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Flynn, A., Tara K. Whiton, Kimitake Sato, Caleb D. Bazyler, and Michael H. Stone. "Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation May Produce Marginal Reductions in Task-specific Muscular Soreness in Collegiate Distance Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3818.
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Whiton, Tara K., Asher Flynn, Caleb D. Bazyler, Brad H. DeWeese, Michael H. Stone, and Kimitake Sato. "Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation May Produce Marginal Reductions in Task-Specific Muscular Soreness in Collegiate Distance Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3831.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of BCAA on perception of muscular soreness in collegiate distance runners. METHODS: 8 collegiate distance runners (men n=4, women n=4) took BCAA supplement (SUP) (0.08g/kg) or placebo (PLA) daily for 6 weeks, alternating conditions week to week. Each morning prior to their training session, athletes filled out a 10-point scale Soreness Chart in which they rated soreness levels for each major lower extremity muscle group on both anterior (ANT) and posterior (POST) body segments where 1= no pain at all and 10= excruciating pain. Responses were totaled for each condition (SUP or PLA) and body segment (ANT or POST). Data were analyzed using paired-samples T-tests to compare soreness levels between PLA and SUP weeks. The alpha criterion was set to p
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Rumbold, Penny. "Energy intake and appetite following sport-specific exercise in adolescent girls." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/3404/.
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Parnell, Scott E., Jayanth Ramadoss, Michael D. Delp, et al. "Chronic Ethanol Increases Fetal Cerebral Blood Flow Specific to the Ethanol-Sensitive Cerebellum Under Normoxaemic, Hypercapnic and Acidaemic Conditions: Ovine Model." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4134.
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Cerebral hypoxia has been proposed as a mechanism by which prenatal ethanol exposure causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in children, but no study had tested this hypothesis using a chronic exposure model that mimicks a common human exposure pattern. Pregnant sheep were exposed to ethanol, 0.75 or 1.75 g kg−1 (to create blood ethanol concentrations of 85 and 185 mg dl−1, respectively), or saline 3 days per week in succession (a ‘binge drinking’ model) from gestational day (GD) 109 until GD 132. Fetuses were instrumented on GD 119–120 and studied on GD 132. The 1.75 g kg−1 dose resulted in a significant increase in fetal biventricular output (measured by radiolabelled microsphere technique) and heart rate, and a reduction of mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance at 1 h, the end of ethanol infusion. The arterial partial pressure of CO2 was increased, arterial pH was decreased and arterial partial pressure of O2 did not change. Fetal whole‐brain blood flow increased by 37% compared with the control group at 1 h, resulting in increased cerebral oxygen delivery. The elevation in brain blood flow was region specific, occurring preferentially in the ethanol‐sensitive cerebellum, increasing by 44% compared with the control group at 1 h. There were no changes in the lower dose group. Assessment of regional differences in the teratogenic effects of ethanol by stereological cell‐counting technique showed a reduced number of cerebellar Purkinje cells in response to the 1.75 g kg−1 dose compared with the control brains. However, no such differences in neuronal numbers were observed in the hippocampus or the olfactory bulb. We conclude that repeated exposure to moderate doses of ethanol during the third trimester alters fetal cerebral vascular function and increases blood flow in brain regions that are vulnerable to ethanol in the presence of acidaemia and hypercapnia, and in the absence of hypoxia.
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Drust, Barry. "Metabolic responses to soccer-specific intermittent exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5574/.
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The intermittent exercise pattern associated with soccer makes analysis of the demands of the sport more complex than in many individual sports. The aim in this thesis was to determine the physiological and metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise. The demands associated with elite level match-play were evaluated by techniques of motion-analysis. Laboratory based soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocols were then devised to determine the physiological strain associated with soccer and investigate the effects of increased ambient temperature and whole body pre-cooling on performance. The work-rate profiles of elite South American soccer players and English Premier League players, performing in international and club level respectively, were determined. English Premier League players covered a greater total distance during a game than the South American players (P< 0.05). Differences were found for the total distance covered for playing positions with midfield players covering larger distances than forwards. Defenders covered a greater distance jogging backwards than forward players with forwards sprinting a greater distance than defenders. Work-rate was reduced in the second half of the game for all player. The total distance covered by the international players was done mainly at submaximal intensities. High intensity exercise was infrequent and bouts were of short duration. No significant correlations were observed between the work-rate profile and anthropometric charactersitics of individuals. The use of the doubly-labelled water technique to indicate the energy expenditure during soccer match-play was investigated. The doubly-labelled water technique cannot determine energy expenditure during a soccer match as the rate of turnover of the isotopes is too small to allow the accurate estimation of energy expended. Laboratory based soccer-specific intermittent protocols elicited physiological responses that were similar in magnitude and pattern to soccer match-play. Physiological demands fluctuated with exercise intensity during intermittent exercise. Oxygen consumption and heart rate were not significantly different during soccer-specific intermittent exercise and steady-rate exercise at the same average intensity. Rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the two protocols, although intermittent exercise performance resulted in a greater rise in rectal temperature as the protocol progressed (P< 0.05). Sweat production did not differ significantly between the two exercise sessions, though the rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher (P< 0.05), for the session as a whole, during intermittent exercise. Intermittent exercise performance at 26 ° C did not result in significant increases in the physiological, metabolic or thermoregulatory responses when compared to intermittent exercise at 20 ° C. The physiological and metabolic responses were also similar when intermittent exercise was performed after a whole body pre-cooling manoeuvre. Rectal temperature was lowered by the pre-cooling strategy prior to exercise (- 0.6 ± 0.6 ° C, P< 0.05). Rectal temperature during exercise was only significantly lower after pre-cooling than during exercise at 26 ° C. No significant differences were observed in rectal temperature during exercise between the normal and pre-cooled condition. The increase in rectal temperature during the second half of the protocol was significantly greater than the increase observed at 26 ° C or under normal conditions. This may be a consequence of an altered thermoregulatory response due to the pre-cooling manouvre. In conclusion, the work-rate demands of soccer seem to be predominantly aerobic in nature with anaerobic bouts and the performance of specific match activities increasing the demands placed on players. The demands of intermittent exercise are not significantly different from continuous work performed at the same average intensity though there is tentative evidence for a decrease in the efficiency of the thermoregulatory system during intermittent work. No adverse effects upon intermittent exercise performance were noted under conditions of moderate heat stress, while any thermoregulatory benefits of whole body pre-cooling during intermittent work are probably only transient.
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Myers, Breanna. "Effects of Ingesting Fat Free and Low Fat Chocolate Milk After Resistance Training on Exercise Performance." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3620.
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Collegiate athletes are always looking for ways to improve their performance. Resistance training has been incorporated into most collegiate athletic programs for this very reason. In order to improve strength, lean body mass, and exercise performance, resistance exercise and timely protein ingestion must be followed. Incorporating protein ingestion into a resistance training routine has been shown to improve net protein balance. Milk protein is gaining popularity as an ergogenic aid. There has been growing interest in the potential use of bovine milk (cow’s milk) as an exercise beverage, especially during recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. No studies have been conducted comparing fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk ingested after resistance exercise improves common performance assessments of collegiate softball players. Specifically, the performance assessments were the vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint, and the agility t-test. The participants were randomized according to strength and bodyweight, in a double blind experimental design. The 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 ± .7 yrs; 65.7 ± 1.8
inches; 156.2 ± 21.6 kg) ingested either fat free chocolate milk or low fat chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint test and agility t-test. The data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the eight week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in the vertical jump, 20 yard sprint, or agility t-test between the fat free chocolate milk group and the low fat chocolate milk group.
The major, statistical, finding of this study is that the consumption of commercially available fat free chocolate milk versus low fat chocolate milk drink does not produce improvements in exercise performance in conjunction with an eight week periodized, resistance training program in collegiate softball players. The difference of 10 grams of fat (two servings per container) did not alter any of the performance variables (20 yard sprint, vertical jump or agility t-test).
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Clarke, Neil David. "Strategies for optimal hydration and energy provision for soccer-specific exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2006. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5787/.
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Sari-Sarraf, Vahid. "The effects of soccer-specific intermittent exercise on salivary IgA responses." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2006. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5817/.
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Exercise has been demonstrated to influence susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) because various aspects of immune function including mucosal immunity are temporarily changed after exercise. Lower concentrations of salivary 19A (s-IgA) as a predominant immunoglobulin and component of saliva or a chronic deficiency in s-IgA have been associated with an increased frequency of URTI episodes. Previous studies of aerobic exercise have incorporated the performance of running or cycling. Responses of s-19A to intermittent exercise patterns as they occur in soccer remain to be resolved. A laboratory based soccerspecific intermittent exercise protocol was used within this thesis to mimic the physiological stress associated with soccer, characterised by highintensity activity as noted during soccer play. The aims of this thesis were to determine the s-IgA responses to a bout or repeated bouts of soccerspecific intermittent exercise and investigate the effects of carbohydrate ingestion on s-IgA when such exercise is performed in increased ambient temperature. Laboratory based soccer-specific intermittent exercise and continuous exercise at the same moderate exercise intensity evoked insufficient stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to modify s-IgA responses. Changes in s-19A and cortisol did not differ between exercise types during or immediately following exercise, or 6 h, 24 h and 48 h afterwards. Physiological responses to intermittent exercise also conforming to the activity pattern of soccer match-play were similar to those for continuous exercise at the same average work-rate, despite the higher perceived exertion during intermittent exercise. Two bouts of soccer-specific intermittent exercise 48 h apart that were designed to provide a repeatable physiological stress comparable to strenuous soccer training induced s-19A responses that were similar following both bouts of exercise. Performing the second bout of exercise did not significantly suppress s-IgA concentration after 48 h recovery although a small progressive reduction in s-19A was observed. Performance of a second soccer-specific exercise bout in one day with a 2.25 h rest in between bouts elicited an increase in heart rate and perceived exertion, compared with a single session at the same time of day, but did not appear to suppress s-IgA outcomes. There was also no difference between responses of s-IgA concentration and secretion rate or salivary cortisol at the different times of day. Soccer can be played under hot environmental conditions and it is thought that addition of carbohydrate to fluids may prevent adverse changes in mucosal immune responses. Carbohydrate supplementation before and at regular intervals whilst performing soccer-specific intermittent exercise at 30°C, did not influence s-IgA responses or salivary cortisol when compared to placebo. In view of the failure of these experimental interventions to discern effects on s-IgA responses, a meta-analysis of the literature was conducted. The meta-analysis revealed an overall elevation in s-IgA concentration post acute exercise and following chronic exercise. In contrast, in term of s-IgA secretion rate, an overall significant decline after both acute and chronic exercise was a consistent finding. In conclusion, one exercise bout or repeated soccer-specific intermittent exercise in the present experiments did not induce compromises in s-IgA responses. There was no adverse effect upon s-IgA responses to intermittent exercise performance under conditions of heat stress with or without carbohydrate treatment. Although, 32 percent of studies included in the meta-analysis have indicated similar results, the disparity with overall findings may arise from differences in the exercise protocols used and/or bias for s-IgA changes in published studies.
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Kourie, Alan. "Epidemiology and risk factors for illness in athletes participating in sport tournaments or competitions - a specific focus on Rugby Union." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16552.
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Includes bibliographical references<br>Background: Illness in athletes is an inevitable part of participation in sports, and can significantly interfere with training, during tournaments or at competition time. The incidence of illness in sports varies in different sporting codes and across different tournaments and competitions. The Super Rugby competition is a particularly demanding 16-week tournament among countries in the Southern Hemisphere, and is associated with a high incidence of illness. In this tournament, 15 rugby union teams compete and play international level matches every week, which involves travel across numerous time zones and therefore may be associated with a higher incidence of illness in players. Objective: The main objectives of this dissertation were to 1) review the epidemiology and risk factors for illness in athletes participating in tournaments or competitions, and 2) determine which intrinsic risk factors predispose players to illness during the 2010 Super Rugby tournament. Methods: This dissertation consisted of two main phases. In phase I, a systematic review of the literature was undertaken, using evidence-based criteria, to determine which risk factors predispose athletes to illness during tournaments. In phase II, a prospective cohort research study was undertaken, involving 239 players from South Africa and New Zealand, over the 16-week duration of the 2010 Super 14 Rugby Union tournament. For phase II, a pre-season medical questionnaire was administered to determine baseline medical data. Collection of data then took place each day of the competition, beginning 7 days before the first game the team played, and ending when each team played their final game. Each team physician completed a daily "medical illness log" for every player. Booklets were supplied that contained daily illness report forms. Results: The main findings of the review (phase I) were good evidence (level I and II) indicating that 1) international travel, and the duration of a tournament are extrinsic risk factors for illness in athletes, and 2) that prolonged and high intensity training, older age, and nutritional deficiencies are intrinsic risk factors for illness in athletes. The main findings of the prospective cohort study (phase II) were that an increased number of training days in the 2 weeks before the tournament was an independent risk factor for any illness, respiratory system illness, and digestive system illness; the % time spent on endurance training in the 15 weeks before the tournament was an additional independent risk factor associated with respiratory system illness; the use of anti-inflammatory medication was an independent risk factor associated with respiratory system illness. Summary and conclusion: In summary, novel intrinsic risk factors for illness in rugby players participating in the Super Rugby tournament were training more days/hours per week in the 2 weeks before the tournament, as well as endurance-type training 15 weeks before the tournament. These data can form the basis of planning preventative strategies to reduce the risk of illness in the Super Rugby tournament.
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Purvis, Alison Jane. "Thermoregulation during soccer specific intermittent exercise : the effects of clothing and environment." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5122/.
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Team sports such as soccer follow an intermittent pattern of exercise, which is known to place greater demands on thermoregulation than continuous exercise of a similar intensity. Time to exhaustion has been shown to be dependent upon environmental temperature, while clothing is known to create a microenvironment at the surface of the skin. The aim of this thesis was to determine the thermoregulatory response to soccer-specific intermittent exercise during different conditions of clothing and environment. The thermal and physiological responses of the feet to continuous and soccer-specific intermittent exercise were evaluated. Intermittent exercise was found to induce an increase in foot skin temperature of a greater magnitude than during continuous exercise of the same overall intensity- The findings indicate that the foot maintains an altered thermoregulatory response not evident elsewhere on the human body. The localised and whole-body physiological and thermal responses to soccer footwear were examined during soccer-specific intermittent exercise. Soccer footwear does not have a significantly detrimental effect on physiological responses compared to training shoes. Nevertheless, there was evidence of increased thermal strain when wearing the soccer boot, which may become significant in a hot environment. Similarly, the localised and whole-body physiological and thermal responses of the hands were evaluated when wearing goal keeping gloves during simulated goalkeeper activity- Goalkeepers' gloves restrict heat loss from the hand and in order to alleviate this problem, phase control materials (PCM's) have been developed to reduce heat load and maintain a comfortable skin temperature. All sites of skin measurement, except mean body skin temperature, showed uniformly that a PCM glove caused a greater increase in skin temperature than a glove with normal foam material. Therefore, the particular specification of PCM used in this study promoted heat gain rather than the intended heat loss and was therefore inappropriate to enhance thermal comfort when used in a goalkeeper's glove. The effects of three different environmental conditions (10°C, 20°C and 30°C) on soccer-specific intermittent exercise were examined, Results showed that the physiological strain-associated with soccer-specific intermittent exercise is greatest in the heat (30°C) with parameters such as heart rate, mean skin temperature, rating of perceived exertion, thermal perception, change in body mass and skin blood flow all lowest during exercise in the cool. Exercise in the cool condition (10°C) may be the optimal environment for performance of soccer-specific intermittent exercise, A significant relation was found between core temperature and prolactin (marker of brain serotonin activity) suggesting that central serotinergic mechanisms of fatigue may play a role in exercise performance during soccer-specific intermittent activity performed in the heat. The effects of traditional soccer fabrics and technical fabrics on the physiological and thermoregulatory responses to soccer-specific intermittent exercise were evaluated. Analysis revealed that slight differences between traditional and technical clothing ensembles in physiological parameters, such as heart rate, mean skin temperature, body mass loss and rating of perceived exertion, were not significant. Therefore, wearing technical fabric clothing gives no particular benefit over a traditional fabric ensemble. In The lack of differences between clothing materials lead to the conclusion that an elite soccer team competing under extremes of temperature in international climates would be best advised to concentrate on proper acclimatisations nutrition and fluid replacement strategies prior to competition than on the specifics of clothing design.
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Tanaka, LeeAnn Chaddock Laura Cullen Christine. "The effects of sport specific exercise on cognition investigating the P300 and the lateral readiness potential /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/743.
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Enright, Kevin Joseph. "The impact of concurrent-training on the physiological adaptations to sport specific exercise in elite footballers." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4375/.
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Elite football players are required to train multiple metabolic and physical parameters simultaneously. Due to the nature of the competition schedule and training time available players often perform sports-specific endurance-training and high-load, low repetition resistance-training on the same day (Hoff et al., 2006). Empirical evidence highlights that when two disparate forms of muscular contraction are trained within the same training cycle, adaptations in strength and power related variables can become blunted - a situation most commonly referred to as the ‘interference phenomenon’ (Hickson, 1980). Experimental data suggest the organisation of each training stimulus can modulate the training response and exacerbate the ‘interference phenomenon’. However at present few data exist concerning how elite football teams currently organise their concurrent-training programmes. Furthermore to the authors’ knowledge no practical guidelines exist as to minimise the interference phenomenon within the constraints of the applied football environment. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of training organisation on the acute and chronic responses to football-specific concurrent exercise programmes in elite football players. Initially we conducted a pilot study (chapter 3) to observe the concurrent-training strategies currently in place at a professional football club. The study had two aims (1) to describe the training frequency and training load across the first 10 weeks of a competitive season and (2) to characterise the acute organisation of training and nutritional intake around concurrent-training. It was found that training frequency and volume was greatest during the initial three weeks of the observation. Following this training frequency and training load decreased significantly. Although, following the decrease in training load there were no between week fluctuations in training load. Together, these results suggested that the reduced ‘pre-season period’ (i.e. 3 weeks) and the lack of fluctuation in training volume and intensity from weeks 4 to 10 may not be optimal for longer-term muscle performance (Fleck, 1999). The secondary findings from this study demonstrated that when concurrent-training was performed on the same day, the order of aerobic and resistance exercise, the nutritional availability and the recovery period between training sessions was unsystematic. It was thought that this approach to the organisation of concurrent-training may not have been optimal for longer term muscle adaptation. Collectively, this study showed that despite large investment in sports science departments and highly experienced coaches, the application of periodised and well-structured training is not always possible. The lack of systematic training and nutritional intake observed at this football club could have exacerbated the ‘interference phenomenon’ and subsequently been sub-optimal for longer term muscle adaptation and athlete performance. The purpose of study 1 and 2 (chapters 5 & 6) was to investigate if the concurrent exercise protocols previously observed could modulate the ‘interference phenomenon’. In a series of studies we investigated the muscular adaptations following 5 weeks of strength-training performed either before or after football-specific endurance-training (‘S + E’ and ‘E + S’). It was found that improvements in strength and power related variables become blunted in the S + E training group. It was hypothesised that the between group differences could be explained by the differences in muscle architecture adaptation observed in the E + S training group. As both training groups completed similar training loads it was thought that the recovery period and nutrient timing associated with each training group could have either ‘enhanced’ or ‘blunted’ underlying adaptive mechanisms respectively.
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Suarez, Dylan G., Satoshi Mizuguchi, William Guy Hornsby, Aaron J. Cunanan, Donald J. Marsh, and Michael H. Stone. "Phase- Specific Changes in Rate of Force Development and Muscle Morphology throughout a Block Periodized Training Cycle in Weightlifters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6292.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinetic and morphological adaptations that occur during distinct phases of a block periodized training cycle in weightlifters. Athlete monitoring data from nine experienced collegiate weightlifters was used. Isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) and ultrasonography (US) results were compared to examine the effects of three specific phases of a training cycle leading up to a competition. During the high volume strength-endurance phase (SE) small depressions in rate of force development (RFD) but statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in vastus lateralis cross-sectional area (CSA), and body mass (BM) were observed. The lower volume higher intensity strength-power phase (SP) caused RFD to rebound above pre-training cycle values despite statistically significant reductions in CSA. Small to moderate increases only in the earlier RFD time bands (<150 >ms) occurred during the peak/taper phase (PT) while CSA and BM were maintained. Changes in IMTP RFD and CSA from US reflected the expected adaptations of block periodized training phases. Changes in early (<100 >ms) and late (≥150 ms) RFD time bands may not occur proportionally throughout different training phases. Small increases in RFD and CSA can be expected in well-trained weightlifters throughout a single block periodized training cycle.
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Richards, Joanna C. "An investigation of the Morganroth hypothesis to establish if heart adaptation is exercise specific." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/271398.
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The investigation of exercise specific left ventricular (LV) adaptations to training have been predominantly cross sectional in design. The purpose of the current thesis was to investigate LV adaptations to short term (6-9 weeks) training to establish if any changes are exercise specific. A correlation study was used to investigate correlations between cardiac variables and MAXOV2&(study 1). Cardiac variables were found to be the strongest predictors for absolute MAXOV2&, MAXOV2&BM and MAXOV2&FFM in cyclists compared to the total sample or sedentary group, predicting 79% (p<0.01), 70% (p<0.01) and 77% (p<0.01) of the variance, respectively. Secondly, it was found that when MAXOV2& was scaled to body mass (BM) or fat free mass (FFM) cardiac variables predicted less of the variance than for absolute MAXOV2&, for all groups. Study 2 investigated the hypothesis that there would be no evidence of LV hypertrophy when there was no increase in FFM. This was achieved by taking sedentary participants through a resistance training programme of 6 weeks duration to control for increases in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Both resting systolic blood pressure (sBP; p = 0.01, d = 1.19) and diastolic blood pressure (dBP; p = 0.029, d = 0.88) were significantly reduced following the 6 weeks resistance training. One repetition maximum (1RM) bench press significantly increased (p = 0.00, d = -1.44) as did 1 RM parallel squat strength (p = 0.00, d = -1.86), with no associated increases in relative FFM (p = 0.45) or absolute LM (p = 0.87). There was no adaptation to LV morphology (p>0.05), however early diastolic function changed with a significant decrease in peak E wave (p = 0.00, d = 1.94). Study 3 compared differences in the time course of the initial adaptations to LV structure and function during 9 weeks of aerobic, resistance and combination exercise ii training, to establish whether LV adaptations are exercise specific. The resistance and combination groups demonstrated increases in relative wall thickness (p = 0.021, ηp2 = 0.408; p = 0.004, d = -1.06, respectively). PWd also significantly increased in the combination group (p = 0.032, ηp2 = 0.301); however there were no structural adaptations evident in the aerobic group (p > 0.05). In contrast, the aerobic group demonstrated functional adaptations with a decrease in A wave (p = 0.44, d = 0.87) as did the combination group (p = 0.002, ηp2 = 0.407). The results of the training studies showed limited support for the Morganroth Hypothesis as structural adaptations demonstrated LV remodelling of the myocardial tissue, with no increase in LV mass. Further to this, combination training appears to have an additive effect of LV adaptations of both aerobic and resistance training.
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Howland, Lucinda Jayne. "The effect of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure, with specific reference to peripheral vascular function and structure." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16256/.
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Isometric exercise training has been shown to bring about beneficial reductions in resting blood pressure, however the physiological mechanism responsible remain equivocal. It is currently unknown whether isometric exercise training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure are associated with improvements in vascular endothelial function and structure. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of an 8-week isometric exercise training intervention on resting blood pressure, conduit artery vascular endothelial function, artery diameter and blood flow patterns at rest. Fourteen healthy young males (mean age: 23 ± 4 years; body mass: 80.7 ± 11.0kg; height: 178.8 ± 6.2cm) completed 8-weeks of isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training at high intensity (105.4% 2-min torquepeak). Three exercise sessions were performed each week and each session consisted of four 2-minute isometric muscular contractions each separated by a 3-minute recovery period. Resting blood pressure was measured using brachial artery oscillometric methods at pre, mid and post intervention. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation and resting artery diameter and blood flow were assessed at pre, week 2, mid, week 6 and post intervention using high-resolution duplex Doppler ultrasound. Total peripheral resistance and cardiac output were determined at pre and post intervention using high-resolution echocardiography. A generalised estimating equation analysis was used to estimate the effect of exercise versus non-exercise intervention over time on resting blood pressure, brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation, artery diameter and blood flow, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training reduced resting systolic blood pressure (training: 117 vs. control: 121 mmHg) (P=0.002) and resting mean arterial pressure (training: 88 vs. control: 91 mmHg) (P=0.001) following 4 weeks of exercise training compared to the control condition. Brachial artery flowmediated vasodilatation was increased (mid training: 8.65 ± 1.02% vs. mid control: 6.38 ± 1.14%) (P=0.011). Superficial femoral artery diameter, antegrade blood flow and antegrade shear rate were increased (all P≤0.05), whilst superficial femoral retrograde shear rate was decreased (P=0.013) following 2 weeks of exercise training compared to the control condition. There were no significant condition by time interactions observed in resting blood pressure, vascular endothelial function, artery diameter or blood flow patterns following 8 weeks of exercise training (all P≥0.05). Cardiac output was not significantly different following 8 weeks of exercise training (P=0.148). Total peripheral resistance was increased following 8 weeks of exercise training compared to the non-exercising control condition (P=0.054). Isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training can effectively lower resting blood pressure and increase conduit artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in healthy young men after 4 weeks with a concomitant reduction in resting blood pressure. These beneficial adaptations were no longer evident from mid to post exercise training in healthy normotensive young men.
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Noorkoiv, Marika. "Neuromuscular adaptations of joint angle-specific force change after isometric training." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/531.
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Increases in force production in response to isometric training typically occur at or around the joint angles adopted during the training, but the mechanisms underpinning this have not yet been fully elucidated. This PhD thesis project investigated the mechanisms underpinning joint angle-specific strength changes after isometric training, focussing on muscle region-specific cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle fascicle length (Lf) and muscle activation adaptations. For this, the validity and reliability of a two-dimensional extended-field-of-view ultrasonography (EFOV) method for measuring muscle CSA (Study 1) and Lf (Study 2) were examined. Small standard errors of measurement (SEM) and high intra-class correlations (ICCs) were found for CSA measurements (0.6-1.2% and 0.95-0.99, respectively) at proximal and mid-thigh (30, 40 and 50% of the distance from the superior border of the patella to the medial aspect of anterior superior iliac spine) but not distal sections and CSA measurements were very similar to those obtained using computed tomography scanning. Small SEMs and high ICCs were also obtained for Lf measurements (0.8% and 0.95, respectively), and they were accurate when compared to directly-measured swine muscle fascicles. Nonetheless, because of the time required for EFOV CSA scanning and its unreliability for the distal quadriceps (despite a high ICC, the 95% CI of ICC at 20% section = -0.04-0.99), MRI was used for CSA measurement in the subsequent study.
The third study aimed to examine joint angle-specific neuromuscular adaptations in response to isometric knee extension training at short (SL; !knee = 38.1 ± 3.7°) versus long (LL; !knee = 87.5 ± 6.0°) muscle lengths. Sixteen men trained three times a week for six weeks at a knee angle at which peak muscle force (i.e. quadriceps torque/moment arm) was 80% of the peak force obtained at the optimum joint angle. Clear joint angle specificity was seen in SL (force increased 13.4 ± 2.4% at 40°), which was associated with an increase in VL EMG around the training (40°; 26.4 ± 15.5%) and adjacent (50°; 22.5 ± 14.9%) angles, without a shift in the electrically evoked force-angle relationship or changes in muscle size. In contrast, increases in force in LL occurred at angles further from the training angle and varied between subjects. Also, muscle volume and CSA increased significantly and the changes in CSA of specific muscle regions were correlated with the changes in peak force produced at both 30° and at 100°. This occurred with small changes in vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscle EMG activity and no detectable change in coactivation, thus selective regional muscle hypertrophy was most associated with the direction of shift in the force-length relationship. A small (5.4 ± 1.4%) and similar increase in Lf was found in both groups, which was not associated with angle-specific force changes. The effect of isometric training on the concentric torque-velocity relationship was examined in Study 4 to determine whether the isometric training influenced dynamic force production. Isokinetic torque at seven velocities (30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300°"s-1) was assessed at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Torque increased only in LL, and only at slow angular velocities (30 - 120°"s-1). The change in torque correlated well with changes in VL, VM and RF CSA, although there was little relationship with Lf. There was no change in angle of peak isokinetic torque.
These results reveal a different mechanism of joint angle–specific adaptation between training at short versus long muscle lengths; neural adaptations underpinned changes after training at short quadriceps lengths but muscular (hypertrophic) changes predominated after training at long lengths. Importantly, clear angle specificity was only observed after training at the short length, although muscle mass acquisition and improvements in dynamic muscle force production were elicited only after training at longer lengths. Thus, although specificity is reduced, greater functional benefit appears to be derived after training at longer lengths. Further research is required to determine why some individuals improved force production at shorter muscle lengths after training only at longer muscle lengths and whether such ‘nonspecificity’ can be predicted before training.
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Owens, Ethan Monroe. "Use of Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull to Determine Asymmetrical Strength Differences in NCAA D-I Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1370.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of isometric mid-thigh pulls to determine lower-limb asymmetrical strength differences in NCAA D-I athletes. Sixty-six subjects (40 males and 26 females) performed 2 maximal effort isometric pulls over two force plates sampling at 1000 Hz each. Peak force was scaled for body weight, and rate of force development was examined from 0-200ms. Results of the study show subjects' produced significantly greater scaled force with the left leg as compared to the right leg; however, no significant differences existed for rate of force development (RFD). Men exhibited significant differences between both scaled peak force and RFD, while women only showed significant differences in scaled peak force. Of the 66 subjects tested, 6 subjects (5 men and 1 woman) exhibited percent differences of 15% or greater asymmetry for scaled peak force. The results indicate that isometric mid-thigh pulls are a way to show the presence of asymmetries in D-I athletes.
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Chuan, Tew See, and 張詩銓. "The Effect of Six-weeks Sling Instability Exercise Training on Sports-specific Physical Ability and Sport Performance for Tennis Players." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53906940456533613231.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>運動健康研究所<br>98<br>Background: Around the international tennis championship, Taiwanese tennis player’s performance are excellent. Players in the international arena will be more competitive if the training can be supplemented by scientific methods.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate six-week sling instability exercise training on sports-specific physical ability and sport performance for tennis players. Methods: Sixteen male tennis players were participated in this study and divided into training group (N=8, average years: 18.3 ± 1.8 years) and control group (N=8, average years: 21.0 ± 2.1 years). The subjects of training
group held three times a week, a total of six-weeks sling instability training. The participants were assessed before and after six-weeks training. the assessment items included physical ability(medicine ball throw, forward and backward-run,lower back strength, agility and coordination), balance, lumbar proprioception,and sports-specific performance (maximum serve speed, average serve speed,
serve stability, speed and accuracy of forehand, backhand stroke in straight line and diagonal line from court baseline). Independent t test was used to determine
the improve differences between the training group and control group. Results:
The results had revealed that significantly differences was showed in medicine ball throwing, balance ability, lumbar proprioception, the average serve speed,speed and accuracy of backhand stroke in diagonal line from court baseline
between training and control group(p &lt;.05). Conclusion: Three times a week for six-week sling instability exercise training could effectively enhance the sports-specific physical ability, balance, lumbar proprioception and sport
performance for tennis player.
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"THE EFFICACY OF LENTILS AS A PRE-EXERCISE MEAL FOR ATHLETES OF HIGH INTENSITY SOCCER-SPECIFIC INTERMITTENT EXERCISE." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2013-03-936.
Full textAbstract:
This work examined lentils as an optimal and acceptable pre-exercise meal for athletes of high intensity intermittent exercise. Thirteen male athletes participated in 4 simulated soccer trials with a repeated-measures crossover design. Along with a fasted control condition, isocaloric lentil, potato & egg white, or potato meals providing 1.5 g total carbohydrate/kg were consumed 2-h before the trials. Pre-exercise meal sensory acceptability and digestive tolerability were measured throughout testing with fixed-point scales: A sensory test meal analysis and gastrointestinal digestive symptom rating scale. Participant demographics, nutrition knowledge, and psychosocial perceptions towards lentils were assessed with a questionnaire. Distance covered on a 5 x 1 min repeated sprint test (2.5 min rest) at the end of the soccer trial assessed exercise performance. The Borg Scale (0-20) determined ratings of perceived exertion during exercise testing. Barriers toward pulse-based meal consumption negatively correlated with weekly pulse consumption (r=-0.902, p <0.05), while a positive correlation existed between beneficial beliefs of pulse-based meal consumption and weekly pulse consumption (r=0.620, p <0.05). Participants consumed an average of 79.5 ± 1.8% of each meal. The meals were perceived large in size and cumbersome to ingest by the participants, and no between meal differences were observed (p>0.05). The lentil meal was not as appealing in aroma, appearance, or flavour compared to the potato meal, but no different than the potato & egg meal (p>0.05). Lentil consumption resulted in a minimal increase in nausea compared to the other conditions (1.0, 0.54, 0.31 and 0.08, for lentil, potato & egg, potato, and control, respectively, p<0.05). Initially after consumption, all meals resulted in more bloating and fullness, and less hunger than control (p<0.05). Improved overall exercise performance was proportional with greater pre-exercise meal energy (r = 0.68, p <0.05) and carbohydrate intake (r = 0.67, p<0.05). Pre–exercise consumption of the low glycemic index lentil meal, as well as the two high glycemic pre-exercise meals, resulted in improved total sprint distances compared to the fasted control condition (p<0.05). The comparative sensory acceptability, digestive tolerability and similar performance outcomes of the lentil meal to the other pre-exercise meals indicates lentils may be a suitable pre-exercise meal for athletes of high intensity intermittent exercise.
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Graham, Scott. "Monitoring Strategies for Predicting Position-Specific Match Performance in State-Level Netball Athletes." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/40032/.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Monitoring athlete performance in training and competition can assist conditioning professionals and sport scientists to enhance performance outcomes whilst also minimising the risk of injury, illness and non-functional overreaching. Yet the monitoring of athletes to improve position-specific match performance has never been investigated in the team-sport of netball. Aims: This thesis aims to examine the extent to which three common forms of athlete monitoring relate to match performance in state-level netball athletes, providing practitioners with guidelines for maximising performance outcomes.
Study 1 - Purpose: To determine any substantial differences in physical capacities between positional groups within the state-level netball cohort of this thesis, to justify an investigation into position-specific monitoring strategies for enhancing match performance. Methods: Forty-six state-level netball athletes completed physical capacity assessments in the second week of their preseason, over two-seasons. Tests included stature, 20 m sprint (with 5 m and 10 m splits), 505-change-of-direction, countermovement jump, single-leg bounding and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level One. Results: There were numerous substantial differences between positions with mid-court athletes typically displaying the greatest overall physical capacity followed by defenders then shooters.
Study 2 - Purpose: To investigate the reliability of a tracking metric (Player LoadTM) within a court-based sport environment, to determine its efficacy for objectively investigating activity profiles within state-level netball matches by position. Methods: Eighteen state-level netball athletes’ accelerations were tracked with two accelerometers, each housed within an athlete tracking unit (OptimEye S5, Catapult Sports, Australia), taped together with axes aligned during netball match-play. Results: The inter-device Player LoadTM was reliable with the typical error was 5.9 (90% compatibility limits (CL) 5.2 to 6.7), with the CV 4.8% being well below the SWD of 8.2%.
Study 3 - Purpose: To utilise the Player LoadTM metric to determine substantial differences between positions by analysing the peak intensities during state-level netball matches, to further justify an investigation into position-specific monitoring strategies for enhancing match performance. Methods: Twenty-eight netball athletes wore an accelerometer (S5 Optimeye, Catapult sports) for all matches, in one season. Peak Player LoadTM was quantified over 30-seconds and one to ten-minute time periods. Results: Across all time periods post 30-seconds, only one comparison was not meaningfully different i.e., three-thirds v two-thirds at the one-minute timepoint (effect size: 0.27, CL -0.05 to 0.60).
Study 4 - Purpose: Following a strong justification for investigating position-specific monitoring strategies to enhance match performance, this study aimed to determine the extent to which performance indicators, coach ratings and their combination predict match outcome in netball. Methods: Two seasons worth (39-40 matches) of performance indicators and coach ratings were collected for players of a state-level netball club with one team in each of three divisions (27 championship, 23 division-one, and 19 19-&-under females). There were five performance measures being coach weighted performance indicators (CWPI) and a novel equal weighting (EWPI); coach ratings of overall performance; multiple linear regression was also used to derive correlations for combinations of coach rating with the CWPI and with the EWPI. Results: For team performance the combination of EWPI and coach rating was the strongest predictor of points differential. No measure of position-specific match performance was consistently related to points differential across all three teams.
Study 5 Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which three monitoring strategies predict five measures of position-specific match performance. Methods: State-level netball athletes (n = 46, age = 20.29 ± 4.15 years) were monitored over a two-year period and were split into three position groups (defenders, mid-courts and shooters). Training load (sessional rate-of-perceived exertion), wellness questionnaires and CMJ were collected. All five predictor measures from Study 4 were the criterion for position-specific match performance. Results: Training load dose was the only monitoring tool related to match performance for all three position groups. There were no substantial relationships between wellness questionnaires and match performance for any group. Only shooters were found to have substantial relationships between CMJ and match performance.
Thesis conclusions: Netball athletes have substantial differences in physical capacities dependent on positions played. The peak intensities reached during match-play is also substantially different for positions. There is no superior approach for match performance assessment in netball for predicting points differential. The monitoring of training load doses provides important information for coaching and conditioning staff to predict future match performance for all position groups. The use of wellness questionnaire data does not provide useful information for predicting an athlete’s match performance. Finally, only shooters demonstrated a relationship between CMJ and match performance. The findings of this thesis indicate that to enhance match performance in netball, a position-specific monitoring approach is required.
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(9826058), Michael Pengelly. "The effect of chronotype on sport-specific performance in professional basketball players." Thesis, 2022. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/The_effect_of_chronotype_on_sport-specific_performance_in_professional_basketball_players/19567663.
Full textAbstract:
Circadian rhythm refers to the biological processes that regulate the sleep/wake cycle and the 24-h oscillations that occur in several psychobiological responses. Differences in the diurnal variation in responses regarding circadian rhythms across individuals has led to the establishment of three distinguished chronotypes: morning types (M-types), neither types (N types), and evening types (E-types). Variations in acrophases of several physiological variables associated with each chronotype has led to the notion that peak athletic performance varies according to time of day in a chronotype-specific manner. Limited research has examined the effect of chronotype on sport-specific performance with most data exploring the effect on diurnal variation on sport-specific skills. Most data exploring the effect of diurnal variation on sport-specific skills indicate that a preference for neither morningness or eveningness (N types), is associated with superior performance between the afternoon and evening. Preliminary data examining the role of chronotype on sport-specific skill performance suggest morningness (M-types) is associated with superior performance earlier in the day (<14:00h), while a preference for eveningness (E-types) is associated with superior performance at night (>20:00h). However, no research has examined the effect of chronotype on basketball specific performance according to time of day. This is of particular importance to basketball teams in various leagues where players are exposed to fluctuating schedules across the season requiring completion of games with a variety of start times typically alternating between the afternoon and evening. Thus, the aims of this research were to 1) examine diurnal variations in shooting accuracy between chronotypes at different times of the day and, 2) identify the effect of evening games (>18:00h) on in-game basketball performance between different chronotypes in male basketball players.
Professional basketball players (n = 13) were recruited from the same team registered in the National Basketball League (NBL) and each player completed a Horne-Östberg Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (HÖ-MEQ) to determine their self-reported chronotype. Three players were categorised as M-types, nine players as N-types, and one player as an E-type. To examine differences in shooting accuracy between chronotypes according to time of day, players completed a shooting accuracy test consisting of 100 shots from five different locations
on separate days in the morning (08:00h-09:30h) and afternoon (15:00-16:30h). To equilibrate sample sizes, the data were split into tertiles for analysis (Anderson et al., 2018), where five players were assigned to the first tertile representing the M-types (HÖ-MEQ >54), four players were assigned to the second tertile representing the N-types (HÖ-MEQ 47-53), and four players were assigned to the third tertile representing the E-types (HÖ-MEQ <46). Shooting accuracy
in each test was determined via the cumulative score of the 100 shots using a 0–3-point scoring scale classifying each shot’s accuracy. To examine differences between chronotypes in in game performance during evening games played after 18:00h, box score data from the 2019/20 season (31 games) were retrieved and analysed. Using the results of each player’s HÖ-MEQ score (n = 11), players were split into M-types (n = 4) and N-types (n = 6). Due to only one player identifying as an E-type, E-type data were excluded from the analysis of in-game performance. In this way, separate linear mixed models were conducted to determine the effect
of chronotype (fixed effect) on each player (random effect).
Results from the shooting accuracy testing revealed no significant (p >0.05) differences in shooting accuracy scores between chronotype groups in either the morning or afternoon testing sessions. However, effect size analysis showed each chronotype group shot more accurately (small-large effects) in the morning trial (M-types: 213.0; N-types: 218.0; E-types: 206.0) compared to the afternoon trial (M-types: 201.5; N-types: 211.5; E-types: 191.0). Findings
regarding the in-game analyses revealed no significant (p >0.05) differences in in-game performance between M-type and N-type chronotype groups. However, effect size analysis yielded small to very large differences in 3-point shots made and attempted, assists, and steals in favour of N-types compared to M-types during games.
Shooting accuracy at different times of the day and in-game performance during the evening appear to be largely unaffected by chronotype among professional, male basketball players. The lack of observed effects suggest coaching staff may not need to closely consider player chronotype when scheduling training sessions or developing match strategies to optimise player shooting accuracy or in-game performance. However, considering the plausible effect of the time at which habitual training sessions are conducted (i.e., morning) on shooting accuracy, coaching staff may endeavour to schedule training sessions in line with that of times that games are typically held to ensure greatest specificity in aligning player circadian rhythms to competition.
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Rosa, David João Varela. "Da organização e gestão do processo de treino e competição à prevenção de lesões no futebol : relatório final de estágio profissionalizante realizado na equipa de juniores de futebol do Casa Pia Atlético Clube na época desportiva 2014-2015." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9936.
Full textAbstract:
Este relatório espelha o trabalho desenvolvido no estágio curricular de aprofundamento das competências profissionais em futebol, no Casa Pia Atlético Clube – equipa de juniores – integrado no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, da Faculdade de Motricidade Humana.
A atividade profissional foi desenvolvida nos domínios do planeamento do trabalho de hipertrofia, recuperação e reintegração progressiva dos atletas lesionados, treino específico para cada posição e planeamento de exercícios específicos.
O relatório inicia-se com uma revisão da literatura que suporta a prática profissional, composta por três áreas: a área 1 diz respeito à organização e gestão do processo de treino e competição, onde são abordadas as tarefas relativas à conceção dos ciclos de treino, condução das sessões e avaliação do processo e do produto; na área 2 apresenta-se um estudo de investigação realizado no âmbito das lesões no futebol; por último, a área 3 ilustra o evento de sensibilização para o trabalho propriocetivo na prevenção de entorses do tornozelo em jogadores juniores. Apesar de não se verificarem diferenças significativas entre o GC e o GE sugere-se que o treino propriocetivo é benéfico na prevenção de entorses do tornozelo.
Este estágio proporcionou uma oportunidade única para a aprendizagem e experiências fundamentais para o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.<br>Abstract: This report reflects the work at traineeship for improvement of professional skills in football performed at Casa Pia Atlético Clube – junior team – and is included in the Master in Sports Training at Faculty of Human Kinetics.
Professional practice has been developed in the fields of planning hypertrophy’s work, recovery and gradual reintegration of injured athletes, specific training for each position and design of specific exercises.
The report begins with a review of the literature that supports professional practice and is structured in three themes: theme 1 concerning the organization and management of training process and competition, where tasks related to the design of training cycles are addressed, leading of sessions and the evaluation of process and product; theme 2 presents a research study on football injuries; finally, theme 3 shows the awareness event for proprioceptive work in preventing ankle sprains in junior players. Despite there are no significant differences between control group and experimental group it is suggested that the proprioceptive work is beneficial in preventing ankle sprains.
This traineeship provided a unique opportunity for learning and fundamental experiences both for personal and professional development.
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O'Driscoll, Tea. "Exploring cultural variables affecting sport and physical activity behaviours of Karen refugees in Australia : applying a culturally specific approach to active lifestyles." Thesis, 2016. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/33040/.
Full textAbstract:
Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities; refugees in particular, have complex health concerns and may be at increased risks of developing lifestyle diseases such as type II diabetes. Yet, in Australia, these groups are not participating in the recommended amount of regular sport and physical activity (PA) to obtain important health benefits. Researchers have suggested that this may be due to various factors, some of which are synonymous with the general population (e.g., cost, time). However, the influence of cultural variables and the process of resettlement on refugees’ participation in sport and PA in Australia is relatively unexplored. This project aims to investigate such variables amongst recently arrived Karen refugees, whose cultural and ethnic background is distant from traditional Australian’s backgrounds. The Karen have been arriving to Australia in significant numbers over the last few years, and thus local service providers commonly work with the group. In-depth interviews, PA diaries and a family PA intervention were undertaken as part of this PhD project. The thesis argues that cultural background and the process of acculturation in a culturally distant country significantly impact on PA participation for the Karen. Concepts of identity, values, and differences in lifestyles between ‘back home’ and Australia are important considerations for service providers working with the Karen. The culturally specific PA pilot program was implemented effectively, suggesting that participation may be encouraged in this group through similar programs, if they are appropriate and meaningful for the participants. This PhD project suggests that obtaining an in-depth understanding of a target group’s culture and social context is important in developing and implementing effective culturally specific PA programs for CALD communities.
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Jaffrey, Mark Andrew. "Estimating centre of mass trajectory and subject-specific body segment parameters using optimisation approaches." 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1425/1/jaffrey.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Whole body dynamics analyses are compromised by various error sources including body segment parameter (BSP) and ground reaction force (GRF) measurement errors. This research employed nonlinear optimisation techniques, attempting to account for such errors and, thus, improve dynamical representation of whole body movement activities. The first experiments demonstrated new optimisation-based integration approaches (IA optimisation methods) for determining whole body centre of mass (CM) trajectory based on double numerical integration of acceleration data derived exclusively from GRF measurements. The zero-point-to-zero-point (ZPZP) method of representing CM horizontal trajectory (King and Zatsiorsky, 1997; Zatsiorsky and Duarte, 2000) was modified by including a GRF measurement offset error term and other design variables in an optimisation process for determining CM trajectory relative to centre of pressure data. Much smoother, more realistic CM trajectory was produced by the new ZPZP IA optimisation method. New IA optimisation techniques for estimating CM trajectory during jumping activities were also demonstrated. The vertical dimension methods were all appropriate for determining transient jump performance parameters commonly calculated in jumping assessments (Hatze, 1998), including CM jump height, work and power. The final experiment presented methods of optimising inverse dynamics analyses by selecting optimal GRF measurement offset error terms and BSPs. Feasible and realistic GRF offset error terms were invariably produced. However, approximately 50% of all estimated BSPs were unrealistic under most tested conditions. Improved modelling and more contemporary motion capture technology may improve results, and may ultimately lead to the development of a versatile, relatively non-invasive and subject-specific BSP estimation method.
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Jaffrey, Mark Andrew. "Estimating centre of mass trajectory and subject-specific body segment parameters using optimisation approaches." Thesis, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1425/.
Full textAbstract:
Whole body dynamics analyses are compromised by various error sources including body segment parameter (BSP) and ground reaction force (GRF) measurement errors. This research employed nonlinear optimisation techniques, attempting to account for such errors and, thus, improve dynamical representation of whole body movement activities. The first experiments demonstrated new optimisation-based integration approaches (IA optimisation methods) for determining whole body centre of mass (CM) trajectory based on double numerical integration of acceleration data derived exclusively from GRF measurements. The zero-point-to-zero-point (ZPZP) method of representing CM horizontal trajectory (King and Zatsiorsky, 1997; Zatsiorsky and Duarte, 2000) was modified by including a GRF measurement offset error term and other design variables in an optimisation process for determining CM trajectory relative to centre of pressure data. Much smoother, more realistic CM trajectory was produced by the new ZPZP IA optimisation method. New IA optimisation techniques for estimating CM trajectory during jumping activities were also demonstrated. The vertical dimension methods were all appropriate for determining transient jump performance parameters commonly calculated in jumping assessments (Hatze, 1998), including CM jump height, work and power. The final experiment presented methods of optimising inverse dynamics analyses by selecting optimal GRF measurement offset error terms and BSPs. Feasible and realistic GRF offset error terms were invariably produced. However, approximately 50% of all estimated BSPs were unrealistic under most tested conditions. Improved modelling and more contemporary motion capture technology may improve results, and may ultimately lead to the development of a versatile, relatively non-invasive and subject-specific BSP estimation method.