Journal articles: 'Sport psychology; Kinaesthetic imagery'

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Fontani, Giuliano, Silvia Migliorini, Leda Lodi, Enrico De Martino, Nektarios Solidakis, and Fausto Corradeschi. "Internal–External Motor Imagery and Skilled Motor Actions." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2012-0001.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the movement-related brain macropotentials (MRBMs) recorded during the execution of two tests of motor imagery: kinaesthetic (internal) and visual (external). Recordings were compared with those obtained performing a GO/NOGO motor test. The GO test required pressure of three keys of a modified keyboard in sequence when a figure appeared in the computer screen. On NOGO trials no button had to be pressed. Motor imagery tests were an internal or kinaesthetic imagination test (IN MI) on which participants imagined performing the pressure of keyboard buttons, avoiding any real movement, and an external or visual imagination test (EX MI) on which subjects were asked to imagine seeing their finger press the buttons. With the completion of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire, the participants were assigned into two groups: high (11) and low (10) capacity of imagination. The results showed an increase in the amplitude of the MRBMs wave occurring in the prestimulus period of imagination, with respect to real motor action. In the poststimulus period, the amplitude and duration of the waves recorded during motor action were higher than those recorded during the motor imagery tests. The comparison between EX and IN MI showed a lower latency and a higher amplitude of the brain waves recorded during internal motor imagery with respect to those observed during EX MI. The experimental data confirm that real motor activity is related to higher amplitude MRBMs than motor imagery. The profile of the waves recorded during internal imagery seems to be related to a higher brain involvement compared to those recorded during external visual imagery; it suggest that the kinaesthetic process of imagination is more efficient in information processing and motor skill acquisition.

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Roll, J. P., J. C. Gilhodes, and R. Roll. "Kinaesthetic illusions as tools in understanding motor imagery." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1994): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00034269.

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Smith, Dan. "Conditions That Facilitate the Development of Sport Imagery Training." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.237.

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With the emergence of sport imagery training programs, sport psychologists need to understand the various conditions that have been found to facilitate imagery practice. This manuscript focuses on these conditions including vividness and controllability, practice, attitude and expectation, previous experience, relaxed attention, and internal versus external imagery. The summary synthesizes key points, advocating that these points be stressed in future sport imagery research and programs.

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Devonport, Tracey, Andrew Lane, and Christopher L. Fullerton. "Introducing Sport Psychology Interventions: Self-Control Implications." Sport Psychologist 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0120.

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Evidence from sequential-task studies demonstrate that if the first task requires self-control, then performance on the second task is compromised (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). In a novel extension of previous sequential-task research, the first self-control task in the current study was a sport psychology intervention, paradoxically proposed to be associated with improved performance. Eighteen participants (9 males, 9 females; mean age = 21.6 years, SD = 1.6), none of whom had previously performed the experimental task or motor imagery, were randomly assigned to an imagery condition or a control condition. After the collection of pretest data, participants completed the same 5-week physical training program designed to enhance swimming tumble-turn performance. Results indicated that performance improved significantly among participants from both conditions with no significant intervention effect. Hence, in contrast to expected findings from application of the imagery literature, there was no additive effect after an intervention. We suggest practitioners should be cognisant of the potential effects of sequential tasks, and future research is needed to investigate this line of research.

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Munroe‐Chandler, Krista J., Craig R. Hall, Graham Fishburne, Jenny O, and Nathan Hall. "The content of imagery use in youth sport." International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5, no. 2 (January 2007): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1612197x.2007.9671817.

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Gregg, Melanie, and Leisha Strachan. "Examining Developmental Differences in Imagery Use with Youth Soccer Players." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2014-0008.

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AbstractEmerging research on youth sport participants has revealed that young athletes use sport-related mental imagery for a variety of purposes such as acquiring sport-specific skills. The present study aimed to replicate previous research regarding developmental differences in imagery use, confirm the utility of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire-Children’s Version (SIQ-C), and clarify the relationship of gender to imagery use in youth sport. Youth soccer players (

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Smyth, Mary M., and Adam Waller. "Movement imagery in rock climbing: patterns of interference from visual, spatial and kinaesthetic secondary tasks." Applied Cognitive Psychology 12, no. 2 (April 1998): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0720(199804)12:2<145::aid-acp505>3.0.co;2-z.

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Catenacci, Kelley L., Brandonn S. Harris, Jody L. Langdon, Melinda K. Scott, and Daniel R. Czech. "Using a MG-M Imagery Intervention to Enhance the Sport Competence of Young Special Olympics Athletes." Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jirspa-2015-0002.

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AbstractOpportunities for athletes with an intellectual disability (ID) to participate in sport are limited by physical and psychosocial barriers. Sport psychology interventions may be able to address these barriers, namely the lack of sport competence that athletes with an ID experience. This study sought to enhance sport competence among athletes with an ID using personalized motivational general-mastery (MG-M) imagery scripts. The six-week study assessed the imagery use, imagery ability, and sport competence of five Special Olympians (M

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Budnik-Przybylska, Dagmara, Karol Karasiewicz, and Tatiana Kukiełko. "IMAGERY, PERSONALITY AND INJURY PERCEPTION IN SPORT – MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF INJURY PERCEPTION AND IMAGERY." Acta Neuropsychologica 18, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5286.

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Imagery is an often used technique in psychological mental training and here also during rehabilitation. Imagery ability enhances imagery use. The perception of injury but also individual differences themselves influence the rehabilitation outcome. The first purpose of the study was to examine the mediation effect of injury perception between general imagery and rehabilitation imagery. Our second aim was to examine the mediating effects of the general ten dency to employ imagery within the relationship between personality and the imagery of rehabilitation itself. The studyinvolved 56 athletes (37 men and 19 women) suffered a physical injury. The respondents were asked to provide demographic information and then to complete following questionnaires: The Athletic Injury ImageryQuestionnaire-AIIQ-2, (Sordoni et al., 2002), The Imagination in Sport Questionnaire (Budnik-Przybylska, 2014) – short version, and Blecharz’s Scale of Perception of Injury in Sport (SPUwS) (Blecharz, 2008). Series of mediation analyses were performed to estimate the strength of the indirect relationship between the general tendency to use imagery and the use of imagery in rehabilitation. It was fund that the general tendency to use imagery turned out to have a strong direct effect on rehabilitation imagery. Reflection and seeking positive sides turned out to be a mediator between general tendency to use imagery and all rehabilitation imagery dimensions. Reflection has the strongest effect between the general tendency to use imagery and cognitive specific imagery. General tendency to use imagery mediates the relationship between personality and imagery of rehabilitation. Some personality traits also influence directly imagery of rehabilitation. Our findings have revealed that the general tendency to use ima - gery may strengthen the relationship between personality and rehabilitation imagery. It may help to adjust the methods which might positively influence the rehabilitation process.

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Hecker, Jeffrey E., and Linda M. Kaczor. "Application of Imagery Theory to Sport Psychology: Some Preliminary Findings." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 4 (December 1988): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.4.363.

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Bioinformational theory has been proposed by Lang (1979a), who suggests that mental images can be understood as products of the brain's information processing capacity. Imagery involves activation of a network of propositionally coded information stored in long-term memory. Propositions concerning physiological and behavioral responses provide a prototype for overt behavior. Processing of response information is associated with somatovisceral arousal. The theory has implications for imagery rehearsal in sport psychology and can account for a variety of findings in the mental practice literature. Hypotheses drawn from bioinformational theory were tested. College athletes imagined four scenes during which their heart rates were recorded. Subjects tended to show increases in heart rate when imagining scenes with which they had personal experience and which would involve cardiovascular activation if experienced in real life. Nonsignificant heart rate changes were found when the scene involved activation but was one with which subjects did not have personal experience.

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McNeill, Eoghan, Niall Ramsbottom, Adam J. Toth, and Mark J. Campbell. "Kinaesthetic imagery ability moderates the effect of an AO+MI intervention on golf putt performance: A pilot study." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 46 (January 2020): 101610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101610.

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Jones, Marc V. "Controlling Emotions in Sport." Sport Psychologist 17, no. 4 (December 2003): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.17.4.471.

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Emotions play a central role in sport performance. Accordingly, it is important that athletes are able to draw on a range of strategies to enhance emotional control. The present paper outlines a number of strategies based on Lazarus’ cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. Strategies are outlined that aim to change cognitions, resulting in either a more appropriate emotional response or a suppression of the expression of emotion and any maladaptive behavioral consequences. These techniques comprise self-statement modification, imagery, socratic dialogue, corrective experiences, self-analysis, didactic approach, storytelling metaphors and poetry, reframing, cognitive paradox, and use of problem-solving skills. Furthermore, given the changes in physiological arousal accompanying certain emotions, it is also suggested that general arousal control strategies could play an important role in emotional control.

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Naito, Eiichi. "Controllability of Motor Imagery and Transformation of Visual Imagery." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 2 (April 1994): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.479.

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This study examined the relation between control of motor imagery and generation and transformation of visual imagery by testing 54 subjects. We used two measures of the Controllability of Motor Imagery test to evaluate the ability to control motor imagery. One was a recognition test on which the subject imagines as if one sees another's movement, and the other was a regeneration test on which one imagines as if one moves one's own body. The former test score was related to processing time of a mental rotation task and the latter one was not but would reflect sport experience. It was concluded that two meanings of the test could reflect different aspects such as observational motor imagery and body-centered motor imagery.

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Gammage, Kimberley L., Craig R. Hall, and Wendy M. Rodgers. "More about Exercise Imagery." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 4 (December 2000): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.4.348.

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Imagery plays important cognitive and motivational roles in many areas of life, including sport (Paivio, 1985) and exercise (Hausenblas, Hall, Rodgers, & Munroe, 1999). The purpose of the present paper was to examine how the cognitive and motivational roles of exercise imagery vary with gender, frequency of exercise, and activity type. Participants (n = 577) completed the Exercise Imagery Questionnaire (Hausenblas et al„ 1999) which measures appearance, energy, and technique imagery. Participants, regardless of gender, frequency of exercise, or activity type, used appearance imagery most frequently, followed by technique and energy, respectively. Men used significantly more technique imagery than women did, while women used significantly more appearance imagery than men did. In addition, high frequency exercisers (3 or more times per week) used all types of imagery more frequently than low frequency exercisers (2 or fewer times per week). Finally, imagery differences existed based on type of activity.

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Short, Sandra E., Matthew Smiley, and Lindsay Ross-Stewart. "The Relationship between Efficacy Beliefs and Imagery Use in Coaches." Sport Psychologist 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.380.

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This study examined the relationship between coaching efficacy and imagery use. Eighty-nine coaches completed the Coaching Efficacy Scale and a modified version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. Results showed significant positive correlations among the coaching efficacy subscales and imagery functions. Regression analyses showed that the significant predictor for game strategy efficacy was CG imagery. Predictors for motivation efficacy included career record and MG-M imagery. MG-M imagery and total years of coaching were the significant predictors for total efficacy scores and character building efficacy. The only significant predictor for teaching technique efficacy was CS. The results replicate and extend the relationships found between efficacy and imagery for athletes and show that imagery also may be an effective strategy to build and maintain coaching efficacy.

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Pithan, Jan Marvin, and Stephan Frederic Dahm. "Fragebögen und Testmethoden der Bewegungsvorstellung." Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 22, no. 3 (July 2015): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000146.

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Zusammenfassung. Mentale Vorstellungen werden im Sport vornehmlich in Form von Vorstellungen einer Bewegung eingesetzt. Der Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen hat sich inzwischen in einer Vielzahl von Sportarten etabliert und der Nutzen systematischer Bewegungsvorstellungen wurde mehrfach belegt. Durch Bewegungsvorstellung soll das Erlernen und Stabilisieren von Bewegungen gefördert und in der Rehabilitation die Rückgewinnung bereits erlernter Fähigkeiten erleichtert werden. Die Qualität der Bewegungsvorstellung hat darauf einen weitreichenden Einfluss. Daher geht diese Übersicht umfassend auf die Quantifizierung der Vorstellungsqualität ein. Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung der Bewegungsvorstellung werden vorgestellt. Bei der Messung anhand von Fragebögen welche die Leichtigkeit (z. B. Movement Imagery Questionnaire), Lebhaftigkeit (z. B. Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire) und den Gebrauch von Bewegungsvorstellungen im Sport (z. B. Sport Imagery Questionnaire) abbilden, spielen verschiedene Sinnesmodalitäten wie visuelle und kinästhetische Repräsentationen aber auch die Perspektive der Vorstellung eine zentrale Rolle. Als Alternative gelten quantitative Messungen der Vorstellungszeit. Sowohl Einsatzmöglichkeiten als auch Grenzen der Messmethoden werden aufgezeigt.

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Landers, Daniel M. "Sport Psychology: The Formative Years, 1950–1980." Sport Psychologist 9, no. 4 (December 1995): 406–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.4.406.

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From 1950 to 1980, the field of sport psychology made significant strides. The developments were so rapid and so profound that this period can be called the “formative” years of the field. There was a tremendous expansion of the sport psychology literature, some of which constituted sustained contributions on a single research topic. Several textbooks and specialty books were published during this time period. Sport psychology journal articles expanded so much that journals devoted entirely to sport psychology research were created. The first graduate programs and research societies that focused more directly on sport psychology were also established. Applied sport psychology techniques, such as relaxation, imagery, and concentration training, were developed and made available to athletes. In addition to providing a description of the above-mentioned developments, some insights into dominant research methodology trends will be presented for the time periods of 1950 to 1965 and from 1966 to 1980.

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Robin, Nicolas, and Yannick Blandin. "Imagery ability classification: Commentary on «Kinaesthetic imagery ability moderates the effect of an AO+MI intervention on golf putt performance: A pilot study» by McNeill et al. (2020)." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 57 (November 2021): 102030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102030.

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Martin, Jeffrey J., and Laurie A. Malone. "Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players’ Mental Skills and Sport Engagement." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 7, no. 4 (December 2013): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.4.253.

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Although sport psychologists have started to examine elite disability sport, studies of comprehensive mental skill use are rare. In the current study, we examined multidimensional imagery and self-talk, as well as comprehensive mental skills (i.e., coping with adversity, goal setting, concentration, peaking under pressure, being coachable, confident, and feeling free from worry). In addition to descriptive data, we also were interested in the ability of athlete’s mental skills to predict engagement (e.g., being dedicated). Fourteen elite level wheelchair rugby players from the United States participated, and results indicated that athletes employed most mental skills. We accounted for 50% of the variance in engagement with comprehensive mental skills (β = .72, p = .03) contributing the most to the regression equation, while imagery (β = -.02, p = .94) and self-talk (β = -.00, p = .99) were not significant. Athletes who reported using a host of mental skills (e.g., coping with adversity) also reported being engaged (e.g., dedicated, enthused, committed) to wheelchair rugby. Athletes reporting minimal mental skill use were less engaged.

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Nordin, Sanna M., and Jennifer Cumming. "Professional Dancers Describe Their Imagery: Where, When, What, Why, and How." Sport Psychologist 19, no. 4 (December 2005): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.4.395.

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In-depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 male and female professional dancers from several dance forms. Interviews were primarily based in the 4 Ws framework (Munroe, Giacobbi, Jr., Hall, & Weinberg, 2000), which meant exploring Where, When, Why, and What dancers image. A dimension describing How the dancers employed imagery also emerged. What refers to imagery content, and emerged from two categories: Imagery Types and Imagery Characteristics. Why represents the reason an image is employed and emerged from five categories: Cognitive Reasons, Motivational Reasons, Artistic Reasons, Healing Reasons, and No reason - Triggered Imagery. There were also large individual differences reported regarding What images were used and Why. Many new insights were gained, including several imagery types and reasons not commonly discussed in sport and exercise.

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Moran, Aidan, Aymeric Guillot, Tadhg MacIntyre, and Christian Collet. "Re-imagining motor imagery: Building bridges between cognitive neuroscience and sport psychology." British Journal of Psychology 103, no. 2 (September 7, 2011): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02068.x.

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Janelle, Christopher M. "Ironic Mental Processes in Sport: Implications for Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.2.201.

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The theory of ironic processes of mental control (Wegner, 1994) is reviewed in the context of typical issues confronted by sport psychology professionals. The theory maintains that mental control is achieved through the interaction of an operating process directed toward achieving thoughts, emotions, and actions that are consistent with particular goal states, and a monitoring process for identifying inconsistencies with the goal state, insuring that any threat to the operating process is recognized and handled accordingly. Moreover, mental control normally functions at a satisfactory level, but under conditions of cognitive load, the likelihood of effective self-regulation is reduced. Given the load-inducing circumstances of sport and exercise participation, reasons for the occasional failure of mental control in these settings are offered. Traditional and current sport psychology issues and interventions are interpreted considering the theory of ironic processes, with specific reference to imagery, self-confidence, pain perception, mood state regulation, anxiety, and attention.

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Makepeace, Tyler, Bradley W. Young, and Scott Rathwell. "Masters Athletes’ Views on Sport Psychology for Performance Enhancement and Sport Lifestyle Adherence." Sport Psychologist 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0110.

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This study explored the views of Canadian Masters athletes (MAs; Mage = 51, range 38–62; three men and five women) from 12 sports (10 individual and two team sports) on sport psychology for performance, experiential, and lifestyle enhancement. Using Braun and Clarke’s procedures for thematic analysis, the authors interpreted data from semistructured interviews deductively in relation to five strategic themes in which psychological skills are applied for performance enhancement. Deductive results demonstrated MAs used goal setting, imagery, arousal regulation, concentration, and self-confidence to enhance performance and obtain competitive advantages. The authors also analyzed data inductively to reveal themes related to experiential and lifestyle factors. Inductive results showed that MAs “placed priorities on sport,” which involved cognitively justifying the priority and framing sport as an outlet and as the embodiment of the authentic self. Social strategies associated with continued sport pursuit included cultivation of supportive social environments, social contracts/negotiations, social signaling, and social accountability. Strategies “to fit sport in” included integrating/twinning, scheduling, and managing commitment. Managing age-related concerns involved mindfulness and compensation strategies. Results show how MAs uniquely apply sport psychology to enhance their performance and to support sport adherence.

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Nordin, Sanna M., and Jennifer Cumming. "Exploring Common Ground: Comparing the Imagery of Dancers and Aesthetic Sport Performers." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 20, no. 4 (October 29, 2008): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200802210795.

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Post, Phillip G., and Craig A. Wrisberg. "A Phenomenological Investigation of Gymnasts’ Lived Experience of Imagery." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 1 (March 2012): 98–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.1.98.

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The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the ten gymnasts participating in this study. Their willingness to share their time and experiences made this research project possible.Phenomenological interviews were conducted with ten female collegiate gymnasts (M age = 22.2; SD = 1.68 yr) to determine their lived experience of sport imagery. Qualitative analysis of the interview data revealed a total of 693 meaning units and produced a final thematic structure consisting of five major dimensions: preparing for movement; mentally preparing; feeling the skill; controlling perspective/speed/effort; and time and place. Among the results not reported in previous studies were athletes’ manipulations of imagery speed for various purposes, the incorporation of abbreviated body movements during imagery to accentuate the feel of the action, correcting inadvertent mistakes in an imaged performance, and the imaging of upcoming segments of a serial skill during execution. The findings extend previous sport imagery research and provide suggestions for sport psychology consultants working with elite gymnasts.

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Maniar, Sameep D., Lewis A. Curry, John Sommers-Flanagan, and James A. Walsh. "Student-Athlete Preferences in Seeking Help When Confronted with Sport Performance Problems." Sport Psychologist 15, no. 2 (June 2001): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.2.205.

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This study’s purpose was to evaluate athlete willingness to seek help from various sport-titled and non sport-titled individuals when confronted with three common sport performance problem scenarios: midseason slump, return from serious injury, and desire to perform more optimally. Athlete intervention preferences were also assessed. Data were collected on a stratified (by gender) random sample of 60 NCAA Division I athletes. Using an observable one-point difference on a nine-point Likert-type scale and a corresponding moderate to large main effect (Cohen’s d < .40), results indicated that for all scenarios, athletes preferred seeking help from a coach over sport-titled professionals, whereas sport-titled professionals were preferred over counselors and clinical psychologists. Goal setting and imagery were the preferred interventions. Hypnosis and medication were less preferred. The discussion focuses on sport-related professional titles and athlete education to enhance service acceptability.

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Holmes, Paul S., and David J. Collins. "The PETTLEP Approach to Motor Imagery: A Functional Equivalence Model for Sport Psychologists." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 2001): 60–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200109339004.

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Holmes, Paul, and Claire Calmels. "A Neuroscientific Review of Imagery and Observation Use in Sport." Journal of Motor Behavior 40, no. 5 (September 2008): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jmbr.40.5.433-445.

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Curry, Lewis A., and Sameep D. Maniar. "Academic Course for Enhancing Student-Athlete Performance in Sport." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.297.

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The purpose of this paper is to describe content and methods of an academic course offered twice annually at an NCAA Division I University. With empirical support to the effectiveness of this academic approach to psychological skills training presented elsewhere (Curry & Maniar, 2003), the focus of this paper is on the type and extent of each intervention treatment during the 15-week semester course (Vealey, 1994). Course content includes applied strategies for best performance targeting, arousal/affect control, identifying purpose, goal setting, imagery, sport confidence, trust, flow, sport nutrition, on-/off-field problem solving, self-esteem, and life skills education on eating disorders and drug/alcohol abuse. Teaching methods include narrative story telling, small group activities, journal writing, cognitive-behavioral homework, brainteasers, and active learning demonstrations.

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Callow, N., and L. Hardy. "Types of Imagery Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 13, no. 1 (January 2001): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200109339001.

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Gould, Daniel, Shane Murphy, Vance Tammen, and Jerry May. "An Examination of U.S. Olympic Sport Psychology Consultants and the Services They Provide." Sport Psychologist 3, no. 4 (December 1989): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.3.4.300.

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The present study was designed to identify (a) the backgrounds of U.S. Olympic sport psychology consultants, (b) the services they provide, (c) their own evaluation of those services, and (d) the problems they encounter as well as their recommendations for improving programs. Forty-four of 47 sport psychology consultants who were identified as working with sports affiliated with the U.S. Olympic Committee from 1984 to 1988 completed extensive surveys. Results revealed that the consultants represented 20 sports and were well trained in sport psychology. They were most frequently involved in individual athlete consultations, athlete group seminars, and individual coach consultations. Intervention techniques used most often included goal setting, relaxation training, arousal regulation, imagery-visualization, and self-talk. The consultants also indicated that the most frequently experienced problems were lack of program funding, poor scheduling and logistics, poor interaction with coaches, and lack of time to work with athletes. The need to individualize sport psychology strategies with athletes was identified as the most meaningful recommendation for the future.

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Rhodes, Jonathan, Jon May, Jackie Andrade, and David Kavanagh. "Enhancing Grit Through Functional Imagery Training in Professional Soccer." Sport Psychologist 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2017-0093.

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Functional imagery training (FIT) extends multisensory imagery training by involving athletes with goal setting and appraisal. The authors measured the effect of FIT on 24 professional soccer players’ grit, a personality trait associated with perseverance for a long-term goal. In a stepped-wedge design, an immediate (n = 9) and a delayed (n = 10) group received FIT at Week 1 or 6 and were measured at Week 12. A self-selected control group (n = 5) received no intervention. The delayed group was also measured at Week 6 just before their intervention, and at Week 18. Grit scores in both intervention groups increased after the intervention, but the control group’s did not. The delayed group increased in grit between Weeks 6 and 12, showing the effectiveness of the intervention over a relatively short time, and continued to improve to Week 18. In the intervention groups, vividness of goal imagery also increased and players perceived that FIT improved sport performance.

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Thompson, Leanne J., Edward P. Chronicle, and Alan F. Collins. "The Role of Pictorial Convention in Haptic Picture Perception." Perception 32, no. 7 (July 2003): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5020.

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An investigation of tactile picture perception is reported. Blindfolded sighted subjects explored either ‘line drawings’ or ‘textured’ tactile pictures produced on Zytex swell paper. All pictures were ‘two-dimensional’, that is they depicted only one object face and so did not represent a third dimension. Both picture sets represented the same objects. Results revealed that the textured pictures, in which solid surfaces of depicted objects were uniformly textured, were recognised more often than tactile line drawings, in which surfaces of objects were simply bounded by lines. There were no significant correlations between imagery ability (visual, cutaneous, or kinaesthetic) and picture recognition success. Texture may be a form of ‘uniform connectedness’ (Palmer and Rock 1994 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review1 29–55) or ‘common region’ (Palmer 1992 Cognitive Psychology24 436–447), highlighting the global characteristics of stimuli. We argue that textured pictures may encourage the haptic system to take a more globally oriented approach to tactile picture perception, benefiting recognition.

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Simonsmeier, Bianca A., and Anne Hannemann. "Die deutsche Übersetzung des SIQ und SIAQ zur Erfassung von Vorstellungsgebrauch und Vorstellungskompetenz im Sport." Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie 24, no. 3 (July 2017): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1612-5010/a000204.

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Zusammenfassung. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, eine deutschsprachige Übersetzung des Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ; Hall, Mack, Paivio & Hausenblas, 1998 ) sowie des Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ, Williams & Cumming, 2011 ) zu erstellen und auf ihre psychometrischen Eigenschaften zu überprüfen. Der SIQ erfasst das Konstrukt Vorstellungsgebrauch, der SIAQ die Vorstellungskompetenz. An der Studie nahmen 404 Athletinnen und Athleten aus über 45 Sportarten im Alter von 14 bis 72 Jahren in Präsenz- und Onlineerhebungen teil. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen der deutschen Übersetzungen des SIQ und SIAQ zeigten akzeptable Fit-Indizes und Reliabilitäten. Messinvarianz-Analysen ergaben skalare Invarianz der Erhebungsmethode. Die deutschen Versionen des SIQ und SIAQ zeigen demnach die gleiche Faktorstruktur wie die Originalfragebögen mit vergleichbaren psychometrischen Eigenschaften. Die Ergebnisse liefern Evidenz, dass der SIQ und SIAQ reliable Maße zur Erfassung von Vorstellungsgebrauch und Vorstellungskompetenz für die Forschung und sportpsychologische Praxis darstellen. Weitere Forschung bezüglich der Weiterentwicklung, Retest-Reliabilität und prädiktiven Validität ist wünschenswert.

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O, Jenny, Barbi Law, and Amanda Rymal. "Now Hear This: Auditory Sense may be an Undervalued Component of Effective Modeling and Imagery Interventions in Sport." Open Psychology Journal 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101508010203.

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One of the most important goals of behavioral research in sport psychology and motor learning is to increase our understanding of how to more effectively manipulate structural elements of psychological skills so as to optimize learning and performance. Imagery and modeling research have long-held parallel trajectories; advancements in the understanding of one construct has often informed subsequent research on the other. Preliminary research examining the effect of auditory modeling has indicated that deliberate manipulation of sounds employed during modeled actions can positively impact motor skill learning, performance, and consistency. The imagery research has yet to directly examine the auditory sense, and thus examination of this imagery component would represent a meaningful contribution to our understanding of how to further optimize athletes’ imagery practice. The current paper reviews current knowledge regarding effective imagery and modeling structure, and provides theoretical and evidence-based rationales for the examination of the auditory sense in imagery research.

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Kavková, Veronika, Marek Malůš, Jitka Taušová, and Hana Válková. "Jak ve sportu pomáhá představivost?" Studia sportiva 7, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2013-2-15.

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This paper deals with the possibilities of using imagery (imagination) in sports to improve performance by psychological means. This mental technique is often used by athletes to improve their sports performance. It is also used as an intervention technique by sports psychologists and more recently coaches for athletes. Abroad, the Training schedule of imagery in sports psychology training is widely developed. The numbers of researchers dealing with the technique of imagery in sport psychology is rising. The essence is to create a mental image of highest quality, and a vivid picture of successful execution of what we want to improve in our performance. This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the imagery, its characteristics, structure and detailed aspects of the use in sports.

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Ozel, Sylvie, Jacques Larue, and Corinne Molinaro. "Relation Between Sport and Spatial Imagery: Comparison of Three Groups of Participants." Journal of Psychology 138, no. 1 (January 2004): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/jrlp.138.1.49-64.

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Nordin, Sanna M., Jennifer Cumming, Jenny Vincent, and Stephen McGrory. "Mental Practice or Spontaneous Play? Examining Which Types of Imagery Constitute Deliberate Practice in Sport." Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 18, no. 4 (December 2006): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200600944124.

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Dana, Amir, and Elmira Gozalzadeh. "Internal and External Imagery Effects on Tennis Skills Among Novices." Perceptual and Motor Skills 124, no. 5 (August 11, 2017): 1022–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517719611.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of internal and external visual imagery perspectives on performance accuracy of open and closed tennis skills (i.e., serve, forehand, and backhand) among novices. Thirty-six young male novices, aged 15–18 years, from a summer tennis program participated. Following initial skill acquisition (12 sessions), baseline assessments of imagery ability and imagery perspective preference were used to assign participants to one of three groups: internal imagery ( n = 12), external imagery ( n = 12), or a no-imagery (mental math exercise) control group ( n = 12). The experimental interventions of 15 minutes of mental imagery (internal or external) or mental math exercises followed by 15 minutes of physical practice were held three times a week for six weeks. The performance accuracy of the groups on the serve, forehand, and backhand strokes was measured at pre- and post-test using videotaping. Results showed significant increases in the performance accuracy of all three tennis strokes in all three groups, but serve accuracy in the internal imagery group and forehand accuracy in the external imagery group showed greater improvements, while backhand accuracy was similarly improved in all three groups. These findings highlight differential efficacy of internal and external visual imagery for performance improvement on complex sport skills in early stage motor learning.

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Gilbert, Jenelle N., Stephanie D. Moore-Reed, and Alexandra M. Clifton. "Teaching Sport Psychology for Now and the Future? The Psychological UNIFORM with High School Varsity Athletes." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 1 (March 2017): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0084.

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Adolescent athletes can use psychological skills immediately after being taught, but a dearth of empirical evidence exists regarding whether these skills are maintained over time. A 12-week curriculum (i.e., UNIFORM; Gilbert, 2011) was taught to a high school varsity soccer team with three data collection points: pretest, posttest, 4-week follow-up. Use of several skills was significantly greater posttest compared with pretest as measured by the Test of Performance Strategies (Thomas, Murphy, & Hardy, 1999). Follow-up results were also salient. Relaxation, imagery, and self-talk use in practice was significantly greater than pretest at follow-up; relaxation, imagery, goal setting, and self-talk in competition showed similar results. Descriptive statistics and qualitative data triangulate these results. The UNIFORM curriculum enabled the athletes to use the skills more consistently. This study makes a contribution by measuring the skills at follow-up and providing evidence of their continued use four weeks after the curriculum’s conclusion.

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Watt, Anthony P., Timo T. Jaakkola, and Tony Morris. "Reliability and Factor Structure of the Finnish Version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire." Perceptual and Motor Skills 103, no. 1 (August 2006): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.103.1.107-114.

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WATT, ANTHONY P. "RELIABILITY AND FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE FINNISH VERSION OF THE SPORT IMAGERY QUESTIONNAIRE." Perceptual and Motor Skills 103, no. 5 (2006): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.103.5.107-114.

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Wakefield, Caroline, and Dave Smith. "From Strength to Strength: A Single-Case Design Study of PETTLEP Imagery Frequency." Sport Psychologist 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.25.3.305.

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Imagery is one of the most widely-researched topics in sport psychology. Recent research has been focused on how imagery works and how to apply it to have the greatest possible performance effect. However, the amount of imagery needed to produce optimal effects has been under-researched, particularly in relation to the PETTLEP model of imagery (Holmes & Collins, 2001). This study examined the effects of differing frequencies of PETTLEP imagery on bicep curl performance, using a single-case design. Following a baseline period, participants completed PETTLEP imagery 1×/week, 2×/week, or 3×/week in a counterbalanced pattern. Results indicated that PETTLEP imagery had a positive effect on performance. In addition, as the frequency of imagery increased, a larger performance effect was apparent. These results support the notion that PETTLEP imagery can lead to strength gains if performed at least 1× per week, but that completing imagery more frequently may be more effective.

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Hale, Bruce D., and Adam Whitehouse. "The Effects of Imagery-Manipulated Appraisal on Intensity and Direction of Competitive Anxiety." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.1.40.

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This study attempted to manipulate an athlete’s facilitative or debilitative appraisal (direction; Jones, 1995) of competitive anxiety through imagery-based interventions in order to study the effects on subsequent anxiety intensity (heart rate and CSAI-2) and direction (CSAI-2D; Jones & Swain, 1992). In a within-subjects’ design, 24 experienced soccer players were relaxed via progressive relaxation audiotape and then randomly underwent an imagery-based video- and audiotaped manipulation of their appraisal of taking a hypothetical gamewinning penalty kick under either a “pressure” or “challenge” appraisal emphasis. There was no significant effect for heart rate. A repeated measures MANOVA for CSAI-2 and CSAI-2D scores revealed that for both intensity and direction scores the challenge condition produced less cognitive anxiety, less somatic anxiety, and more self-confidence (all p < .001) than the pressure situation. This finding suggests that a challenge appraisal manipulation taught by applied sport psychologists might benefit athletes’ performance.

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Cormier, Marc L., and Sam J. Zizzi. "Athletic Trainers' Skills in Identifying and Managing Athletes Experiencing Psychological Distress." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.12.02.

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Context Athletic trainers (ATs) commonly use psychological skills during sport rehabilitation. However, little is known about their ability to accurately implement these skills. Objective To assess ATs' skills in identifying psychological symptoms, selecting appropriate strategies, and making referral decisions for athletes experiencing various degrees of psychological distress. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Participants were recruited using the National Athletic Trainers' Association professional member database. Patients or Other Participants Of the 2998 ATs who were selected randomly, 494 (16.5%) partially completed the questionnaire and 326 (10.9%) completed the entire survey (mean age = 34.7 ± 10.8 years, mean years of experience = 11.3 ± 9.9). Main Outcome Measure(s) Using the Web-based questionnaire created for this study, we collected ATs' demographic information and assessed their perceptions about responsibilities as ATs, psychosocial competencies, training in sport psychology, and referral behaviors. Additionally, respondents were asked to identify symptoms, match psychological strategies (eg, goal setting, imagery, progressive muscle relaxation), and make referral decisions for athletes in 3 case vignettes. Results The ATs demonstrated high accuracy in identifying symptoms and making referral decisions but struggled in selecting appropriate psychosocial strategies for athletes. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that ATs who had had specific coursework in sport psychology were able to more accurately identify symptoms (t = 3.01, P < .01), and those ATs with more experience reported lower accuracy scores for their intended course of action (t = −2.25, P < .05). Conclusions Our analogue research design provided new insights into ATs' knowledge and use of sport psychology in practice. The results highlighted the importance of coursework focusing on applied areas of sport psychology in the training of ATs.

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Ponnusamy, Vellapandian, Michelle Guerrero, and Jeffrey J. Martin. "Perceived Importance of Selected Psychological Strategies Among Elite Malaysian Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0001.

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Elite Malaysian athletes (N = 179) from integrated and segregated sports rated the perceived importance of eight psychological strategies for improving performance using two different response format methods, a Likert rating scale and forced-choice. A forced-choice procedure produced better discrimination among the skills than a Likert rating scale procedure. We also found that the ratings of importance differed as a function of sport type and gender. Specifically, athletes in integrated sports placed more importance on setting team goals and clarifying roles/responsibilities compared to athletes in segregated sports. At the same time, participants in segregated sports viewed setting personal goals, psych-up strategies, and imagery as more important for performance than those in integrated sports. Significant interaction effects indicated that, within segregated sports, females rated positive self-talk higher than males, but communication skills were rated higher by males than by females.

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Zervas, Yannis, and Vassilis Kakkos. "Visuomotor Behavior Rehearsal in Archery Shooting Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 3_suppl (December 1991): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3f.1183.

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To examine the effect of visuomotor behavior rehearsal on archers' shooting performance two groups of athletes were tested, one experimental and one control. The experimental group of 9 received a specifically designed program which included relaxation conditions and imagery rehearsal. The control group of 9 received only physical practice. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was used to measure the precompetitive state anxiety and self-confidence. Self-reports were used to evaluate the intermediate effectiveness of the program. Analysis showed no significant changes from pre- to posttest shooting scores. No significant changes were observed in sport-specific state anxiety. Significant changes were found on the tense-relaxed scale administered before and after the relaxation program.

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Templin, David P., and Ralph A. Vernacchia. "The Effect of Highlight Music Videotapes upon the Game Performance of Intercollegiate Basketball Players." Sport Psychologist 9, no. 1 (March 1995): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.9.1.41.

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Recent technological developments in applied sport psychology that utilize videotaping and playback techniques to enhance athletic performance have become increasingly attractive to coaches, athletes, and sport psychologists. This study of 5 male intercollegiate basketball players was designed to examine the effectiveness of highlight peak performance music videotapes on competitive offensive field goal percentage. Videotapes incorporating each player’s best and most effective plays were supplemented by inspirational music and were viewed by the athletes throughout the competitive season. Treatment effects were determined by a single-subject multiple-baseline-across-subjects design. Although a causal relationship between highlight videotapes and offensive field goal percentage was not established, the results did demonstrate a mean increase of 4.7% in overall field goal percentage for 3 of the 5 participants. Social validity was explored through the use of imagery evaluation sheets, individual player logs of introspective thought, and personal interviews.

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Steinfeldt, Jesse A., Brad D. Foltz, Julie R. LaFollette, Mattie R. White, Y. Joel Wong, and Matthew Clint Steinfeldt. "Perspectives of Social Justice Activists." Counseling Psychologist 40, no. 3 (August 22, 2011): 326–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000011411736.

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This study investigated perspectives of social justice activists who directly advocate for eliminating Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos. Using consensual qualitative research methodology, the research team analyzed transcripts of interviews conducted with 11 social justice activists to generate themes, categories, and domains within the data. The five domains included (a) deleterious impact of Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (b) reasons why members of mainstream society might support Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (c) reasons why some American Indians might support Native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos; (d) frontline advocacy efforts; and (e) coping strategies for advocates. Results provided insights into the sociopsychological processes that allow the misappropriation of American Indian culture, symbols, and imagery in sport to continue to exist in society. Findings can help counseling psychologists understand the experiences of social justice activists while also highlighting ways that the field can support efforts to eliminate race-based mascots, nicknames, and logos.

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Suica, Zorica, Petra Platteau-Waldmeier, Szabina Koppel, Arno Schmidt-Trucksaess, Thierry Ettlin, and Corina Schuster-Amft. "Motor imagery ability assessments in four disciplines: protocol for a systematic review." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e023439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023439.

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IntroductionMotor imagery (MI) is a very popular and well-accepted technique in different disciplines. Originating from sport and psychology, MI is now also used in the field of medicine and education. Several studies confirmed the benefits of MI to facilitate motor learning and skill acquisition. The findings indicated that individual’s MI ability might influence the effectiveness of MI interventions. Over the last two centuries, researchers have developed several assessments to evaluate MI’s abstract construct. However, no systematic reviews (SR) exist for MI ability evaluation methods and their measurement properties.Methods and analysisThe SR will evaluate available MI ability assessments and their psychometric properties in four relevant disciplines: sports, psychology, medicine and education. This involves performing searches in SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC. Working independently, two reviewers will screen articles for selection. Then all raw information will be compiled in an overview table—including the articles’ characteristics (eg, a study’s setting or the population demographics) and the MI ability assessment (psychometric properties). To evaluate the articles’ methodological quality, we will use the COSMIN checklist. Then we will evaluate all the included assessments’ quality and perform a best-evidence synthesis. Results of this review will be reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.Ethics and disseminationThe SR is based on published data, and ethical approval is not required. This review will provide information on assessment performance and equipment, as well as its main focus and usefulness. Furthermore, we will present the methodological quality of all the included articles and assess the included instruments’ quality. Ultimately, this will act as a valuable resource, providing an overview of MI ability assessments for individual clinical settings, treatment aims, and various populations. The SR’s final report will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017077004

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sport psychology; Kinaesthetic imagery'

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