Academic literature on the topic 'Sport di squadra'

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) peta sport tourism; (2) potensi alam; (3) potensi kebudayaan; dan (4) potensi Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM); dan (5) Sarana Prasarana sport tourism yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Kulon Progo Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan dasar penelitian lapangan. Metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan daftar wawancara dan lembar observasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: peta sport tourism di Wilayah Kabupaten Kulon Progo Yogyakarta tersebar di berbagai wilayah dengan alam pegunungan dan pesisir pantai, meliputi: Pantai Glagah dan Congot, Waduk Sermo, Kalibiru, Puncak Suroloyo, Goa Kiskendo, Kedung Pedut, Kembang Soka, Desa Wisata Nglingo, Dolan Desa Boro, Alun-Alun Wates, Taman Sungai Mudal, dan Grojogan Sewu. Jenis sport tourism: sepeda santai, panjat tebing, ATV, basket, tenis, sepatu roda, gedball, sepak bola mini, senam, kolam renang, perahu bebek, perahu wisata, cano, dayung, outbound, motor trail, arung jeram, tubing river, camping, tracking desa, joging, memancing, dayung, sepeda santai, susur goa, joging, flying fox, susur sungai, downhill, perahu naga, dan agrowisata. The mapping of sport tourism potential In Kulon Progo regency of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Abstract: This research is aimed at revealing: (1) sport tourism map; (2) natural potential; (3) cultural potential; (4) human resources potential; and (5) sport tourism facilities and infrastructure in Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. This research is a qualitative study with field-research-based descriptive analysis. The data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data collection instruments were an interview list and an observation sheet. The data analysis technique employed in this study was descriptive qualitative analysis. The research reveals that: the sports map potential in Kulon Progo Regency is spread in various mountain and coastal areas, including Glagah and Congot beaches, Sermo reservoir, Kalibiru, Suroloyo Peak, Kiskendo Cave, Pedut natural pool, Kembang Soka waterfall, Nglinggo tourist village, Boro village, Wates town square, Mudal river park, and Sewu waterfall. Sports tourism includes cycling, rock climbing, ATV riding, basketball, tennis, rollerblade, gateball, mini soccer, gymnastics, swimming pool, swan paddle boat, tour boat, canoe, rowing boat, outboard, trail bike, river rafting, river tubing, camping, village tracking, jogging, fishing, caving, flying fox, river adventure, downhill ride, dragon boat, and agro tour.

The result of interview with 10 students found that they have ever experienced (dysmenorrheal) they did not focus on teaching and learning until they asleep in the classroom and asked to permission to went home because unable to bear the pain that they feel, one of them rarely did physical activity such as sports, then they feel (dysmenorrheal) when menstrual, they also were burdened by tasks and routines of study, if they did examination. The purpose of this study was: to analyze the factors of primary dysmenorrheal on students at SMA Negeri 15 Semarang. This research was quantitative and it used cross-sectional method, the samples of this study were 138 respondents, and the researcher used proportionate stratified random sampling. The researcher also used chi-square test. The result of this study: it is shown that there was correlation between menarche with primary dysmenorrheal with evidence p-value <0,001, there were correlation between routinely of sport with primary dysmenorrheal with evidence p-value <0,001, there were correlation between stress with primary dysmenorrheal with evidence p-value <0,001. Recommendation: the teenagers are expected to increase sports activity and avoid stress so that can reduce the pain of dysmenorrheal.

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh e-procurement, kualitas produk dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap keputusan pembelian motor sport. Pengguna sepeda motor saat ini cukup tertarik dengan motor sport yang disuguhkan perusahaan motor dunia. Konsumen mulai beralih dari motor bebek ke motor sport terbaik Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan Mahasiswa Universitas 17 Agustus Jakarta. Sedangkan sampel pada penelitan ini adalah mahasiswa yang telah memiliki penghasilan (pekerja) dan pengguna motor. Dalam penelitian ini teknik penarikan sampel dengan menggunakan Random Sampling yaitu siapa saja yang di temui peneliti bisa di jadikan sampel, Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara memberikan daftar pertanyaan kepada responden dan di uji dengan menggunakan metode analisis data partial least square (PLS). Berdasarkan uji statistik, pada penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa e-procurement tidak dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian motor sport, kualitas produk tidak dapat mempengaruhi keputusan pembelian motor sport, dan kualitas pelayanan berdampak positif dan signifikan dalam mempengaruhi variabel keputusan pembeliant motor sport.

Abstrak Latar belakang: Kebugaran di Indonesia masih termasuk kategori yang rendah. Berdasarkan data Sport Development Index (SDI) kebugaran jasmani di Indonesia sebesar 21% dan pada DKI Jakarta sebesar 25%. Sedangkan menurut data Pusat Pelatihan Olahraga Pelajar (PPOP) DKI Jakarta ditemukan sebesar 47% atlet cabang olahraga permainan memiliki kebugaran jasmani kurang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan terkait gizi, asupan karbohidrat, dan aktivitas fisik dengan kebugaran jasmani pada atlet cabang olahraga permainan Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel 51 atlet cabang olahraga permainan dari kelas 10, 11, dan 12 di SMA Ragunan Jakarta. Pengambilan dan pengumpulan data pengetahuan terkait gizi menggunakan kuesioner, data asupan karbohidrat dengan metode food recall 2x24 jam, data aktivitas fisik dengan kuesioner IPAQ-SF, dan data kebugaran jasmani dengan metode Cooper Test. Data yang diperoleh dilakukan uji Chi Square. Hasil: Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan pengetahuan terkait gizi (p = 0,000), asupan karbohidrat (p = 0,044) dengan kebugaran jasmani, dan tidak ada hubungan aktivitas fisik (p = 0,727) dengan kebugaran jasmani. Kesimpulan: Pengetahuan gizi dan asupan karbohidrat berhubungan dengan kebugaran jasmani. Kata kunci: Aktivitas fisik; asupan karbohidrat; kebugaran jasmani; pengetahuan terkait gizi. Abstract Background: Physical fitness in Indonesia is still on a low category. Based on Sport Development Index (SDI), Indonesia’s Physical Fitness is 21% and 25% on Jakarta. Meanwhile, based on DKI Jakarta’s Pusat Pelatihan Olah Raga Pelajar (PPOP), it is found that 47% of sports games athlete have a low physical fitness. This research purpose is to find out the correlation of nutrition knowledge, carbohydrate intake, and physical activity to physical fitness on sports games athlete. Methods: This research use a cross sectional design, the samples of this research are 51 gaming sports athlete from class 10, 11, and 12 in Jakarta’s Ragunan Senior High School. Nutritional knowledge data are collected through a questionare, carbohydrate intake data are collected with 2x24 hours food recall method, physical activity data are collected through IPAQ-SF questionare, and physical fitness data are collected with Cooper Test method. The collected data are processed through Chi Square test. Result: After data analysis, it is found that there are a correlation of nutritional knowledge (p= 0,000) and carbohydrate intake (p=0,044) to physical fitness, but there is no correlation of physical activity (p=0,727) to physical fitness. Conclusion: There is a correlation between nutritional knowledge and carbohydrate intake with physical fitness Keywords: Carbohydrate intake, nutritional knowledge, physical activity, physical fitness.

Dalam penjualan tentunya diperlukan pendataan untuk mengontrol pendapatan pertahunnya, dan pendataan yang ada saat ini masih dilakukan secara manual, sehingga akan menghabiskan waktu yang cukup lama, dan informasi mengenai stok dan penjualannya pun mengalami tumpang tindih, sehingga kesulitan untuk mencarinya, dan pemilik toko juga pun tidak mengetahui pendapatan bulan ini lebih meningkat atau menurun. Prediksi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah barang yang akan disediakan pada bulan selanjutnya pada Doni Sport Malang yang bertempat di Jalan Sawahan, ngijo, Karangploso, Malang. Dari permasalahan tersebut, digunakanlah metode Least Square untuk prediksi penjualan pada Doni Sport Malang dengan masa periode setiap bulan dari tahun 2017 sampai 2019. Metode peramalan (forecasting) kuadrat terkecil atau yang biasa disebut sebagai metode least square adalah metode peramalan yang menggunakan persamaan linear untuk menemukan garis paling sesuai untuk kumpulan data lampau guna meramalkan data di masa depan. (Noegroho Boedijoewono, 2007:231). Berdasarkan pengujian Black Box fungsional sitem dapat berjalan sesuai desain perancangan, dan berdasarkan pengujian data penjulan sepatu Adidas Predator pada januari-desember 2017 mendapatkan hasil 145unit dan memiliki selisih 20unit dari data asli januari 2018

This purpose of research aims to determine the effect Store Atmosphere Against Customer Satisfaction in Ballon D’or Sport Cafe. The type of this research is quantitative descriptive with causal assosiative method which aims to see how big the influence of variable Store Atmosphere (X) on Customer Satisfaction (Y) in Ballon D’or Sport Cafe. The number of samples in this research amounted to 92 people taken using the technique of taking purposive sampling. Data collection technique is done by indirect communication through questionnaire (questionnaire) by using Likert scale that has been tested the validity and reliability. Further data is analyzed through data analysis, simple linear regression analysis through determinant coefficient analysis (R square), using SPSS Computer Program 16.00. The results showed that: (1) Store Atmosphere is in the less good category (59.78%), (2) Customer Satisfaction is in less good category (45,65%), (3) The result of simple linear regression test is obtained with R Square equal to 0,518 with sig level. 0,000 <0.05. This means that the destination image influences the visiting decision significantly by 51.8%, and the remaining 48.2% is influenced by other factors.

Abstract: This research aims to determine simultaneously and partially the independent variables namely Price, Promotion and Place, the dependent variable is Purchase Decision. This research was conducted in the Bekasi Regency area, namely consumers who use tekno sport shop products. The population in this study are consumers who use or who have bought products from a techno sport shop in the Bekasi district, with an unknown number of 203 respondents. Data analysis techniques in this study using Partial Least Square and Hypothesis Testing. Data processing in this study using the SmartPLS 3.0 software program. Based on the results of the study, it shows that in the hypothesis test, the price variable has no effect and is not significant because the sig value is 0.759 > 0.05 and the Tstatistic is 0.307, so it is said to have a negative effect. Promotion variable has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a sig value of 0.002 < 0.05 and a Tstatistic of 3,045, the results are declared significant because Tstatistics > 1.97. Then there is the Place variable which has a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a value of sig 0.005 < 0.05 and T statistics 2.831, these results are declared significant because Tstatistics > 1.97. Based on the calculation results show that price, promotion and place have a positive effect on purchasing decisions. This is evidenced by the R Square value of 0.923. This shows that the higher the price, promotion and place on purchasing decisions, the better. Abstrak: Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara simultan dan parsial dari variabel bebas yaitu Harga, Promosi dan Tempat, variabel terikat yaitu Keputusan Pembelian. Penelitian ini dilakukan di wilayah Kabupaten Bekasi yaitu konsumen yang menggunakan produk toko tekno sport. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah konsumen yang menggunakan atau yang pernah membeli produk toko tekno sport di wilayah kabupaten bekasi yang berjumlah tidak diketahui dengan sampel 203 responden. Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Partial Least Square dan Uji Hipotesis. Pengolahan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan program software SmartPLS 3.0. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dalam uji hipotesis variabel Harga tidak berpengaruh dan tidak signifikan karena nilai sig 0.759 > 0.05 dan Tstatistik 0.307, maka dikatakan berpengaruh negatif. Variabel Promosi berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian dengan nilai sig 0.002 < 0.05 dan Tstatistik 3.045, hasil tersebut dinyatakan signifikan karena Tstatistik > 1.97. Lalu ada variabel Tempat berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian dengan nilai sig 0.005 < 0.05 dan Tstatistik 2.831, hasil tersebut dinyatakan signifikan karena Tstatistik > 1.97. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan menunjukan bahwa harga, promosi dan tempat berpengaruh positif terhadap keputusan pembelian. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan nilai R Square sebesar 0.923. Ini menujukan bahwa semakin tinggi harga, promosi dan tempat terhadap keputusan pembelian akan semakin baik.

Context: Certified athletic trainers (ATs) are responsible for integrating relevant professionals into the rehabilitation team to assist with the holistic care of injured athletes. Objective: To explore National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (DI) ATs' experience with sport psychology consultants (SPCs), willingness to encourage athletes to use SPCs for injury rehabilitation, and perceptions of the benefits of sport psychology services. Design: Quantitative study. Setting: A Web-based survey was administered to a national sample of DI ATs. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 659 (341 men, 318 women) ATs completed the survey. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers' experience with SPCs, willingness to encourage athletes to seek sport psychology services, and perceptions of the benefits of those services in injury-rehabilitation settings were self-reported using a rating scale that ranged from 1 (never or not at all) to 5 (definitely or extremely). Results: Logistic regression revealed that the availability of SPCs, previous encouragement to athletes to seek sport psychology services, and previous positive interactions with SPCs predicted the ATs' willingness to encourage athletes to use these services (P &lt; .0001). The services ATs rated the highest for injury rehabilitation were managing anxiety and emotion, improving coping techniques, and building confidence (ie, confidence in returning to sport and building confidence). Chi-square analyses indicated that female ATs' ratings of perceived benefits were higher (P ≤ .001) than those of male ATs, and the ratings of ATs who were likely to encourage the use of SPCs were higher (P ≤ .001) than those who were unlikely to encourage SPC service use. Conclusions: Athletic trainers in our study who had previous positive SPC experiences were most likely to use SPCs and their services during the injury-rehabilitation process. Possible implications are offered for how ATs interested in sport psychology services might call on SPCs to complement their work with injured athletes.

The research design is a quantitative research method with a correlational research design. The subjects of this study were 150 adolescents who are members of the gaming community in adolescents at SMPN 2, SMAN I and SMKN 2 Kota Lhokseumawe. The sampling technique used is the quota sampling technique. The characteristics of the sample used in this study include: joining the gaming community in Lhokseumawe City, playing online games and being limited by the sex of active boys (13-17 years). The stages of this research were carried out starting with the preliminary data collection of research on the online game community, then conducting interviews about the intensity of playing games and the emotional level of adolescents who. After that, browse the gamer school to ask about their learning achievement with the homeroom teacher and class teacher. Data analysis using chi-square test. The results showed that e-sport games had an impact on the emotional level of adolescents (p value 0.000) and e-sport games had an impact on the learning achievement index (p value 0.000). These results are preliminary information in an effort to deal with the negative impact of playing online games on the emotional level of adolescents and student achievement as well as trying to provide understanding to students regarding the negative impact of playing online games. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Dampak esport Games Terhadap Tingkat Emosional dan Prestasi Belajar Remaja di Kota Lhokseumawe Provinsi Aceh Tahun 2020. Desain penelitian bersifat metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian korelasional. Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 150 remaja yang tergabung dalam anggota komunitas gaming pada remaja di SMPN 2, SMAN I and SMKN 2 Kota Lhokseumawe. Teknik Sampling yang digunakan adalah dengan teknik sampling kuota. Ciri-ciri sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain : tergabung dalam komunitas gaming Kota Lhokseumawe, bermain game online dan dibatasi oleh jenis kelamin anak laki-laki (13-17 tahun) yang aktif. Tahapan Penelitian ini dilakukan diawali dengan pengambilan data awal penelitian terhadap komunitas game online, selanjutnya melakukan wawancara tentang intensitas bermain game dan tingkat emosional remaja yang dirasakan. Setelah itu menelusuri sekolah gamer tersebut untuk menanyakan prestasi belajarnya dengan wali kelas dan guru kelasnya. Analisa data dengan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan e-sport games berdampak pada tingkat emosional remaja (p value 0.000) dan e-sport games berdampak pada indeks prestasi belajar (p value 0.000). Hasil ini merupakan informasi awal dalam upaya penanganan dampak negatif bermain game online terhadap tingkat emosional remaja dan prestasi belajar siswa serta berupaya memberikan pemahaman kepada siswa berkaitan dengan dampak negatif bermain game online.

Property developments in Jakarta are increasing every year, one of which is a mall or shopping center located in many locations in Jakarta and is the most common destination for family recreation. The existence of a shopping center or mall is expected to help increase the economic cycle and help increase the number of jobs in Jakarta. The high level of growth Shopping centers in Jakarta cause there are many shopping centers that are not able to compete with other shopping centers. This is what makes shopping centers in Jakarta become quiet and experience a decline in occupancy rates. Mahaka Square is one of the shopping centers that experienced this, located in Kelapa Gading with an area of 2.6 ha with international standard sports arenas and hotels, so that shopping centers need to be regenerated by following the trend of sports and healthy lifestyles in young generation in order to compete with competitors. Through this study a study was conducted on the management strategy of Mahaka Square to determine the physical condition of existing Mahaka Square buildings and the potential of Mahaka Square in competing in the market in order to increase occupancy rates and number of visitors. The analysis carried out was location analysis, building analysis, market analysis, visitor preference analysis, and tenant mix analysis. The tools used in this study are cartesian diagrams and qualitative descriptive. The results of this study are to find out whether mahaka square needs to be physically changed in terms of buildings and tenants that should be included in Mahaka Square in order to increase occupancy rates and number of visitors. AbstrakPerkembangan property di Jakarta semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya, salah satunya adalah Mall atau pusat perbelanjaan yang berdiri di banyak lokasi di Jakarta dan merupakan destinasi paling umum untuk dijadikan tempat rekreasi untuk keluarga. Adanya pusat perbelanjaan atau mall tersebut diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan siklus perekonomian dan membantu menambah jumlah lapangan pekerjaan di Jakarta. Tingginya tingkat pertumbuhan Pusat perbelanjaan di ibukota menyebabkan ada banyak pusat perbelanjaan yang tidak mampu bersaing dengan pusat perbelanjaan lainnya. Hal ini yang membuat pusat- pusat perbelanjaan di Jakarta menjadi sepi pengunjung dan mengalami penurunan occupancy rate. Mahaka Square merupakan salah satu pusat perbelanjaan yang mengalami hal tersebut yang berlokasi di Kelapa Gading dengan area seluas 2,6 ha dengan Arena olahraga berstandar internasional dan hotel, sehingga perlu dilakukan regenerasi pusat perbelanjaan dengan cara mengikuti trend aktivitas olahraga dan gaya hidup sehat anak usia muda produktif agar dapat bersaing dengan kompetitor. Melalui penelitian ini dilakukan studi mengenai Strategi pengelolaan Mahaka Square untuk mengetahui kondisi fisik bangunan eksisting Mahaka Square serta potensi Mahaka square dalam bersaing di pasar agar dapat meningkatkan occupancy rate dan jumlah pengunjung. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis lokasi, analisis bangunan, analisis pasar, analisis preferensi pengunjung, dan analisis tenant mix. Alat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah diagram kartesius dan deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui apakah mahaka square perlu dilakukan perubahan fisik dari segi bangunan serta tenant –tenant yang seharusnya dimasukkan ke dalam Mahaka Square agar dapat meningkatkan occupancy rate dan jumlah pengunjung.

In questa tesi viene descritto il percorso che ha permesso alla Cina di avvicinarsi prima e affermarsi poi nel mondo degli sport moderni occidentali, andando ad analizzare la storia dello sport e dell’educazione fisica nelle scuole e concentrandosi principalmente sui cosiddetti “Ball Games” (Calcio, Basket e Pallavolo). L'analisi è supportata da una ricerca bibliografica formata in gran numero da materiale specialistico in lingua, al fine di fornire informazioni recenti e attendibili. Negli ultimi anni, in Cina, gli sport di squadra hanno iniziato a prendere piede, anche se i risultati sono ancora deludenti. L'obiettivo del Governo Cinese è quello di formare un nuovo vivaio di atleti pronti a dominare nel palcoscenico mondiale. Per fare ciò, il ministero dell'istruzione cinese ha diramato le direttive per l'insegnamento dell'educazione fisica e dei cosiddetti Ball games nelle scuole. In questa tesi, attraverso un'analisi a tutto tondo, si cerca di capire quali siano le caratteristiche, i punti forti, i punti deboli, le peculiarità e i limiti dell'insegnamento degli sport occidentali di squadra nella sistema educativo cinese. Inoltre, verranno affrontati temi strettamente legati all'argomento principale come la cultura sportiva, la mentalità, il senso di competizione, il lavoro di squadra ecc. in ambito sportivo.

Valutazione funzionale delle capacità fisiche nel giocatore di basket in carrozzina d’alto livello vuole esser d’aiuto a tutti i preparatori che si interessano di questo sport, al fine di fornire delle linee guida utili ad una programmazione metodologica più rispondente alle esigenze biomeccaniche e neuromuscolari del basket in carrozzina. La valutazione, è avvenuta testando giocatori con punteggio di classificazione 1; 2; 3; 4; 4,5, maschi e femmine delle Nazionali italiane. Nel basket in carrozzina, il punteggio viene attribuito dalla commissione classificatrice (1 medico ed 1 tecnico), in relazione al grado di disabilità motoria ed alle capacità funzionali dell’atleta, dimostrate in campo durante il gioco. L’obiettivo della ricerca è stato raggiunto attraverso lo svolgimento dei seguenti test: test “20 m sprint” (che valuta la capacità di “accelerazione”); test “lancio della palla zavorrata dal capo/petto” (che valuta la capacità di “forza”); test “dell’8 con e senza palla” (che valuta la capacità tecnica di “conduzione del mezzo meccanico”); test del “tiro dalla zona della campana” (che valuta la capacità tecnica di “tiro a canestro”); test del “tiro di precisione al bersaglio” (che valuta la capacità tecnica di “passaggio”); match analysis delle fasi di “gioco effettivo” (che valuta tempo, posizione, velocità, distanza e direzione, di ogni giocatore durante la partita). I test sono stati svolti nel campo da basket regolamentare. Materiali utilizzati: cronometro; metro avvolgibile; nastro adesivo; palla zavorrata di 3Kg; coni in plastica; fischietto; software sistema SPI 10 (GPSport Systems, Pty. Ltd. 2003, Australia). Risultati: dai dati ottenuti si evince che il preparatore fisico, deve porre attenzione al raggiungimento dell’assetto ottimale tra giocatore e mezzo meccanico e mirare ad una preparazione fisica personalizzata, che in generale punti sullo sviluppo della forza degli arti superiori e della parte superiore del tronco, al fine di ottenere il massimo livello di prestazione. Esercitazioni personalizzate nell’ambito dello sport disabili permettono la miglior espressione motoria delle capacità residue e la possibilità di meglio tutelare il giocatore da naturali disequilibri biomeccanici relativi alla tecnica sportiva. Nel basket in carrozzina, la forza espressa dai giocatori rimane più elevata di quella espressa dalle giocatrici. Nel gioco, le velocità intermedie sono quelle più rappresentative e il play percorre le distanze maggiori, le accelerazioni più importanti in attacco e in difesa, ma subisce il maggior numero di forti impatti destabilizzanti.
Thesis aims to help all those involved in thereparation of this sport by laying down useful guidelines for a methodical approch to ascertain the biomechanical and neuromuscolar requirements of wheelchair basket ball. An evaluation was made testing both male and female Italian national players with a points classification of 1; 2; 3; 4 and 4.5. In wheelchair basketball points are attributed by the classification commission (one medical and one technical), in relation to the degree of physical disability and the functional capabilities of the athlete, as demonstrated on court during play. Research evaluation used the following tests: (i) a 20 metre sprint (to asses the ability to accelerate), (ii) tossing a weighted ball from the head or chest (to asses strength), (iii)performing a figure of eight (with and without a ball) , ( to asses the players technical ability to drive the wheel chair) ; (iv)throwing within the bell zone (to asses technical ability to shoot for goal), (v)throwing at a target ( to asses technical ability to pass the ball ); (vi) a match analysis of “effective play” (evaluating the time, position, speed, distance and direction of each player during the match). All tests were carried out in a standard basketball court. Materials: stop watch, extendable tape measure, adhesive tape, 3kg medicine ball, plastic cones, whistle , SPI 10 soft ware system (GPSport Systems, Pty. Ltd. 2003 Australia). Results: from the data obtained it was clear that physical preparation must seek to find the optimum relationship between the player nd his mechanical means of propulsion and aim at personalized physical preparation, in general concentrating on developing strength in the arms and upper body, thereby achieving a maximum level of performance. Personalized training in the field of disabled sport allows the best physical expression of residual abilities and protects te player from naturally occurring biomechanical imbalances in technique. In wheelchair basketball, the force produced by a male player is still higher than that produced by a female player. During play an intermediate speed is most common and more distance is covered, acceleration is most important during attack and defence but the greatest number of hard destabilizing impacts

Studio 1. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di esaminare il profilo del carico di allenamento (TL) di giocatori professionisti di basket di alto livello durante una fase cruciale della stagione competitiva ( prima dei play off scudetto ). I soggetti sono stati otto giocatori di basket professionisti a tempo pieno (età 28 ± 3.6 anni, altezza 199 ± 7.2 centimetri, massa corporea 102 ± 11.5kg, grasso corporeo 10.4 ± 1.5%), nei quali la frequenza cardiaca (FC) è stato registrato nel corso di ciascuna sessione di allenamento e la loro risposta individuale al carico di allenamento è stata monitorata utilizzando il metodo delle session-RPE (200 sessioni di allenamento). E’stata utilizzata l'associazione fra il metodo delle session-RPE e della frequenza cardiaca d’allenamento per valutare la validità di popolazione del metodo delle session-RPE. Relazioni significative sono state osservate tra le session-RPE individuali e tutti i carichi di allenamento individuali basati sulla frequenza cardiaca (valori di r da 0.69 a 0.85; P <0.001). Gli allenatori spontaneamente hanno fornito una fase di tapering durante la settimana competitiva indipendentemente dal numero di partite giocate durante essa (vale a dire uno o due partite). I carichi di allenamento individuali di ciascuna settimana non differivano significativamente tra i giocatori (P > 0.05). Il basket professionistico maschile di elite impone un grande stress fisiologico e psicologico sui giocatori durante le sessioni di allenamento e le competizioni ufficiali (1-2 per settimana). Di conseguenza è comprensibile l'importanza di un metodo valido e pratico per valutare il TL individuale. In questa ricerca abbiamo dimostrato che le session-RPE possono essere considerate come un metodo attuabile per valutare il TL senza l'uso di strumenti più sofisticati (i.e. cardiofrequenzimetri). Il metodo delle session-RPE ha consentito l'individuazione dei modelli di periodizzazione nella pianificazione settimanale del basket professionistico d'elite durante una fase cruciale della stagione competitiva (modello con 1 vs 2 gare settimanali). Studio 2. L'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di sviluppare un metodo per controllare le risposte ai carichi di allenamento (TL), su base individuale, in corridori amatoriali di lunga distanza (LDR), attraverso l’analisi del training impulse (TRIMP). L'ipotesi testata è stata che un TRIMP basato su determinati fattori di ponderazione individuali potrebbe tradursi in una migliore quantificazione delle risposte dell’allenamento e della prestazione in LDR rispetto ai metodi basati su valori medi di gruppo. Le risposte del TL di 8 LDR (età 39.9 ± 6.5 anni) sono state monitorate utilizzando una versione modificata del TRIMP originale, denominato TRIMP individualizzato (TRIMPi) per un periodo di 8 settimane. Il TRIMPi è stato determinato in ciascun LDR utilizzando profili individuali di frequenza cardiaca (FC) e di lattato ematico determinati nel corso di un test incrementale al treadmill. L’allenamento ha prodotto degli effetti sulla prestazione (5 e 10 km corsa) e delle variazioni sulla fitness aerobica sub-massimale (sulla velocità a selezionate concentrazioni di lattato ematico, 2 e 4 mmol∙l-1) valutati prima e alla fine dell’allenamento. La velocità a 2 (+ 21.3 ± 5.2%, P < 0.001) e 4 (+ 10.6 ± 2.4%, P < 0.001) è aumentato in maniera significativa nel post-allenamento. I miglioramenti nella velocità di corsa (%) a 2 mmol∙l-1 (r = 0.87, P = 0.005) e 4 mmol∙l-1 (r = 0.74, P = 0.04) di concentrazione erano significativamente correlati con il TRIMPi settimanale. Nessun correlazione significativa tra le variabili, è stata rilevata quando sono stati utilizzati valori basati sulla media di gruppo. Il TRIMPi era significativamente correlato alla prestazione sui 5000 m (r = -0.77, P = 0.02) e sui 10000 m (r = -0.82, P = 0.01). Il TRIMP individualizzato è un valido strumento per monitorare la fitness (velocità a 2 e 4 mmol∙l-1) e le prestazioni (ad esempio, 5000 10000 m) nel LDRs ed è più utile di metodi basati su valori medi del gruppo. Studio 3. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è stato quello di quantificare la distribuzione dell’intensità dell’ allenamento e i suoi effetti sulla fitness aerobica in calciatori d’elite. 14 calciatori d’elite (età 25 ± 4 anni, altezza 178 ± 7 cm, massa corporea 74 ±8 kg) hanno volontariamente preso parte a questo studio e sono stati osservati durante il periodo precampionato (6 settimane). La fitness aerobica sub-massimale è stata misurata pre e post allenamento con un test incrementale al treadmill per la determinazione della velocità e della FC alle concentrazioni ematiche di lattato a 2 e 4 mmol∙l-1. La frequenza cardiaca dei giocatori è stata registrata in tutto il periodo precampionato. L’intensità dell’allenamento è stata divisa in tre zone: bassa intensità (FC < 2 mmol∙l-1)moderata intensità (FC tra 2 e 4 mmol∙l-1) alta intensità (FC > di 4 mmol∙l-1). L’analisi individuale delle 504 sessioni d’allenamento ha mostrato che il 73 ± .5, il 19 ± 2.8 e l’8 ± 1.4% del tempo totale è stato speso rispettivamente a bassa, moderata e elevata intensità (P < 0.001). La velocità a 2 e 4 mmol∙l-1 è aumentata significativamente nel post allenamento (rispettivamente 5 e 7% P < 0.01). L’allenamento passato ad alta intensità era significativamente correlato con l’incremento della velocità relativa a 2 mmol•l-1 (r=0.84; 95%CI 0.55 a 0.95; P < 0.001) e 4 mmol•l-1(r=0.65, 95%CI 0.20 a 0.80; P = 0.001). Questo studio ha dimostrato che i calciatori professionisti passano circa i 2/3 del loro tempo d’allenamento a bassa intensità come gli atleti di endurance. Però solo il tempo passato ad alta intensità ( > 90% della FC massima) è relazionato con il cambio nella fitness-aerobica. Questi risultati supportano anche il successo di tutti quei metodi di quantificazione del carico di allenamento aerobico che usano la FC.
Study 1. The aim of this study was to examine the training load (TL) profile of professional elite level basketball players during the crucial parts of the competitive season (pre play-off finals). Subjects were eight full-time professional basketball players (age 28±3.6 years, height 199±7.2cm, body mass 102±11.5kg, body fat 10.4±1.5%) which heart rate (HR) was recorded during each training session and their individual response to TL monitored using the session-RPE method (200 training sessions). The association between the Session-RPE method and training HR was used to assess the population validity of the session-RPE method. Significant relationships were observed between individual Session-RPE and all individual HR-based TL (r values from 0.69 to 0.85; P<0.001). Coaches spontaneously provided a tapering phase during the competitive weeks irrespective of the number of games played during it (i.e. one o two games). The individual weekly players’ TL resulted not significantly different from each other (P >0.05). Elite male professional basketball imposes great physiological and psychological stress on players through training sessions and official competitions (1-2 per week). Consequently the importance of a practical and valid method to assess individual TL is warranted. In this research we demonstrated that Session- RPE may be considered as a viable method to asses TL without the use of more sophisticated tools (i.e. HR monitors). The Session-RPE method enabled the detection of periodization patterns in weekly planning in elite professional basketball during crucial part of the competitive season (1 vs 2 weekly fixtures model). Study 2. The aim of this study was to develop a method to monitor responses to training loads (TL) on an individual basis in recreational long-distance runners (LDR) through Training Impulses (TRIMP) analysis. The hypothesis tested was that a TRIMP based on individually determined weighting factors could result in a better quantification of training responses and performance in LDR in comparison to methods based on averaged-based group values. The TL responses of 8 LDR (age 39.9 ± 6.5 years) were monitored using a modified version of the average-based TRIMP, referred to as individualized TRIMP (TRIMPi) over a period of 8 weeks. The TRIMPi was determined in each LDR using individual heart-rate (HR) and lactate profiles determined during an incremental treadmill test. Training induced effects on performance (5 and 10 km race) and changes in sub-maximal aerobic fitness (speeds at selected blood lactate concentration, 2 and 4 mmoll-1) were assessed before and at the end of the training intervention. Speed at 2 mmoll-1 (+21.3 ± 5.2%, p<0.001) and 4 mmoll-1 (+10.6 ± 2.4%, p<0.01) concentrations significantly increased post-training. Improvements in running speed (%) at 2 mmoll-1 (r=0.87; P=0.005) and 4 mmoll-1 (r=0.74, P=0.04) concentrations were significantly related to weekly TRIMPi sum. No significant relationship between any variable was detected when averaged-based group values were used. The TRIMPi was significantly related to 5000 m (r=-0.77; P=0.02) and 10000 m track performance (r =-0.82; P=0.01). Individualized TRIMP is a valid tool in tracking fitness (speed at 2 and 4 mmoll-1) and performance (i.e. 5000 and 10000 m races) in LDRs and is more valuable than methods based on average group values. TRIMPi could predict race performance in LDRs. Study 3. The aim of this paper was to quantify the distribution of training intensities and its effect on aerobic fitness in professional elite soccer players. Fourteen professional soccer players (age 25±4 years, height 178±7 cm, body mass 74±8 kg) volunteered to this study and were observed during the prechampionship training period (6 weeks). Sub-maximal aerobic-fitness was assessed pre and post training with an incremental treadmill test for the determination of speed and heart-rates (HR) at 2 and 4 mmol⋅l-1 blood lactate concentrations. Players’ HRs of all pre-championship training sessions were recorded. Training intensities were categorized using three HR zones: low-intensity (

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HR 4 mmol•l-1). Analysis of the 504 individual training sessions showed that 73±2.5, 19±2.8 and 8±1.4% of the total training time was spent at low, moderate and high intensity, respectively (P <0.001). Speed at 2 and 4 mmol⋅l-1 significantly improved post-training (5 and 7%, respectively P<0.01) Training spent at high intensity was significantly related with relative speed improvements at 2 mmol•l-1 (r=0.84; 95%CI 0.55-0.95; P<0.001;) and 4 mmol•l-1 (r=0.65, 95%CI 0.20-0.80; P=0.001). This study showed that elite professional soccer players spent almost two-third of their training time at low intensities similar to endurance athletes. However, only the time spent at high-intensity (>90% of maximal HR) was related to changes in aerobic-fitness. These results also support the usefulness of the quantification of aerobic training load using HR.

Questo elaborato è stato strutturato in 3 diversi capitoli, nel capitolo 1 sono presentate informazioni generali su: che cosa sia un sistema GPS, come funzioni, i suoi principali errori e alcune implementazioni. Il capitolo 2 riguarda i sistemi GPS indoor di nuova tecnologia e le loro applicazioni. Mentre il capitolo 3 racchiude una analisi di alcuni studi, che riguarda l'utilità della raccolta dati, tramite sistemi GPS nell'ambito sportivo. In particolare nella prima parte si studia la validità e l'affidabilità delle misure GPS considerando l'evoluzione delle unità GPS stesse con l'aumento di frequenza di campionamento. Una volta verificati questi parametri, sono stati presi in considerazione nella seconda parte la raccolta di alcuni studi, riguardanti il monitoraggio dell'attività fisica di individui comuni in relazione all'ambiente in cui si trovano. Verificandone la qualità dei dati tramite lo studio della quantità dei dati persi. Infine nell'ultima parte viene focalizzata la ricerca sulle diverse variabili misurabili con il GPS: distanza totale, distanza relativa, velocità e carico sul corpo degli atleti, e come esse cambiano in relazione ai ruoli, alla competitività e all'età. Quest'ultima analisi è sviluppata nel contesto di vari sport di squadra.

Lo scopo principale della presente tesi è stato quello di conseguire una migliore conoscenza dei vari aspetti del rapporto dose-risposta tra carico di allenamento e prestazione in atleti di sport di squadra e in corridori amatoriali di lunghe distanze, non analizzati in precedenza nella letteratura.