Journal articles: 'Sport imagery'

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Munroe, Krista, Craig Hall, Sharon Simms, and Robert Weinberg. "The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes’ Use of Imagery." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.4.440.

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Previous research (e.g., Barr & Hall, 1992) suggests that imagery is used differentially throughout an athlete’s competitive season. The influence of time of season (early vs. late) and type of sport (team vs. individual) on athletes’ use of imagery was examined. Male and female varsity athletes representing 10 sports completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, in press) early and late in a competitive season. Results indicated that cognitive specific (CS) imagery significantly increased for fencing, field hockey, rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Motivational Specific (MS), Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M), and Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A) imagery showed a significant increase from Times 1 to 2 for rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Most sports demonstrated a significant increase in MS imagery. For all sports, except badminton, cognitive general (CG) imagery increased. Results indicate that imagery use changes during the competitive season, but this depends on the sport.

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Di Corrado, Donatella, Maria Guarnera, Francesca Vitali, Alessandro Quartiroli, and Marinella Coco. "Imagery ability of elite level athletes from individual vs. team and contact vs. no-contact sports." PeerJ 7 (May 22, 2019): e6940. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6940.

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Background In the sport context, imagery has been described as the condition in which persons imagine themselves while executing skills to deal with the upcoming task or enhance performance. Systematic reviews have shown that mental imagery improves performance in motor tasks Methods The aim of the present study was to explore whether imagery vividness (i.e., the clarity or realism of the imagery experience) and controllability (i.e., the ease and accuracy with which an image can be manipulated mentally) differ by sport types (team vs. individual and contact vs. non-contact). Participants were athletes from team contact and non-contact sports (rugby and volleyball, respectively), and individual contact and non-contact sports (karate and tennis, respectively) between the ages of 20 and 33 years (M = 24.37, SD = 2.85). The participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2, and the Mental Image Transformation Tasks. Results A 2 ×2 × 2 (gender × 2 contact-no-contact × 2 sport type) between groups MANOVA showed differences in imagery ability by sport type. Practical indications deriving from the findings of this study can help coaches and athletes to develop mental preparation programs using sport-specific imagery.

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Monsma, Eva V. "Imagery in Sport." Sport Psychologist 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.1.115.

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Morris, T., M. Spittle, and A. Watt. "Imagery in Sport." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 2, no. 1 (February 2006): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2006.2.1.50.

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Howe, Bruce L. "Imagery and Sport Performance." Sports Medicine 11, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199111010-00001.

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MURPHY, SHANE M. "Imagery interventions in sport." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, no. 4 (April 1994): 486???494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199404000-00014.

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Culpan, Ian. "Olympism, physical education and critical pedagogy." European Physical Education Review 25, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x18782560.

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This article sets out to present a new imagery for capturing the power and potential of Olympism in attempting to educate the next generation of sport consumers and decision makers. It is hoped that the new imagery can make a contribution on how to moderate and regulate the rampant commodification of sport. This new imagery begins with the need for physical educators to open their minds and instigate a critical orientation to thinking about sport and Olympic matters. It is argued that doing this might help in the creation of new possibilities and visions for Olympism and sport and allow us to confront some of the disagreeable contemporary concerns in sport that scholars have identified. The new imagery for Olympism is based on the development of a critical pedagogy that draws on the works of Apple, Freire and Kincheloe, and is re-contextualised for school physical education and sports programmes. It is concluded that decisions, behaviours and actions that are made at present actually propagate many of the policies that will be made tomorrow. It is argued that a critical pedagogy for Olympism is needed to address the many current disagreeable aspects of sport.

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Moritz, Sandra E., Craig R. Hall, Kathleen A. Martin, and Eva Vadocz. "What Are Confident Athletes Imaging?: An Examination of Image Content." Sport Psychologist 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.10.2.171.

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Despite the advocacy of a confidence-enhancing function of mental imagery, the relationship between confidence and imagery has received little attention from sport researchers. The primary purpose of the present study was to identify the specific image content of confident athletes. Fifty-seven elite competitive rollerskaters completed the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R), the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ), and the State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI). Results revealed that high sport-confident athletes used more mastery and arousal imagery, and had better kinesthetic and visual imagery ability than low sport-confident athletes did. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that mastery imagery accounted for the majority of variance in SSCI scores (20%). The results of this study suggest that when it comes to sport confidence, the imaged rehearsal of specific sport skills may not be as important as the imagery of sport-related mastery experiences and emotions.

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Gregg, Melanie, and Leisha Strachan. "Examining Developmental Differences in Imagery Use with Youth Soccer Players." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2014-0008.

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AbstractEmerging research on youth sport participants has revealed that young athletes use sport-related mental imagery for a variety of purposes such as acquiring sport-specific skills. The present study aimed to replicate previous research regarding developmental differences in imagery use, confirm the utility of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire-Children’s Version (SIQ-C), and clarify the relationship of gender to imagery use in youth sport. Youth soccer players (

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ADEGBESAN, Olufemi Adegbola. "Team Sport Players' Perception of Imagery Use and Confidence in Sport." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.161789.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. The relationship of imagery use and confidence were examined on forty-eight elite male team sport players in volleyball, basketball and football from Botswana with mean age {M=22.50; 1.32} using Sport Imagery Questionnaire {SIQ} and the Sources of Sport Confidence Questionnaire {SSCQ} The result of the correlation matrix indicated a positive but moderate relationship of perceived imagery use and sport confidence with correlation value ranging from r=.30 to .77. The result further revealed an apparent significant {P<.05} composite effect of the imagery use on the team sport players' sport confidence. The reflection of the dual motivational and cognitive functions of imagery use for the prediction of the team sport players' sport confidence was also revealed in the study. 本文旨在探討博茨瓦納青年人參與排球、籃球和足球等隊際運動對意象及信心的關係，結果顯示兩者存有明顯的正相關。

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Mizuguchi, Nobuaki, Hiroki Nakata, Yusuke Uchida, and Kazuyuki Kanosue. "Motor imagery and sport performance." Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 1, no. 1 (2012): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.1.103.

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Williams, Sarah E., and Jennifer Cumming. "Measuring Athlete Imagery Ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 33, no. 3 (June 2011): 416–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.3.416.

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This research aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ). The SIAQ assesses athletes’ ease of imaging different types of imagery content. Following an extensive pilot study, 375 athletes completed a 20-item SIAQ in Study 1. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor model assessing skill, strategy, goal, and affect imagery ability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) established this 4-factor structure in Study 2 (N = 363 athletes). In Study 3 (N = 438 athletes), additional items were added to create a fifth mastery imagery subscale that was confirmed through CFA. Study 4 (N = 220 athletes) compared the SIAQ to the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3. Significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) confirmed the SIAQ’s concurrent validity but demonstrated differences in imagery ability of different content. Overall, the SIAQ demonstrates good factorial validity, internal and temporal reliability, invariance across gender, and an ability to distinguish among athletes of different competitive levels. Findings highlight the importance of separately assessing imagery ability of different content.

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Smith, Dan. "Conditions That Facilitate the Development of Sport Imagery Training." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.237.

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With the emergence of sport imagery training programs, sport psychologists need to understand the various conditions that have been found to facilitate imagery practice. This manuscript focuses on these conditions including vividness and controllability, practice, attitude and expectation, previous experience, relaxed attention, and internal versus external imagery. The summary synthesizes key points, advocating that these points be stressed in future sport imagery research and programs.

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Monsma, Eva, James Mensch, and Jennifer Farroll. "Keeping Your Head in the Game: Sport-Specific Imagery and Anxiety Among Injured Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 44, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-44.4.410.

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Abstract The use of sport-specific imagery during rehabilitation is sparse. Athletes who used imagery (either facilitative or debilitative) during injury rehabilitation were compared with injured athletes who did not use imagery. Return-to-practice anxiety in the groups was investigated also.Context: To (1) explore debilitative images used during rehabilitation, (2) examine athlete and injury characteristics in relation to variations in imagery content and return-to-practice anxiety, (3) compare the frequency of imagery use early in injury rehabilitation with that just before return to practice, and (4) examine the relationship between image use and return-to-practice anxiety.Objective: Observational design.Design: Athletic training facilities.Setting: Thirty-six injured National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate athletes sustaining at least an 8-day practice suspension due to injury.Patients or Other Participants: Sport Imagery Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale.Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletes used both facilitative and debilitative images during different phases of rehabilitation. Men used more sport skill, strategy, and excitement imagery content than did women, who reported higher scores for worry and concentration disruption than did men. Athletes used fewer images related to their sport skills and strategies early in rehabilitation than just before they returned to practice. Additionally, athletes who used more arousal and less strategic imagery experienced more somatic anxiety.Results: Similar to research findings on healthy athletes, sport-specific image content in injured athletes is related to return-to-practice anxiety during rehabilitation, and some of the images were perceived as debilitative. Practitioners should advise injured athletes to use sport-specific imagery, especially that related to sport skills and strategies, but they should caution athletes against using arousal imagery, because it may elevate somatic anxiety before return to practice. Image content recommendations should encompass the cognitive and motivational functions of imagery, and the practitioner should assess if any image used by the athlete is debilitative.Conclusions:

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Kavková, Veronika, Marek Malůš, Jitka Taušová, and Hana Válková. "Jak ve sportu pomáhá představivost?" Studia sportiva 7, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2013-2-15.

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This paper deals with the possibilities of using imagery (imagination) in sports to improve performance by psychological means. This mental technique is often used by athletes to improve their sports performance. It is also used as an intervention technique by sports psychologists and more recently coaches for athletes. Abroad, the Training schedule of imagery in sports psychology training is widely developed. The numbers of researchers dealing with the technique of imagery in sport psychology is rising. The essence is to create a mental image of highest quality, and a vivid picture of successful execution of what we want to improve in our performance. This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the imagery, its characteristics, structure and detailed aspects of the use in sports.

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Sordoni, Carla, Craig Hall, and Lorie Forwell. "The Use of Imagery by Athletes during Injury Rehabilitation." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 9, no. 4 (November 2000): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.9.4.329.

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Objectives:To determine whether athletes use motivational and cognitive imagery during injury rehabilitation and to develop an instrument for measuring imagery use.Design:A survey concerning imagery use during rehabilitation was administered to injured athletes.Setting:The Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic in London, Ontario, Canada.Participants:Injured athletes (N = 71) receiving physiotherapy.Main Outcome Measure:The Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire (AIIQ).Results:As hypothesized, 2 distinct factors emerged from the items on the AIIQ: motivational and cognitive imagery. Motivational imagery was used more often than cognitive imagery in this context, yet less frequently than in other sport situations (eg, training and competition).Conclusions:The study indicates that the AIIQ is a potentially useful tool through which physiotherapists and sport psychologists can examine athletes' use of imagery in injury rehabilitation.

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Catenacci, Kelley L., Brandonn S. Harris, Jody L. Langdon, Melinda K. Scott, and Daniel R. Czech. "Using a MG-M Imagery Intervention to Enhance the Sport Competence of Young Special Olympics Athletes." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2015-0002.

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AbstractOpportunities for athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) to participate in sport are limited by physical and psychosocial barriers. Sport psychology interventions may be able to address these barriers, namely the lack of sport competence that athletes with an ID experience. This study sought to enhance sport competence among athletes with an ID using personalized motivational general-mastery (MG-M) imagery scripts. The six-week study assessed the imagery use, imagery ability, and sport competence of five Special Olympians (M

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Amorim, André, Bruno Travassos, and Pedro Mendes. "Imagery ability in Boccia: Comparison among federate athletes from different medical sport groups." Motricidade 13, no. 4 (January 27, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.11780.

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The aim of this study was to analyse and compare movement visualization ability in federate and non-federate Boccia athletes, and among federate Boccia medical sport groups. Forty-two Boccia athletes (Federate N = 24; Non-federate N = 18) at an average age of 35.8 (SD = 11.19) participated in this study. The Portuguese version of Movement Imagery Questionnaire - 3 (MIQ-3), was used for this study. The participants were evaluated on the internal and external visual imagery. Statistics was carried out following the method of interference based on the magnitude of the effects. Results showed a great effect of expertise in imagery ability. The comparison between federate and non-federate Boccia athletes showed a great effect in the Internal Visual subscale and a moderate effect in the External Visual subscale. It was also observed differences between athletes from different medical-sports groups, revealing that the requirements of the sport linked to their action abilities provides them with different Imagery abilities. These results clearly influence the prescription of imagery training programs for different groups taking into account different medical-practice groups.

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DUREJA, Gaurav, and Alok MISHRA. "Sport Imagery Among Open Skill Players." SOP Transactions on Psychology 2014, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15764/stp.2014.01004.

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HENG, Sze Ying, Mohd Sofian Omar Fauzee, and Kim Geok SOH. "Relationship between Imagery and Perception of Success among Male and Female High School Athletes." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2011): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.171881.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. This study examined the use of imagery and the perception of success among the male and female athletes in one of the sport schools in Malaysia. A sample of 80 youth athletes (40 male, 40 female) from six various sports participated in this research. Their mean aged was 14.79, SD =1.31 from total of 6 sports. Participants completed the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ; 1998) and Sport Imagery Questionnaires (SIQ; 1986). POSQ is used to measure the goal achievement among the gender differences while the SIQ is to seek the use of imagery skills in order to enhance their performance. T- test analysis is used to determine the mean between the task and ego orientation and imagery among the athletes. Results showed that there was no significant difference in goal achievement between male and female athletes. It may be related to the athletes from same sport and continue their training under the same coach, therefore they have the same goal to achieve. Furthermore, One-Way ANOVA was used to examine the level of the athlete and the usage of imagery skills and goal achievement. There is no significant difference among three categories of participants with their goal achievement and focusing imagery skills except motivation specific that show a significant different among the level of participated. Recommendation for future research was all suggested. 本研究旨在探討採用表象訓練對成功感覺的關係，共邀請了80位中學生運動員進行測試，結果顯示沒有明顯的互動關係。

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Chungath, Asha Francis, N. T. Sudhesh, Sahen Gupta, and Sanika Divekar. "Efficacy of a Video Modeling and Imagery-Controlled Trial Intervention in a Non-Western Adolescent Population: A Case Study." Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 6, S1 (January 1, 2022): S1–24—S1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2022-0009.

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There is a dearth of evidence from non-Western populations and contexts in the sport psychology literature. With increasing attention given to the development of cultural sport psychology and decentralizing sport psychology evidence, this is the first study to document the effectiveness of applied interventions in non-Western populations (herein, India). With a rigorous methodological design, we randomly distributed a sample of 90 adolescents into three skill groups (discrete, serial, and continuous) and separated them across the team and individual sports. A random assignment of participants to two experimental groups, that is, imagery and video modeling interventions, and a control group was conducted for the duration of a 66-day intervention. Sport psychology imagery and video modeling interventions were provided in addition to skills training across all groups. Repeated-measures analyses of variance demonstrated that the intervention groups exhibited positive outcomes on skill execution (across discrete, serial, and continuous skills) and anxiety compared with the control group (p < .05). The findings of this study provide novel evidence that video modeling and imagery interventions are effective among a non-Western adolescent population. The context of this high-impact intervention case study, the intervention, and the challenges of developing and delivering the intervention are discussed along with their practical significance for future research and applied practice.

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Zhang, Lanlan, Yanling Pi, Hua Zhu, Cheng Shen, Jian Zhang, and Yin Wu. "Motor experience with a sport-specific implement affects motor imagery." PeerJ 6 (April 27, 2018): e4687. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4687.

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The present study tested whether sport-specific implements facilitate motor imagery, whereas nonspecific implements disrupt motor imagery. We asked a group of basketball players (experts) and a group of healthy controls (novices) to physically perform (motor execution) and mentally simulate (motor imagery) basketball throws. Subjects produced motor imagery when they were holding a basketball, a volleyball, or nothing. Motor imagery performance was measured by temporal congruence, which is the correspondence between imagery and execution times estimated as (imagery time minus execution time) divided by (imagery time plus execution time), as well as the vividness of motor imagery. Results showed that experts produced greater temporal congruence and vividness of kinesthetic imagery while holding a basketball compared to when they were holding nothing, suggesting a facilitation effect from sport-specific implements. In contrast, experts produced lower temporal congruence and vividness of kinesthetic imagery while holding a volleyball compared to when they were holding nothing, suggesting the interference effect of nonspecific implements. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between temporal congruence and the vividness of kinesthetic imagery in experts while holding a basketball. On the contrary, the implement manipulation did not modulate the temporal congruence of novices. Our findings suggest that motor representation in experts is built on motor experience associated with specific-implement use and thus was subjected to modulation of the implement held. We conclude that sport-specific implements facilitate motor imagery, whereas nonspecific implements could disrupt motor representation in experts.

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Martin, Kathleen A., Sandra E. Moritz, and Craig R. Hall. "Imagery Use in Sport: A Literature Review and Applied Model." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 3 (September 1999): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.3.245.

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Research examining imagery use by athletes is reviewed within the context of an applied model for sport. The model conceptualizes the sport situation, the type of imagery used, and imagery ability as factors that influence how imagery use can affect an athlete. Three broad categories of imagery effects are examined: (a) skill and strategy learning and performance, (b) cognitive modification, and (c) arousal and anxiety regulation. Recommendations are offered for the operationalization and measurement of constructs within the model, and suggestions are provided for how the model may guide future research and application.

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Anuar, Nurwina, Jennifer Cumming, and Sarah Williams. "Emotion Regulation Predicts Imagery Ability." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 36, no. 3 (August 20, 2016): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276236616662200.

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This study explored the relationship between athletes’ emotion regulation and imagery ability. A total of 648 athletes (57% female; Mage = 20.79 years, SD = 4.36) completed the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesized model in which reappraisal positively predicted all SIAQ subscales. However, suppression had no significant association with imagery ability despite being predicted to be negatively associated. Results support the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use that individual characteristics will influence the imagery experience. Specifically, athletes who reappraise their emotions more frequently find it easier to image sport related content.

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Deol, Nishan Singh, and Davinder Singh. "An Analysis of the Components of Sport Imagery in Basketball Players." Education and Linguistics Research 2, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/elr.v2i1.8894.

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The present study was aimed to indentify the role of Sport Imagery in performance of basketball players. For this purpose, sixty female basketball players of 19 to 25 years of age were selected. They were divided into three groups; (i.e., N1=20; District, N2=20; State and N3=10 National). To determine level of Sport Imagery among subjects, Sport Imagery Questionnaire, constructed by Hall et al. (1998) was administered. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the three groups of basketball. For testing the hypotheses, the level of significance was set at 0.05. Conculdingly from the findings that we can say that significant differences were found among female basketball players (District, State and National) on the sub-variables of Sport Imagery.

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Robidoux, Michael A. "The Nonsense of Native American Sport Imagery." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 41, no. 2 (June 2006): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690206075421.

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Gregg, Melanie, and Craig Hall. "Measurement of motivational imagery abilities in sport." Journal of Sports Sciences 24, no. 9 (September 2006): 961–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410500386167.

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Kim, Soo Yeon, and Sungjoo Park. "The Queer Sport of Failure: Representations of Female Athletes in Korean Sport Films." Sociology of Sport Journal 34, no. 4 (December 2017): 354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0006.

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This article aims to update the discourse on female Korean athletes by illuminating the radical change of their imagery and reality over the last three decades, from sexless victims of patriarchy to sportswomen asserting their strength, femininity, and even “queerness.” Insofar as sports films provide a felicitous site through which to examine popular and evolving representations of gender and sport, the article analyzes a variety of Korean sports films which reproduce, or pose a challenge to, conventional portrayals of female athletes. Due to the paucity of scholarly work undertaken in Korean in this field, the authors draw upon a wide array of mainly American sources and, in so doing, hope to enlarge the small but growing body of work on gender and sport in Korea written in English.

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Makepeace, Tyler, Bradley W. Young, and Scott Rathwell. "Masters Athletes’ Views on Sport Psychology for Performance Enhancement and Sport Lifestyle Adherence." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0110.

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This study explored the views of Canadian Masters athletes (MAs; Mage = 51, range 38–62; three men and five women) from 12 sports (10 individual and two team sports) on sport psychology for performance, experiential, and lifestyle enhancement. Using Braun and Clarke’s procedures for thematic analysis, the authors interpreted data from semistructured interviews deductively in relation to five strategic themes in which psychological skills are applied for performance enhancement. Deductive results demonstrated MAs used goal setting, imagery, arousal regulation, concentration, and self-confidence to enhance performance and obtain competitive advantages. The authors also analyzed data inductively to reveal themes related to experiential and lifestyle factors. Inductive results showed that MAs “placed priorities on sport,” which involved cognitively justifying the priority and framing sport as an outlet and as the embodiment of the authentic self. Social strategies associated with continued sport pursuit included cultivation of supportive social environments, social contracts/negotiations, social signaling, and social accountability. Strategies “to fit sport in” included integrating/twinning, scheduling, and managing commitment. Managing age-related concerns involved mindfulness and compensation strategies. Results show how MAs uniquely apply sport psychology to enhance their performance and to support sport adherence.

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Bhardwaj, B. K. "Sport Imagery among Basketball Players: Analysis in Indian Perspective." Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education 15, no. 5 (July 1, 2018): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/15/57520.

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Post, Phillip G., and Craig A. Wrisberg. "A Phenomenological Investigation of Gymnasts’ Lived Experience of Imagery." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.1.98.

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The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the ten gymnasts participating in this study. Their willingness to share their time and experiences made this research project possible.Phenomenological interviews were conducted with ten female collegiate gymnasts (M age = 22.2; SD = 1.68 yr) to determine their lived experience of sport imagery. Qualitative analysis of the interview data revealed a total of 693 meaning units and produced a final thematic structure consisting of five major dimensions: preparing for movement; mentally preparing; feeling the skill; controlling perspective/speed/effort; and time and place. Among the results not reported in previous studies were athletes’ manipulations of imagery speed for various purposes, the incorporation of abbreviated body movements during imagery to accentuate the feel of the action, correcting inadvertent mistakes in an imaged performance, and the imaging of upcoming segments of a serial skill during execution. The findings extend previous sport imagery research and provide suggestions for sport psychology consultants working with elite gymnasts.

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Wasztyl, Izabela. "Sport jako wojna — na przykładzie telewizyjnych transmisji sportowych z meczów piłki nożnej." Oblicza Komunikacji 10 (November 15, 2018): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.10.8.

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Sport as war as exemplified by television broadcasts of football matchesThe aim of the paper was to illustrate the metaphor of sport as a war in the television sports broadcasts. The research material consists of four broadcasted football matches: Poland vs England 1973, Poland vs the Soviet Union 1982, Poland vs England 2012, Poland vs Russia 2012. The basic research thesis was the progressive brutality in visual aspects of television sports broadcasts. The analysis of the material shows that the imagery in the modern broadcasts is simply more brutal and dramatic. Replays, slow motion, and close-ups of the players’ faces are used more frequently.

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Budnik-Przybylska, Dagmara, Karol Karasiewicz, and Tatiana Kukiełko. "IMAGERY, PERSONALITY AND INJURY PERCEPTION IN SPORT – MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF INJURY PERCEPTION AND IMAGERY." Acta Neuropsychologica 18, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5286.

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Imagery is an often used technique in psychological mental training and here also during rehabilitation. Imagery ability enhances imagery use. The perception of injury but also individual differences themselves influence the rehabilitation outcome. The first purpose of the study was to examine the mediation effect of injury perception between general imagery and rehabilitation imagery. Our second aim was to examine the mediating effects of the general ten dency to employ imagery within the relationship between personality and the imagery of rehabilitation itself. The studyinvolved 56 athletes (37 men and 19 women) suffered a physical injury. The respondents were asked to provide demographic information and then to complete following questionnaires: The Athletic Injury ImageryQuestionnaire-AIIQ-2, (Sordoni et al., 2002), The Imagination in Sport Questionnaire (Budnik-Przybylska, 2014) – short version, and Blecharz’s Scale of Perception of Injury in Sport (SPUwS) (Blecharz, 2008). Series of mediation analyses were performed to estimate the strength of the indirect relationship between the general tendency to use imagery and the use of imagery in rehabilitation. It was fund that the general tendency to use imagery turned out to have a strong direct effect on rehabilitation imagery. Reflection and seeking positive sides turned out to be a mediator between general tendency to use imagery and all rehabilitation imagery dimensions. Reflection has the strongest effect between the general tendency to use imagery and cognitive specific imagery. General tendency to use imagery mediates the relationship between personality and imagery of rehabilitation. Some personality traits also influence directly imagery of rehabilitation. Our findings have revealed that the general tendency to use ima - gery may strengthen the relationship between personality and rehabilitation imagery. It may help to adjust the methods which might positively influence the rehabilitation process.

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Simpson, Jessica, Krista J. Munroe-Chandler, and Kyle F. Paradis. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PASSION AND IMAGERY USE IN COMPETITIVE YOUTH GYMNASTICS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.1.49-59.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between passion and imagery use in competitive youth gymnastics. The participants included 245 (male, n = 10; female, n = 235) gymnasts between the ages of 7-16 years participating in women’s artistic gymnastics (n = 221), men’s artistic gymnastics (n = 7), as well as trampoline and tumbling (n = 17). Athletes completed questionnaires measuring the frequency of imagery use and their passion towards the sport of competitive gymnastics. A series of multiple regression analyses indicated that both harmonious and obsessive passion were significantly related to all five types of imagery. More specifically obsessive passion was most strongly associated with four of the five types of imagery (CS, CG, MS, and MG-A), and harmonious passion was most strongly associated with one of the five types of imagery (MG-M). Results and implications of passion and imagery use in competitive youth sport are discussed.

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Devonport, Tracey, Andrew Lane, and Christopher L. Fullerton. "Introducing Sport Psychology Interventions: Self-Control Implications." Sport Psychologist 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0120.

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Evidence from sequential-task studies demonstrate that if the first task requires self-control, then performance on the second task is compromised (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). In a novel extension of previous sequential-task research, the first self-control task in the current study was a sport psychology intervention, paradoxically proposed to be associated with improved performance. Eighteen participants (9 males, 9 females; mean age = 21.6 years, SD = 1.6), none of whom had previously performed the experimental task or motor imagery, were randomly assigned to an imagery condition or a control condition. After the collection of pretest data, participants completed the same 5-week physical training program designed to enhance swimming tumble-turn performance. Results indicated that performance improved significantly among participants from both conditions with no significant intervention effect. Hence, in contrast to expected findings from application of the imagery literature, there was no additive effect after an intervention. We suggest practitioners should be cognisant of the potential effects of sequential tasks, and future research is needed to investigate this line of research.

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Gould, Daniel, Shane Murphy, Vance Tammen, and Jerry May. "An Examination of U.S. Olympic Sport Psychology Consultants and the Services They Provide." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.4.300.

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The present study was designed to identify (a) the backgrounds of U.S. Olympic sport psychology consultants, (b) the services they provide, (c) their own evaluation of those services, and (d) the problems they encounter as well as their recommendations for improving programs. Forty-four of 47 sport psychology consultants who were identified as working with sports affiliated with the U.S. Olympic Committee from 1984 to 1988 completed extensive surveys. Results revealed that the consultants represented 20 sports and were well trained in sport psychology. They were most frequently involved in individual athlete consultations, athlete group seminars, and individual coach consultations. Intervention techniques used most often included goal setting, relaxation training, arousal regulation, imagery-visualization, and self-talk. The consultants also indicated that the most frequently experienced problems were lack of program funding, poor scheduling and logistics, poor interaction with coaches, and lack of time to work with athletes. The need to individualize sport psychology strategies with athletes was identified as the most meaningful recommendation for the future.

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Short, Sandra E., Amy Tenute, and Deborah L. Feltz. "Imagery use in sport: Mediational effects for efficacy." Journal of Sports Sciences 23, no. 9 (September 2005): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410400023373.

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Darling, Tom V., and Steven W. Edwards. "Podcasting Mental Images: Technological Application Of Sport Imagery." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355913.35685.ae.

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Smith, Andrew. "Tourists' Consumption and Interpretation of Sport Event Imagery." Journal of Sport & Tourism 11, no. 1 (February 2006): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14775080600985382.

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Munroe‐Chandler, Krista J., Craig R. Hall, Graham Fishburne, Jenny O, and Nathan Hall. "The content of imagery use in youth sport." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5, no. 2 (January 2007): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2007.9671817.

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Hall, C. R., K. J. Munroe-Chandler, G. J. Fishburne, and N. D. Hall. "The Sport Imagery Questionnaire for Children (SIQ-C)." Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 13, no. 2 (April 17, 2009): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10913670902812713.

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Naito, Eiichi. "Controllability of Motor Imagery and Transformation of Visual Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 2 (April 1994): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.479.

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This study examined the relation between control of motor imagery and generation and transformation of visual imagery by testing 54 subjects. We used two measures of the Controllability of Motor Imagery test to evaluate the ability to control motor imagery. One was a recognition test on which the subject imagines as if one sees another's movement, and the other was a regeneration test on which one imagines as if one moves one's own body. The former test score was related to processing time of a mental rotation task and the latter one was not but would reflect sport experience. It was concluded that two meanings of the test could reflect different aspects such as observational motor imagery and body-centered motor imagery.

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Pithan, Jan Marvin, and Stephan Frederic Dahm. "Fragebögen und Testmethoden der Bewegungsvorstellung." Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 22, no. 3 (July 2015): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000146.

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Zusammenfassung. Mentale Vorstellungen werden im Sport vornehmlich in Form von Vorstellungen einer Bewegung eingesetzt. Der Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen hat sich inzwischen in einer Vielzahl von Sportarten etabliert und der Nutzen systematischer Bewegungsvorstellungen wurde mehrfach belegt. Durch Bewegungsvorstellung soll das Erlernen und Stabilisieren von Bewegungen gefördert und in der Rehabilitation die Rückgewinnung bereits erlernter Fähigkeiten erleichtert werden. Die Qualität der Bewegungsvorstellung hat darauf einen weitreichenden Einfluss. Daher geht diese Übersicht umfassend auf die Quantifizierung der Vorstellungsqualität ein. Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung der Bewegungsvorstellung werden vorgestellt. Bei der Messung anhand von Fragebögen welche die Leichtigkeit (z. B. Movement Imagery Questionnaire), Lebhaftigkeit (z. B. Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire) und den Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen im Sport (z. B. Sport Imagery Questionnaire) abbilden, spielen verschiedene Sinnesmodalitäten wie visuelle und kinästhetische Repräsentationen aber auch die Perspektive der Vorstellung eine zentrale Rolle. Als Alternative gelten quantitative Messungen der Vorstellungszeit. Sowohl Einsatzmöglichkeiten als auch Grenzen der Messmethoden werden aufgezeigt.

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Janelle, Christopher M. "Ironic Mental Processes in Sport: Implications for Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.2.201.

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The theory of ironic processes of mental control (Wegner, 1994) is reviewed in the context of typical issues confronted by sport psychology professionals. The theory maintains that mental control is achieved through the interaction of an operating process directed toward achieving thoughts, emotions, and actions that are consistent with particular goal states, and a monitoring process for identifying inconsistencies with the goal state, insuring that any threat to the operating process is recognized and handled accordingly. Moreover, mental control normally functions at a satisfactory level, but under conditions of cognitive load, the likelihood of effective self-regulation is reduced. Given the load-inducing circumstances of sport and exercise participation, reasons for the occasional failure of mental control in these settings are offered. Traditional and current sport psychology issues and interventions are interpreted considering the theory of ironic processes, with specific reference to imagery, self-confidence, pain perception, mood state regulation, anxiety, and attention.

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Brewer, Britton W., Karin E. Jeffers, Albert J. Petitpas, and Judy L. Van Raalte. "Perceptions of Psychological Interventions in the Context of Sport Injury Rehabilitation." Sport Psychologist 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.2.176.

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Two experiments were conducted to evaluate perceptions of three different psychological interventions in the context of sport injury rehabilitation. In Experiment 1, college students (N = 161) rated their perceptions of goal setting, imagery, or counseling as an adjunct to physical therapy for a hypothetical injured athlete. In Experiment 2, injured athletes (N = 20) received brief introductory sessions of goal setting, imagery, and counseling. Subjects’ perceptions were assessed immediately following each intervention. In both experiments, subjects displayed a preference for goal setting, although positive perceptions were obtained for all three interventions. Females’ perceptions of the interventions were significantly more positive than those of males in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. The findings suggest that goal setting, imagery, and counseling are sufficiently credible to be examined in controlled outcome studies with injured athletes.

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Short, Sandra E., Matthew Smiley, and Lindsay Ross-Stewart. "The Relationship between Efficacy Beliefs and Imagery Use in Coaches." Sport Psychologist 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.380.

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This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-nine coaches completed the Coaching Efficacy Scale and a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. Results showed significant positive correlations among the coaching efficacy subscales and imagery functions. Regression analyses showed that the significant predictor for game strategy efficacy was CG imagery. Predictors for motivation efficacy included career record and MG-M imagery. MG-M imagery and total years of coaching were the significant predictors for total efficacy scores and character building efficacy. The only significant predictor for teaching technique efficacy was CS. The results replicate and extend the relationships found between efficacy and imagery for athletes and show that imagery also may be an effective strategy to build and maintain coaching efficacy.

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Bastos, Tânia, Rui Corredeira, Michel Probst, and António M. Fonseca. "Do Elite Coaches from Disability Sport Use Psychological Techniques to Improve Their Athletes’ Sports Performance?" International Journal of Psychological Studies 10, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n4p11.

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Goal-setting, imagery, relaxation and self-talk are psychological strategies crucial for successful psychological preparation and consequently for the improvement of the athlete’s sport performance. The coaches have an important role in the implementation of psychological skills training and may contribute to increase the use of psychological strategies by their athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the importance assigned to a group of psychological strategies (i.e., goal-setting, imagery, relaxation and self-talk) and its use in practice and competition setting by top elite coaches from disability sport. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted on ten elite Portuguese coaches. Content analysis was the qualitative methodology used for data analysis. Globally, the coaches acknowledge the importance of all four psychological strategies approached. However, the examination of the coaching routines on the application of psychological strategies suggested an undeveloped use of most of the strategies, specifically in the practice setting. Relaxation and self-talk were the most underused strategies. All the coaches reported the use of goal-setting in both the practice and competition setting. Overall, the present findings raise concerns about the effective contribution of Portuguese elite coaches for the development of successful psychological preparation among athletes with disabilities.

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Ellis, Albert. "The Sport of Avoiding Sports and Exercise: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Perspective." Sport Psychologist 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 248–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.3.248.

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The purpose of this article is to apply the rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) perspective to motivation to begin and continue regular exercise or sport involvement. A basic premise is that exercise and sports avoidance are usually motivated by low frustration tolerance and/or irrational fears of failing. The treatment of exercise and sports avoidance by REBT is multimodal, integrative, and involves the use of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods. Cognitive methods include disputing irrational beliefs, learning rational coping self-statements, referenting, and reframing. Emotive methods include the use of strong dramatic statements, rational emotive imagery, shame-attacking exercises, and role-playing. Various behavioral methods such as anxiety reducing assignments, operant conditioning, paradoxical homework, and stimulus control are explained. REBT focuses on helping exercise and sport avoiders find their inhibitory demands and change the demands into healthy preferences while promoting unconditional self-acceptance.

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Hardy, Lew, and Nichola Callow. "Efficacy of External and Internal Visual Imagery Perspectives for the Enhancement of Performance on Tasks in Which Form Is Important." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21, no. 2 (June 1999): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.2.95.

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Three experiments examined the relative efficacy of different imagery perspectives on the performance of tasks in which form was important. In Experiment 1,25 experienced karateists learned a new kata using either external or internal visual imagery or stretching. Results indicated that external visual imagery was significantly more effective than internal visual imagery, which was significantly more effective than stretching. In Experiment 2, 40 sport science students learned a simple gymnastics floor routine under one of four conditions: external or internal visual imagery with or without kinesthetic imagery. Results revealed a significant main effect for visual imagery perspective (external visual imagery was best) but no effect for kinesthetic imagery. Experiment 3 employed the same paradigm as Experiment 2 but with high-ability rock climbers performing difficult boulder problems. Results showed significant main effects for both visual imagery perspective (external visual imagery was best) and kinesthetic imagery. The findings are discussed in terms of the cognitive processes that might underlie imagery effects.

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Gammage, Kimberley L., Craig R. Hall, and Wendy M. Rodgers. "More about Exercise Imagery." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 4 (December 2000): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.4.348.

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Imagery plays important cognitive and motivational roles in many areas of life, including sport (Paivio, 1985) and exercise (Hausenblas, Hall, Rodgers, & Munroe, 1999). The purpose of the present paper was to examine how the cognitive and motivational roles of exercise imagery vary with gender, frequency of exercise, and activity type. Participants (n = 577) completed the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (Hausenblas et al„ 1999) which measures appearance, energy, and technique imagery. Participants, regardless of gender, frequency of exercise, or activity type, used appearance imagery most frequently, followed by technique and energy, respectively. Men used significantly more technique imagery than women did, while women used significantly more appearance imagery than men did. In addition, high frequency exercisers (3 or more times per week) used all types of imagery more frequently than low frequency exercisers (2 or fewer times per week). Finally, imagery differences existed based on type of activity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sport imagery'

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