts, and Gambling Severity: A Survey Study of Spanish Sports Bettors on the Risks of Betting on Sport While Watching It." Communication & Sport 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479518816338.
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Fans watching live sport events, both mediated or in stadia, have witnessed an increase in sports betting products. Most of these products feature in-play betting, that is, the ability to bet on a game once it has started while watching it. In-play betting has raised many concerns among responsible gambling advocates due to its perceived relationship with problem gambling behaviour. This study explored the association between in-play betting and problem gambling. More specifically, the study examined how motives for consuming sport and how involved sports fans were in watching sport affected their gambling. Also, adjacent risk behaviours to in-play betting (such as consuming junk food and alcohol) during live sports betting were examined. Using a survey comprising 659 sports bettors from Spain, the study found that compared to participants not engaging in in-play betting, in-play bettors reported higher (i) problem gambling severity, (ii) sport watching involvement, (iii) consumption of sport to escape from everyday preoccupations, and (iv) consumption of junk food and/or alcohol while watching sport. These findings make the case that in-play betting regulators and providers should be cognizant of the interplay of sport-specific, media-related, and other risks, involved in the act of in-play betting while watching live sport.
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Lastra, Reynald, Peter Bell, and Christine Bond. "Sports Betting-Motivated Corruption in Australia: An Under-Studied Phenomenon." International Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v4i1.8563.
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With the continual rise of gambling methods there is a need to better understand sports betting-motivated corruption in the Australian context. This literature review highlights seven predominant themes: the Australian gambling culture, betting opportunities available, the threat of sports betting to the integrity of sport, corruption in sport, involvement of transnational organized crime groups in sports corruption, the theoretical perspectives used in sports corruption research, and anti-corruption strategies which are important in the prevention and law enforcement of this criminal behavior. The review identifies significant gaps in existing knowledge surrounding sports betting-motivated corruption, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Keywords: corruption, sports betting, gambling, law enforcement, sports integrity
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Humphreys, Brad R., and Levi Perez. "Who Bets on Sports? Characteristics of Sports Bettors and the Consequences of Expanding Sports Betting Opportunities." Studies of Applied Economics 30, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v30i2.3542.
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Currently, several proposed changes in sports betting laws are being debated in the United States and the European Union. This article examines the characteristics of sports bettors in three countries, Canada, Spain, and the United Kingdom, to determine who bets on sports in environments where this activity is both legal and popular. Unconditional and conditional analyses find that annual participation rates in sport betting are low, and that sport bettors tend to be young males with relatively high incomes. Sports bettors stand to gain the most from an expansion of legal sports betting opportunities, while the negative impacts of increased access to sports betting are expected to be minimal in the United States and difficult to assess in the European Union.
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Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai, and Christopher D. Tulloch. "Enhancing Media Sport Consumption: Online Gambling in European Football." Media International Australia 155, no. 1 (May 2015): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515500115.
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This article explores the intersections between sports bodies, media companies and gambling industries in European football. While betting, communication and sport have maintained an ongoing relationship for over two centuries, this article argues that the digitalisation of betting platforms has reconfigured the links between the traditional actors and created a new ‘online football betting ecology’. We elaborate on the intricate relationships of betting sites with top European football institutions via sponsorship, and on the role of the media, influencers and celebrities in the promotion of betting companies. An upbeat interpretation of this scenario stresses the enhancement of the act of consumption for football fans, transcending their traditional passive role as spectators. However, a more pessimistic vision points out that the economic dominance of the online gambling industry influences the way football competitions are run and endangers the integrity of the sport.
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Wicker, Pamel, and Brian P. Soebbing. "EXAMINING PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS BETTING IN GERMANY." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 6, no. 3 (March 26, 2013): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v6i3.610.
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Previous research has examined participation in betting in general, while sports bets have not been investigated specifically. The purpose of this study is to investigate the participation in sports betting and the mechanisms to place bets in Germany. Based on the economic household theory, it is assumed that participation in sports betting can be explained by a set of economic, socio-demographic, and lifestyle factors. A convenience sample of German citizens is drawn using an online survey (n=464). The results show that the typical online bettor is a male with high income, low education, and non-German nationality, who plays cards and poker during his leisure time, but does not regularly participate in sport. On the contrary, people betting via automats are predominantly female with low income and high education, who do not play poker, but practice sport in their leisure time. The findings have implications for policy makers.
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Tak, Minhyeok, Michael P. Sam, and Steven J. Jackson. "The problems and causes of match-fixing: are legal sports betting regimes to blame?" Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 4, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-01-2018-0006.
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Purpose Sport match-fixing has emerged as a complex global problem. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it critically reviews how match-fixing is typified as a policy problem. Second, it advances an analysis of the legal framework and regulatory system for sports betting as a causal source for “routinized” match-fixing. Design/methodology/approach This study extracts and synthesises (cross-national) materials from policies, media releases and scholarly works on the subject of match-fixing and sports betting. The analysis is framed by the contrasts between rational choice and sociological institutionalist approaches. Findings Match-fixing is typically attributed to: criminal organisations and illegal sports betting; vulnerable individuals; and failure of governance on the part of sports organisations. Each cause holds assumptions of utility-maximising actors and it is argued that due consideration be given to the fundamental risks inherent in legal sports betting regimes. Research limitations/implications Match-fixing in sport is a recurrent social problem, transcending national boundaries and involving a wide range of actors and, sporting disciplines and levels of competition. Within such an environment, it may matter little how strong the incentive structures and education programmes are, when betting on human beings is both normatively and cognitively advanced as a value and institutionally permitted as a practice. Originality/value This paper argues that legal betting regimes paradoxically contribute to routinised match-fixing because: for betting customers there is no qualitative, ethical difference between legal and illegal operators; and legalisation serves to normalise and legitimate the view of athletes as objects for betting (like cards or dice).
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Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 7 (December 14, 2016): 807–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216680602.
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Betting on sports via online platforms has rapidly become a popular form of gambling in many countries. Despite the growing body of research investigating the psychosocial and individual psychological factors determining gambling behaviour, much less attention has been devoted to understanding the market characteristics of online sports betting and its intersection with products from adjacent industries. From an economic convergence perspective, the present paper explores the integration of online sports betting within the digital, sporting and gambling sectors, examining how data markets, eSports, virtual sports, social gaming, immersive reality tools, sports media, sport sponsorship, fantasy sports, in-venue and in-stadium betting, poker and trading are all converging around betting activity. Through this convergence process, it is argued that internet-based sports gambling is colonizing different forms of entertainment, and expanding marketing opportunities, as well as raising psychosocial concerns about the influence of such an integration process.
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Lastra, Reynald, Peter Bell, and Christine Bond. "Sports betting and the integrity of Australian sport: Athletes' and non-athletes’ perceptions of betting-motivated corruption in sport." International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 52 (March 2018): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.11.005.
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O. Okon, Emmanuel. "Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, Employment and Income Generation in Nigeria: A Focus on Professional Sports Viewing and Betting Centers." Asian Finance & Banking Review 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v2i1.10.
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Given Nigeria’s high unemployment and poverty figures and the expected roles from SMEs, the Nigerian government had in the past devised policies and incentives for the development of small and medium scale Enterprises. In spite of all these efforts by the government, both at federal, state, and local government levels, to ensure the growth of SMEs in Nigeria, some key factors have been claimed to be responsible for their perceived failure in Nigeria. However, this paper focuses on new SMEs that have emerged in the form of professional sports and betting centers which are creating jobs and generated income in Nigeria and Africa in general. The sport and betting center businesses like any SME require serious attention so that their developmental role and sustainability will provide the much needed sustainable development of Nigeria with regard to job and wealth creation. This paper examines the challenges and way forward for sport viewing and betting centre businesses in Nigeria.
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Weinbach, Andy, and Rodney J. Paul. "ARE BEHAVIORAL BIASES CONSISTENT ACROSS THE ATLANTIC?: THE OVER/UNDER MARKET FOR EUROPEAN SOCCER." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 3, no. 2 (January 2, 2013): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v3i2.547.
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Tests of the totals (Over/Under) market are performed for 22 European Soccer Leagues to determine if the behavioral biases found in North American sports betting markets are present in European Football (Soccer) betting markets. Even though European fans passionately follow a low-scoring sport, bettors/fans in this market still appear to prefer the over to the under. Simple betting strategies based on betting the over lose more than twice as much money as a simple strategy of betting the under and returns are found to be statistically different from a fair bet. In addition, when the over is the longshot, a favorite-longshot bias is found such that losses on the over are extremely high. When the under is the longshot, however, losses are nearly equal between overs and unders. This presents the possibility multiple behavioral biases may exist in the same financial market, with the presence of one possibly masking the other.
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Forrest, David, and Ian G. McHale. "Using statistics to detect match fixing in sport." IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 30, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 431–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imaman/dpz008.
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AbstractMatch fixing is a growing threat to the integrity of sport, facilitated by new online in-play betting markets sufficiently liquid to allow substantial profits to be made from manipulating an event. Screens to detect a fix employ in-play forecasting models whose predictions are compared in real-time with observed betting odds on websites around the world. Suspicions arise where model odds and market odds diverge. We provide real examples of monitoring for football and tennis matches and describe how suspicious matches are investigated by analysts before a final assessment of how likely it was that a fix took place is made. Results from monitoring driven by this application of forensic statistics have been accepted as primary evidence at cases in the Court of Arbitration for Sport, leading more sports outside football and tennis to adopt this approach to detecting and preventing manipulation.
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Park, Junhwi, SeongRak Choi, Dohyeong Kim, Denise Boots, and Chang Kil Lee. "Role of Technology in Sustainable Gambling: Policy Effects of Electronic Card System and Limit Setting." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (August 11, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1779535.
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With the rapid expansion of the gambling industry in Asian markets over the past decade, South Korea has implemented policies seeking to expand entertainment gambling while simultaneously seeking to reduce possible harms from problem gambling. In 2016, the mandatory electronic players’ card (EPC) system was adopted into specific Korean horse and cycling venues to discourage problem gambling behaviors since it prohibits large bets, while permitting other venues to autonomously operate EPC systems. This study compares preliminary data from mandatory versus autonomous venues to explore how EPC systems impact gambling behaviors, revenues, and policies. Overall, electronic cards were more widely adopted in mandatory venues for horse betting and in autonomous venues for cycling betting. Analyses indicate that larger bets were placed at both horse- and cycle-betting venues with autonomous card registration versus mandatory venues. While the EPC system mitigated problem gambling behaviors in horse betting, this impact was not observed for cycle betting. Such differences indicate that users across different types of sport betting exhibit somewhat distinct characteristics and behaviors in using electronic cards, which could shed light on the sustainable gambling strategy of adopting technology-driven EPC systems in sport betting not only in South Korea but also elsewhere around the world.
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Habibu, Nuriath A., Iramba F. Iramba, and Yusuph Kambuga. "Teachers’ Perception on Students Substance Use and School-Based Prevention Programmes in Tanzania." International Journal Papier Public Review 1, no. 2 (November 22, 2020): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.46.
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The purpose of this paper was to determine the prevalence of sports betting among secondary school students in Tanzania. The study was conducted in the Dodoma region and covered four secondary schools in Dodoma City. The probability sampling procedure was used to select students randomly for everyone to have the chance of being involved. The judgmental sampling technique were used to collect information from the head of discipline units and class teachers, and simple random sampling was used to select both public and private secondary schools. The study administered questionnaires and interview questions to students, head of discipline units, and class teachers. The questionnaires and interview questions targeted at picturing out the rate at which sports betting was intruding students. The finding shows that students aged between 10-17 years were reported to have high interest and feelings to take the risks of betting. The findings also show that females students are less involved in betting activities compared to male students. Besides, it was found that male students spend more of their precious time 6-10 hours a day in betting compared to female students. Furthermore, it was revealed that majority of students had taken part in more than one bet among the identified games including bet-way, premier bet, sport pesa, and tatu Mzuka.
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Easton, Steve, and Katherine Uylangco. "AN EXAMINATION OF IN-PLAY SPORTS BETTING USING ONE-DAY CRICKET MATCHES." Journal of Prediction Markets 1, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v1i2.422.
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There is a wide literature on sports betting markets, a literature that examines the informational efficiency of these markets and uses them as laboratories to test for possible impacts of psychological factors on financial markets. The innovation of this study is the examination of price behaviour in an in-play betting market – namely that for one-day cricket. Cricket provides an ideal construct in which to examine in-play market behaviour, as it is a sport where outcomes can be calibrated as good news or bad news on a play-by-play basis. The results from an examination of over 8000 balls corresponding to over 8000 “news events” shows that the in-play betting market is one in which news is impounded rapidly into betting odds. There is also evidence that odds have a level of predictive ability with respect to outcomes from balls before they are bowled. Further, there is evidence of a drift in odds subsequent to the outcome of balls being known.
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Huggins, M. "Betting, Sport and the British, 1918-1939." Journal of Social History 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2008.0024.
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Tak, Minhyeok, Michael P. Sam, and Steven J. Jackson. "The politics of countermeasures against match-fixing in sport: A political sociology approach to policy instruments." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 1 (April 10, 2016): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216639748.
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As match-fixing has emerged as a global problem, states and sports organisations have proposed a range of countermeasures. However, despite their neutral, technocratic appearance, these instruments produce their own political effects. Drawing from a case study of the 2011 South Korean ‘K-League’ football match-fixing scandal that resulted in a raft of countermeasures, this article examines how match-fixing countermeasures (re)organise the power relations within the sports betting industry. Using a qualitative, interpretive multi-method approach, three consequences are suggested. First, the education programme redefines sports ethics by delivering new codes of conduct that are aligned to the demands of betting. Second, regulations instituted by the K-League and the government frame the illegal activity as infringing upon the key stakeholders’ economic interests, further privileging the importance of the betting regime. Third, the sports betting monitoring system itself empowers the sole betting company as a trustworthy ‘fixer’ of the match-fixing problem through co-optation into its policy framework. Consequently, this study shows that key stakeholders manage the risk of losing legitimacy by showcasing their efforts to fight against match-fixing, while also taking advantage of the countermeasures to normalise the business of sports betting, thus furthering their own interests.
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Habibu, Nuriath A., Iramba F. Iramba, and Yusuph Kambuga. "The Prevalence of Sports Betting in Tanzania Secondary School Students." Journal La Edusci 1, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallaedusci.v1i3.195.
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The purpose of this paper was to determine the prevalence of sports betting among secondary school students in Tanzania. The study was conducted in the Dodoma region and covered four secondary schools in Dodoma City. The probability sampling procedure was used to select students randomly for everyone to have the chance of being involved. The judgmental sampling technique were used to collect information from the head of discipline units and class teachers, and simple random sampling was used to select both public and private secondary schools. The study administered questionnaires and interview questions to students, classes, head of discipline units, and class teachers. The questionnaires and interview questions targeted at picturing out the rate at which sports betting was intruding students. The finding shows that students aged between 10-17 years were reported to have high interest and feelings to take the risks of betting. The findings also show that females students are less involved in betting activities compared to male students. Besides, it was found that male students spend more of their precious time 6-10 hours a day in betting compared to female students. Furthermore, it was revealed that majority of students had taken part in more than one bet among the identified games including bet-way, premier bet, sport pesa, and tatu Mzuka.s
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Shin, Min-chul, and Sang-wu Kim. "Effects of Betting Elements on Self-Man-agement of Amateur Golfers Paper." J-Institute 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/sport.2017.2.1.24.
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Curry, Timothy J., and Robert M. Jiobu. "Do Motives Matter? Modeling Gambling on Sports among Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.1.21.
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The importance of competition and other motive statements in explaining gambling behavior is an important but controversial issue. This study operationalizes several types of motive statements related to sports participation, and then, in a novel methodological strategy, applies these as independent variables in a causal model of sport betting among college athletes. Based on questionnaires from 492 athletes at three colleges, findings showed that competitive and extrinsic motives for sport predict sports wagering. This is the case even in a multivariate equation that includes several control variables drawn from previous studies of gambling in the general population.
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Calvosa, Paolo. "The Influence of E-Commerce in Changing Competition in Regulated Industries: An Analysis in the Italian Sports Betting Market." International Journal of Business and Management 13, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n12p306.
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The effect of the Internet and e-commerce on industry competition has been widely discussed in economic-managerial literature. Most of the studies focused on the analysis of the impact of Internet technologies on specific industry structural factors – in particular on sectoral price levels –, but no sufficient empirical evidence based on overall industry change is yet available. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of e-commerce on the transformation of the industrial structure and competition in a regulated market, that of Italian sports betting. This market, because the effect of a process of legalization of on-line sports betting that started in 2006, has been interested by a continuous shift of purchases of sport bets, ranging from the traditional sales channels to digital ones. This has contributed in creating an on-line gambling sector among the most developed and consolidated in the world. From a methodological point of view, firstly the data from a series of secondary sources was processed in order to examine the main changes in the Italian sports betting market induced by the legalization of on-line gambling. Secondly, the data and information collected through specific empirical investigations was used to examine the impact of Internet betting on gambling operators’ business models and on players’ gambling behavior in the Italian market. The results of the analysis has shown that the development of Internet technologies and of e-commerce has had, on the one hand, a positive influence on the growth of the sales in the Italian sports betting market; and on the other hand, has impacted on a series of structural factors in the sector – entry barriers, number of competitors, geographical opening of the market, levels of pricing, average profit margins – in such a way as to determine an increase in industry competition. In particular, use by foreign companies of the electronic distribution channel as a ‘mode of entry’ into different geographical markets is causing the development of competition that goes beyond national borders, reducing the strongly domestic oligopolistic structure that has always characterized the Italian sports betting industry.
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Mehti oğlu Abbasov, Hilal. "The concept of manipulation in sports competitions." ANCIENT LAND 03, no. 03 (May 29, 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2706-6185/03/15-19.
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Knowing the negative effect of sports manipulation for the sport and society, as well as the problems that is facing the Macolin Convention in its ratification, I decided to do this research in order investigate the phenomenon of match-fixing, controversial issues about the online gambling and potential effect of ratifycation of the convention and its entry into force. I was totally surprised when I found out so many International business law issues are covered in this topic. The sports betting markets are similar to the stock market, where odds movement de- pends on the performance of the teams and players. The insider trading is similar to the match-fixing, where a pre-match information for the result is used in order to achieve a great profit. Memorandums of understanding between betting companies, sports governing bodies and public authorities are used to cover the lack of regulation in this area. In the same time there is a need of acceleration of negotiations for the ratification of the convention due to the spreading of the phenomenon of sports manipulation. Key words: major manipulations, harmful aspects, existing problems, legalizing sports gambling, ethics of sports
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Mehti oğlu Abbasov, Hilal. "Different types of manipulation in sport." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/109-113.
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Athletes are not roulette chips, but sports gambling treats them as such. If the dangers of state sponsored sports betting are not confronted, the character of sports and youngsters’ view of them could be seriously threatened… just as legalizing drugs would lead to increased drug addiction, legalizing sports gambling would aggravate the problems associated with gambling. As a society, we cannot afford this result, and… legalizing sports gambling would encourage young people to participate in sports to win money. They would no longer love the game for the purity of the experience. Key words: major manipulations, harmful aspects, existing problems, legalizing sports gambling, ethics of sports
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Yousaf, Anish, Makhmoor Bashir, and Insha Amin. "Youth motivations to watch sports in Indian context: exploring cross-nationality and cross-gender differences." Management & Marketing 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2015-0022.
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AbstractThe current study revolves around research in sport consumption motivations exploring Nationality and Gender difference across fan motivations to watch sports in a way similar to Kwon and Trail (2001) in Indian context, a subject neglected until now. Data was collected from 260 respondents from India’s largest Private University. Findings reveal Group Affiliation as the most important motivation followed by Eustress (entertainment), Aesthetics, and Self-Esteem. Betting on sports was found as the least preferred motivation. Findings revealed Nationality having a significant impact on Group Affiliation and Aesthetics while Gender has a significant impact on Group Affiliation, Eustress as well as on level of identification with sport. These findings have implications for sports marketers of different sporting events involved in marketing of sports related activities to enhance their marketing practices. The results of the current study are of interest for physical education departments of large private Universities which can use them to promote their sports events at a large scale. The last section of the study discusses the results in detail followed by directions for future research.
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Coufalová, Bronislava, and Jan Pinkava. "Corruption In Sports Environment." International and Comparative Law Review 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0073.
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Abstract In sports environment there is a whole range of different types of wrongful conduct sanctioned not only by disciplinary bodies using specific rules accepted by the executive authorities of sports organizations but also more serious cases that have to be judged in accordance with criminal law. There has been a long debate whether criminal law should intervene into the area of sport, i.e. whether sport and its environment is in itself such an autonomous system that it could deal with all the matters of criminal nature on its own. The area of sport environment involves a whole range of illegal acts, ranging from criminal liability of sportsmen responsible for injuries inflicted upon others in the area of sport, the issues of hooliganism in sporting events, breach of the public peace as far as the issue of match-fixing including the crimes of bribery and illegal betting. Generally speaking, we are of the opinion that there is no good reason why the criminal law should not be allowed to intervene into the area of sport in certain cases. The basic argument to be used is the fact that every social activity must be carried out in accordance with the legal order of the country, the area of sport being no exception. The area of sport or to be more precise the specific types of sports activities are regulated by special internal and statutory rules introducing certain sanctioning mechanisms in the form of disciplinary rules which can be enforced by different disciplinary bodies.
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Lelonek-Kuleta, Bernadeta, Rafał P. Bartczuk, Michał Wiechetek, Joanna Chwaszcz, and Iwona Niewiadomska. "The Prevalence of E-Gambling and of Problem E-Gambling in Poland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020404.
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This study estimated the levels of involvement in e-gambling and problem e-gambling in Poland and identified selected sociodemographic variables associated with e-gambling activities. The study was conducted using a representative sample of the adult inhabitants of Poland (n = 2000). The survey contained questions measuring three aspects of gambling (involvement in e-gambling, types of e-gambling activity, and problematic e-gambling). Results suggested that 4.1% of respondents were involved in e-gambling and 26.8% of them could be classified as problem gamblers. The most popular e-gambling games were lotteries and sports betting. Gender, age, size of city of residence, level of education, and income were identified as significant predictors of involvement in e-gambling. The results indicated that men, younger people, and people who earnt less were more often involved in e-gambling. Having children, playing online scratch cards, and online sport betting—but not online lotteries—turned out to be typical for problem online gamblers. The prevalence of problem gambling among Polish e-gamblers suggests that extended research in this area is needed.
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Hing, Nerilee, Alex M. T. Russell, En Li, and Peter Vitartas. "Does the uptake of wagering inducements predict impulse betting on sport?" Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7, no. 1 (March 2018): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.17.
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David, Jennifer L., Samantha L. Thomas, Melanie Randle, Hannah Pitt, and Mike Daube. "Parent and child perceptions of gambling promotions in Australian sport." Health Promotion International 35, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz028.
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Abstract Gambling is recognized as a significant public health problem. However, there is little research exploring community attitudes towards gambling and the development of advocacy initiatives. Engaging adults and young people in advocacy efforts is recognized as being beneficial to the successful implementation of harm prevention and reduction strategies. This study explored the attitudes of young people and their parents towards the alignment of gambling with sport, and the strategies they perceive could be used to prevent and reduce gambling related harm. Using a Constructivist Grounded Theory approach, 30 family groups from Melbourne, Australia participated in semi-structured interviews. Parents and young people were asked about gambling and its promotion, alignment with sporting codes, the potential impact on young people and strategies that may prevent or reduce gambling harm. Thematic analysis was undertaken to interpret the data. The sample comprised 29 parents, one grandparent and 48 young people. Themes emerging from the data related to the use of imagery and appeal strategies in advertisements, the normalization of betting in advertisements and the alignment of betting with sport. Parents and young people also identified a number of potential gambling harm prevention and reduction initiatives. Parents and young people were able to describe a range of strategies used by gambling companies to promote their products, understand the potential impact of these strategies, and recommend strategies to reduce harm. Given this level of understanding there is clearly an opportunity to engage young people and stakeholders in advocacy initiatives aimed at reducing and preventing gambling harm.
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Šarčević, Ana, Damir Pintar, Mihaela Vranić, and Ante Gojsalić. "Modeling In-Match Sports Dynamics Using the Evolving Probability Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104429.
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The prediction of sport event results has always drawn attention from a vast variety of different groups of people, such as club managers, coaches, betting companies, and the general population. The specific nature of each sport has an important role in the adaption of various predictive techniques founded on different mathematical and statistical models. In this paper, a common approach of modeling sports with a strongly defined structure and a rigid scoring system that relies on an assumption of independent and identical point distributions is challenged. It is demonstrated that such models can be improved by introducing dynamics into the match models in the form of sport momentums. Formal mathematical models for implementing these momentums based on conditional probability and empirical Bayes estimation are proposed, which are ultimately combined through a unifying hybrid approach based on the Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the method is applied to real-life volleyball data demonstrating noticeable improvements over the previous approaches when it comes to predicting match outcomes. The method can be implemented into an expert system to obtain insight into the performance of players at different stages of the match or to study field scenarios that may arise under different circumstances.
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Zafiris, Nicos. "Is there such a thing as a safe bet ?" Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 10, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v10i1.1159.
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This paper is an attempt to set out a betting strategy appropriate to events with several possible final outcomes which are a) unambiguously defined and b) likely to show fluctuations in the respective probabilities as the event unfolds. It is then shown that, by placing bets of appropriate magnitude and at appropriate times, such as to take advantage of changing odds, it is possible to secure a certain profit, generally in advance of the outcome becoming known, and irrespective of which of the possible outcomes finally materialises. Furthermore, the bettor should enjoy the reassurance of an improving Net Expected Value (NEV), as the event progresses.The procedure, which may be viewed as a multiple hedging one, is suited to in running betting on individual match events, as well as on protracted seasonal events (such as a league championship in football or other sport). The principal requirement is that there be a reasonable expectation of a large amount of alternation in the relative prospects of at least two contenders. The procedure is outlined in general terms and illustrated with reference to real life football matches and league competitions from the 2015/6 season. It is seen to be profitable under the specified conditions. Apparent advantages in betting on draws and on favourites are discussed.
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Kruse, Holly. "Multimedia Use in a Sport Setting: Communication Technologies at Off-Track Betting Facilities." Sociology of Sport Journal 27, no. 4 (December 2010): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.27.4.413.
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Although there is a growing body of research on public social practices related to the use of mobile phones, internet terminals, and laptops, there are few integrated analyses of the uses of multiple interactive technologies in public settings, and especially those involving sports. This article looks at one such space in which technology is embedded in a complicated network of social and economic relations: the screen dominated pari-mutuel horse race wagering facility. Specifically, the paper examines the relationship that built environments, public screen, and communication technologies have on social practices, and considers the juxtaposition of different places in the quotidian, and in a place of reflexive research practice.
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Webb, Kerry S., David L. Nichols, Leslie Graham, and Amber A. Smith Ditizio. "Gender and worker productivity issues associated with sport betting from an ethical perspective." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 35, no. 4 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2020.10027501.
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Ditizio, Amber A. Smith, Leslie Graham, David L. Nichols, and Kerry S. Webb. "Gender and worker productivity issues associated with sport betting from an ethical perspective." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 35, no. 4 (2020): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2020.105908.
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Johnston, Margaret A., and Luc R. Bourgeois. "Third-person perceptions of gambling sponsorship advertising." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 5, no. 5 (November 9, 2015): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2015-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine perceptual and behavioural components of the third-person effect for sport sponsorship marketing communications by legalised gambling companies. Specifically, this research examines judgements about the perceived influence of gambling sponsorship on self, children, and other adults. It also investigates behavioural reactions towards the censorship of gambling sponsorship, and intentions to gamble with sponsors. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was fielded to a commercial consumer database and yielded 511 usable responses. Four hypotheses were tested to examine perceptions of the effects of gambling sponsorship on self and on others, and whether perceived differences in self/other effects influenced pro-censorship behaviours and gambling intentions. Findings – Findings reveal a range of responses to sport sponsorship by gambling companies. Some individuals view gambling sponsorship positively, they are anti-censorship, and happy to bet with sponsors. Others, who bet on sports, but have no particular allegiance to gambling sponsors, appear highly protective of children, and endorse censorship. Research limitations/implications – This study focused on the perceived impact of gambling sponsorship on other adults and on children. Future research may consider targeting more specific groups such as other sports fans, others engaged in online sports betting, or primary/secondary school age children. Originality/value – This study provides new insights on sponsorship effects, specifically public perceptions of gambling sponsorship advertising and their associated behavioural consequences.
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Mewett, Peter G., and John Perry. "A Sporting Chance? The “Dark Horse Strategy” and Winning in Professional Running." Sociology of Sport Journal 14, no. 2 (June 1997): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.14.2.121.
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Professional running, derived from 19th century pedestrianism, is a gambling sport mostly confined to working men. Runners compete for prize money and, particularly, in the hope that they will win races as “dark horses” which should ensure substantial winnings from the betting ring. This sport involves handicapping athletes to level ability differences between them and, in theory, gives each competitor an equal chance of winning. Competitors conceal their true potential and lose races, however, with the dual objectives of acquiring favorable handicaps, thereby increasing their chances of success in their targeted events and getting favorable odds from the bookmakers. People in the sport use numerous tactics of secrecy and deception to reduce the risk of discovery of their dark horse prospects. A case study of a runner is presented to demonstrate the processes involved in the use of the “dark horse” strategy to win a major race.
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Barge-Gil, Andrés, and Alfredo Garcia-Hiernaux. "Staking in Sports Betting Under Unknown Probabilities: Practical Guide for Profitable Bettors." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520921227.
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Kelly staking has been proven to maximize long-term bankroll growth of bettors with positive expected yield (profitable bettors). However, it demands for an estimation of the true probabilities for each event. Thus, many sport tipsters opt for simpler flat ( unit-loss) or unit-win staking plans. We analyze under which assumptions these strategies correspond to the Kelly method and propose a different staking plan, unit-impact, under the hypothesis that it fits better with Kelly’s. We test our predictions using data of professional tipsters from the betting database pyckio.com. Results show empirical support for our hypothesis.
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Ivanov, Kristiyan. "Betting and lottery business – polices, taxes and benefits." University Economic Bulletin, no. 49 (May 22, 2021): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-49-174-181.
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Relevance of research topic. Bulgarian tourism is a significant contributor to the country's economy. In this regard, the gambling as need of the modern man has its important place in the regional tourism and entertainment sector similar to other developed countries. Collecting taxes and fees is a fundamental way for countries to generate public revenues and Bulgarian gambling sector is not an exception. Formulation of the problem. The lottery takes a key segment of the gambling sector. The National Lottery establishment and evolution has been financially motivated. The Government had seen the chance of collecting significant funds to the state treasury and investing them into new projects. However, government money comes from the gambling sector should be directed to good causes. Analysis of recent research and publications. Most of the materials, publications and researches realted to the lottery and gambling sector have been written and published last decades by the leading countries scientific authors. Such issues as certain categories related to the interests of social entities involved in gambling; some definitions related to the gambling, its elements and motives are investigated. Some problems, ideas and solutions were discussed in few reports and scientific conferences handling by different institutions and organizations. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. This study has its purpose to briefly highlight and present a scientific perspective of some basic logics, principles and significant financial reasons of the lottery business genesis and betting business evolution. Method or methodology for conducting research. This study uses data and sources selected on the basis of various methods and approaches such as observation, analysis, synthesis, systematization and summarization of information; professional research; study of objects and goals; trend analysis; statistical analysis of various databases; statistics and data sources. Presentation of the main material (results of work). This study will successively compare few leading European markets experience and practice to the Bulgarian market conditions. Furthermore, some economic and financial challenges facing the sector will be open-to-ponder subject. In 2019, the total European gambling market (EU-27 and UK markets only) was worth €98.6bn, with online gambling accounting for €24.5bn in gross gaming revenue. The market share of online gambling is growing steadily and is expected to reach 33.6% of Europe’s gross gaming revenue by 2025. The state-owned company “Bulgarian State lottery” (“BSL”) could be much profitable wellspring of sustainable fresh finances. “BSL” company falls under the purview of the “Ministry of Youth and Sport” (“MYS”) therefore has an approved certain annual budget, but also much expenditures including state taxes and direct contribution to the “MYS” for support of education and sports. The research has shown that “BSL” sports and education annual transfer payments to the “MYS” are dropped with 11.66 % for the period of 2015-2019. During the researched period “BSL” operator has been survived on a very difficult situation competing with solid players on the market where some ambiguous legal restrictions created an opportunity to limit the efficiency and effectiveness of the state-owned lottery which led to certain market advantages for its private competitors. Based on some additional calculations, the private lottery companies’ revenue growth reached its highest level in the last years. Conclusions according to the article. The Gambling and betting tax revenue plus National Lottery revenue widely called a “painless tax” (because of its voluntary nature) flowing a tremendous financial resource to the state budgets of those well-regulated markets. According to the guidelines of the OECD, the regulations of a competitive environment must not unduly discriminate against state-owned enterprises compared to their market competitors. However, as a result of the February 2020 legislation “fine-tuning” the Bulgarian lottery industry picture got some changes with reflecting into monopoly market position of “BSL” company over lottery games and instant lottery games as well.
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Plöntzke, Babett, Ulrike Albrecht, Carolin Thalemann, and Sabine Miriam Grüsser. "Forms of pathological gambling: empirical research on consumers behaviour of sport betting and lottery participants." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 154, no. 15-16 (August 2004): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-004-0084-x.
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Wolf, Stephan, Maximilian Schmitt, and Björn Schuller. "A football player rating system." Journal of Sports Analytics 6, no. 4 (January 7, 2021): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jsa-200411.
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Association football (soccer) is the most popular sport in the world, resulting in a large economic interest from investors, team managers, and betting agencies. For this reason, a vast number of rating systems exists to assess the strength of football teams or individual players. Nevertheless, most of the existing approaches incorporate deficiencies, e. g., that they depend on subjective ratings from experts. The objective of this work was the development of a new rating system for determining the playing strength of football players. The Elo algorithm, which has established itself as an objective and adaptive rating system in numerous individual sports, has been expanded in accordance with the requirements of team sports. Matches from 16 different European domestic leagues, the UEFA Champions and Europa Leagues have been recorded, with more than 17 000 matches played in recent years, and 12 400 different players. The developed rating system produced promising results, when evaluating the matches based on its predictions. A high relevance of the created system results from the fact that only the associated match report is needed and thus—in relation to existing valuation models—significantly more football players can be assessed.
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Paul, Rodney, Colby Conetta, and Jeremy Losak. "Betting market prices, outcome uncertainty, and hockey attendance in Russia, Sweden, and Finland." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2016-0016.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use financial market prices formed in betting markets as a measure of uncertainty of outcome and other factors as it relates to hockey attendance in three top European leagues, the KHL, SHL, and Liiga. This is the first study of European hockey to use betting market odds to estimate the impact of home team win probability and uncertainty of outcome on attendance. Design/methodology/approach The design of this study is a multivariate regression model with log of attendance and percentage of arena capacity as dependent variables in two separate regressions. Controlling for other factors, the role of the home team win probability and its square are explored for individual game attendance. Findings Fans of the KHL and SHL are found to prefer to see their home team win, but also exhibit strong preferences for uncertainty of outcome. Fans of Liiga prefer to see the home team win, but do not exhibit as strong a preference for uncertainty of outcome. This differs from recent findings in the sport of baseball and from previous findings for the NHL. Practical implications Having a competitive league is not only important for television ratings, but also for in-person attendance in these European hockey leagues. Importance of uncertainty of outcome varies across leagues. Originality/value The paper uses financial market prices, betting market odds, as a measure of game expectations (home team win probability) and uncertainty of outcome and applies it to a new setting for three of the top European hockey leagues. The findings illustrate that uncertainty of outcome is important for the KHL and SHL, but statistically insignificant for Liiga.
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Ayandele, Olusola, Olugbenga Popoola, and Abel C. Obosi. "Influence of Demographic and Psychological Factors on Attitudes Toward Sport Betting Among Young Adults in Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Gambling Studies 36, no. 1 (August 3, 2019): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09882-9.
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Silverman, Noah. "A HIERARCHICAL BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF HORSE RACING." Journal of Prediction Markets 6, no. 3 (January 22, 2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v6i3.590.
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Horse racing is the most popular sport in Hong Kong. Nowhere else in the world is such attention paid to the races and such large sums of money bet. It is literally a “national sport”. Popular literature has many stories about computerized “betting teams” winning fortunes by using statistical analysis.[1] Additionally, numerous academic papers have been published on the subject, implementing a variety of statistical methods. The academic justification for these papers is that a parimutuel game represents a study in decisions under uncertainty, efficiency of markets, and even investor psychology. A review of the available published literature has failed to find any Bayesian approach to this modeling challenge.This study will attempt to predict the running speed of a horse in a given race. To that effect, the coefficients of a linear model are estimated using the Bayesian method of Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Two methods of computing the sampled posterior are used and their results compared. The Gibbs method assumes that all the coefficients are normally distributed, while the Metropolis method allows for their distribution to have an unknown shape. I will calculate and compare the predictive results of several models using these Bayesian Methods.
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Vildanov, T. E., and N. S. Ivanov. "ANALYSIS OF PARSING AND WEBSCRAPING TOOLS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT OF ARBITRATION INVESTMENT STRATEGY ON THE MARKET SPORT BETS." SOFT MEASUREMENTS AND COMPUTING 1, no. 2 (2021): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/2618-9976.2021.02.006.
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This article explores both popular and newly invented tools for extracting data from sites and converting them into a form suitable for analysis. The paper compares the Python libraries, the key criterion of the compared tools is their performance. The results will be grouped by sites, tools used and number of iterations, and then presented in graphical form. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the field of application of data extraction tools: we will receive and transform semistructured data from the websites of bookmakers and betting exchanges. The article also describes new tools that are currently not in great demand in the field of parsing and web scraping. As a result of the study, quantitative metrics were obtained for all the tools used and the libraries that were most suitable for the rapid extraction and processing of information in large quantities were selected.
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del Corral, Julio, Jorge García-Unanue, and Fernando Herencia-Quintanar. "Are NBA Policies that Promote Long-Term Competitive Balance Effective? What is the Price?" Open Sports Sciences Journal 9, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875399x01609010081.
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This paper examines competitive balance in the most prominent basketball league in the world: the NBA. Two types of graphs are used. First, long-term competitive balance is studied based on actual positions achieved by the teams on the Regu-lar Season. On the other hand, the competitive balance levels for each season are analyzed using sport betting odds data and through the use of two alternative strategies. In the first approach, density functions for the number of victories for all teams within a season are known, whereas in the second approach, a kernel density function of team winning probability is deter-mined for each season. Thus, a prospective competitive balance analysis is conducted. The study period covers seasons 1993-94 and 2011-12. The results suggest that long-term competitive balance levels are high, as many teams change their classifications. At season level, competitive balance seems to improve along the period studied. However, there are still too many differences between the teams in the same season.
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Bringas, Santos, Rafael Duque, Alicia Nieto-Reyes, Cristina Tîrnăucă, and José Luis Montaña. "A Framework for Identifying Sequences of Interactions That Cause Usability Problems in Collaborative Systems." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040388.
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Collaborative systems support shared spaces, where groups of users exchange interactions. In order to ensure the usability of these systems, an intuitive interactions’ organization and that each user has awareness information to know the activity of others are necessary. Usability laboratories allow evaluators to verify these requirements. However, laboratory usability evaluations can be problematic for reproducing mobile and ubiquitous contexts, as they restrict the place and time in which the user interacts with the system. This paper presents a framework for building software support that it collects human–machine interactions in mobile and ubiquitous contexts and outputs an assessment of the system’s usability. This framework is constructed through learning that is based on neural networks, identifying sequences of interactions related to usability problems when users carry out collaborative activities. The paper includes a case study that puts the framework into action during the development process of a smartphone application that supports collaborative sport betting.
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Rose, I. Nelson. "Betting on Sports Betting." Gaming Law Review and Economics 18, no. 10 (December 2014): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glre.2014.18102.
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Constantinou, Anthony Costa, and Norman Elliott Fenton. "Determining the level of ability of football teams by dynamic ratings based on the relative discrepancies in scores between adversaries." Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2013): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2012-0036.
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AbstractA rating system provides relative measures of superiority between adversaries. We propose a novel and simple approach, which we call pi-rating, for dynamically rating Association Football teams solely on the basis of the relative discrepancies in scores through relevant match instances. The pi-rating system is applicable to any other sport where the score is considered as a good indicator for prediction purposes, as well as determining the relative performances between adversaries. In an attempt to examine how well the ratings capture a team’s performance, we have a) assessed them against two recently proposed football ELO rating variants and b) used them as the basis of a football betting strategy against published market odds. The results show that the pi-ratings outperform considerably the widely accepted ELO ratings and, perhaps more importantly, demonstrate profitability over a period of five English Premier League seasons (2007/2008–2011/2012), even allowing for the bookmakers’ built-in profit margin. This is the first academic study to demonstrate profitability against market odds using such a relatively simple technique, and the resulting pi-ratings can be incorporated as parameters into other more sophisticated models in an attempt to further enhance forecasting capability.
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Herold, Elisa, Felix Boronczyk, and Christoph Breuer. "Professional Clubs as Platforms in Multi-Sided Markets in Times of COVID-19: The Role of Spectators and Atmosphere in Live Football." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042312.
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In-stadium spectators affect the emotional value and atmosphere of sport live broadcasts. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, in Europe, the presence of in-stadium spectators, however, was suspended until further notice. Conceptualizing professional clubs as economic platforms, network effects due to the lack of in-stadium spectators may affect stakeholders’ utility. Thus, the main aims of this study are to examine the influence of missing in-stadium spectators for professional clubs by investigating network effects on (1) TV viewers’ emotional arousal and (2) TV viewers’ attention towards sponsor messages during live football broadcasts. Using a quantitative research design, a controlled lap was conducted, and broadcasts were presented to n = 26 highly involved participants. Heart rate, eye-tracking, and betting odds data served as measurements of arousal, attention, and game outcome uncertainty and were aggregated on a second-by-second basis (k = 140,400). Multilevel regression analysis showed significant differences in viewers’ arousal and attention to sponsors, contingent on the presence of in-stadium spectators and game outcome uncertainty. The presence of in-stadium spectators increased arousal, while attention towards sponsor messages decreased, depending on game outcome uncertainty. Based on the presence of network effects, implications to sustainably adapting professional football clubs’ business models based on stakeholders’ different interests can be given.
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Marcos, Marta. "Juego online: tratamiento de un caso de adicción a apuestas deportivas." Liberabit: Revista Peruana de Psicología 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): e339. http://dx.doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n2.04.
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Background: online gambling (bets, casino games, poker, etc.) is an activity that is spreading worldwide, even in countries where it is not yet legalized. Although the situation in Latin America is very heterogeneous, it is possible that, as online gambling is developed and promoted, addiction problems arise. This has already happened in Spain since the legalization of online gambling in 2011. Thus, psychology should be developing intervention programs to face this new scenario. Goal: this paper describes the treatment protocol for a young man with sports betting addiction. Method: the treatment proposal consisted in a cognitive behavioral therapy which focused on deconditioning of gambling situations; training of skills needed to prevent relapses and overcome risky situations; information on gambling risks; change of attitude towards gambling; and promotion of a healthy lifestyle incompatible with gambling addiction. Results: both the treatment phases and the theoretical basis of the intervention proposal are described. The patient, diagnosed with a severe gambling disorder, showed improvements in the gambling disorder criteria and the Symptom Severity Scale Score. Conclusions: a treatment protocol for online gambling addiction, which is based on the principles of motivation and learning, has been developed. This protocol has demonstrated to be effective in reducing gambling behavior and promoting a new healthy lifestyle.
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Cabot, Anthony, and Keith Miller. "Moving Faster Than the Speed of Regulation: Can State-Authorized Sports Wagering Dodge a Game-Fixing Bullet Without the Help of the Feds?" Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 30, no. 2 (August 26, 2020): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24252.
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The Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA), was a 1992 law that, as has been well-documented, effectively restricted sports betting to Nevada. PASPA accomplished this by dictating that states could not "sponsor, operate, advertise, promote, license, or authorize by law or compact," sports wagering. A separate provision forbade private parties from operating state-authorized sportsbooks. In 2018, the Supreme Court invalidated PASPA as a violation of the 10th Amendment to the US Constitution. The Court held that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to tell a state how to legislate and PASPA's provision that states could not authorize sports betting dictated to state legislatures what they were permitted to do and not do. The Court's ruling unleashed an explosion of pent-up energy for sports betting that had been building since PASPA became effective in 1993. Since that decision, several states have authorized sports betting in one of the most rapid expansions of a form of gambling in US history. Even more states are considering legislation that would permit sports betting, and the number of states legalizing and regulating sports betting will inevitably increase in 2020 and beyond. The controversy over sports betting has pivoted from whether states could legally offer sports betting, to whether they should legalize sports wagering, and if so, how they should go about regulating it.
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TURCU, I., G. B. BURCEA, and D. L. DIACONESCU. "THE IMPACT OF THE BETTING INDUSTRY ON SPORTS." Series IX Sciences of Human Kinetics 13(62), no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2020.13.62.2.32.
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Sports betting is the oldest form of gambling in the world. In the beginning, it was simply a leisure activity. We are currently talking about a multi-billion-euro deal. The sports betting industry has changed more in 15 years than in the last 50 years. In the 1950s, sports betting began to enter the world and almost nothing changed until the beginning of the 21st century. However, with the onset of the new millennium, online betting has changed the landscape dramatically, and is now developing at a fast pace than ever before. The future is always unpredictable, but we will try to imagine it based on current trends in sports betting. The paper "The impact of the betting industry on sports" aims to present a series of aspects regarding the history of sports games, the types of sports games existing today, a brief highlight of the Romanian sports games market and a short presentation of the positive and negative effects on sports.