Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sport specific performance'

The present study is a mixed method longitudinal design, containing three objectives. Object one was to develop a team-specific survey instrumentin order to measure emotion, concentration and performance during a game. Object two was to examine the dynamics of emotion, concentration and performance in successful and less successful games. Object three was to study the relationship between emotion, concentration and performance in successful and less successful games. The participants (n= 15, age= 22.8) in the study consisted of 15 women, all players in the same elite handball team.Qualitative data was obtained by two workshops in order to construct the instrument. Quantitative data was collected after games, using the team specific instrument. The study includes data over a six game period containing four successful games and two less successful games. Results showed a significant difference between successful and less successful games regarding all three variables measured. Both positive and negative relationships were found. The results also showed different relationships regarding successful and less successful games. Several practical team-specific applications were suggested, such as working with emotional regulation to enhance performance. Investigating if athletes are more prone to be influenced emotionally by their performance when performing poorlyis one of several suggestions proposed for future directions.

The asymmetries detected in the different multi-directional sports vary in magnitude depending on the test selected. Furthermore, in the individual analysis of the different tests administered, it was observed that athlete’s lower limb preferences depended on the test. Greater asymmetries were detected in the vertical jump test, the CODD variable, and the change of direction with inertial resistance test in multidirectional sports. The change of direction with inertial resistance test also enabled us to detect asymmetries in actions that approximate the actual sport. Moreover, the results showed that asymmetries have a negative impact on performance of the jump and the change of direction, and on speed in the linear sprint and the capacity to repeat the change of direction. Last, we were able to observe that iso-inertial training results in greater adaptations in performance and larger reductions in asymmetries than conventional cable-resistance training. We can also affirm that positive adaptations in performance caused by resistance training are not necessarily associated with reduced asymmetries<br>Com a síntesis d’aquest procés d’investigació, les asimetries detectades en els diferents esports multidireccionals mostren variabilitat en les magnituds segons la prova seleccionada. A més, en l’anàlisis individuals les proves realitzades, s’ha pogut observar que els esportistes mostren preferències en l’habilitat de la cama en funció de la prova. El test de salt vertical, la variable del COD i canvi de direcció amb resistència iso-inercial mostra majors magnituds en la detecció d’asimetries en esports multidireccionals. El canvi de direcció amb resistència iso-inercial permet, detectar les asimetries en accions pròximes a l’esport. Per un altre costat, els nostres resultats també mostren que les asimetries influeixen negativament en el rendiment de salt, canvi de direcció, capacitat de repetir canvis de direcció i velocitat en esprint lineal. Per a finalitzar, hem pogut observar que l’entrenament iso-inercial provoca majors adaptacions en el rendiment i majors reduccions d’asimetries que l’entrenament de força convencional de cable gravitacional

Collegiate athletes are always looking for ways to improve their performance. Resistance training has been incorporated into most collegiate athletic programs for this very reason. In order to improve strength, lean body mass, and exercise performance, resistance exercise and timely protein ingestion must be followed. Incorporating protein ingestion into a resistance training routine has been shown to improve net protein balance. Milk protein is gaining popularity as an ergogenic aid. There has been growing interest in the potential use of bovine milk (cow’s milk) as an exercise beverage, especially during recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. No studies have been conducted comparing fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk on muscular strength and body composition in collegiate softball players. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether fat free chocolate milk and low fat chocolate milk ingested after resistance exercise improves common performance assessments of collegiate softball players. Specifically, the performance assessments were the vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint, and the agility t-test. The participants were randomized according to strength and bodyweight, in a double blind experimental design. The 18 female, collegiate softball players (18.5 ± .7 yrs; 65.7 ± 1.8 inches; 156.2 ± 21.6 kg) ingested either fat free chocolate milk or low fat chocolate milk immediately after resistance exercise workouts for an 8-week period. Dependent variables included vertical jump test, 20-yard sprint test and agility t-test. The data was analyzed via a paired samples t-test (to detect difference across both groups over the eight week training period) and an independent samples t-test (to detect differences between the groups) using SPSS for Windows 15.0. No statistically significant differences were found in the vertical jump, 20 yard sprint, or agility t-test between the fat free chocolate milk group and the low fat chocolate milk group. The major, statistical, finding of this study is that the consumption of commercially available fat free chocolate milk versus low fat chocolate milk drink does not produce improvements in exercise performance in conjunction with an eight week periodized, resistance training program in collegiate softball players. The difference of 10 grams of fat (two servings per container) did not alter any of the performance variables (20 yard sprint, vertical jump or agility t-test).

This study explored the subjective interpretations of five adolescent athletes who experienced a sport-specific version of the Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment (MAC) approach. The MAC approach is an alternative sport psychology intervention to more traditional control-driven approaches, such as Psychological Skills Training (PST). An in-depth qualitative study was conducted at the High Performance Centre (hpc) of the University of Pretoria (UP). The sport-specific MAC programme was developed for the sport of athletics. The programme was facilitated to five adolescent athletes who participate in the sport of athletics. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after the participants experienced the programme. The interviews were based on written reflections provided by participants during the programme. The research position for this study was phenomenology, and specifically Interpretive Phenomenology (IP). Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the material. The results revealed that there was only one theme that was common to all five participants. Furthermore, the results portrayed diversity amongst the participant experiences and subjectivity in their interpretations of the MAC approach. The results displayed how some themes are consistent with MAC-related literature, and how other themes contradict the literature. Additionally, some themes have not been reported in MAC literature before. Thus, the study contributed to the expansion of literature on the MAC approach.<br>Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>lk2014<br>Psychology<br>MA<br>Unrestricted

Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka rollen av prestationsångest och ältande mellan dispositionell mindfulness och självskattad prestation. Det var totalt 53 idrottare (22 kvinnor, 31 män; Målder = 29.32, SD = 12.28 år) från 18 olika idrotter som deltog i studien. Studien var av kvantitativ longitudinell design (tre tillfällen under en fyra veckors period) där den oberoende variabeln, den beroende variabeln och två möjliga mediatorer undersöktes med hjälp av Athletic Mindfulness Questionnaire, Sport Performance Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale-2, och Rumination Reflection Questionnaire. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant indirekt effekt av dispositionell mindfulness på självskattad prestation genom varken ältande eller prestationsångest. Resultaten indikerar att ältande och prestationsångest inte medierar förhållandet mellan dispositionell mindfulness och självskattad prestation i det undersökta urvalet. Det diskuteras att mindfulness ändrar förhållandet idrottaren har med ångesten istället för att sänka den upplevda nivån av ångest. Forskning om ältande som en mediator mellan mindfulness och prestation diskuteras som sällsynt, vilket kan göra kunskapen om förhållandet otillräckligt för att göra några bestämda uttalanden. Resultaten bör tolkas med försiktighet med tanke på att undersökningen gjordes på en heterogen grupp av idrottare med en subjektiv mått av prestation. Vidare forskning bör fokusera på en bestämd grupp och använda mer objektiva mått på prestation, samt använda ett idrottsspecifik instrument för att mäta ältande. Nyckelord: prestationsångest, dispositionell mindfulness, idrottsprestation, idrottare<br>The purpose of this study was to examine the role of sport-trait anxiety and rumination in the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance. A total of 53 athletes (22 women, 31 men; Mage = 29.32, SD = 12.28 years) from 18 different sports participated. A quantitative longitudinal design (three-time measures within a four-week period) was conducted wherein the independent and dependent variables, as well as the two potential mediators were measured using Athletic Mindfulness Questionnaire, Sport Performance Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale-2, and Rumination Reflection Questionnaire. The results showed no significant indirect effect of dispositional mindfulness on self-assessed performance through neither sporttrait anxiety nor rumination. These findings indicate that sport-trait anxiety and rumination do not mediate the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and self-assessed performance in the examined sample. Mindfulness is discussed as altering the athlete’s relationship with anxiety rather than lowering the perceived levels of anxiety. Since research on rumination as a mediator between mindfulness and performance is very scarce, the knowledge about the relationship might be insufficient to make any decisive statements. Findings are to be taken with caution given the heterogeneous sample of athletes considered and the use of a subjective measure of performance. Further research should focus on a more targeted group and use a more objective performance measure, as well as a sport-specific rumination scale. Keywords: sport-specific anxiety, dispositional mindfulness, athletic performance, athlete

Abstract Aim The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of a very heavy resisted sprint training regimen and a unresisted sprint training regimen on sprint, acceleration and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent football (soccer) players at mid- to post-PHV and &gt;95% PAH. Method In total 27 male football players were recruited as volunteer participants. The participants had no previous experience with resisted sprint training. The participants were randomly assigned to either the resisted sprint (RST) (n=9) or unresisted sprint (UST) (n=10) training group. However, the grouping was matched based on the force-velocity (F-v) profiling. A control group (i.e. TAU group n=8) was matched with the experimental groups based on age and anthropometrics. The training was done twice a week for four weeks, consisting of either resisted or unresisted sprints. 24 of the original 27 participants could later be included for statistical analysis. During intervention the TAU group performed the regular team training with no additional stimuli from the researchers. Anthropometrics, sprint, acceleration and jump performance testing was tested pre- and post-training intervention. Results The four-week training intervention resulted in significant improvements of sprint- and acceleration for the RST-group. The improvements were 3,8% (±0.05) in T30, 4,2% (±0.06) in T20, 5,7% (±0.06) in T10, and 7,9% (±0.06) in the T5. The RST and UST groups also had significant improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. Further there were several significant between group changes in both sprint and jump performance favoring the RST group over both the UST and TAU groups. Conclusion The conclusions are that in this population a very heavy RST regimen elicits improvements in sprint and acceleration performance whilst a UST regimen does not. Further, both the RST- and UST- training regimens elicit improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. The improvements of the present study follow the pattern of previous studies in the field indicating a greater horizontal force generating ability. However, the improvements in the present study are larger than previously seen, indicating that this type of training might be extra beneficial to enhance sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes. The findings of the present study also contradict the typical recommendations of using light resistance loads (i.e. the 10% rule) when it comes to RST. Heavier loads, as in this case 103,5% of body weight on average, can indeed be used to produce sprint and acceleration gains in a late pubertal adolescent athlete population. The improvement in these short sprints (5-30m) versus the eventual performance decrease in longer sprints 40-70m (e.g. due to less effective maximal velocity phase) is a trade off which logically should be worthwhile for team sport athletes.<br>Abstrakt Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av väldigt tungt belastad sprintträning och obelastad sprintträning på sprint-, acceleration och hopprestation hos unga fotbollsspelare i sena tonåren som ligger på en mognadsgrad av ”mid- post-PHV” samt &gt;95% PAH. Metod Totalt 27 fotbollsspelare rekryterades som frivilliga deltagare. Deltagarna hade ingen tidigare erfarenhet av belastad sprintträning. Deltagarna blev slumpmässigt indelade till antingen den belastade (RST) eller den obelastade (UST) träningsgruppen. Dock skedde grupperingen med deltagarnas kraft- hastighetsprofilering som bas, då grupperna blev matchade efter denna. Kontrollgruppen (TAU n=8) matchades med experimentgrupperna efter ålder och antropometri. Träningen bestod av väldigt tungt belastad eller obelastad sprintträning och utfördes två gånger i veckan under fyra veckor. 24 av de initialt 27 deltagarna kunde inkluderas för vidare analys. Under interventionen genomförde TAU den vanliga lagträningen utan ytterligare träningsstimuli från forskarna. Antropometri, sprint, acceleration och hopprestation testades före respektive efter interventionen. Resultat Den fyra veckor långa träningsinterventionen resulterade i signifikanta förbättringar i sprint och acceleration för RST-gruppen. Förbättringarna var 3,8% (±0.05) i T30, 4,2% (±0.06) i T20, 5,7% (±0.06) i T10, och 7,9% (±0.06) i T5. RST och UST grupperna hade också signifikanta förbättringar i både vertikal och horisontell hopprestation. Vidare fanns det flera signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader i både sprint- och hopprestation till fördel för RST gruppen över både UST och TAU grupperna. Konklusion Konklusionen är att ett väldigt tungt RST-träningsprogram framkallar signifikanta förbättringar i både sprint, acceleration och hopprestation medan ett UST-träningsprogram inte gör det. Vidare kan konkluderas att både ett RST- och ett UST-träningsprogram signifikant förbättrar både vertikal och horisontell hopprestationen. Förbättringarna följer mönstret från tidigare studier på området och indikerar en större horisontell kraftproduktion. Dock är förbättringarna större än vad som tidigare observerats vilket indikerar att denna typ av träning kan vara extra förtjänstfull för denna population. Resultaten motsäger även den typiska rekommendationen kring lätta vikter (dvs. 10% regeln) vid belastad sprintträning. Tyngre belastning, som i detta fall i genomsnitt 103,5% av kroppsvikten, kan användas för att producera sprint- och accelerationsförbättringar i denna population. Förbättringen av denna typ av korta sprinter (5-30m) gentemot den eventuella prestationsförsämringen i längre sprinter (40-70m) torde vara ett byte som är värt att göra för lagidrottare.

Six experiments were conducted in order to examine the role of movement specific reinvestment in performance of a range of tasks of varying complexity under different performance contexts. The first experiment investigated the role of movement specific reinvestment in performance of a fundamental laparoscopic skill under time pressure. It was found that individuals with a lower propensity for movement specific reinvestment were able to meet task demands by performing faster under time pressure than individuals with a higher propensity for movement specific reinvestment. Although movement specific reinvestment is often treated as a uni-dimensional construct, it is comprised of two dimensions of conscious processing; movement self-consciousness and conscious motor processing. These dimensions appear to exert a differential influence on performance in different contexts. The second experiment therefore investigated the differential influence of the two dimensions of movement specific reinvestment on performance of a fundamental laparoscopic skill early and later in practice and on performance of a more complex, cross-handed laparoscopy task. Movement self-consciousness was found to play a more dominant role early and later in practice of a relatively simple, fundamental, laparoscopic skill than conscious motor processing, which played a more dominant role in performance of a more complex, cross-handed laparoscopic skill. The third and fourth experiments examined the differential influence of the two dimensions of movement specific reinvestment on a complex golf-putting skill early and later in practice (Experiment 3) and under low- and high-anxiety conditions (Experiment 4). Experiments 3 and 4 also examined the kinematic mechanisms underlying the influence of the two dimensions on putting performance. Findings from Experiment 3 revealed that movement self-consciousness and conscious motor processing positively influenced putting performance early in practice, when learners were consciously engaged in the control of movements. However, later in practice movement self-consciousness alone positively influenced putting performance. Analysis of kinematic measures suggested that reduced variability of both impact velocity and putter face angle at impact mediated the positive influence of both movement self-consciousness and conscious motor processing on putting performance. Findings from Experiment 4 revealed that movement self-consciousness positively influenced performance in the low-anxiety condition (and appeared to reduce variability of impact velocity), but not in the high-anxiety condition. It was argued that the attention demanding nature of anxiety (Eysenck & Calvo, 1992) potentially subdued the influence of movement self-consciousness under high-anxiety conditions. The fifth experiment confirmed this proposition as the positive influence of movement self-consciousness on quiet standing performance was no longer evident when an attention demanding dual-task was performed concurrently with a primary quiet standing task. The final experiment examined the unique influence of the two dimensions on laparoscopic performance during practice and under anxiety in a real-world anxiety provoking situation, the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) (Muldoon, Biesty, & Smith, 2014; Nasir et al., in press). The findings of the six experiments are discussed within the framework of the Theory of Reinvestment (e.g., Masters, 1992; Masters & Maxwell, 2008).<br>published_or_final_version<br>Human Performance<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy

The need for an EAP in a sport environment is considered on the basis of a questionnaire completed by a group of Netball players and an overview of the high performance environment of elite athletes. The questionnaire covered the personal, work(career), home and sporting environments of the respondents with a view to identify those stressors that could possibly impact on performance on the playing field. The particular profile of the responding group of Netball players is taken into consideration. Responses received from the group of Netball players together with the characteristics of the high pressure world of high performance or “elite” athletes provides insight into the nature of the related factors at work in this environment. General principles involved in EAP, as applicable in normal workplace situations, are reviewed and the support services provided compared with the support services generally available to athletes. Support services provided by sports organisations are essentially focused on the physical well-being of the athlete and very little is available to attend to the emotional needs of athletes. The stressful environment within which elite athletes function impact the mental well-being of athletes dramatically and interventions are required to ensure that performance quality is not affected. It is concluded that existing support services for athletes are deficient with respect to their emotional needs. By extending traditional athlete support systems to include the basic principles of EAP it is possible to support both the physical and emotional needs of elite athletes. Guidelines for such a sport specific EAP is provided. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Basson, T 2004, Guidelines for a sport specific Employee Assistance Programme, MSD dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10182005-105208 / ><br>Dissertation (MSD (Employee Assistance Programme))--University of Pretoria, 2006.<br>Social Work<br>unrestricted

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>運動健康研究所<br>98<br>Background: Around the international tennis championship, Taiwanese tennis player’s performance are excellent. Players in the international arena will be more competitive if the training can be supplemented by scientific methods. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate six-week sling instability exercise training on sports-specific physical ability and sport performance for tennis players. Methods: Sixteen male tennis players were participated in this study and divided into training group (N=8, average years: 18.3 ± 1.8 years) and control group (N=8, average years: 21.0 ± 2.1 years). The subjects of training group held three times a week, a total of six-weeks sling instability training. The participants were assessed before and after six-weeks training. the assessment items included physical ability(medicine ball throw, forward and backward-run,lower back strength, agility and coordination), balance, lumbar proprioception,and sports-specific performance (maximum serve speed, average serve speed, serve stability, speed and accuracy of forehand, backhand stroke in straight line and diagonal line from court baseline). Independent t test was used to determine the improve differences between the training group and control group. Results: The results had revealed that significantly differences was showed in medicine ball throwing, balance ability, lumbar proprioception, the average serve speed,speed and accuracy of backhand stroke in diagonal line from court baseline between training and control group(p &amp;lt;.05). Conclusion: Three times a week for six-week sling instability exercise training could effectively enhance the sports-specific physical ability, balance, lumbar proprioception and sport performance for tennis player.

博士<br>國立體育大學<br>競技與教練科學研究所<br>103<br>Evaluation of Sport Specific Performance and the Effects of Bovine Colostrums Supplementation During Training Period in Canoe/Kayak Athletes Abstract Flat water slalom has been regarded as the foundation of white water slalom in terms of skill training program. The aims of chapter three in this thesis were to investigate the associations among performances of white water slalom, flat water slalom, and the coefficient of variation ratio of white water/flat water slalom performance. The results found that significant correlations were found between the performances of WS and FS and between WS performance and the coefficients of variation in WS/FS. The main findings of chapter three suggested that the better performance in WS appeared to have better stabilities in both WS and FS and the both types of slalom race. Canoe/kayak ergometry is an imitative instrument used in the indoor/land training or the physical assessment in canoe/kayak athletes. The aim of chapter four was to develop a model to predict the performances of open-water sprint kayaking obstacle slalom by canoe/kayak ergometry. The main findings of chapter four suggest that the CV, the modified-Wingate test, and the ergometry 200-m test appear to be the better indicators of predicting performances of the 1000-m open-water kayaking, 200-m open-water kayaking, and obstacle slalom in kayak athletes respectively. Whereas, the FI appears to be the better indicator of predicting obstacle slalom performance in canoe athletes. Many studies have examined how and why the nutritional interventions prevent athletes from exercise-induced immunodepression, and oxidative stress. The aims of the chapter five are to investigate the effect of BC supplementation on performance, immune function, and oxidative stress during training period in canoe/kayak athletes. The results shown that 4 weeks bovine colostrums supplementation did not significantly improve exercise performance and affect mucosal immunity and oxidative stress, except for altering the counts of leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils at recovery phase. Key words: kayak, water sport, rowing, critical velocity, modified Wingate test, fatigue index, canoe/kayak ergometry, white blood cell subset, B cell.

Title: Changes of the catecholamins, serotonine and lactate levels during sport climbing on a climbing wall depending on the leader climber's style of belaying. Goals: The Goal of this thesis is to build on the bachelor thesis and develop its goals. The research is focused on a detection of blood hormonal changes before performance, right after it and after a 15- minute pacification depending on a style of a personal profile and style of belaying of the climbers. Hormonal changes have been compared during the performance on two climbing routes of the same difficulty and different styles of belaying. Methods: The randomized research sample consisted of 10 women, climbers, who climbed two routes using the OS (on sight) style on the level of maximum effort. One of the routes was climbed with clipping in protection points against the second route, which was climbed without protection points. The research was performed using a blood collection from v. brachialis and spinning off the blood plasma of the collected blood. Lactate was determined on Siemens Adria 1800 in a routine laboratory, serotonine was determined using LS-MS/MS with a gradient elution. Catecholamines were determined using LS-MS/MS with an isocratic elution. The survey composed of three psychological questionnaires (DMV, RCAI, Eysenck's...

abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of specific macronutrient feedings on competitive golf performance and perceived levels of fatigue and alertness. Participants played three, nine hole rounds of golf, consuming an isocaloric beverage as a control (CON), with the addition of carbohydrate (CHO), or combination of protein and carbohydrate (COM). Physiological and performance measurements were taken before, during, and following each nine hole round. Performance measurements include driving accuracy (DA), driving distance (DD), iron accuracy (IA), chipping accuracy (CA), and putting accuracy (PA). Pre-golf hydration status (urine specific gravity [USG]) and Sweat Rate during golf performance showed no significant differences between trials. All nine hole rounds were performed in ~2 hours. Environmental conditions were similar for all three testing days (mean WBGT=10.946). No significant differences were seen in Driving Distance, Driving Accuracy, and Iron Accuracy for all nine holes between groups receiving different macronutrient feedings. Chipping Accuracy was significantly better in CON trial compared to CHO (p=0.004) and COM (p=0.019). No significant differences were seen in putting make percentages. COM trial significantly lowered Perceived Levels of Fatigue (p=0.019) compared to CON. The CHO trial showed significant improvements in DA compared to CON (13.7 vs. 44.1, p=0.012) and COM (13.7 vs. 33.6, p=0.004) in the first four holes. In the last five holes, the COM trial showed significant improvements in DA compared to CHO (17.5 vs. 29.7, p=0.007). Low Handicap golfers (3 +/- 3) performed significantly better than High Handicap golfers (14 +/- 3.6) in DD (265 vs. 241, p<0.001), DA (15.0 vs. 29.3, p=0.004), IA (15.2 vs. 25.2, p<0.001), CA (52.0 vs. 61.5, p=0.027), and PA 5ft (64% vs. 40%, p=0.003). High Handicap players showed no significant differences between the three trials for any golf performance measurements. Low Handicap players showed significant improvements in DA for COM trial compared to CON trial (13.6 vs. 27.6, p=0.003). The results suggest that carbohydrates at the start and a combination of carbohydrate and protein is beneficial at the second part of 9 holes to improve golf performance and maintain levels of fatigue, however, it needs to be investigated how this knowledge will relate to playing more holes.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Exercise and Wellness 2020

The aims of this thesis were to; firstly, address the numerous concerns for athletes associated with exercise-induced dehydration and electrolyte loss; secondly, to examine the development of methods of assessing soccer players’ performance; and thirdly, to investigate the inter-relationship between soccer-specific tests. Finally, through a series of studies, the effect of electrolyte loss on subsequent soccer-specific performance was examined.<br>Chapters 1 and 2 comprise of detailed literature reviews, which introduce the pertinent issues related to hydration, electrolyte loss and assessment of soccer performance and outline areas of necessary future research. Chapter 3 measured the effect of short-term fatigue, through a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, on subsequent skill performance, via the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), in thirty international level female soccer players. No significant differences were observed in any of the movement, penalty or total time taken to complete the LSPT between the pre- and post-RSA scores.<br>Chapter 4 investigated the hydration status and electrolyte loss of 14 professional soccer players (mean ± SD; Age: 24.1 ± 3.5 years; Height: 1.78 ± 0.07 m, Body mass (BM): 72.6 ± 12.1 kg) during normal “in-season” training and subsequently examined the effect of beverage sodium (Na⁺) on RSA performance. It was found that RSA performance was significantly improved in professional soccer players by the inclusion of 21.32 mmol·L⁻¹ Na⁺ in a beverage, when compared to a control beverage.<br>Chapter 5 examined the effects of 60 min of soccer-specific training on LSPT performance, hydration status and core temperature (Tc) when ingesting either a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) or control (CON) drink. Seven healthy male soccer players (age: 23 ± 2.9 y, height: 1.7 ± 0.04 m, mass: 62.7 ± 6.7 kg) each completed a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) and a control (CON) trial. There was an improvement in movement time (p = .034) and overall LSPT performance (p = .031) post-exercise in CHO-E when compared with CON. No differences were observed in Tc or absolute and relative body mass loss between trials (p> .05).<br>The final investigation of this thesis is detailed in chapter 6, where the purpose of the investigation was to examine the effect of beverages with different Na⁺ concentrations in soccer players on repeated sprint and soccer skill performance during and after soccer-simulated activity in a hot and humid environment. 12 healthy, male, semi-professional soccer players volunteered for this study (mean ± SD: age 24.5 ± 3.3 y, height 1.8 ± 0.06 m, BM 78.1 ± 9.4 kg). The results highlighted that the RSA performance was improved in both the High-Na⁺ and Na⁺ trials when compared to the CON trial at each time point (p < 0.05). A significant improvement in LSPT performance was observed in the Hi-Na⁺ trial compared with CON trial at all measurement time points (p < 0.05).<br>The findings from this thesis highlight that the addition of Na⁺ to a beverage can enhance sprint and skill performance in soccer players when the beverage is consumed during sport-specific training in a hot and humid environment.<br>本論文的研究目的包括; 首先，探討運動員在運動時脫水和流失電解質的眾多顧慮;其次，考究足球員表現評估方法之發展; 第三，通過一系列的研究，調查電解質流失對隨後足球專項表現的影響。最後，就不同足球專項評估方法的相互關連性進行研究。<br>第1章和第2章包含詳盡的文獻綜述，當中介紹了水合作用、電解質流失和足球員表現評估方法的議題，並帶出未來需要研究的方向。第3章探討透過反复衝刺能力（ RSA ）測試引致的短期疲勞對足球表現的影響。30名國際級女子足球運動員在短期疲勞前後進行LSPT技術測試。結果顯示，RSA前後的LSPT成績 (不論動作、懲罰或總完成時間)均無顯著差異。<br>第4章調查了14名專業足球運動員（平均值±標準差; 年齡： 24.1 ±3.5歲，身高：1.78 ±0.07米，體重（ BM ）：72.6 ±12.1千克）於”比賽季”常規訓練的水合狀態和電解質流失，並隨後研究飲料鈉（Na +）對RSA表現的影響。研究發現， 與對照組相比，運動員飲用包含21.32 mmol.L -1 Na +的飲料後，RSA表現有顯著提升。<br>第5章研究攝入碳水化合物-電解質飲料（ CHO - E）或對照飲料（CON ）後，60分鐘足球專項訓練對LSPT表現，水合狀態和核心溫度（Tc）的影響。七名健康男性足球員（年齡：23 ±2.9歲，高度： 1.7 ±0.04米，體重： 62.7 ±6.7千克）各完成一個碳水化合物-電解質（ CHO - E）和一個對照組（CON ）試驗。與CON組相比，，CHO - E組在運動時間（P = .034 ）和整體LSPT表現（P = .031 ）均有顯著提升。兩組間的Tc或絕對和相對體重流失則無顯著差異（P> 0.05 ）。<br>在最後第6章，本論文研究在高溫高濕環境下的足球模擬活動期間和隨後，不同Na +濃度飲料對足球員的反複衝刺和足球專項技巧表現的影響。 12名健康的男性半職業足球運動員自願參加本研究（平均值±標準差： 24.5 ±3.3歲，身高1.8 ±0.06米，體重78.1 ±9.4千克） 。結果顯示，與CON組相比，高Na +和Na +組在所有測量時間點中的RSA表現都有顯著提高（ P <0.05）。至於LSPT表現，高Na +組則比CON組在所有測量時間點均有顯著改善（ P < 0.05）。<br>綜上所述，本論文的研究結果強調，在飲料添加Na +可提高足球運動員在炎熱和潮濕的環境訓練時的短跑和技術表現。<br>O'Reilly, John Timothy.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-137).<br>Abstracts also in Chinese.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on 08, November, 2016).<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

碩士<br>國立體育學院<br>教練研究所<br>90<br>The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between sports specific fitness and goal-shooting performance. Subjects were 20 female players, with a mean age of 20.05 ± 10 years and a mean handball training experience of 9.45 ±. 1.57 years. Subjects were players won the champion and the second place in the 2001 Class A Collegiate Girls Handball Championship held at Taipei Physical Education College and National Taichung Teachers’ College. Handball specific fitness tests included vertical jump, standing jump, shooting speed, handball throwing, grip strength, sit and reach, 30-meter dash and lower limb reaction time. Shooting accuracy tests were conducted from left forward (6m), left guard (9m), center (9m), right guard (9m) and right forward (6m) positions. Goal shooting targets (40cm×40cm) included up-right, low-right, up-left and low-left corners. Each subject had 10 shoots at each target from each position with balance order (total: 200 trails). Correlation coefficients were calculated by Pearson’s product moment correlation. Results were given as follows: (1) For low-left and low-right targets shootings from center, left guard and right guard positions resulted in highest accuracy rate and shootings from left forward and right forward positions were also found to resulted in highest accuracy rate at top and bottom corner targets. (2) Shooting speed, handball throwing, grasp strength and lower limb reaction time were not significantly correlated to shooting accuracy. (3) Shooting accuracy at center position and left forward position were significantly correlated to flexibility and stand jump performance respectively (r = .51 and .46).

A ninety minute competitive soccer match consists of many intermittent sprints resulting in fatigue, and consequently, a reduction in skill performance. The combination of caffeine and carbohydrate (CHO) has been shown to have ergogenic effects which help maintain skill measures during fatiguing states, however, there has been little research investigating this combination on soccer performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of three sports drinks, including a placebo (PLA), a 6% CHO drink, and CHO + caffeine (CCAF; 5 mg/Kg body mass (BM)) on soccer-specific skills, throughout a fatigue-inducing soccer match. Twelve male soccer players completed three ninety minute intersquad matches played outdoors on a grass field in a randomized crossover design. Players consumed 5 ml/kg BM 45 minutes prior to kickoff and 3 ml/kg BM every 15 minutes during match play. Soccer passing skill was measured using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), shot speed, and 20m sprint performance were measured pre-match, immediately at halftime and immediately post-match. Countermovement jump (CMJ) was measured pre-match and post-match. Heart rate (HR) was measured continuously. Blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and perceived fatigue were assessed every fifteen minutes throughout the match. Urine was collected pre-match for analysis of urine specific gravity (USG). BM was measured pre-match and post-match. LSPT total performance time was significantly better in the CCAF trial compared to the PLA trial at halftime (55.3 ± 10.3 s vs 66.5 ±8.7 s, p = .027). There were also significant improvements in penalty time (CCAF 8.2 ± 7.6 s vs. PLA 16.6 ± 7.8 s, p = .042) and movement time (CCAF 8.2 ± 7.6 s vs. PLA 16.6 ± 7.8 s, p = .028) during the CCAF trial in comparison to the PLA at halftime. HR and blood lactate was elevated throughout the PLA trial in comparison to the CHO trial. There were no other significant findings. Most players (50% - 83%) started all three matches in a dehydrated state (USG > 1.020). The CHO trial had significantly lower sweat rates (0.83 ± 0.25 L/hr) than both the PLA trial (1.06 ± 0.26 L/hr, p = .038) and the CCAF trial (1.11 ± 0.19 L/hr, p = .009). The addition of caffeine to a CHO sports drink significantly improved passing performance (quicker completion time and fewer penalties accumulated) over a PLA. All three sports drinks appeared to be equally as effective in preventing deterioration of soccer skill performance during a game situation. This suggests that the total volume of fluid consumed is of greater importance than the type of fluid. Caffeine appeared to have limited ergogenic effects on skill performance without any negative consequences.<br>Graduate

博士<br>中國文化大學<br>體育學系運動教練碩博士班<br>107<br>Purpose: To explore the impact of two different de-training models on specific physical qualities (vertical jump, aerobic capacity, explosiveness, speed, agility), body composition and special athletic. Methods: Recruiting 16 junior college taekwondo Pair of players (This study recruited 16 volunteers to participate in the taekwondo competition, each with at least 8 years of Taekwondo competition experience (age: 19.88 ± 1.26 years old, 12 males, 4 females, weight; 65.18 ± 11.43 ), at three different times (one week before the game, one week after the game, two weeks after the game) to conduct a special sports performance test to compare the effects of one week and two weeks on the performance of the special sports after the game. Results: Explosive power, Speed, muscle strength, agile coordination, aerobic capacity, no difference in body composition, and there is no difference between the special reaction ability and the special intermittent kick. Only the accuracy of kicking, the performance of the second week after the game has made significant progress. Conclusion: The performance of special sports is oriented. In fact, the effect of stopping training for one week and two weeks on the athletic performance of players is a tiny root. For the information provided, the coach can let the player plan a one to two week rest to allow the player to adjust to his or her state without a significant decline in athletic performance.

This dissertation will give us insight into racewalking as a discipline, we will learn interesting facts from the history, then it will introduce us to its specifics and differences. Thereafter, the dissertation focuses on the structure of performance and training in racewalking. The main focus of my dissertation is the topic of nutrition, which is the key factor in the overall performance. It describes all the necessary components of a diet, which are very important in a well prepared pre-race training. The next fundamental theme is the replenishment of glycogen, which is needed for a proper work of muscles and to correctly utilize the supercompensation diet. Furthermore, the forms, rules and methods of being on a supercompensation diet will be shown on specific cases. Last, but not least, it will cover the importance of fluid intake for an athlete.

Title: Representation of selected general and specific training indicators in ATC in a selected floorball team. Objectives: Performing a literature review, focusing especially of foreign scientific articles regarding the characteristics of floorball and related fitness training. Monitoring the representation of fitness training in a selected extra-league men's team during all training periods of a chosen annual training cycle (2014/2015) using the newly introduced XPS network software. Methods: Upon completion of the literature review, research was performed by conducting the content analysis of training documents kept during the 2014/2015 annual training cycle ("ATC"). The newly created software was part of the analysis. The software was distributed for the needs of floorball practice. In order to evaluate general categories and specific training indicators, natural selection was employed. Comparison was used to assess selected indicators. In addition, physical fitness was evaluated using selected UNIFITTEST 6 - 60 tests (Měkota, Kovář, 1996); however, this type of assessment does not belong to core of this paper. Results: The results suggest that sports performance is affected, to a degree, by general training indicators such as the number of days or the total of training time. However, the most...