Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sport ride'

This study was made to examine how successful elite Swedish equestrian athletes perceived their transition from junior to senior level. The objectives were a) to examine Young Riders perceived demands, resources and barriers in the transition to elite seniors, and b) to examine the riders’ coping strategies, perceived quality and lessons learned from the transition. The study involved six informants (n = 6), including three females and three males (1 event rider, 2 show jumpers and 3 dressage riders). Participants were between 25-31 years of age (m = 27). A semi-structured interview guide was developed for equestrian sport and based on the Athletic Career Transition Model (Stambulova, 1997, 2003) and the Develomental Model (Wylleman & Lavallee, 2004). The results show that participants perceived emotional support as an important resource and had the ability to set long term goals. They used problem focused- and approach-cognitive coping strategies in a successful way in order to manage their perceived demands and barriers during their transition to the senior level.

The master thesis deals with the engineering design and realization of a sports electric vehicle for disabled people. The first part of thesis summarize competitive vehicles on market and also the necessary theoretical knowledge for the design phase. After analyzing the research and determine the resulting vehicle concept follows the draft design. In this section based on calculations was chosen the solutions and necessary components for a vehicle. The following section describes the structure of the vehicle in implementing selected components. In conclusion, the evaluation of the proposed solution.

Equestrian sports are unique because they are based on the interaction of the horse-rider dyad. Anecdotal evidence suggests that appropriate mental attributes of the rider contribute considerably towards achieving effective communication between horse and rider. This thesis aims to determine which and to what extent psychological traits and states of equestrian riders play a role in horse-rider performance. Part I of the thesis determines that equestrian riders exhibit a unique personality profile. Personality traits also seem to affect how riders perceive their horses' temperaments. Elite riders show superior abilities to cope with stressful situations, a trend which was examined more closely in part II: Differences in precompetitive levels of arousal and mood states between more advanced and novice riders were determined. Furthermore, intensity levels and directional interpretations of somatic and cognitive arousal were shown to have an effect on competitive performance. Riders' interpretation of their horses' temperament were also shown to be correlated to elements of arousal and competitive performance. Practical implications are that in order to improve horse-rider communication and to achieve optimal performance, less competent riders should develop relevant coping strategies to control levels of arousal. Part III explored the use of and differences in psychological skills at different competence levels in equestrian sports. Elite riders demonstrated more comprehensive coping strategies than non-elite riders. On that basis, a psychological skills training program was developed and administered to amateur riders. Improved competitive performance 'following completion of the program confirmed that psychological skills training can play an important role in equestrian sports. In conclusion, the current thesis provides some evidence regarding the role psychological states and traits play in equestrian sports. Equestrian riders of all disciplines may be well served to spend time honing their own psychological skills in order to optimize their relationship with their horses.

One of the major aims of the study was to characterise spore germination using light microscopy and to investigate the role and relative importance of each of the three conidial cells for successful germination. Analysis of germ tube growth rate showed that there are two modes of germination: a conidium produces either a single germ tube or two slightly slower growing germ tubes. Results from scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy studies suggest that germ tube emergence is asymmetric and directed towards the substratum. A method was developed by which individual conidial cells could be selectively killed, using localised laser irradiation, a technique which has not been previously used with fungal cells. The data suggest that isolated apical and basal cells are able to germinate and form appressoria. The middle cell never germinated, even when it was the only living cell in a conidium. Furthermore, there was evidence that the apical cell, which germinates most frequently, exerts "apical dominance" over the basal cell. Very little is known about organelle morphology and distribution within living fungal spores, and even less is known abut organellar dynamics during spore germination. Another major aim of this study was to characterise organellar organisation and dynamics in living and potentially pathogenic conidia throughout germination. The analysis used confocal microscopy and vital stains. To obtain biologically meaningful results, an in vitro system which mimicked in vivo conditions as closely as possible was developed and optimised for confocal microscopy. A range of potentially vital dyes were screened as organelle stains in living conidia during germination. Nuclei (stained with SYTO 11), vacuolar compartments (stained with cDFFDA), mitochondria (stained with Rhodamine 123), and the apical vesicle cluster (stained with FM4-64) were identified and characterised during germination. Each cell was shown to contain a single nucleus that changed position within the cell during germination but otherwise did not exhibit extensive movement.

Etude visant à démontrer l'importance des actes non-rationnels dans la préparation psychologique du footballeur et a dénoncer leur spécificité dans deux contextes culturels différents: la France, pays industriel et le bénin qualifie de société traditionnelle; les auteurs cherchent également a cerner leur mécanisme et a comprendre pourquoi certains y ont davantage recours

In this study, the grounded theory approach was used to conduct a qualitative study about the effects the media has on rugby players in the United States. This study involved in-depth interviews with American-born-and-raised rugby players from the top rugby colleges and universities in the United States. These interviews helped identify the role played by traditional and social media in encouraging new players to begin playing the sport of rugby. Results showed that traditional media did not play a large role in bringing out new players in the United States. However newer, social media played a much larger role. New players also emerged through interpersonal communications with others, usually their friends and family. The media was useful in making rugby more important in the lives of the players once they began playing, and recruiting was bolstered by the use of social media. Other results show that another reason rugby players tend to continue playing is because of the bonds of friendship they build with their teammates.

Cycling is increasing in popularity which is accompanied with a higher rate of injuries sustained due to collisions, crashes or falls. A high proportion of these events happen when the bicycle rider loses control of the bicycle. In order to improve bicycle rider control, the skill of riding a bicycle needs to be understood. Therefore, the overall aim of this PhD work was to explore bicycle rider control skills and to examine the effects of different constraints on the control of a bicycle. The first part of this thesis focuses on developing a valid and reliable methodology that can be further used for studying bicycle rider control skill. Firstly, a protocol to determine knee angle during cycling is being developed. Secondly, some technical approaches when studying muscle activity during cycling are being questioned. Lastly, a portable device based on a single angular rate sensor to record steering rate and bicycle roll rate was tested for reliability in an outdoor setup. Second part of the thesis examines the effects on bicycle rider control of three different constraints: 1) expertise, 2) body position and 3) cycle lane design. Results overall showed that all three constraints significantly affect steering and bicycle roll rate.

The working relationship between horses and riders is a unique association requiring cooperation between both to achieve the goals of humans in their selected equestrian sport. This dissertation chose the equestrian sports of eventing and dressage to investigate this working relationship between horse and rider, and its stability across training and competition settings. Consideration was given to psychological, physiological and behavioural factors for the human and horse. The research requiredthe development of a measure to indicate the harmony of the working relationship, which resulted in a rider and observer inventory, and of a physiological indicator of therelationship which became the correlation between the horse and rider heart rate and was called heart rate synchronisation. To examine reactive behavioural factors of the horse a horse Behaviour Check List was created, and to consider possible psychological factors implicated in this behaviour a Horse Temperament Inventory was developed.Anxiety was the psychological factor chosen to assess the rider, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 and the Emotion and Mood Components of Anxiety – Questionnaire were used as its different components.It was hypothesized that there would be significant environmental differences between most factors with the competition environment showing evidence of lowerworking relationship scores, higher heart rates, higher rider anxiety, and more reactive horse behaviours. Horse temperament was considered to be a trait and therefore nodifferences were predicted. Negative relationships were hypothesized between the working relationship measures and rider anxiety components, horse temperament andcritical horse behaviours. A positive relationship was hypothesized between rider self confidence and the working relationship. Negative relationships were also predictedbetween rider anxiety, horse temperament and horse behaviour. No specific predictions were made regarding relationships between rider and horse heart rates and the other factors.In Study 1 with five eventing teams, results from Cohen’s d analyses of differences between means supported some hypotheses. A moderate to large effect size was found for rider’s somatic anxiety and heart rate being higher in the competition environment, but no significant effects were found for the rider’s cognitive anxiety and levels of self-confidence across environments. However, contrary to hypotheses, working relationship and the heart rate synchronisation factors had higher scores in thecompetition environment and showed a small and large effect size respectively. The horse’s temperament was also more positive in the competition environment, with theHorse Temperament Inventory – Rider (HTI-R) revealing a small effect size and the Horse Temperament Inventory – Observer (HTI-O) without the rider a large effect size,suggesting that it seems to be identifying a psychological state of the horse rather than the hypothesized temperament traits. The hypothesis regarding the horse and rider’s heart rate was also accepted as they also increased in the competition environment. The horse’s maximum heart rate and minimum heart rate showed a moderate effect size and a large effect size was found in the differences of the horse’s mean heart rate. Therider’s maximum heart rate and mean heart rate data also showed a large effect size and the rider’s minimum heart rate means showed a moderate effect size. Due to unforeseencircumstances and the low number of participants, the hypotheses could not be evaluated using inferential statistics. However, the patterns of the findings led to some modifications of methods and the selection of another equestrian sport for Study 2.The findings from Study 2 with thirty dressage teams indicate the working relationship between horse and rider was stable across environments during a dressagetest. The heart rate synchronisation analysis was able to identify significant relationships between most horse and rider teams during a dressage test in both the training and competition environments. At a group level the correlation between the horse and rider heart rates displayed a significant positive relationship in the training environment, but not in the competition environment. A t-test analysis found stabilityof the horse’s temperament across environments, suggesting that the Horse Temperament Inventory is measuring temperament traits. Also the rider’s somatic anxiety showed a significant increase in the competition environment, which was also reflected in the rider’s emotional experience of this anxiety. Unexpectedly the rider’s self-confidence was also significantly higher in the competition environment. However, no predicted associations were found between working relationship scores and heart rate synchronisation, or between these measures and horse and rider factors.The relationship between reactive horse misbehaviours and rider anxiety, and the team’s working relationship was analysed. A significant association was found between each of the rider’s and judge’s ratings of the working relationship and heart rate synchronisation with the horse’s misbehaviour scores in the competitionenvironment. The rider’s somatic anxiety also showed a significant association with the horse’s misbehaviour in both the training and competition environments. Significantrelationships were also found between horse misbehaviour and performance in both training and competition environments. To extend this investigation further adiscriminant function analysis was conducted to determine if the riders with levels of high and low cognitive and somatic anxiety could be categorised on the basis of horsetemperament. It revealed that riders with high and low levels of somatic anxiety could be categorised on the basis of the horse’s temperament score, whereas riders with high and low levels of cognitive anxiety could be classified on the basis of the horse’s heart rate means in the competition environment.Overall, the dissertation has significant methodological, conceptual and practical outcomes. It demonstrates possible self report, observational and physiologicalindicators to assess the horse-rider working relationship, and a reliable measure of horse temperament. It also addresses several speculations, assumptions and anecdotalreferences in the literature about the interactive association between horse and rider. Findings here point to significant associations between horse and rider psychology and physiology, and patterns of relationships that may indicate some relevance to theworking relationship, and ultimately performance.

This thesis examines the commodification of Maori ritual in rugby union that has occurred through the joint processes of colonization and globalization. Since its introduction to New Zealand during the colonial period, rugby has been a significant creator and conveyor of masculine identities. Through colonization and globalization, Maori religion and performing arts have been culturally mapped on Western categories of meaning. This decontextualization of kapa haka in rugby is increasingly an issue as, through new global technologies, people have unprecedented access to Maori intellectual property.

The international popularity of the New Zealand All Blacks and their pre-game haka has created a global platform for the exposure of Maori culture. However, the representations of Maori in rugby union are often from decontextualized sources. Therefore, an examination of haka in New Zealand demonstrates how Maori ritual has been appropriated for capitalistic purposes.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad en grupp ridsportledare vill förmedla till sina elever, samt ta reda på vilka kunskaper och värderingar som produceras och förmedlas inom ridsportkulturen. För att uppnå syftet har jag formulerat nedanstående frågeställningar.

Vilken utbildning har ledarna inom ridsporten?

Vilka är de oskrivna reglerna inom ridsporten vad gäller etik, moral och empati?

Hur förmedlas den goda ridsporten till eleverna enligt ridsportledarna?

Metod

Fem ridsportledare i Stockholmsområdet kontaktades baserat på vad som i forskningssammanhang kallas ett informerat urval. Författaren valde ridskolor med spridning inom Stockholmsområdet. Några större och några mindre avseende medlemsantal. Ledaren skulle varit aktiv under flera år och med god inblick i verksamheten. Det slutgiltiga valet föll på de klubbar som hade väl utvecklad ungdomsverksamhet. Tid och plats för intervjuerna bestämdes vid det första telefonsamtalet. Intervjuerna har varit kvalitativa för att få en djupare insikt i vilka tankar ridsportledarna har kring sin ledarroll och vilka värderingar de vill förmedla till sina elever. Samtliga intervjuer har bandats och skrivits ner ord för ord.

Resultat och slutsats

Ridsportledarna är välutbildade inom sitt område och i princip inga ”snälla föräldrar” nyttjas som ledare. Eleverna på ridskolan tillbringar mycket tid i stallet utöver sin faktiska ridtid, många gånger upp till sju dagar per vecka. Ridskolans roll som fritidsgård kan därmed diskuteras och i och med den tid eleverna tillbringar där får de äldre eleverna och ledarna även en framstående roll som förebilder.

Ridskolans viktigaste uppgift anses vara att lära ut hur eleverna ska hantera hästen. De oskrivna regler som framför allt poängteras är: horsemanship, ödmjukhet och kamratskap. Alla ryttare på en ridskola måste kunna den sociala koden för just den ridskolan. I det avseendet är ridskolan en extremt fostrande miljö eftersom så många olika människor, med avseende på ålder och attityd, ska kunna mötas på samma område och samsas om samma hästar.

Ridsport har hög skadefrekvens, men med förbättrad känsla för ridning skulle fler ryttare klara sig från att falla av hästen, som är den vanligaste skadeorsaken. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om ryttare upplever att feedback från instruktör och häst påverkar deras utveckling av ryttarkänsla/känsla för ridning samt om det finns skillnader i detta avseende mellan professionella ryttare och hobbyryttare. RytRidsport har hög skadefrekvens, men med förbättrad känsla för ridning skulle fler ryttare klara sig från att falla av hästen, som är den vanligaste skadeorsaken. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om ryttare upplever att feedback från instruktör och häst påverkar deras utveckling av ryttarkänsla/känsla för ridning samt om det finns skillnader i detta avseende mellan professionella ryttare och hobbyryttare. Ryttarkänslan har definierats som förmågan att befinna sig över hästens tyngdpunkt, i samma tempo och färdriktning samt att i förväg kunna tolka hästens och sina egna signaler (Larsson, 2011). Studien har utgått från teorier om feedback i skolundervisning (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Undersökningen har skett genom en webbenkät med 32 frågor, varav 18 formulerats utifrån teorier om feedback i undervisning, riktad till ryttare med Facebook-konto, tre hippologiska tidskrifters webbversioner samt hästföretagare i gruppmail. 587 personer svarade på enkäten, varav 114 som är eller varit professionella ryttare. Resultatet av studien visar att ryttarna anser att feedback fungerar för att utveckla känslan för ridning och även används i ridundervisningen. Samtidigt märks några avseenden där överensstämmelsen är mindre. En slutsats är att feedback från hästen är omedelbar och värdefull, men att effektiv instruktion och diskussion med instruktör/tränare är användbara för att finna lösningar. En annan slutsats är att professionella ryttare har lättare att tillägna sig känslan för ridning genom feedback.
Horseback riding counts a high injury frequency, but with an enhanced feeling for riding, more riders would sustain less falls from the horse, which is the most prevalent cause of injury. The aim of this study is to investigate if horseback riders experience feedback from an instructor and horse to affect their development of feeling for riding, and if there are differences in this aspect between professionals and leisure riders. The feeling for riding has been defined as the ability to stay over the horse's center of gravity, in the same tempo and direction and to anticipate and interpret the horse's and one's own signals (Larsson, 2011). The study has proceeded from theories of feedback in school education (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). The survey has been carried out through a web-based questionnaire covering 32 questions, of which 18 were framed from theories of feedback in education, aimed towards riders with Facebook account, visitors at three horse focussed magazine websites and email to horsebusiness related persons. The questionnaire got 587 respondents, of which 114 are or have been professional riders. The result of the study shows that the riders find feedback to be functional in developing the feeling for riding and that it is also used in riding instruction. However, there are some aspects with lesser congruency. One conclusion is that feedback from the horse is immediate and valuable, but an effective instruction and interactive discussion with the instructor/trainer are applicable to find solutions. Another conclusion is that it is easier for professional riders to apply the feeling for riding through feedback.

This thesis examines the changing landscape of the professionalisation of sports coaching and is presented in response to the dearth of empirical research and peerreviewed literature within the field. This paucity has, in turn, created a political context in which the discourses that inhabit transitions towards professionalism are becoming increasingly rigid and inflexible. Policies, too, have exacerbated these situations, creating imposed prescribed reforms that have sought to homogenise coaching practice and further gloss over cultural differences, sporting spaces, and diversity in practice. While volunteerism is often regarded as a socially embedded activity, as well as one that is part of the United Kingdom's (UK) long-established coaching tradition, still there remains an ambition, to transform coaching into certified, professionalised activity. This is a form of professionalism with clear benchmarked standards, novel forms of commercial engagement, ever-present systems of formal accreditation and managed individual accountability. From this has evolved a series of treatments prescribing somewhat standardised solutions to otherwise unique and individualised professional challenges. Against this backdrop, this thesis adopts a more critical orientation towards the debate on the professionalisation of sports coaching in the UK. It examines the tensions, power relations and pockets of resistance that are manifested in practice across different areas of sport, and moves to understand some of the key differences emerging between contemporary reforms, situated practice and socially-embedded coaching traditions. Drawing extensively on Bourdieusian sociology and Foucauldian philosophy as both a methodological guide and tools for analysis, the thesis reflects upon the experiences of coachesand stakeholders operating at all levels of practice in the UK. Findings drawn from the data, together with a consideration of the literature, suggest that while for some the professionalisation process offers opportunities and engagement in commercial based employment, for many this movement is perceived as a fundamental attack on central notions of mutual aid and community provision. Within these notions of resistance and compliance operating in situ/ external factors and policies that have impacted upon the field are examined and the complexities that inhabit the profession of sports coaching as a whole are rigorously analysed.

Since the first intercollegiate athletic event in 1852, a patriarchal hegemony has controlled the governance, policy making, and leadership of intercollegiate athletics. Not until 1972 did women enter the national narrative on college sports participation and administration, albeit through federal mandate and in marginal fashion. More than forty years after the passage of Title IX, intercollegiate athletics still lacks a strong female presence in executive administrative positions. The National Association of Collegiate Women Administrators (NACWAA) is the only professional organization devoted solely to developing and advancing the success of women in the profession of intercollegiate athletics.

This study examined the lived experiences of seven women athletics administrators who participated in a leadership development program, the Institute for Administrative Advancement (IAA), offered by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and NACWAA. This dissertation used hermeneutical phenomenology to qualitatively describe how IAA participants make sense of this leadership development experience. By thoroughly characterizing the meaning ascribed to the IAA experience as well as the actualization of the IAA curriculum, the results of this study characterize how participants of the NCAA/NACWAA IAA perceive a) career development and leadership and b) leadership self-efficacy.

Seven themes emerged through data analysis: 1) Discrimination is evident. Many forms of discrimination were perceived, 2) Individual perceptions of leadership were varied and dynamic, 3) Self-assessment of leadership skills evolved over the duration of the IAA, 4) Expectations of the IAA experience were modest yet hopeful, 5) Participants experienced contrasting emotional states throughout the IAA, 6) Actualization of the learned skill set resulted in a variety of outcomes, and 7) The IAA was an empowering and transformative experience.

Based on the emergent themes, implications and recommendations are offered to counterbalance the underrepresentation of women in athletic administration. The findings from this study also serve a broader application to higher education. The narratives shared by the participants can provide a pathway to empower other women and members of historically underrepresented and socially excluded groups within higher education administration toward professional advancement.

L’OGC Nice en 2003 et le Stade Brestois 29 en 2004, clubs de football professionnel, ont accédé à la division supérieure. En scindant le concept de performance en deux processus (le compétitif et le performatif), il est possible de déterminer si le social a influencé leurs résultats. Dans les deux cas, la série d’entretiens thématiques semi-directifs s’appuyant sur le discours journalistique de leur parcours sportif montre la prédominance de l’identité locale lors d’un événement déclencheur de la performance au cours duquel l’équipe se transcende. Le Kairos reçu des dieux est ce moment particulier qui marque le début de leurs performances. Les matches deviennent des rites sportifs dont le but est d’accéder au sacré. Ce rite a son origine dans le rite sacrificiel mais la mimésis ne sert pas à transférer la violence vers une victime émissaire. Elle devient le support d’une accession au sacré. La puissance qui passerait de la société à l’équipe n’est que la prise de conscience du joueur qu’il peut mobiliser sa propre puissance de concert avec ses partenaires. La saison sportive est ainsi une perpétuelle reconstitution de la société avec, semble-t-il, comme canevas les contes et les mythes. Elle devient l’incarnation d’un imaginaire qui s’appuie sur l’affectivité humaine pour exister. L’homme est en quelque sorte un territoire ou l’imaginaire se lie au réel : il est un champion qui s’ignore et qui ne le découvre qu’en saisissant le Kairos
Two professional football clubs, OGC Nice and Stade Brestois 29 reached the upper division in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Ligue 1 for OGC Nice and Ligue 2 for Stade Brestois 29). In order to determine whether their results were influenced by social issues or not, the concept of performance will be split into two processes (competitive and performative). In both cases, the series of semi-structured thematic interviews based on journalists’ speeches on their sports career shows the predominance of local identity during an event triggering their performance and during which the team transcends itself. The Kairos received from the gods stands for this particular moment when their performances begin. Matches are becoming sports rites aiming the sacred. Such rite originates in the sacrificial rites but mimesis is not use for transferring violence onto a scapegoat. It becomes the medium to get to the sacred. The strength which is supposed to go from society to the team is nothing but the player’s awareness of his ability to mobilize his own strength together with his team mates. Sport season is therefore a perpetual reconstruction of society with seemingly tales and myths as its framework. It becomes the embodiment of a fantasy based on human emotions. Man is somehow a territory where imaginary is linked to reality: he is an unconscious champion who only discovers it thanks to the Kairos

Plusieurs études ont permis de mettre en évidence que les basaltes d’arc sont plus oxydés (~ ∆QFM+1.5 ± 1) que les basaltes de rides médio-océaniques (MORB ; ∆QFM-1.2 à ~ ∆QFM). Cependant, l’état redox du manteau sous les arcs est toujours débattu. L’utilisation de différents proxys de la détermination de la fugacité d’oxygène (fO2) sur un même jeu d’échantillons a pour objectif de déterminer plus précisément l’état d’oxydation des magmas, de contraindre l’effet des processus secondaires tels que la différenciation et le dégazage sur leur état d’oxydation et ainsi de mieux caractériser la fO2 des magmas primaires et du manteau supérieur dans les différents contextes géodynamiques. Pour cela, les rapports Fe3+/ΣFe, les coefficients de partage du V entre les liquides silicatés et les olivines (DvOl/Liq) ainsi que les rapports V/Sc et V/Yb ont été déterminés dans des magmas piégés précocement après la fusion du manteau sous forme d’inclusions magmatiques dans des olivines magnésiennes (Fo > 80 %) provenant de différents contextes géodynamiques (i.e. contexte de dorsale médio-océanique, de zone de subduction et de point chaud). La détermination des rapports Fe3+/ΣFe par spectroscopie XANES avec des conditions analytiques permettant d’éviter les processus de photo-oxydation des verres hydratés et par spectroscopie Mössbauer a permis de confirmer que les basaltes d’arc sont plus oxydés que ceux des points chauds (OIB) et des MORB. La corrélation entre les rapports Fe3+/ΣFe et les teneurs en H2O des inclusions magmatiques suggère que la différence d’état d’oxydation serait liée à une variation de l’état d’oxydation du coin de manteau causée par le processus de subduction. De plus, les fO2 obtenues à partir de ces rapports indiquent qu’au sein de la population des magmas d’arc, l’état d’oxydation des magmas est variable d’une zone de subduction à l’autre. Par la suite, une évaluation de l’effet du dégazage des éléments volatils et de la cristallisation fractionnée sur la fO2 des magmas a été menée pour chaque population d’inclusions des différentes localités. Après avoir reconstitué les compositions des liquides magmatiques primaires, leur fO2 a été estimée à partir des différents proxys de la mesure de la fO2. Les résultats obtenus à partir des rapports Fe3+/ΣFe, des coefficients de partage DvOl/Liq et des rapports V/Yb indiquent que les magmas primaires d’arc sont plus oxydés que ceux des rides médio-océaniques et des points chauds. Cependant, les valeurs de fO2 obtenues à partir de ces trois proxys diffèrent. Par ailleurs, la corrélation entre les rapports Fe3+/ΣFe, les fO2 calculées à partir de ces rapports et les teneurs en H2O des magmas primaires suggère que la différence d’état d’oxydation des magmas n’est pas liée à l’effet des processus secondaires. Toutefois, la comparaison entre les rapports Fe3+/ΣFe, les fO2 calculées à partir de ces rapports et les rapports Th/La et Ba/La des magmas primaires ne permet pas d’affirmer que les variations observées seraient liées à l’influence d’un liquide silicaté provenant de la fusion des sédiments recouvrant la plaque plongeante ou d’un fluide aqueux libéré par la plaque au cours de la subduction. A l’opposé, les fO2 obtenues à partir des rapports V/Sc suggèrent que les magmas primaires d’arc ont un état d’oxydation comparable à ceux des MORB et des OIB
Many studies have demonstrated that arc basalts are more oxidized (~ ∆QFM+1.5 ± 1) than mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB; ∆QFM-1.2 à ~ ∆QFM). However, the oxidation state of the sub-arc mantle is still debated. The use of various proxies on the same set of samples aims to determine the oxidation state of magmas, the effects of secondary processes on their oxidation state and to better constrain the fO2 of primary magmas from different geodynamic settings and that of their mantle source. For that purpose, Fe3+/ΣFe ratios, V partition coefficients between silicate melts and olivines (DvOl/Melt) as well as V/Sc and V/Yb ratios were measured in melt inclusions from high-Mg olivines (Fo > 80 %) from subduction zones, mid-oceanic ridges and hot spots. The analysis of Fe3+/ΣFe ratios by XANES spectroscopy using analytical conditions that prevent beam damage during analysis of hydrous glasses and by Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed that arc magmas are more oxidized than those from hot spots and mid-ocean ridges. A positive correlation between Fe3+/ΣFe ratios and water contents in melt inclusions suggests that the oxidation state recorded in primitive arc magmas is likely to be due to changes in the oxidation state of the mantle beneath arcs because of subduction processes. The calculation of the fO2 from Fe3+/ΣFe ratios also indicates that the range of oxidation state recorded in arc melt inclusions varies from one subduction zone to another. An evaluation of the effects of volatile degassing and differentiation processes on the magmatic fO2 was carried out on each melt inclusion population. fO2 values were then estimated for reconstructed primary melt compositions using the different redox proxies. Results obtained from Fe3+/ΣFe ratios, DvOl/Melt partition coefficients and V/Yb ratios suggest that arc primary magmas are more oxidized than those from hot spots and mid-ocean ridges. However, fO2 values differ from one proxy to another. Furthermore, the positive correlation between the Fe3+/ΣFe ratios, the fO2 calculated from these ratios and the water contents of primary magmas suggests that the difference in the oxidation state of magmas is not due to secondary processes. However, the comparison between the Fe3+/ΣFe ratios, the fO2 values calculated from these ratios and Th/La and Ba/La ratios of primary magmas does not confirm that the observed changes in redox state can be simply linked to the influence of silicate melt or aqueous fluids coming from the slab to the mantle wedge. On the opposite, fO2 values calculated from V/Sc ratios suggest that primary arc magmas are comparable to those from mid-ocean ridges and hot spots

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known to accumulate high amount of silicon (Si) on its tissues with helps to decrease the intensity of many economically important diseases. Among these diseases, brown spot, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is the most devasting because negatively affects yield and grain quality. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of the active Si uptake in rice on the control of brown spot. Some components of host resistance as well as physiological and biochemical variables were evaluated on plants from cultivar Oochikara and its respective mutant lsi1 (low silicon 1; deficient in the active Si uptake). Plants were grown in hydroponic culture amended with 0 or 2 mmol Si L-1 and inoculated or not with B. oryzae. The components of host resistance evaluated were: incubation period (IP), relative infection efficiency (RIE), final disease severity (FDS), area under brown spot progress curve (AUBSPC), final lesion size (FLS), rate of lesion expansion (r) and area under lesion expansion progress curve (AULEPC). Si content in rice tissues was also determined. The physiological and biochemical variables studied were: concentration of malonic aldehyde (MA), electrolyte leackage (EL), concentration of total soluble phenolics (TSP) and derivatives of lignin-thioglicolic acid (DLTGA) as well as the activity of chitinases (CHI), peroxidases (POX) and poliphenoloxidases (POL). Si content on tissues of plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 supplied with this element increased, respectively, by 381 and 263%. Plants from cultivar Oochikara had 112% more Si than plants from mutant lsi1. The IP of brown spot on leaves of plants from cultivar Oochikara increased about 6 h in the presence of Si and the RIE, FS, AUBSPC, FLS, r and AULEPC were significantly reduced, respectively, in 65, 70, 75, 33, 36 and 35%. In the presence of Si, the IP increased 3 h on plants from mutant lsi1, but the RIE, FS, AUBSPC, FLS, r and AULEPC were only reduced, respectively, in 40, 46, 50, 12, 21 and 12%. The correlation between Si content on tissues and IP was significantly positive, but it was negatively correlated with RIE, FS, AUBSPC, FLS, r and AALEPC. Single degree of freedom contrasts were performed to verify if there was significative difference between plants from cultivar Oochika a and from mutant lsi1 supplied or not with Si. Plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 supplied with Si were significantly different from plants not supplied with this element for all components of resistance evaluated. This indicates that the availability of Si to plants was detrimental for increase their resistance to brown spot. Comparisons between plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 not supplied with Si showed that there was no difference for the components of resistance studied. However, the comparison between plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 supplied with Si indicated that there was difference for the components of resistance evaluated. This clearly indicates that a less Si content in tissues of plants from mutant lsi dramatically affected its basal resistance to brown spot. Biochemical and physiological changes associated with an increase in rice resistance, mainly for plants from cultivar Oochikara supplied with Si, to brown spot occurred through a less concentration of MA and EL besides an increase in the concentration of TSP and on the activity of CHI and POX. The lower concentration of MA and EL suggests, even though indirectly, a less cellular damage caused by the fungus during the infection course. The participation of POL in rice resistance to brown spot, regardless of the presence of Si, was not evident. The concentration of DLATG was higher on plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 not supplied with Si, probably due to the lower number of lesions formed on leaves of these plants. In general, plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 supplied with Si showed a high assimilation of CO2 upon inoculation with B. oryzae. Interestingly, the assimilation of CO2 from non-inoculated plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 supplied with Si was also great. The concentration of total chlorofil and carotenoids on non- inoculated plants from cultivar Oochikara and from mutant lsi1 was not affected by Si. However, when plants supplied with Si were inoculated, the concentration of total chlorofil and carotenoids was higher. Contrary to plants from cultivar Oochikara, Si had a less impact in affect some components of resistance and the physiological and biochemical variables on plants from the mutant lsi1. In conclusion, the results from this study underline the importance of the active Si uptake system in rice for an increased in resistance to brown spot as well as for a better physiological response of plants to this biotic type of stress.
Dentre as plantas até então estudadas, o arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é a com a maior capacidade de acumular silício (Si). Entre os benefícios atribuídos a esse elemento está o controle de doenças. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a importância da absorção ativa de Si pelas plantas de arroz no controle da mancha parda (Bipolaris oryzae). Para isso foram avaliados alguns componentes da resistência em plantas da cultivar Oochikara e no seu respectivo mutante lsi1 cultivadas em solução nutritiva contendo 0 ou 2 mmol Si L-1, bem como algumas variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas associadas com a resistência das plantas de arroz a Bipolaris oryzae. Os componentes de resistência avaliados foram: período de incubação (PI), eficiência relativa de infecção (ERI), severidade final (SF), área abaixo da curva de progresso da mancha parda (AACPMP), o comprimento final de lesão (CFL), taxa de expansão de lesão (r) e área abaixo de curva de progresso da expansão de lesão (AACPEL). As variáveis bioquímicas e fisiológicas estudadas foram: concentração de aldeído malônico (MDA), extravasamento de eletrólitos (EE), a atividade das quitinases (QUIs), peroxidases (POXs) e polifenoloxidases (PFOs), concentração de compostos fenólicos solúveis totais (CFST) e concentração de derivados lignina-ácido tioglicólico (DLATG). A concentração foliar de Si nas plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1, ambas supridas com o elemento, foi de até 381 e 263% maior, respectivamente, em relação à das plantas não supridas. Nas plantas supridas com Si, o acúmulo pela cultivar Oochikara foi 112% superior em relação ao mutante lsi1. Nas folhas das plantas da cultivar Oochikara, supridas com Si, o PI da mancha parda aumentou em seis horas. Nessas plantas, ERI, SF, AACPMP, CFL, r e AACPEL foram reduzidas, respectivamente, em 65, 70, 75, 33, 36 e 35% em relação às folhas das plantas não supridas com Si. Nas folhas das plantas do mutante lsi1, supridas com Si, o PI aumentou três horas, a ERI, SF, AACPMP, CFL, r e AACPEL foram reduzidas, respectivamente, em 40, 46, 50, 12, 21 e 12% em relação às folhas das plantas não supridas com Si. Correlação positiva e significativa foi obtida da concentração foliar de Si com o PI da mancha parda. Em contraste, observou-se correlação negativa e significativa entre a concentração foliar de Si com a ERI, SF, AACPMP, CFL, r e AACPEL. Análises de contrastes foram realizadas para verificar a existência de diferença entre plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1 supridas ou não com Si. Os resultados mostraram que plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1 supridas com Si foram diferentes das plantas não supridas com Si para os componentes de resistência. Isso indica que a presença de Si foi crucial para uma maior resistência das plantas de arroz a mancha parda. Na comparação entre plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1, ambos não supridos com Si, não ocorreu diferença significativa entre os componentes de resistência avaliados. Já entre plantas cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1, ambos supridos Si, ocorreu diferença significativa, indicando que o menor acúmulo de Si pelo mutante lsi1 comprometeu a expressão da resistência de plantas de arroz a mancha parda. As alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas relacionadas com a maior resistência das plantas de arroz, principalmente da cultivar Oochikara supridas com Si, foram uma proteção resultando em danos celulares, causados por B. oryzae, em menor extensão como indicado pela menor concentração de MDA e menor EE. Além de um aumento na produção de CFST e maior atividade das QUIs e POXs. Para a PFOs, não ficou evidente sua participação na defesa das plantas de arroz contra a mancha parda. A concentração de derivados da lignina-ácido tioglicólico foi superior nas plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1 não supridas com Si, provavelmente devido ao maior número de lesões observadas nas folhas dessas plantas. Plantas supridas com Si e inoculadas ou não com B. oryzae apresentaram maior assimilação de CO2. A concentração de clorofila total e carotenóides, em plantas da cultivar Oochikara e do mutante lsi1 não inoculadas, não foi afetada pela presença de Si. No entanto, quando as plantas foram inoculadas com B. oryzae, uma maior concentração de clorofila total e carotenóides foi detectada em folhas das plantas supridas com Si. No mutante lsi1, mesmo na presença de Si, a redução em alguns componentes de resistência associada com a potencialização de mecanismos de defesa foi menos evidente. Ao contrário, em plantas da cultivar Oochikara, alterações de natureza fisiológica e bioquímica culminaram em um aumento na resistência das plantas à mancha parda. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente estudo evidenciam a importância do sistema ativo de absorção do Si pelo arroz para garantir uma maior resistência à mancha parda.

Sport in Film as a Cultural Phenomenon Abstract: The relationship between sport and the media has undergone rapid development in recent decades. The combination of television and top sport has created a specific and very influential genre of popular culture. Creating sporting stories, which is typical of the current media, is also an attempt to impress these stories in a more permanent and cohesive form. Sport therefore also features in the most varied of forms in the film media. This work presents a culturological, thus holistically and interdisciplinary-oriented, view of the phenomenon of sport in film. Firstly, sport as a part of popular culture is investigated. This includes the philosophical concept of the cultural phenomenon of games. The question is considered of the universal themes which typify the sport film genre. In order to explain the continuing popularity of sport film, a study of film is then undertaken with regard to the cultural dynamics to which research in the field of film genres also belongs. Thereafter, sport film is examined in terms of the cultural-anthropological categories of myth and ritual. In conclusion, this study concentrates on the ability of fictional and documentary films with a sporting theme to become representative of various ideologies. The same methodology is applied...

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
98
The rice planting date and rice distribution are important information for the agriculture and food policy of the government. Traditionally, the investigation of the rice planting date and rice distribution cost a lot and is a time-consuming work. The use of SPOT NDVI time-series data for detecting the planting date and ditribution of the paddy rice is proposed in this study. However, the time-series satellite data are easily contaminated by noises such as cloud cover and atmospheric conditions. Conventionally, wavelet analysis is commonly used to reduce the high frequency noises in the time-series data. However, the selection of the proper mother wavelet and its parameters usually affects the success of reducing the noises of the time series signal. In this study, a method called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is proposed to reduce the high frequency noises in SPOT NDVI time-series data. Then by detecting and analyzing the local minimal points on the smooth NDVI time series profiles can provide the necessary information about the rice planting date. A classification method is also developed by using correlation and sign-test to discriminate double rice crops form NDVI filtering data. The method of this study basically includes four main parts: (1) constructing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data; (2) EMD is proposed to reduce the noise in a year-long SPOT images and retrieve the time variation of paddy rice; (3) detecting the local minimum points from NDVI time-series data of the rice pixels as rice planting dates; (4) using correlation and sign-test to discriminate rice crops. SPOT data in Chihshang, Taibao and Shinwu (2005) are used to test the proposed method. The experiment indicates EMD provides more stable results than wavelet analysis because EMD is insensitive to pre-determined parameters. Moreover, the results show that the time-series data filtered by using EMD method to estimate rice planting date and to detect double rice fields are more accuracy than that by using wavelet analysis. Keywords: SPOT, Paddy rice, NDVI, EMD

碩士
國立臺灣體育運動大學
運動事業管理學系碩士班
106
In recent years, sponsorship has become the fastest growing field in marketing activities, and has become one of the favorite marketing communication and branding tools for corporate organizations. For many competitions, sponsorship has also become a major source of funding. Today, the Internet has become a necessity for the public. Many sports events and events are aimed at publicity and marketing through official websites. The benefits behind it are worth exploring. The main purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of sport sponsorship through sport websites, by understanding the status, impressions and behavioral intentions of the participants of Tianzhong Marathon through the official website. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted and 374 questionnaires were issued to participants participated in the 2017 Tianzhong Marathon. Of the 374 questionnaires, 353 questionnaires were retrieved while 37 were discarded due to invalid responses that resulted in 316 valid questionnaires with a 90% of return rate. Based on the collected data, statistical methods including descriptive statistical analysis, factor analysis, single-factor multivariate analysis of variance, and regression analysis were performed. The results of this study shows: 1. Most participants did’t click on the sponsor website link. 2.FILA, Sports notes, and Maintenance are the top three impressed sponsors. 3.Sponsor impression and behavioral intention are only positively affected by some groups. 4. "Xianzhuang" was the only sponsor that was significantly affected by the number of website clicking. This study hopes to provide relative information for sport sponsors and event organizers to format future sponsorship cooperation model that benefits both sides.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系所
102
Bipolaris oryzae and B. zizaniae are the pathogens to cause brown spot on rice (Oryza sativa) and water bamboo (Zizania latifolia). Previous studies indicated that B. oryzae could be distinguished from B. zizaniae based on the hilum structure of conidia basal part. Several researchers suggested that B. zinaniae should be a synonym of B. oryzae due to similar morphology, pathogenicity and cross fertility test. However, previous studies showed the number limitation of observed isolates and the relationship between the two pathogens were still obscure. For carrying out the relationship of Bipolaris spp. causing brown spot on water bamboo and rice, the symptom was investigated in field and morphology, cross fertility, pathogenicity and molecular characters of Bipolaris spp. were be analyzed. Field investigation revealed that Bipolaris sp. could cause typical spot and long lesion on water bamboo. The conidia morphology indicated that 112 and 47 Bipolaris sp. isolates from rice and water bamboo, respectively, showed similar morphology and rectangular hilum was the major type. The conidial length, width and number of distoseptate could not diversify all isolates from rice or water bamboo based on principal component analysis. The MAT-2 gene amplification showed that 28.6 % from rice and 31.9 % from water bamboo were MAT-2 isolates. The cross fertility test confirmed that light could improve sexual reproduction. Certain isolates from rice or water bamboo mated successfully each isolate and produce ascospores. However, the result of cross fertility test did not company with the result of mating type identification completely. The virulence test demonstrated that the isolates from rice and water bamboo could infect both detached leaves of rice and water bamboo, resulting in typical brown spot, leaf blight or long lesion. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that Bipolaris isolates from rice and water bamboo formed a molecular group based on ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region. The other side, the analysis of GPDH (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) sequence showed that isolates from rice could be separated into two molecular groups and one group isolates formed the same molecular group with isolates from water bamboo. ITS sequence combined with GPDH sequence showed similar result with GPDH sequence. Thus, the molecular diversity of isolates from rice is higher than the isolates from water bamboo. This study reveals that the Bipolaris spp. causing brown spot on rice or water bamboo have similar biological characters according to the morphology of conidia, affinity test, pathogenicity test and molecular analysis,.

碩士
真理大學
財經研究所
94
This research contributes to the understanding of the role of forward contracting, market structural features, and product characteristics as determinants spot price levels and volatility. In the theoretical model setting, we analyze the optimizing behavior of agents who produce and purchase commodities by using contract, and derived the individual supply and demand functions under price uncertainty and risk aversion. Stochastic simulation is further used to generate price series from which inferences are drawn concerning price levels and volatility associated with each scenario. Past studies have been empirical and found mixed evidence that the spot price is either inversely or not related to the incidence of contract use. Given the mixed empirical evidence, we re-examine the implications of contracting on cash (or spot) market price level and price volatility in this research based on Taiwan paddy rice market. Our results is that contracting can lead to reduced farmer prices received in spot market, not only due to the residual nature of spot markets that operate in conjunction with forward contracting, but also due to the adjusted spot demand by retailers. We find that as contracting increases, spot price levels decrease and spot price volatility increases.

This paper seeks to examine how major college athletics have grown into a billion dollar industry, and the way businesses, advertisers and the schools themselves can effectively grow their brands. By understanding the theoretical framework referenced by the social identity theory, disposition theory and identity through mass media, this paper offers a look into the reasoning for America’s strong affinity towards college athletics. Resulting in a mass market for intercollegiate sports delivered though various media outlets, and the business models that conferences and television networks operate in an effort to capitalize on their demand. In addition, the observation and analysis for organizational dissension between conferences and membership is explored in order to better understand the reasoning for shifts between university teams and conferences.
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碩士
國立臺灣大學
植物病理與微生物學研究所
102
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide. In Taiwan, despite the attempt of developing rice blast forecasting model(s) in 1970s, nationwide disease monitoring and notification has long been relying on periodic surveys by trained plant protection personnel. The objective of this study is to first develop an approach which allows the collection and quantification of M. oryzae conidia (airborne inoculum) in the field. A modified blast disease forecasting model, using the amount of conidia along with several weather factors (including temperature, humidity, rainfall, etc.) as parameters, will then be established. We have successfully developed a cyclone-based spore trap and a standard sample processing protocol for extracting DNA from collected airspores. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) technology and a specific primer pair designed based on a Magnaporthe infection structure specific protein (mif23) gene, the amount of M. oryzae conidia can be easily quantified. While detection limit for the SYBR Green qPCR assay can be as low as 4 copy numbers of M. oryzae gDNA, the limit for reliable and accurate quantification is 10 copy numbers. For the TaqMan assay, the limit for reliable and accurate quantification is 4 copy numbers. Aiming to build a forecasting model, airspore samples, weather data, and disease severity ratings have been periodically collected from ten monitoring stations located at the paddy field and upland field blast nurseries at Chiayi Agricultural Experiment Station, a field site at Chiayi Sikou Farm, and seven field sites chosen by seven District Agricultural Research and Extension Stations in Taiwan (missing data exist for some of the monitoring stations). With our newly-developed spore trap and qPCR technique, M. oryzae spores can be detected before the appearance of leaf blast. It was observed that during the whole season, the amount of spores first increased while the field plants were commonly infected, and it then dropped after the stage of panicle development. In order to improve the handling and storage of airspore samples, we tested the effects of different treatments on the preservation of spore DNA. The optimized way would be: to avoid UV light exposure while sampling, to suspend the sample with CTAB buffer after collection, to store the sample at room temperature or 4℃, and to finish DNA extraction within two weeks. For disease modeling, we developed preliminary rice blast forecasting models for specific rice cultivars (TK9, TN11 and TC192) and multiple cultivars, on the basis of cumulative meteorological data from 1-14 or 7-14 days prior to the prediction day. It was found that the "number of spores" was not considered a significant parameter in most of the models, indicating that weather parameters such as relative humidity and hours of rainfall may be key factors favoring rice blast development. The approaches, sampling ranges and frequencies of the spore trapping and disease ratings may also have some effect on the result. Finally, to make the spore trapping technique applicable for characterization of pathogen physiological races, we developed a high resolution melt (HRM) technique which was proved to be powerful for the detection of the A, D, A+D, and C types of alleles at the pex31 (Avr-pik/kp/km) gene in M. oryzae. The differentiation limit for the HRM analysis is 25 airspores. In the future, with the use of other specific primer pairs, the spore trapping, qPCR, and HRM techniques develop in this study can be widely applied for the monitoring and detection of various airborne diseases. Since the data used for modeling in our study were from the monitoring stations at the Chiayi blast nursery and Sikou Farm, it is important to know that before the forecasting models can be widely applied, more weather data and disease severity data from multiple years, cultivars, and locations are required for model training, validation, and improvement.

Title: Training of a Show Jumping Pair in a Framework of the Youth Sports Centre of the Czech Equestrian Federation Targets: The presented diploma thesis was targeted at suitability and effectivity of the Youth Sports Centre (YSC) of the Czech Equestrian Federation. I concentrated on searching for the positives and negatives both in the YSC system and training schedules. I believe that any results can contribute to understanding of these organisations function and can lay a new base for further study which will improve the whole system of education. Methods: The first step for familiarising with the problems was an analysis of special literature method usage. It was followed by observing the YSC participants during fulfilling their tasks in individual training camps. In the end, the results of the main competition of the season - the Championship of Children, Juniors and Young Riders - were gathered and assessed. The conclusion was compared and consulted through an interview with a leading trainer of the YSC Roman Drahota. Results: The conclusions based on the main competition of the season results - the Championship of the Czech Republic of Children, Juniors and Young Riders- indicate that the YSC of the Czech Equestrian Federation training schedule was selected properly. Among the positive facts...