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Estevan, Isaac, Gonzalo Monfort-Torres, Roman Farana, David Zahradnik, Daniel Jandacka, and Xavier García-Massó. "Children’s Single-Leg Landing Movement Capability Analysis According to the Type of Sport Practiced." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (2020): 6414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176414.
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(1) Background: Understanding children’s motor patterns in landing is important not only for sport performance but also to prevent lower limb injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze children’s lower limb joint angles and impact force during single-leg landings (SLL) in different types of jumping sports using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). (2) Methods: Thirty children (53.33% girls, M = 10.16 years-old, standard deviation (SD) = 1.52) divided into three groups (gymnastics, volleyball and control) participated in the study. The participants were asked to do SLLs with the dominant lower limb (barefoot) on a force plate from a height of 25 cm. The vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and lower limb joint angles were assessed. SPM{F} one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SPM{t} unpaired t-tests were performed during the landing and stability phases. (3) Results: A significant main effect was found in the landing phase of jumping sport practice in GRF and joint angles. During the stability phase, this effect was exhibited in ankle and knee joint angles. (4) Conclusions: Evidence was obtained of the influence of practicing a specific sport in childhood. Child volleyball players performed SLL with lower impact force and higher knee flexion than child gymnasts. Training in specific jumping sports (i.e., volleyball and gymnastics) could affect the individual capacity to adapt SLL execution.
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Huis ‘t Veld, Rianne, Carmen van den Hoven, Erik Maartens, et al. "The Influence of Sport-Specific Fatigue on Neuromuscular Activation and Joint Angles in ACL Reconstructed Knees." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000486018.00698.34.
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Safari, Maedeh, Shahrokh Shojaei, Pedram Tehrani, and Alireza Karimi. "A patient-specific finite element analysis of the anterior cruciate ligament under different flexion angles." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 33, no. 5 (2020): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-191505.
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BACKGROUND: The main responsibility of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is to restore normal knee kinematics and kinetics. Although so far different research has been carried out to measure or quantify the stresses and strains in the ACL experimentally or numerically, there is still a paucity of knowledge in this regard under different flexion angles of the tibiofemoral knee joint. OBJECTIVE: Understanding the stresses and strains within the ACL under various loading and boundary conditions may have a key asset for the development of an optimal surgical treatment of ACL injury that can better restore normal knee function. This study aimed to calculate the stresses and strains within the ACL under different flexion angles using a patient-specific finite element (FE) model of the human tibiofemoral knee joint. METHODS: A patient-specific FE model of the human tibiofemoral knee joint was established using computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging data to calculate the stresses and strains in the ACL under different flexion angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 45∘. RESULTS: Although the role of the flexion angle in the induced stresses and strains of the ACL was insignificant, the highest stress and strain were observed at the flexion angle of 0∘. The concentration of the stresses and strains regardless of the flexion angles were also located at the proximal end of the ACL, where the clinical reports indicated that most ACL tearing occurs there at the femoral insertion site. CONCLUSIONS: The results have implications not only for understanding the stresses and strains within the ACL under different flexion angles, but also for providing preliminary data for the biomechanical and medical experts in regard of the injuries which may occur to the ACL at relatively higher flexion angles.
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Di Paolo, Stefano, Stefano Zaffagnini, Nicola Pizza, Alberto Grassi, and Laura Bragonzoni. "Poor Motor Coordination Elicits Altered Lower Limb Biomechanics in Young Football (Soccer) Players: Implications for Injury Prevention through Wearable Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 13 (2021): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134371.
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Motor coordination and lower limb biomechanics are crucial aspects of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention strategies in football. These two aspects have never been assessed together in real scenarios in the young population. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of motor coordination on lower limb biomechanics in young footballers during an on-the-pitch training. Eighteen juvenile football players (10 y ± 2 m) were enrolled. Each player performed a training drill with sport-specific movements (vertical jump, agility ladders, change of direction) and the Harre circuit test (HCT) to evaluate players’ motor coordination. Wearable inertial sensors (MTw Awinda, Xsens) were used to assess lower limb joint angles and accelerations. Based on the results of the HCT, players were divided into poorly coordinated (PC) and well-coordinated (WC) on the basis of the literature benchmark. The PC group showed a stiffer hip biomechanics strategy (up to 40% lower flexion angle, ES = 2.0) and higher internal-external hip rotation and knee valgus (p < 0.05). Significant biomechanical limb asymmetries were found only in the PC group for the knee joint (31–39% difference between dominant and non-dominant limb, ES 1.6–2.3). Poor motor coordination elicited altered hip and knee biomechanics during sport-specific dynamic movements. The monitoring of motor coordination and on-field biomechanics might enhance the targeted trainings for ACL injury prevention.
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Lum, Danny, and Tiago M. Barbosa. "Brief Review: Effects of Isometric Strength Training on Strength and Dynamic Performance." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 06 (2019): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0863-4539.
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AbstractThis review used a narrative summary of findings from studies that focused on isometric strength training (IST), covering the training considerations that affect strength adaptations and its effects on sports related dynamic performances. IST has been shown to induce less fatigue and resulted in superior joint angle specific strength than dynamic strength training, and benefited sports related dynamic performances such as running, jumping and cycling. IST may be included into athletes’ training regime to avoid getting overly fatigue while still acquiring positive neuromuscular adaptations; to improve the strength at a biomechanically disadvantaged joint position of a specific movement; to improve sports specific movements that require mainly isometric contraction; and when athletes have limited mobility due to injuries. To increase muscle hypertrophy, IST should be performed at 70–75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) with sustained contraction of 3–30 s per repetition, and total contraction duration of>80–150 s per session for>36 sessions. To increase maximum strength, IST should be performed at 80–100% MVC with sustained contraction of 1–5 s, and total contraction time of 30–90 s per session, while adopting multiple joint angles or targeted joint angle. Performing IST in a ballistic manner can maximize the improvement of rate of force development.
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Postnikova, A., Yu Potekhina, A. Kurnikova, E. Tregubova, and D. Mokhov. "FEATURES OF JOINT MOBILITY IN SKIERS AND SKATERS." Human Sport Medicine 19, no. 1 (2019): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190104.
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Aim. Different sports have an ambiguous effect on joint mobility. This article deals with identifying the characteristics of limb joint mobility in skiers and skaters. Materials and methods. 46 athletes (27 skiers and 19 skaters) aged 18–24 participated in the study. All athletes had no complaints regarding their musculoskeletal system. The volume of movements in limb joints was measured with a goniometer. When measuring the angles of flexion and extension of the wrist, as well as plantar flexion and extension, the amplitude was estimated both in active and passive motion. The data obtained were processed with Statistica 10.0 application package and nonparametric statistical methods. Results. In all parameters of the wrist joint (except for passive flexion), statistically significant greater mobility was revealed in skiers (p < 0.0001). The amplitude of active knee flexion was prevalent in skaters (p < 0.0001). Plantar flexion / extension (both active and passive) was also higher in skaters (p < 0.0001) than in skiers. The function of the ankle joint in skaters bears the imprint of a stable motor specialization, which is manifested in the extremely high amplitude of foot extension. In both groups, the angle of wrist flexion, the angle of retraction in the hip joint and the angle of plantar flexion exceeded the norms. This is because these joints are the most used both in skiers and skaters. Conclusions. The features of joint mobility are associated with specific athletic shoes and locomotor specialization for skiers and skaters. Skiers demonstrate the increased mobility of wrist joints, while skaters possess the increased mobility of the knee and ankle.
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Rousanoglou, E., and K. Boudolos. "Sport-specific joint angle effect on the correlations between isometric torque and jumping performance." Journal of Biomechanics 39 (January 2006): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83179-9.
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Harrison, Kathryn, Adam Sima, Ronald Zernicke, et al. "Comparison of Frontal and Transverse Plane Kinematics Related to Knee Injury in Novice Versus Experienced Female Runners." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 37, no. 3 (2021): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2020-0140.
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Novice runners experience a higher incidence of knee injury than experienced runners, which may be related to aberrant frontal and transverse plane kinematics. However, differences in kinematics between novice and experienced runners have not been fully explored. For this study, 10 novice and 10 experienced female runners ran on a treadmill at 2.68 m/s. Ankle, knee, and hip joint angles during the stance phase were measured using a 3-dimensional motion capture system and modeled using cubic splines. Spline models were compared between groups using a generalized linear model (α = .05). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals of the difference between joint angles throughout stance were constructed to identify specific periods of stance where groups differed in joint position. Angle–angle diagrams of ankle and hip position in the frontal and transverse planes were constructed to depict joint coordination. Novice runners displayed less hip adduction, but greater knee abduction and knee internal rotation compared to experienced runners. Differences in knee joint position may be explained by coordination of hip and ankle motion. Greater knee abduction and knee internal rotation displayed by novice runners compared with experienced runners may help to explain their higher risk for injury.
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Di Paolo, Stefano, Nicola Francesco Lopomo, Francesco Della Villa, et al. "Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Assessment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Quantifying Joint Kinematics during Complex High-Speed Tasks through Wearable Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 7 (2021): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072331.
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The aim of the present study was to quantify joint kinematics through a wearable sensor system in multidirectional high-speed complex movements used in a protocol for rehabilitation and return to sport assessment after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury, and to validate it against a gold standard optoelectronic marker-based system. Thirty-four healthy athletes were evaluated through a full-body wearable sensor (MTw Awinda, Xsens) and a marker-based optoelectronic (Vicon Nexus, Vicon) system during the execution of three tasks: drop jump, forward sprint, and 90° change of direction. Clinically relevant joint angles of lower limbs and trunk were compared through Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), and the Coefficient of Multiple Correlation (CMC). An excellent agreement (r > 0.94, CMC > 0.96) was found for knee and hip sagittal plane kinematics in all the movements. A fair-to-excellent agreement was found for frontal (r 0.55–0.96, CMC 0.63–0.96) and transverse (r 0.45–0.84, CMC 0.59–0.90) plane kinematics. Movement complexity slightly affected the agreement between the systems. The system based on wearable sensors showed fair-to-excellent concurrent validity in the evaluation of the specific joint parameters commonly used in rehabilitation and return to sport assessment after ACL injury for complex movements. The ACL professionals could benefit from full-body wearable technology in the on-field rehabilitation of athletes.
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Kipp, Kristof, Josh Redden, Michelle Sabick, and Chad Harris. "Kinematic and Kinetic Synergies of the Lower Extremities During the Pull in Olympic Weightlifting." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 3 (2012): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.3.271.
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The purpose of this study was to identify multijoint lower extremity kinematic and kinetic synergies in weight-lifting and compare these synergies between joints and across different external loads. Subjects completed sets of the clean exercise at loads equal to 65, 75, and 85% of their estimated 1-RM. Functional data analysis was used to extract principal component functions (PCF’s) for hip, knee, and ankle joint angles and moments of force during the pull phase of the clean at all loads. The PCF scores were then compared between joints and across loads to determine how much of each PCF was present at each joint and how it differed across loads. The analyses extracted two kinematic and four kinetic PCF’s. The statistical comparisons indicated that all kinematic and two of the four kinetic PCF’s did not differ across load, but scaled according to joint function. The PCF’s captured a set of joint- and load-specific synergies that quantified biomechanical function of the lower extremity during Olympic weightlifting and revealed important technical characteristics that should be considered in sports training and future research.
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Ishøi, Lasse, Kristian Thorborg, Otto Kraemer, Bent Lund, Bjarne Mygind-Klavsen, and Per Hölmich. "Demographic and Radiographic Factors Associated With Intra-articular Hip Cartilage Injury: A Cross-sectional Study of 1511 Hip Arthroscopy Procedures." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 11 (2019): 2617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519861088.
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Background: Moderate to severe (grade 3-4) hip joint cartilage injury seems to impair function in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Purpose: To investigate whether demographic and radiographic factors were associated with moderate to severe hip joint cartilage injury. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Patients were identified in the Danish Hip Arthroscopy Registry. The outcome variables were acetabular cartilage injury (modified Beck grade 0-2 vs 3-4) and femoral head cartilage injury (International Cartilage Repair Society grade 0-2 vs 3-4). Logistic regressions assessed the association with the following: age (<30 vs 30-50 years); sex; sport activity level (Hip Sports Activity Scale); alpha angle (AA) assessed as normal (AA <55°), cam (55°≤ AA <78°), or severe cam (AA ≥78°); lateral center-edge angle (LCEA) assessed as normal (25°≤ LCEA ≤ 39°), pincer (LCEA >39°), or borderline dysplasia (LCEA <25°); joint space width (JSW) assessed as normal (JSW >4.0 mm), mild reduction (3.1 mm ≤ JSW ≤ 4.0 mm), or severe reduction (2.1 mm ≤ JSW ≤ 3.0 mm). Results: A total of 1511 patients were included (mean ± SD age: 34.9 ± 9.8 years). Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.42), higher age (OR, 1.70), increased AA (cam: OR, 2.23; severe cam: OR, 4.82), and reduced JSW (mild: OR, 2.04; severe: OR, 3.19) were associated ( P < .05) with Beck grade 3-4. Higher age (OR, 1.92), increased Hip Sports Activity Scale (OR, 1.13), borderline dysplasia (OR, 3.08), and reduced JSW (mild: OR, 2.63; severe: OR, 3.04) were associated ( P < .05) with International Cartilage Repair Society grade 3-4. Conclusion: Several demographic and radiographic factors were associated with moderate to severe hip joint cartilage injury. Most notably, increased cam severity and borderline dysplasia substantially increased the risk of grade 3-4 acetabular and femoral head cartilage injury, respectively, indicating that specific deformity may drive specific cartilage injury patterns in the hip joint.
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Gu, Yolanda, Jim Pierrepont, Catherine Stambouzou, Qing Li, and Jonathan Baré. "A Preoperative Analytical Model for Patient-Specific Impingement Analysis in Total Hip Arthroplasty." Advances in Orthopedics 2019 (July 1, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6293916.
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Prosthetic impingement is important to consider during total hip arthroplasty planning to minimise the risk of joint instability. Modelling impingement preoperatively can assist in defining the required component alignment for each individual. We developed an analytical impingement model utilising a combination of mathematical calculations and an automated computational simulation to determine the risk of prosthetic impingement. The model assesses cup inclination and anteversion angles that are associated with prosthetic impingement using patient-specific inputs, such as stem anteversion, planned implant types, and target Range of Motion (ROM). The analysed results are presented as a range of cup inclination and anteversion angles over which a colour map indicates an impingement-free safe zone in green and impingement risk zones in red. A validation of the model demonstrates accuracy within +/- 1.4° of cup inclination and anteversion. The study further investigated the impact of changes in stem anteversion, femoral head size, and head offset on prosthetic impingement, as an example of the application of the model.
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Grooms, Dustin R., Jed A. Diekfuss, Alexis B. Slutsky-Ganesh, et al. "NEURAL ACTIVITY PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH ACL INJURY-RISK MECHANICS IN ECOLOGICAL SPORT SPECIFIC VIRTUAL REALITY." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (2021): 2325967121S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00154.
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Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is secondary to a multifactorial etiology encompassing anatomical, biological, mechanical, and neurological factors. The nature of the injury being primarily due to non-contact mechanics further implicates neural control as a key injury-risk factor, though it has received considerably less study. Purpose: To determine the contribution of neural activity to injury-risk mechanics in ecological sport-specific VR landing scenarios. Methods: Ten female high-school soccer players (15.5±0.85 years; 165.0±6.09 cm; 59.1±11.84 kg) completed a neuroimaging session to capture neural activity during a bilateral leg press and a 3D biomechanics session performing a header within a VR soccer scenario. The bilateral leg press involved four 30 s blocks of repeated bilateral leg presses paced to a metronome beat of 1.2 Hz with 30 s rest between blocks. The VR soccer scenario simulated a corner-kick, requiring the participant to jump and head a virtual soccer ball into a virtual goal (Figure 1A-E). Initial contact and peak knee flexion and abduction angles were extracted during the landing from the header as injury-risk variables of interest and were correlated with neural activity. Results: Evidenced in Table 1 and Figure 1 (bottom row), increased initial contact abduction, increased peak abduction, and decreased peak flexion were associated with increased sensory, visual-spatial, and cerebellar activity (r2= 0.42-0.57, p corrected < .05, z max > 3.1, table & figure 1). Decreased initial contact flexion was associated with increased frontal cortex activity (r2= 0.68, p corrected < .05, z max > 3.1). Conclusion: Reduced neural efficiency (increased activation) of key regions that integrate proprioceptive, visual-spatial, and neurocognitive activity for motor control may influence injury-risk mechanics in sport. The regions found to increase in activity in relation to higher injury-risk mechanics are typically activated to assist with spatial navigation, environmental interaction, and precise motor control. The requirement for athletes to increase their activity for more basic knee motor control may result in fewer neural resources available to maintain knee joint alignment, allocate environmental attention, and handle increased motor coordination demands. These data indicate that strategies to enhance efficiency of visual-spatial and cognitive-motor control during high demand sporting activities is warranted to improve ACL injury-risk reduction. [Figure: see text][Table: see text]
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Kipp, Kristof, John Krzyszkowski, Todd Smith, Christopher Geiser, and Hoon Kim. "Comparison of Countermovement and Preferred-Style Jump Biomechanics in Male Basketball Players." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 6092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136092.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the biomechanics of countermovement (CMJ) and preferred-style (PrefJ) jumps. Eight male basketball players (age: 19 ± 1 year; height: 1.84 ± 0.14 m; mass: 92.8 ± 11.4 kg) participated in a cross-sectional study for which they performed max effort CMJ and PrefJ while motion capture and force plate data were recorded. The CMJ were performed according to common procedures. For the PrefJ, the eight players chose to use a short approach run and a step-in jump, with a clear lead and trail leg foot contact pattern. Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), center-of-mass (COM) parameters, as well as hip, knee, and ankle flexion angles, extension velocities, net joint moments, powers, and work were all calculated and used for analysis. Bi-lateral data from the CMJ were averaged, whereas lead and trail leg data from the PrefJ were kept separated. The PrefJ was characterized by greater jump height and GRF and shorter contact times. Joint-level differences indicated that the PrefJ was characterized by larger joint kinetics. Importantly, very few biomechanical variables of the CMJ and PrefJ were correlated, which suggests that each jump type is characterized by unique movement strategies. Since PrefJ may better represent athlete- and sport-specific movement pattern, these findings could have implications for assessing and monitoring neuromuscular performance of basketball players.
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Higgins, Michael J., and David H. Perrin. "Comparison of Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Conditions on Knee Joint Reposition Sense." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 6, no. 4 (1997): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.6.4.327.
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In this study, joint reposition sense of the knee in a non-weight-bearing (NWB) state and that in a weight-bearing (WB) state were compared, and it was determined whether a significant relationship existed between knee displacement (KD) and joint reposition sense. The dominant knees of 8 male and 12 female subjects (age 19–26 years, M ±SD= 21.5 ± 2.06) who had no previous history of knee dysfunction were tested for accuracy of angular reproduction in the WB and NWB states. There was a significant difference in the accuracy of angular repositioning between the two conditions, with the WB test having less deviation from the predetermined angle. There was a weak relationship between KD and the ability to reproduce specific angles of the knee. These results suggest that the WB or closed chain state of the knee was more accurate in the determination of joint position sense than the NWB or open chain condition.
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Rodrigues, Ana Carolina de Mello Alves, Nathália Arnosti Vieira, Ana Lorena Marche, Juliana Exel Santana, Marco Aurélio Vaz, and Sergio Augusto Cunha. "KNEE ISOKINETIC TORQUE IMBALANCE IN FEMALE FUTSAL PLAYERS." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 23, no. 5 (2017): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220172305170768.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: The specificity of sports training can lead to muscle specialization with a possible change in the natural hamstring/quadriceps torque ratio (HQ ratio), constituting a risk factor for muscle injury at the joint angles in which muscle imbalance may impair dynamic stability. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the torque distribution of the hamstrings and quadriceps and the HQ ratio throughout the range of motion in order to identify possible muscle imbalances at the knee of female futsal athletes. Methods: Nineteen amateur female futsal athletes had their dominant limb HQ ratio evaluated in a series of five maximum repetitions of flexion/extension of the knee at 180°/second in the total joint range of motion (30° to 80°). The peak flexor and extensor torque and the HQ ratio (%) were compared each 5° of knee motion using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (p<0.05) to determine the joint angles that present muscular imbalance. Results: Quadriceps torque was higher than 50° to 60° of knee flexion, while hamstrings torque was higher than 55° to 65°. The HQ ratio presented lower values than 30° to 45° of knee flexion and four athletes presented values lower than 60%, which may represent a risk of injury. However, the HQ ratio calculated by the peak torque showed only one athlete with less than 60%. Conclusion: The HQ ratio analyzed throughout the knee range of motion allowed identifying muscle imbalance at specific joint angles in female futsal players.
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Burfeind, Sean M., and Nicole Chimera. "Randomized Control Trial Investigating the Effects of Kinesiology Tape on Shoulder Proprioception." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 4 (2015): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2014-0233.
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Context:Athletes participating in upper-extremity-dominant sports such as softball and volleyball are at increased risk for glenohumeral-joint pain and injury. For these athletes, an integral part of many injuryprevention and -rehabilitation programs includes improving joint proprioception. One way to measure joint proprioception is through the reproduction of joint angles, or joint-reposition sense (JRS). Kinesiology tape is purported to enhance neuromuscular feedback; therefore, it may influence JRS. However, conflicting findings and the lack of research in the upper extremity warrant further investigation.Objective:To determine the effects of kinesiology tape on shoulder-joint proprioception by actively reproducing joint angles, or measurement of JRS.Design:Randomized controlled trial.Setting:College laboratory.Participants:9 men and 7 women 24 ± 3 y old.Intervention:SpiderTech kinesiology tape precut Shoulder Spider was applied to the shoulder of participants block randomized to the experimental group, following product-specific instructions, to measure its influence on JRS compared with a control group.Main Outcome Measurement:JRS-error scores in shoulder flexion, extension, internal rotation, and external rotation (ER).Results:There was a significant interaction between groups pre- to postintervention resulting in decreased JRS errors in flexion (P = .04) and ER (P = .03) in the experimental compared with the control group. The 95% confidence intervals suggest a clinically relevant difference in the variability of JRS errors between postintervention movements for the experimental group in flexion and ER, such that the control group demonstrated much more variability in JRS errors than the experimental group.Conclusions:After the application of kinesiology tape the JRS errors were smaller in flexion and ER. This may be of clinical significance in improving proprioception and thus improving joint stability. Additional research should determine the effectiveness of kinesiology tape in reducing joint injury.
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Rankin, Jeffery W., and Richard R. Neptune. "The Influence of Seat Configuration on Maximal Average Crank Power during Pedaling: A Simulation Study." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 4 (2010): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.4.493.
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Manipulating seat configuration (i.e., seat tube angle, seat height and pelvic orientation) alters the bicycle-rider geometry, which influences lower extremity muscle kinematics and ultimately muscle force and power generation during pedaling. Previous studies have sought to identify the optimal configuration, but isolating the effects of specific variables on rider performance from the confounding effect of rider adaptation makes such studies challenging. Of particular interest is the influence of seat tube angle on rider performance, as seat tube angle varies across riding disciplines (e.g., road racers vs. triathletes). The goals of the current study were to use muscle-actuated forward dynamics simulations of pedaling to 1) identify the overall optimal seat configuration that produces maximum crank power and 2) systematically vary seat tube angle to assess how it influences maximum crank power. The simulations showed that a seat height of 0.76 m (or 102% greater than trochanter height), seat tube angle of 85.1 deg, and pelvic orientation of 20.5 deg placed the major power-producing muscles on more favorable regions of the intrinsic force-length-velocity relationships to generate a maximum average crank power of 981 W. However, seat tube angle had little influence on crank power, with maximal values varying at most by 1% across a wide range of seat tube angles (65 to 110 deg). The similar power values across the wide range of seat tube angles were the result of nearly identical joint kinematics, which occurred using a similar optimal seat height and pelvic orientation while systematically shifting the pedal angle with increasing seat tube angles.
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Kawama, Raki, Masamichi Okudaira, David H. Fukuda, Hirohiko Maemura, and Satoru Tanigawa. "Effect of Knee Joint Angle on Regional Hamstrings Activation During Isometric Knee-Flexion Exercise." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 6 (2021): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2020-0181.
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Context: Each hamstring muscle is subdivided into several regions by multiple motor nerve branches, which implies each region has different muscle activation properties. However, little is known about the muscle activation of each region with a change in the knee joint angle. Understanding of regional activation of the hamstrings could be helpful for designing rehabilitation and training programs targeted at strengthening a specific region. Objective: To investigate the effect of knee joint angle on the activity level of several regions within the individual hamstring muscles during isometric knee-flexion exercise with maximal effort (MVCKF). Design: Within-subjects repeated measures. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Sixteen young males with previous participation in sports competition and resistance training experience. Intervention: The participants performed 2 MVCKF trials at each knee joint angle of 30°, 60°, and 90°. Outcome Measures: Surface electromyography was used to measure muscle activity in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus, and semimembranosus of hamstrings at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion during MVCKF. Results: Muscle activity levels in the proximal and middle regions of the BFlh were higher at 30° and 60° of knee flexion than at 90° during MVCKF (all: P < .05). Meanwhile, the activity levels in the distal region of the BFlh were not different among all of the evaluated knee joint angles. In semitendinosus and semimembranosus, the activity levels were higher at 30° and 60° than at 90°, regardless of region (all: P < .05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the effect of knee joint angle on muscle activity level differs between regions of the BFlh, whereas that is similar among regions of semitendinosus and semimembranosus during MVCKF.
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Lansdown, Drew A., Kyle Kunze, Gift Ukwuani, Brian Robert Waterman, William H. Neal, and Shane Jay Nho. "Pre-operative and Post-Operative Alpha Angles are Significant Independent Predictors of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures at Two Years After Hip Arthroscopy." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 7_suppl4 (2018): 2325967118S0017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00174.
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Objectives: Residual impingement after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a common cause for re-operation; however, the relationship between preoperative and postoperative radiographic parameters and patient-reported outcomes has not been defined. Methods: 749 consecutive patients were reviewed two years after primary hip arthroscopy. Patients undergoing revision surgery were excluded. Pre-operative and post-operative radiographs were analyzed to measure the alpha angle on standardized anteroposterior (AP) pelvis, Dunn-lateral, and false profile (FP) views and anterior and lateral center-edge angles (ACEA, LCEA). Univariate analysis evaluated the association between demographic variables, radiographic measures and hip outcome scores (Hip Outcome Score (HOS)-Activities of Daily Living (ADL), HOS-Sports Specific (SS), and Modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS)). Multivariate modeling was subsequently performed. Significance was defined as p<0.05. Results: 706 patients with mean age of 33.2±12.3 years and mean BMI 25.1± 5kg/m2 were included for final analysis. The alpha angle on the AP, Dunn-lateral, and FP views and the ACEA and LCEA decreased after surgery (p<0.001 for all). Significant univariate correlations with the postoperative HOS-ADL included age, BMI, pre-operative AP, FP, and Dunn and postoperative FP alpha angles. Postoperative HOS-SS was correlated with age, BMI, medial post-operative joint space width (JSW), pre-operative AP, FP, and Dunn and postoperative FP alpha angles, and pre-operative and post-operative (ACEA). Postoperative mHHS correlated with age, BMI, post-operative lateral JSW, pre-operative AP, FP, and Dunn and postoperative FP and Dunn alpha angles, and post-operative ACEA. Multivariate modeling (Table 2) demonstrated that preoperative and postoperative FP alpha angles were independent predictors of postoperative outcomes. Conclusion: Pre-operative and post-operative alpha angles were negatively correlated with the HOS-ADL, HOS-SS, and mHHS at 2 years after arthroscopic surgery for FAI. Specifically, pre-operative and postoperative FP alpha angles were independent predictors of postoperative outcomes. These results highlight the importance of resecting anterior cam lesions to prevent residual impingement and inferior outcomes. [Table: see text]
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Wild, Catherine Y., Avril Grealish, and Diana Hopper. "Lower Limb and Trunk Biomechanics After Fatigue in Competitive Female Irish Dancers." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 7 (2017): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.3.12.
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Context: Because of the increasing popularity of participation in Irish dance, the incidence of lower limb injuries is high among this competitive population. Objective: To investigate the effects of fatigue on the peak lower limb and trunk angles as well as the peak lower limb joint forces and moments of competitive female Irish dancers during the performance of a dance-specific single-limb landing. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fourteen healthy, female, competitive Irish dancers (age = 19.4 ± 3.7 years, height = 165.3 ± 5.9 cm, mass = 57.9 ± 8.2 kg). Intervention(s): Participants performed an Irish dance–specific leap before and after a dance-specific fatigue protocol. During each landing movement, 3-dimensional lower limb kinematics (250 Hz) and ground reaction forces (1000 Hz) were collected. Paired t tests were performed to determine the differences (P ≤ .05) in lower limb and trunk biomechanics prefatigue and postfatigue. Main Outcome Measure(s): Peak lower limb and trunk angles as well as peak lower limb joint reaction forces and external moments. Results: Compared with the prefatigue trials, dancers landed with reduced ankle plantar flexion (P = .003) and hip external rotation (P = .007) and increased hip-adduction alignment (P = .034) postfatigue. Dancers displayed greater anterior shear (P = .003) and compressive (P = .024) forces at the ankle and greater external knee-flexion moments (P = .024) during the postfatigue compared with the prefatigue landing trials. Conclusions: When fatigued, dancers displayed a decline in landing performance in terms of aesthetics as well as increased ankle- and knee-joint loading, potentially exposing them to a greater risk of injuries.
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Richards, Jim, Dominic Thewlis, James Selfe, Andrew Cunningham, and Colin Hayes. "A Biomechanical Investigation of A Single-Limb Squat: Implications for Lower Extremity Rehabilitation Exercise." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 5 (2008): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.477.
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Abstract Context: Single-limb squats on a decline angle have been suggested as a rehabilitative intervention to target the knee extensors. Investigators, however, have presented very little empirical research in which they have documented the biomechanics of these exercises or have determined the optimum angle of decline used. Objective: To determine the involvement of the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris muscles and the external ankle and knee joint moments at 60° of knee flexion while performing a single-limb squat at different decline angles. Design: Participants acted as their own controls in a repeated-measures design. Patients or Other Participants: We recruited 10 participants who had no pain, injury, or neurologic disorder. Intervention(s): Participants performed single-limb squats at different decline angles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Angle-specific knee and ankle moments were calculated at 60° of knee flexion. Angle-specific electromyography (EMG) activity was calculated at 60° of knee flexion. Integrated EMG also was calculated to determine the level of muscle activity over the entire squat. Results: An increase was seen in the knee moments (P &lt; .05) and integrated EMG in the rectus femoris (P &lt; .001) as the decline angle increased. A decrease was seen in the ankle moments as the decline angle increased (P = .001), but EMG activity in the gastrocnemius increased between 16° and 24° (P = .018). Conclusions: As the decline angle increased, the knee extensor moment and EMG activity increased. As the decline angle increased, the ankle plantar-flexor moments decreased; however, an increase in the EMG activity was seen with the 24° decline angle compared with the 16° decline angle. This indicates that decline squats at an angle greater than 16° may not reduce passive calf tension, as was suggested previously, and may provide no mechanical advantage for the knee.
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Aronson, Patricia A., Joe H. Gieck, Jay Hertel, Arie M. Rijke, and Christopher D. Ingersoll. "Tibiofemoral Joint Positioning for the Valgus Stress Test." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 4 (2010): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.4.357.
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Abstract Context: Recommendations on the positioning of the tibiofemoral joint during a valgus stress test to optimize isolation of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) from other medial joint structures vary in the literature. If a specific amount of flexion could be identified as optimally isolating the MCL, teaching and using the technique would be more consistent in clinical application. Objective: To determine the angle of tibiofemoral joint flexion between 0° and 20° that causes a difference in the slope of the force-strain line when measuring the resistance to a valgus force applied to the joint. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twelve healthy volunteers (6 men, 6 women: age = 26.4 ± 5.6 years, height = 170.9 ± 8.4 cm, mass = 75.01 ± 14.6 kg). Intervention(s): Using an arthrometer, we applied a valgus force, over a range of 60 N, to the tibiofemoral joint in 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° of flexion. Main Outcome Measure(s): Force-strain measurements were obtained for 5 positions of tibiofemoral joint flexion. Results: As knee flexion angle increased, slope values decreased (F4,44 = 17.6, P &lt; .001). The slope at full extension was not different from that at 5° of flexion, but it was different from the slopes at angles greater than 10° of flexion. Similarly, the slope at 5° of flexion was not different from that at 10° of flexion, but it was different from the slopes at 15° and 20° of flexion. Further, the slope at 10° of flexion was not different from that at 15° or 20° of flexion. Finally, the slope at 15° of flexion was not different from that at 20° of flexion. Conclusions: When performing the manual valgus stress test, the clinician should fully extend the tibiofemoral joint or flex it to 5° to assess all resisting medial tibiofemoral joint structures and again at 15° to 20° of joint flexion to further assess the MCL.
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Manal, Kurt, and Thomas S. Buchanan. "Subject-Specific Estimates of Tendon Slack Length: A Numerical Method." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 20, no. 2 (2004): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.20.2.195.
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Tendon develops force proportional to the distance it is stretched beyond its slack length. Tendon slack length is an important parameter for musculoskeletal models because it can greatly affect estimations of muscle force. Unfortunately, tendon slack length is a difficult parameter to measure, and therefore values for it are not often reported in the literature. In this paper we present a numerical method for estimating tendon slack length from architectural parameters of the muscle. Specifically, tendon slack length is computed iteratively from musculotendon lengths determined when a corresponding joint is held at two angles, and from knowledge of the muscle's optimal fiber length. Idealized data generated using SIMM were used to test the tendon slack length algorithm. The method converged to within 1% of the “true” tendon slack length specified in the SIMM model. The advantage of the method outlined in this paper is that it yields subject-specific estimates of tendon slack length, given subject-specific input parameters.
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Witchalls, Jeremy, Gordon Waddington, Peter Blanch, and Roger Adams. "Ankle Instability Effects on Joint Position Sense When Stepping Across the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 6 (2012): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.12.
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Context Individuals with and without functional ankle instability have been tested for deficits in lower limb proprioception with varied results. Objective To determine whether a new protocol for testing participants' joint position sense during stepping is reliable and can detect differences between participants with unstable and stable ankles. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting University clinical laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Sample of convenience involving 21 young adult university students and staff. Ankle stability was categorized by score on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool; 13 had functional ankle instability, 8 had healthy ankles. Intervention(s) Test-retest of ankle joint position sense when stepping onto and across the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus twice, separated by an interim test, standing still on the apparatus and moving only 1 ankle into inversion. Main Outcome Measure(s) Difference in scores between groups with stable and unstable ankles and between test repeats. Results Participants with unstable ankles were worse at differentiating between inversion angles underfoot in both testing protocols. On repeated testing with the stepping protocol, performance of the group with unstable ankles was improved (Cohen d = 1.06, P = .006), whereas scores in the stable ankle group did not change in the second test (Cohen d = 0.04, P = .899). Despite this improvement, the unstable group remained worse at differentiating inversion angles on the stepping retest (Cohen d = 0.99, P = .020). Conclusions The deficits on proprioceptive tests shown by individuals with functional ankle instability improved with repeated exposure to the test situation. The learning effect may be the result of systematic exposure to ankle-angle variation that led to movement-specific learning or increased confidence when stepping across the apparatus.
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Kentel, Behzat B., Mark A. King, and Sean R. Mitchell. "Evaluation of a Subject-Specific, Torque-Driven Computer Simulation Model of One-Handed Tennis Backhand Ground Strokes." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 4 (2011): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.345.
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A torque-driven, subject-specific 3-D computer simulation model of the impact phase of one-handed tennis backhand strokes was evaluated by comparing performance and simulation results. Backhand strokes of an elite subject were recorded on an artificial tennis court. Over the 50-ms period after impact, good agreement was found with an overall RMS difference of 3.3° between matching simulation and performance in terms of joint and racket angles. Consistent with previous experimental research, the evaluation process showed that grip tightness and ball impact location are important factors that affect postimpact racket and arm kinematics. Associated with these factors, the model can be used for a better understanding of the eccentric contraction of the wrist extensors during one-handed backhand ground strokes, a hypothesized mechanism of tennis elbow.
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Bombaci, Hasan, Ozgur Erdogan, and Ozan Tanyu. "The Groin Pain in the Gymnasts and its Possible Reasons." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (2014): 2325967114S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00195.
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Objectives: The overuse injury in gymnasts due to overstretching of the joints is quite frequent. One of the most frequent complaints due to overuse injuries is pain on the insertion region of rectus femoris at the iliac apophysis. In the present study the possible reasons of the groin pain in the gymnasts were evaluated. Methods: Twenty-two amateur athletes from the gymnastic club aged between 8-12 years, were included in this study. Twenty were female and two male, Athletes have been training for 2-4 hours in 5-6 days a week, for 3 to 10 years, performing floor exercises (17 rhytmic gymnasts and five artistic gymnasts,). Gymnasts, who have groin pain and the ones have not, were evaluated according to the ligament laxity, the range of internal and external rotation of the hip joint and gymnastic discipline, which has been performed. The results were compared with Fisher’s Exact test and unpaired t-test. Results: Athletes, who have groin pain complaint and have not, were compared according to the age, the distance between thumb-forearm, hyperextension range in the elbow and the sum of internal and external rotation angle of the hips. Furthermore, the athletes, whose external rotation is more than internal rotation, were compared with the ones whose internal rotation is more than external rotation, to evaluate anteversion angle of the hip clinically. The difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, while 7 of the 17 gymnast, who perform rhythmic gymnastics, had groin pain and none of the 5 athletes, who perform artistry gymnastic, has groin pain. Conclusion: Overuse injuries are more common in the gymnastic sport. Repetitive microtrauma with thwarted repair might cause persistent injury in the tendon-bone junction. The anatomic factors (i.e malalignement) and overtraining predispose the athletes to overuse injuries most frequently. During adolescent growth spurt while the growth of long bones proceeds, the rectus femoris muscle, that cross more than one joint, might not gain flexibility enough and leads to excessive tensile stress on the iliac apophysis. Also, the gymnasts with generalized ligamentous laxity are more prone to the overuse injuries. Because lax ligaments fail to provide ligament stability and under further stress on the tissues neighbourhood of joint might cause overuse injuries. However, we were not able to find any difference between the athletes, who have groin pain and the ones have not, from the age, ligament laxity and hip rotation angles points of view. On the other hand, the high prevalence of groin pain complaint in the athletes, who perform rhythm gymnastic, might be related to the discipline specific exercises. So, the overuse injuries might be prevented by the well-planned training program in each particular discipline including strengthening and balance.
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Larwa, Joseph, Conrad Stoy, Ross S. Chafetz, Michael Boniello, and Corinna Franklin. "Stiff Landings, Core Stability, and Dynamic Knee Valgus: A Systematic Review on Documented Anterior Cruciate Ligament Ruptures in Male and Female Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (2021): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073826.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common ligament injury of the knee, accounting for between 100,000 and 200,000 injuries among athletes per year. ACL injuries occur via contact and non-contact mechanisms, with the former being more common in males and the later being more common in females. These injuries typically require surgical repair and have relatively high re-rupture rates, resulting in a significant psychological burden for these individuals and long rehabilitation times. Numerous studies have attempted to determine risk factors for ACL rupture, including hormonal, biomechanical, and sport- and gender-specific factors. However, the incidence of ACL injuries continues to rise. Therefore, we performed a systematic review analyzing both ACL injury video analysis studies and studies on athletes who were pre-screened with eventual ACL injury. We investigated biomechanical mechanisms contributing to ACL injury and considered male and female differences. Factors such as hip angle and strength, knee movement, trunk stability, and ankle motion were considered to give a comprehensive, joint by joint analysis of injury risk and possible roles of prevention. Our review demonstrated that poor core stability, landing with heel strike, weak hip abduction strength, and increased knee valgus may contribute to increased ACL injury risk in young athletes.
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Caliskan, Pinar Melodi, Anne Benjaminse, and Alli Gokeler. "Development of an on-field injury screening test using wearable sensor technology." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 9_suppl7 (2020): 2325967120S0051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00513.
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Introduction: Injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) commonly occur during complex game situations when the athlete encounters multiple factors such as ball, opponent, field position, and game strategy (Grooms et al., 2018). Many of the current traditional injury screening programs are performed within a predictable, fixed or ‘closed’ environment which do not represent real game situations that require high neurocognitive demands (Dingenen & Gokeler, 2017; Grooms et al., 2018). A complementary approach to lab-based settings is necessary to incorporate the demands of the complex athletic environments. By using wearable sensor technology, we aim to develop an on-field injury screening test in elite youth male soccer players. Investigating the individual differences in motor coordination patterns of the players during sport-specific tasks might enhance our understanding of how ACL injuries occur. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that the motor coordination patterns of the players would be affected when they perform under different conditions manipulated with constraints (task and environmental). Methods: A football-specific test setup was created to analyse the kinematic and performance measures of a group of 17 male youth elite football players aged 15 years (height = 164 ± 9 cm, mass = 50.9± 7.4 kg). The players were grouped into two and measured on two consecutive days. All the players were instructed to complete the test setup (4 conditions, 5 trials) as fast as possible. Condition 1 includes no constraint, condition 2 includes a task constraint (football dummies), condition 3 includes an environmental constraint (stroboscopic glasses) (SENAPTEC, Beaverton, Oregon) and condition 4 includes both task and environmental constraints. 3-D kinematics of the hip, knee, ankle joints were captured using Xsens wearable full-body sensor suits (Xsens, MVN Link version, Enschede, The Netherlands). MATLAB (MATLAB R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts) was used to process and analyse the kinematic data. Data from condition 1 was determined as reference behavior/condition to be compared to other conditions. Kinematic data are presented in attitude vectors (ATV). Results: In total, 81% of the players demonstrated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in angles of hip, knee and ankle joints when performing under different conditions. The percentage of players with increased comparison-based joint movements as follows; condition 1 to condition 2 comparison; 41% hip flexion, 59% hip extension, 53% hip abduction, 47% hip adduction, 62% knee flexion, 38% knee extension, 59% knee abduction, 41% knee adduction, 47% ankle dorsiflexion, 53% ankle plantarflexion, condition 1 to condition 3 comparison; 35% hip flexion, 65% hip extension, 47% hip abduction, 53% hip adduction, 50% knee flexion, 50% knee extension, 41% knee abduction, 59% knee adduction, 59% ankle dorsiflexion, 41% ankle plantarflexion and condition 1 to condition 4 comparison; 31% hip flexion, 69% hip extension, 38% hip abduction, 62% hip adduction, 60% knee flexion, 40% knee extension, 44% knee abduction, 56% knee adduction, 69% ankle dorsiflexion, 31% ankle plantarflexion. Conclusion: The result of this pilot study demonstrated that manipulating task with different constraints caused significant changes in players’ motor coordination patterns which supported the hypothesis of our study. Our findings suggest to develop ACL injury screening tests in a sport-specific setting.
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Gillot, Timothée, Maxime L'Hermette, Typhanie Garnier, and Claire Tourny-Chollet. "Effect of Fatigue on Functional Stability of the Knee: Particularities of Female Handball Players." International Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 07 (2019): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0866-9482.
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AbstractThe risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female handball players is high. Fatigue of active stabilizers and increases in joint laxity are often mentioned in the literature as causal factors. However, no studies have been carried out on this population. Our objective is to determine the effect of muscle fatigue on active and passive knee stability in female handball players. This prospective study assessed tibiofemoral joint laxity, as well as hamstring and quadriceps strength, before (Tinitial), during and 3 min after (Tfinal) an isokinetic fatigue protocol (25 repetitions of knee flexion / extension at 180°.s−1). Laxity values (slope of the displacement-load curve and anterior tibial translation) were measured using a GNRB-Rotab® arthrometer; torque values were measured at specific joint angles and peak muscle torque using an isokinetic dynamometer. Nineteen women (20.9±2.4 years, 62.0±4.9 kg, 166±5 cm) were included. Normalized peak torque decreased significantly between the first three and last three repetitions of the fatigue protocol (p<0.0001, ES=3.2 and 3.2). Slope of the displacement-load curve and anterior tibial translation, functional and conventional ratios did not change significantly between Tinitial and Tfinal. Active and passive markers of knee stability were not altered by a fatigue protocol in female handball players, suggesting these players have a large capacity for recovery. These results suggest that muscle strengthening to prevent ACL injury in female handball players may be inappropriate.Level of evidence: Level 2b, Prospective Cohort.
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Hopkins, J. Ty, S. Jun Son, Hyunsoo Kim, Garritt Page, and Matthew K. Seeley. "Characterization of Multiple Movement Strategies in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 6 (2019): 698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-480-17.
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Context Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is characterized by multiple sensorimotor deficits, affecting strength, postural control, motion, and movement. Identifying specific deficits is the key to developing appropriate interventions for this patient population; however, multiple movement strategies within this population may limit the ability to identify specific movement deficits. Objective To identify specific movement strategies in a large sample of participants with CAI and to characterize each strategy relative to a sample of uninjured control participants. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 200 individuals with CAI (104 men, 96 women; age = 22.3 ± 2.2 years, height = 174.2 ± 9.5 cm, mass = 72.0 ± 14.0 kg) were selected according to the inclusion criteria established by the International Ankle Consortium and were fit into clusters based on movement strategy. A total of 100 healthy individuals serving as controls (54 men, 46 women; age = 22.2 ± 3.0 years, height = 173.2 ± 9.2 cm, mass = 70.7 ± 13.4 kg) were compared with each cluster. Main Outcome Measure(s) Lower extremity joint biomechanics and ground reaction forces were collected during a maximal vertical jump landing, followed immediately by a side cut. Data were reduced to functional output or curves, kinematic data from the frontal and sagittal planes were reduced to a single representative curve for each plane, and representative curves were clustered using a Bayesian clustering technique. Estimated functions for each dependent variable were compared with estimated functions from the control group to describe each cluster. Results Six distinct clusters were identified from the frontal-plane and sagittal-plane data. Differences in joint angles, joint moments, and ground reaction forces between clusters and the control group were also identified. Conclusions The participants with CAI demonstrated 6 distinct movement strategies, indicating that CAI could be characterized by multiple distinct movement alterations. Clinicians should carefully evaluate patients with CAI for sensorimotor deficits and quality of movement to determine the appropriate interventions for treatment.
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Montgomery, Connor, Jeff Blackburn, Daniel Withers, Gregory Tierney, Cathal Moran, and Ciaran Simms. "Mechanisms of ACL injury in professional rugby union: a systematic video analysis of 36 cases." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 15 (2016): 994–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096425.
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BackgroundThe mechanisms of ACL injury in rugby are not well defined.AimTo describe the mechanisms of ACL injury in male professional rugby players using systematic video analysis.Methods36 cases from games played in top professional leagues and international matches were analysed. 5 analysts independently assessed all videos to record the estimated frame/time of initial ground contact, frame/time of ACL tear and a range of play specific variables. This included contact versus non-contact ACL injuries, injury timing, joint flexion angles and foot contact with the ground. 37 side-stepping manoeuvres from a control game were analysed to allow comparison of non-injury versus injury situations.Results57% of ACL injuries occurred in a contact manner. 2 main scenarios were identified: (1) offensive running and (2) being tackled, indicating that the ball carrier might be at higher risk of ACL injury. The majority of non-contact ACL injuries resulted from a side-stepping manoeuvre. In most non-contact cases, initial ground contact was through heel strike. Statistical assessment of heel strike at initial ground contact versus non-heel strike cases showed a significant difference in injury versus non-injury outcomes, with heel strike associated with higher injury risk. Non-contact ACL injuries had lower median knee flexion angles and a more dorsiflexed ankle when compared with a control group (10° vs 20°, p≤0.001 and 10° vs 0°, p=0.033 respectively).ConclusionsOver half of ACL injuries in rugby in our analysis resulted from a contact mechanism. For non-contact injuries, lower knee flexion angles and heel-first ground contact in a side-stepping manoeuvre were associated with ACL injury.
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Van Houcke, Jan, Vikas Khanduja, and Emmanuel A. Audenaert. "Accurate Arthroscopic Cam Resection Normalizes Contact Stresses in Patients With Femoroacetabular Impingement." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 1 (2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520974378.
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Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is increasingly recognized as a cause of hip pain in young adults. The condition leads to chondrolabral separation and chondral delamination and eventually predisposes to osteoarthritis of the hip. FAI that inflicts cartilage damage has been observed in hips with abnormal morphological characteristics and is related to a long-term evolution toward osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic surgery, which allows for correction of morphological characteristics and restores impingement-free motions, is the current standard of treatment. Hypothesis: Arthroscopic cam resection can restore the normal mechanical environment of the hip joint in cam-type FAI. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Patient-specific discrete element models from 10 patients with cam-type FAI (all male; age, 18-40 years) were defined based on preoperative computed tomography scans and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Complete cam resection postoperatively on MRI was confirmed with alpha angles <55°. The preoperative and postoperative peak contact stress findings during impingement testing were compared against a matched control group. Results: Peak contact stress was significantly elevated in patients with cam-type FAI during impingement testing, with increasing amounts of internal hip rotation (26.6 ± 11.64 MPa in cam patients preoperatively, 12.1 ± 4.62 MPa in those same patients postoperatively, and 11.4 ± 1.72 MPa in the virtual control group during impingement testing at 20° of internal hip rotation; P < .01). This effect was normalized after arthroscopic cam resection and loading patterns matched those of the control group. Conclusion: Accurate arthroscopic cam resection restored the normal peak joint contact stresses in the hip joint. This highlights the importance of early and complete cam resections in the face of a positive diagnosis of cam-type FAI. Clinical Relevance: Treatment of cam-type FAI effectively normalizes hip joint contact mechanics.
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Alt, Tobias, Igor Komnik, Jannik Severin, et al. "Swing Phase Mechanics of Maximal Velocity Sprints—Does Isokinetic Lower-Limb Muscle Strength Matter?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 7 (2021): 974–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0423.
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Purpose: Concentric hip and eccentric knee joint mechanics affect sprint performance. Although the biarticular hamstrings combine these capacities, empirical links between swing phase mechanics and corresponding isokinetic outcome parameters are deficient. This explorative study aimed (1) to explain the variance of sprint velocity, (2) to compare maximal sprints with isokinetic tests, (3) to associate swing phase mechanics with isokinetic parameters, and (4) to quantify the relation between knee and hip joint swing phase mechanics. Methods: A total of 22 sprinters (age = 22 y, height = 1.81 m, weight = 77 kg) performed sprints and eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor tests. All exercises were captured by 10 (sprints) and 4 (isokinetics) cameras. Lower-limb muscle balance was assessed by the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point. Results: The sprint velocity (9.79 [0.49] m/s) was best predicted by the maximal knee extension velocity, hip mean power (both swing phase parameters), and isokinetic peak moment of concentric quadriceps exercise (R2 = 60%). The moment of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (R2 = 39%) was the isokinetic parameter with the highest predictive power itself. Knee and hip joint mechanics affected each other during sprinting. They were significantly associated with isokinetic parameters of eccentric hamstring tests, as well as moments and angles of the dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point, but restrictedly with concentric quadriceps exercise. The maximal sprints imposed considerably higher loads than isokinetic tests (eg, 13-fold eccentric knee joint peak power). Conclusions: Fast sprinters demonstrated distinctive knee and hip mechanics in the late swing phase, as well as strong eccentric hamstrings, with a clear association to the musculoarticular requirements of the swing phase in sprinting. The transferability of isokinetic knee strength data to sprinting is limited inter alia due to different hip joint configurations. However, isokinetic tests quantify specific sprint-related muscular prerequisites and constitute a useful diagnostic tool due to their predicting value to sprint performance.
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Baha, Pardis, Timothy A. Burkhart, Alan Getgood, and Ryan M. Degen. "Complete Capsular Repair Restores Native Kinematics After Interportal and T-Capsulotomy." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 6 (2019): 1451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519832868.
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Background: Although the use of hip arthroscopy continues to increase, capsular management remains a controversial topic. Purpose: To investigate the biomechanical effect of capsulotomy and capsular repair techniques on hip joint kinematics in varying combinations of sagittal and coronal joint positions. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen hemi-pelvises (78.3 ± 6.0 years of age; 4 left, 6 male) were dissected of all overlying soft tissue, with the exception of the hip joint capsule. The femur was potted and attached to a load cell, while the pelvis was secured to a custom-designed fixture allowing static alteration of the flexion-extension arc. Optotrak markers were rigidly attached to the femur and pelvis to track motion of the femoral head with respect to the acetabulum. After specimen preparation, 7 conditions were tested: (1) intact, (2) after portal placement (anterolateral and midanterior), (3) interportal capsulotomy (IPC) (35 mm in length), (4) IPC repair, (5) T-capsulotomy (IPC +15-mm longitudinal incision), (6) partial T-repair (repair of longitudinal incision with IPC left open), (7) full T-repair. All conditions were tested in 15° of extension (–15°), 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Additionally, all flexion angles were tested in neutral, as well as in specimen-specific maximum abduction and adduction, resulting in 15 testing positions. Internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) moments of 3 N·m were manually applied to the femur via the load cell at each position. Rotational range of motion and joint kinematics were recorded. Results: In the neutral coronal plane, T-capsulotomy significantly increased IR/ER rotational range of motion compared with intact state at −15° (55.96°± 6.11° vs 44.92°± 7.35°, P < .001), while IPC significantly increased rotation compared with the portal state at 0° (60.09°± 6.82° vs 51.68°± 10.35°, P = .004). No statistically significant increases were found in mediolateral joint translation after IPC or T-capsulotomy. Similarly, no statistically significant increases were noted in anteroposterior translation after IPC or T-capsulotomy. Complete capsular repair restored near native joint kinematics, with no significant differences in rotation or translation between any complete capsular repair groups and the intact state, regardless of joint position. Conclusion: Universally, across all conditions, complete capsular repair after interportal or T-capsulotomy restored rotational range of motion and joint translation to values observed in the native joint. Clinical Relevance: Where feasible, complete capsular closure should be performed, especially after T-capsulotomy. However, further clinical evaluation is required to determine whether adverse kinematic parameters of an unrepaired capsule are associated with reduced patient-reported outcomes.
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Khury, Farouk, Michael Fuchs, Hassan Awan Malik, Janina Leiprecht, Heiko Reichel, and Martin Faschingbauer. "Validation of joint space narrowing on plain radiographs and its relevance to partial knee arthroplasty." Bone & Joint Research 10, no. 3 (2021): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2046-3758.103.bjr-2020-0216.r1.
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Aims To explore the clinical relevance of joint space width (JSW) narrowing on standardized-flexion (SF) radiographs in the assessment of cartilage degeneration in specific subregions seen on MRI sequences in knee osteoarthritis (OA) with neutral, valgus, and varus alignments, and potential planning of partial knee arthroplasty. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 639 subjects, aged 45 to 79 years, in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) study, who had symptomatic knees with Kellgren and Lawrence grade 2 to 4. Knees were categorized as neutral, valgus, and varus knees by measuring hip-knee-angles on hip-knee-ankle radiographs. Femorotibial JSW was measured on posteroanterior SF radiographs using a special software. The femorotibial compartment was divided into 16 subregions, and MR-tomographic measurements of cartilage volume, thickness, and subchondral bone area were documented. Linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and Kellgren and Lawrence grade was used. Results We studied 345 neutral, 87 valgus, and 207 varus knees. Radiological JSW narrowing was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with cartilage volume and thickness in medial femorotibial compartment in neutral ( r = 0.78, odds ratio (OR) 2.33) and varus knees ( r = 0.86, OR 1.92), and in lateral tibial subregions in valgus knees ( r = 0.87, OR 3.71). A significant negative correlation was found between JSW narrowing and area of subchondral bone in external lateral tibial subregion in valgus knees ( r = −0.65, p < 0.01) and in external medial tibial subregion in varus knees ( r = −0.77, p < 0.01). No statistically significant correlation was found in anterior and posterior subregions. Conclusion SF radiographs can be potentially used for initial detection of cartilage degeneration as assessed by MRI in medial and lateral but not in anterior or posterior subregions. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):173–187.
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Taketomi, Shuji, Ryota Yamagami, Nobuyuki Shirakawa, Kouhei Kawaguchi, Sakae Tanaka, and Hiroshi Inui. "The Relationship between Soft-Tissue Balance and Intraoperative Kinematics of Guided Motion Total Knee Arthroplasty." Journal of Knee Surgery 32, no. 01 (2018): 091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636545.
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AbstractA new design of the so-called “guided-motion” total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is expected to produce normal-like kinematics. The implant behaves strictly as a mechanically constraint-guided motion system. However, no previous reports have demonstrated the most appropriate surgical technique or soft-tissue balance that would reproduce ideal kinematics. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between soft-tissue balance and the intraoperative kinematics of guided-motion TKA. In this study, intraoperative kinematics of 95 patients whose TKA was performed with a guided-motion prosthesis (Journey II BCS Smith and Nephew) were measured using the computed tomography (CT)-free navigation system. All procedures were performed via the same soft-tissue balancing technique, which focused on the medial compartment because guided-motion TKA must acquire medial stability to induce medial pivot motion. We measured the extension and flexion osteotomy gaps using a force-controlled compartment-specific ligament tensioner with a distraction force of 80 N for each compartment and divided patients into three groups based on the relationship between extension and flexion joint osteotomy gaps of the medial compartment: group1– loose flexion gap, group 2–equal joint gap, and group 3–tight flexion gap. We compared the preoperative demographic characteristics, implant alignment, and intraoperative kinematics among the three groups. There was no difference between the preoperative demographic characteristics and postoperative implant alignment in the three groups. The relative tibial internal rotational angles in groups 1 and 2 were significantly larger than that in group 3 at 60°, 90°, and maximum flexion (p < 0.05). The appropriate soft-tissue balance of the medial compartment for guided-motion TKA was an equal joint osteotomy gap or a larger flexion than extension gap. A tight flexion gap should be avoided.
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Couture, Grace, Dustin Karlik, Stephen C. Glass, and Brian M. Hatzel. "The Effect of Foam Rolling Duration on Hamstring Range of Motion." Open Orthopaedics Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001509010450.
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Musculoskeletal health benefits from flexibility training and maintaining a functional, or sport specific, range of motion is important to one’s overall fitness. Commercial foam rollers are commonly used in gyms, therapy clinics and homes, yet data are lacking on the optimal rolling duration and effect on range of motion. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of varied durations of a commercial foam roller treatment on hamstring range of motion. Methods : The knee extension range of motion of 33 college aged men and women (age= 20±1.5y, mass= 72.2±10.8 kg) was assessed after a short (2 sets of 10s) and long (4 sets of 30s) duration of hamstring self-administered myofascial release using a commercial foam roller. A one way ANOVA was performed to compare the mean knee extension angle for each condition to baseline measures. Results : Results indicated that neither the short duration (67.30 ± 10.60 deg) nor long duration (67.41 ± 10.81 deg) rolling condition produced significant increases in knee extension compared to baseline (67.70 ± 9.90 deg). Conclusion : Self-administered foam rolling for a total duration of up to 2 minutes is not adequate to induce improvements in knee joint flexibility. Contributing factors may include the amount of pressure imparted by the commercial roller as well as duration of treatment.
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Serrien, Ben, and Jean-Pierre Baeyens. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Proximal-to-Distal Sequencing in Team Handball: Prospects for Talent Detection?" Journal of Human Kinetics 63, no. 1 (2018): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0002.
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Abstract The proximal-to-distal sequence has previously been discussed in the light of performance and injury prevention. Sports biomechanics literature in general, and in team handball in specific, has claimed to be of importance to inform coaches on what constitutes a ‘good’ technical performance. However, hitherto no prospective studies exist on how this information may be used and this may in part be due to the general small sample sizes. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of proximal-to-distal sequencing in team handball throwing motions. A total of fourteen articles were included in the systematic review. Meta-analyses were performed for the timing of maximal angles and angular velocities as well as initiation of joint angular velocities in the penalty throw, the standing throw with run-up and the jump shot of experienced team handball players. For the initiation of joint angular velocities, the overall sequence was estimated to start with pelvis rotation, followed by trunk rotation, trunk flexion, shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension. For maximal velocities, the sequence started with pelvis rotation, followed by trunk rotation, trunk flexion, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation (post ball release). The obtained results were discussed in the light of talent identification purposes. Limitations to individual study methodology and of the present meta-analysis were also discussed. Much more research will be necessary, but at the very least, this review can provide a starting point for evidence-based discussions between movement scientists and team handball coaches to include proximal-to-distal sequencing as a measure of coordination to gauge early onset of talent.
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Dindorf, Carlo, Wolfgang Teufl, Bertram Taetz, Stephan Becker, Gabriele Bleser, and Michael Fröhlich. "Feature extraction and gait classification in hip replacement patients on the basis of kinematic waveform data." Biomedical Human Kinetics 13, no. 1 (2021): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2021-0022.
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Abstract Study aim: To find out, without relying on gait-specific assumptions or prior knowledge, which parameters are most important for the description of asymmetrical gait in patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Material and methods: The gait of 22 patients after THA was recorded using an optical motion capture system. The waveform data of the marker positions, velocities, and accelerations, as well as joint and segment angles, were used as initial features. The random forest (RF) and minimum-redundancy maximum-relevance (mRMR) algorithms were chosen for feature selection. The results were compared with those obtained from the use of different dimensionality reduction methods. Results: Hip movement in the sagittal plane, knee kinematics in the frontal and sagittal planes, marker position data of the anterior and posterior superior iliac spine, and acceleration data for markers placed at the proximal end of the fibula are highly important for classification (accuracy: 91.09%). With feature selection, better results were obtained compared to dimensionality reduction. Conclusion: The proposed approaches can be used to identify and individually address abnormal gait patterns during the rehabilitation process via waveform data. The results indicate that position and acceleration data also provide significant information for this task.
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Domb, Benjamin, Cammille Go, David Maldonado, Sarah Chen, and Ajay Lall. "Predictors of Clinical Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopy: 5 Year Follow- Up Analysis of 1038 Patients." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (2020): 2325967120S0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00385.
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Objectives: Identify predictive factors of midterm outcomes after hip arthroscopy in a cohort of 1038 patients, whose outcomes at minimum 2-year follow-up have previously been reported. In addition, to provide a comparison of short-term and midterm predictive factors in outcome measures following hip arthroscopy. Methods: Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed on all patients undergoing hip arthroscopy between February 2008 and June 2012. Patients were included if they had minimum 5-year follow-up on 3 patient reported outcomes: Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and Hip Outcome Score-Sport Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS). Patients were excluded if they had any prior ipsilateral hip conditions. Using bivariate and multivariate analyses, we analyzed the effect of 36 preoperative and intraoperative variables on NAHS. Results: A total of 1038 patients met our listed inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a mean follow-up time of 62.0 months (range, 60.0 - 120.0 months). The bivariate analysis identified 11 variables (4 categorical and 7 continuous) that were predictive of 5-year postoperative NAHS. For the multivariate analysis, 7 variables were identified as being significant: preoperative NAHS, body mass index (BMI), age, lateral joint space, alpha angle, revision hip arthroscopy, and acetabular microfracture. These 7 variables were also predictive in the bivariate analysis. Conclusion: This study reports favorable midterm clinical outcomes in the largest cohort of hip arthroscopies with minimum 5-year follow up in the literature to date. Seven variables were identified as being significant predictors in both the bivariate and multivariate analysis: preoperative NAHS, body mass index (BMI), age, lateral joint space, alpha angle, revision hip arthroscopy, and acetabular microfracture. Of these, preoperative NAHS, BMI, age, and revision hip arthroscopy were predictive of both 2-year and 5-year postoperative NAHS. These predictive factors may prove useful to clinicians in determining indications for hip arthroscopy and counseling patients on its expected outcomes.
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Laurin, Jérôme, Erick Dousset, Serge Mesure, and Patrick Decherchi. "Neuromuscular recovery pattern after medial collateral ligament disruption in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 1 (2009): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2009.
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The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the most injured ligaments during sport activities. The resulting joint damage effects on neuromuscular system remain unclear. Thus this study was designed to assess the changes in neuromuscular properties of vastus medialis muscle after MCL transection. Complete rupture of MCL was performed on rats, and dynamic functional assessment during locomotion was achieved before and once a week from 1–5 wk postlesion. Twitch properties and metabo- and mechanosensitive afferent fiber responses to specific stimuli were measured 1, 3, and 5 wk after MCL transection. Results indicated that maximum knee angle measured during the stance phase of the gait cycle was decreased during 3 wk after MCL injury and then recovered. Minimum knee angle measured during the stance phase was decreased during 2 wk and showed compensatory effects at week 5. A stepwise decrease in maximum relaxation rate-to-amplitude ratio concomitant with a stepwise increase in half-relaxation time were observed following MCL injury. Variations in metabosensitive afferent response to chemical (KCl and lactic acid) injections were decreased at week 1 and recovered progressively from week 3 to week 5 postlesion. Recovery of the mechanosensitive afferent response to vibrations was not totally complete after 5 wk. Our data indicate that alteration of the sensory pathways from the vastus medialis muscle could be considered as a source of neuromuscular deficits following MCL transection. Our results should be helpful in clinical purpose to improve the knowledge of the influence exerted by ligament rupture on the motor system and permit development of rehabilitation protocols and exercises more appropriate for recovery of functional stability.
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Strube, Patrick, Maria Gunold, Tanja Müller, et al. "Influence of curve morphology and location on the efficacy of rigid conservative treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis." Bone & Joint Journal 103-B, no. 2 (2021): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.103b2.bjj-2020-1113.r2.
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Aims The aim of the present study was to answer the question whether curve morphology and location have an influence on rigid conservative treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Methods We retrospectively analyzed AIS in 127 patients with single and double curves who had been treated with a Chêneau brace and physiotherapeutic specific exercises (B-PSE). The inclusion criteria were the presence of structural major curves ≥ 20° and < 50° (Risser stage 0 to 2) at the time when B-PSE was initiated. The patients were divided into two groups according to the outcome of treatment: failure (curve progression to ≥ 45° or surgery) and success (curve progression < 45° and no surgery). The main curve type (MCT), curve magnitude, and length (overall, above and below the apex), apical rotation, initial curve correction, flexibility, and derotation by the brace were compared between the two groups. Results In univariate analysis treatment failure depended significantly on: 1) MCT (p = 0.008); 2) the apical rotation of the major curve before (p = 0.007) and during brace treatment (p < 0.001); 3) the initial and in-brace Cobb angles of the major (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and minor curves (p = 0.015 and p = 0.002); 4) major curve flexibility (p = 0.005) and the in-brace curve correction rates (major p = 0.008, minor p = 0.034); and 5) the length of the major curve (LoC) above (p < 0.001) and below (p = 0.002) the apex. Furthermore, MCT (p = 0.043, p = 0.129, and p = 0.017 in MCT comparisons), LoC (upper length p = 0.003, lower length p = 0.005), and in-brace Cobb angles (major p = 0.002, minor p = 0.027) were significant in binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Curve size, location, and morphology were found to influence the outcome of rigid conservative treatment of AIS. These findings may improve future brace design and patient selection for conservative treatment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):373–381.
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Ruas, Cassio V., Ronei S. Pinto, Rex W. Hafenstine, Maria C. C. Pereira, and Lee E. Brown. "Specific joint angle assessment of the shoulder rotators." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 22, no. 3 (2014): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-140539.
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Usuelli, Federico G., Camilla Maccario, Cristian Indino, Luigi Manzi, Fausto Romano, and Christopher E. Gross. "Evaluation of Hindfoot Alignment After Fixed- and Mobile-Bearing Total Ankle Prostheses." Foot & Ankle International 41, no. 3 (2019): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719891160.
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Background: End-stage ankle arthritis can involve malalignment of the ankle in both the coronal and sagittal planes. Up to 33% to 44% of patients who present for total ankle replacement (TAR) have greater than 10° of coronal plane deformity. Normalization of the sagittal and coronal alignment is key in improving survivorship and functional outcomes in TAR. In the present study, we analyzed how both the ankle and hindfoot alignment for both a fixed-bearing and mobile-bearing TAR system changed over time. Specifically, we measured coronal and sagittal alignment of both the ankle and hindfoot complex. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 2 independent groups of patients undergoing 2 different systems for total ankle replacement: Zimmer (lateral approach, fixed-bearing) and Hintegra (anterior approach, mobile bearing). Specific demographic data and radiographic data were measured. Within-group comparisons were performed using 1-way repeated measures ANOVA, analyzing the temporal course of clinical data within the Hintegra and Zimmer groups. Results: At the ankle joint, as measured by the α and β angles ( P > .05), the position of the components remained relatively similar in both the fixed- and mobile-bearing TAR at 24-month follow-up. The sagittal alignment, as measured by the TT (tibiotalar) ratio, demonstrated a posterior shifting of the talus in the mobile bearing group ( P = .036). Although the fixed- and mobile-bearing TAR had both significant hindfoot alignment improvement between the preoperative radiographs and at 24 months, over time, the fixed-bearing ankle had a significant increase in both the hindfoot alignment view angle and hindfoot alignment distance ( P < .001), suggesting a possible dynamism of the hindfoot in the fixed-bearing TAR. Conclusion: The lateral-approach fixed and anterior approach mobile-bearing implants maintained coronal and sagittal alignment in the short term; the temporal course of the lateral approach fixed-bearing ankle showed an increase in the valgus positioning of the hindfoot. The anterior approach mobile-bearing implant maintained its hindfoot alignment over the course of the study. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.
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Fuchs, Philip X., Andrea Fusco, Jeffrey W. Bell, Serge P. von Duvillard, Cristina Cortis, and Herbert Wagner. "Effect of Differential Training on Female Volleyball Spike-Jump Technique and Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 7 (2020): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0488.
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Purpose: To determine the effect of in-season differential training on volleyball spike-jump technique and performance in elite-level female players. Methods: During the season, spike jumps of 12 elite female players (Austrian Volleyball League Women) were recorded by 13 Qualisys Oqus cameras (250 Hz) and an AMTI force plate (1000 Hz). First measurement was made at the beginning of the investigation. Two identical measurements were repeated after a first and a second interval. The first interval served as control phase. The second interval was comparable in length and regular program but included differential training (6 wk, 8 sessions of 15–20 min) as a modified warm-up. It addressed specific performance determinants. Analyses of variances were calculated for the 3 measurements and for the development during control and intervention phase. Results: Initial jump height (0.44 [0.09] m) changed by −4.5% during the control phase and +11.9% during the intervention (P < .001, ). All approach variables, arm backswing, and velocity-conversion strategy improved compared with the control phase (Δ%: 6.1–51.2%, P < .05, ). Joint angles, countermovement depth, maximal angular velocities, and torso incline were not affected (Δ%: −2.9–9.1%, P = .066–.969, ). Conclusions: In-season differential training led to technical adaptations and increased spike-jump height in elite female players. The differential training program allowed players to experience a range of adaptability and to adjust toward an individual optimum in technical components of performance determinants. Coaches are encouraged to apply technical differential training to elite athletes and to target biomechanical performance factors specifically.
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Vysochina, Nadiia, and Filipp Vysochin. "Eating Behavior Psychoregulation As a Resource for Increasing the Achievements of Athletes." Journal of Health, Sports, and Kinesiology 2, no. 2 (2021): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47544/johsk.2021.2.2.8.
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The realities of today's sport indicate that the achievement of high sports results is not only due to high-quality technical-tactical preparation for the competitions but is also associated with a number of medical-biological character factors (Dmitriev & Gunina, 2020). For instance, one of the most important constituents of the training process in all sports events is a properly selected balanced diet, which takes into account the competitive activity specifics, the peculiarities of physical loads, the athlete individual physiological and psychological characteristics (Gunina et al., 2018; Malkina-Pykh, 2007). Therefore, every year the attention of scientists in the field of sport is more and more focused on the issue of athlete eating behavior management as a factor of increasing the competitive activity efficiency, which determines the urgency of this research topic. Besides, in the scientific literature, the psychological components of nutritional support in sport have received almost no attention. Available publications have mainly addressed the peculiarities of athlete nutrition in certain sports events (Polievsky, 2015) almost neglecting external and internal factors that influence the athlete eating behavior, which makes the presented topic especially interesting for study. The purpose of this study was to identify the psychological factors that determine the peculiarities of nutrition and diet in sports, and to determine the degree of their influence and methods of psychoregulation. Previous researchers have reported changing of CAL affect cycling power production (MacDermid & Edwards, 2010; Martin & Spirduso, 2001; Too & Landwer, 2000), lower limb joint angle, cadence (Barratt et al., 2011 & 2016; Candotti et al., 2007; Christiansen et al., 2013), pedal torque (Hull & Gonzalez, 1988), lower limb muscle activity (Watanabe, 2020), and V̇O2 (Ferrer-Roca et al., 2017; Morris & Londeree, 1997).
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Lott, Melanie B., and Gan Xu. "Joint Angle Coordination Strategies During Whole Body Rotations on a Single Lower-Limb Support: An Investigation Through Ballet Pirouettes." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 36, no. 2 (2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2019-0209.
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Despite the prevalence of turning maneuvers in everyday life, relatively little research has been conducted on joint angle kinematic coordination during whole-body rotations around a vertical axis. Ballet pirouettes provide an opportunity to study dynamically balanced, whole-body rotations on a single support and the potential to scale results to smaller angular displacements executed by general populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the supporting limb’s ankle, knee, hip, and pelvis-trunk joint angle excursions and kinematic coordination strategies utilized during the pirouette’s turn phase. Advanced dancers (n = 6) performed pirouettes while whole-body 3-dimensional kinematics were recorded. Group mean ankle ab/adduction excursion was significantly greater than all other excursions (P < .05). Principal components analysis was applied to joint angle time-series data (4 joints × 3 degrees of freedom = 12 variables). The first 4 principal components explained 92% (2%) of variance, confirming redundancy in joint angle data. Evolution of the data along the first principal component in successful pirouettes oscillated at the pirouette’s rotational frequency. Principal component eigenvector coefficients provided evidence of ankle–hip coordination, although specific coordination patterns varied between individuals and across trials. These results indicate that successful pirouettes are executed with continuous, oscillatory joint angle coordination patterns.
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NOORKÕIV, MARIKA, KAZUNORI NOSAKA, and ANTHONY J. BLAZEVICH. "Neuromuscular Adaptations Associated with Knee Joint Angle-Specific Force Change." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46, no. 8 (2014): 1525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000269.
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Deffner, K. T., S. C. Johnson, J. A. Walker, et al. "JOINT ANGLE SPECIFIC KNEE FLEXOR/EXTENSOR TORQUE RATIOS OF ACTIVE WOMEN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (1998): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01434.
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