Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sporting officials

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Sporting officials'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sporting officials"

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Kittel, Aden, Paul Larkin, Nathan Elsworthy, and Michael Spittle. "Video-based testing in sporting officials: A systematic review." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 43 (July 2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.03.013.

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Mulholland, Anne M., Hayley V. MacDonald, Nicholas T. Barefoot, and Jonathan E. Wingo. "Fatal and Non-Fatal Illness and Injury in Sporting Officials." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000883156.84317.32.

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Kittel, Aden, Ian Cunningham, Paul Larkin, Matthew Hawkey, and Geraldine Rix-Lièvre. "Decision-making training in sporting officials: Past, present and future." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 56 (September 2021): 102003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102003.

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Titlebaum, Peter J., Nichole Haberlin, and Garrett Titlebaum. "Recruitment and Retention of Sports Officials." Recreational Sports Journal 33, no. 2 (October 2009): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.33.2.102.

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Sabaini (2001) states that “virtually everyone with an interest in improving the numbers and quality of officials must become involved in recruitment and retention” (12). Once standards are set for recruiting and retaining hardworking, positive, and honest officials, management must find ways to evaluate and reward those officials to uphold the accountability of each individual performance at any sporting event. Managers need to reevaluate who, what, when, and where they are recruiting. They must be able to create clear, measurable, and significant goals for current officials such as making expectations clear, holding mandatory study sessions, demanding national and/or regional clinic attendance, creating standards for physical conditioning, and developing rules preparation and game performance expectations (Sabaini, 2003). These changes can only be accomplished by staying consistent with the idea that a change needs to be made.
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Tingle, Jacob K., Stacy Warner, and Melanie L. Sartore-Baldwin. "The Experience of Former Women Officials and the Impact on the Sporting Community." Sex Roles 71, no. 1-2 (April 4, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0366-8.

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Robidoux, Michael A. "Narratives of Race Relations in Southern Alberta: An Examination of Conflicting Sporting Practices." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2004): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.3.287.

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In March 2001 a minor hockey league in southern Alberta (Foothills Hockey) voted in favor of banning a local First Nations Hockey Association (Kainai Minor Hockey) from league play as a result of various violations committed by officials, players, and parents over the course of the season. Since that time hockey and recreation officials from Kainai have been attempting to get Kanai Minor Hockey reinstated into the league but have, up until this point, been unsuccessful. This article explores the exclusionary practices that led to the removal of Kainai from organized youth hockey and examines the racialized discourse that permeates First Nations–Euro-Canadian relations in southern Alberta. The article attempts to communicate these meanings in the same way the author encountered them, as unfiltered personal reactions reflecting how First Nations and their neighbors perceive and talk about each other.
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Zare, Fateme, and Gábor Géczi. "Perceived Effects of Olympic Success on International Policies and Prestige: A Case Study of Sports Actors from Iran." Athens Journal of Sports 9, no. 4 (November 9, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-4-3.

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For some nations where these events cannot be facilitated, Olympic success would be more significant. Governments often believe that winning medals enhances their image globally, which is their reason to invest and intervene in elite sports. Based on this belief, the researchers tried to determine how sports actors perceive the relationship between elite sporting success and prestige and its reflection on their related policies. To achieve this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian sports officials and sport managers in charge of elite sports. The results identified four themes in interviewees' speeches related to the objective of the study, including (1) sporting success at the Olympic Games and international prestige, (2) fairness and international prestige, (3) sport and diplomatic relations, (4) media coverage and international prestige. Taken together, these results suggest that the concept of international prestige is notably essential when it comes to the country where the international image might not be positive toward that particular country. Sports as a soft power tool can play this role and build a positive image for that country in different ways. The findings contribute to elite sporting success, sports and country image research, sports international prestige, and sports diplomacy in Iran. Keywords: Olympic success
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Bulsara, Caroline. "Study of the recruitment and retention of medical officers to Australian Football League clubs in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 2 (2010): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py09021.

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The problems for Australian Football League clubs in accessing medical services during the football season in Australia are escalating. This study surveyed medical officers, club officials and Sports Medicine Australia members nationally. Issues for all those involved were explored and any difficulties highlighted in regard to the reasons why doctors were reluctant to provide services to this sporting group. Overall, 132 Sports Medicine Australia members responded to the survey. In addition, 53 medical officers and 28 club officials were surveyed by telephone. This study revealed that there was a definite mismatch between club officials and medical officers as to what was important to doctors in deciding to provide services to a club. The main issues were time demands, the lack of equipment and facilities, remuneration, and impact on family life during the football season. The future of medical officers within Australian football clubs is in need of review if a shortage of trained medical officers providing services to the clubs is to avoid a crisis in the near future.
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Blaszka, Matthew, Lauren M. Burch, Evan L. Frederick, Galen Clavio, and Patrick Walsh. "#WorldSeries: An Empirical Examination of a Twitter Hashtag During a Major Sporting Event." International Journal of Sport Communication 5, no. 4 (December 2012): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.4.435.

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Sport organizations, teams, and athletes are growing constituencies that use socialmedia platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to engage in dialogue with their respective audiences. The purpose of this study was to examine Twitter hashtag use during a major sporting event. Specifically, this study analyzed #WorldSeries during the 2011 World Series. The study employed a content-analysis methodology to determine who was using the hashtag and how it was being used. Using systematic sampling, 1,450 tweets were analyzed. The results demonstrated that #WorldSeries was being used predominantly by laypersons to express fanship, as well as interactivity. When individuals were being interactive with this hashtag, they were doing so mainly with MLB/league officials and other laypersons. Most of these interactive tweets were also expressions of fanship. The implications of these findings are discussed further.
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Olapade-Olaopa, E. Oluwabunmi, Temitope O. Alonge, Simbo D. Amanor-Boadu, Arinola A. Sanusi, Olatunji B. Alese, Olufunmilade O. Omisanjo, Abiodun O. Adeyinka, Arinola O. Sanya, Paul A. Ogunbunmi, and Isaac F. Adewole. "On-Site Physicians at a Major Sporting Event in Nigeria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 01 (February 2006): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003307.

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AbstractIntroduction:Although the need for on-site physicians at mass gatherings has been investigated in developed countries, it has not been studied in a developing country, where resources are limited, paramedical services are unavailable, and transportation and other facilities are inadequate.Hypothesis:The presence of on-site physicians would result in the effective management and prehospital care of casualties at mass gatherings or major sporting events in a developing country.Methods:A retrospective review of the planning procedures and medical records of the 19th Nigerian University games was conducted. Data from demographic profiles of visitors presenting to the on-site, secondary, and tertiary medical centers and the treatments used were extracted from log-books and processed and interpreted.Results:The Games hosted 6,000 accredited athletes and officials, and an estimated 80,000 spectators. Medical coverage was provided by 54 doctors and other healthcare staff at on-site, secondary, and tertiary medical centers. No trained paramedics were available. A total of 494 visits were made to the medical centers (medical usage rate of 2.1/1,000, patient presentation rate of 0.08). Forty-six percent of the visitors were evaluated by a physician on-site. Ninety percent of the visits were managed on-site, while 5% and 3% were referred to secondary and tertiary medical centers, respectively.Conclusion:The presence of on-site physicians at a major sporting event resulted in the majority of injuries and complaints being effectively treated on-scene. This reduced the number of hospital referrals and saved time and money for treatment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sporting officials"

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Agbodjogbe, Basile Djessounounkon. "L'implémentation des nouveaux programmes par compétences au Bénin : des textes officiels aux pratiques d'enseignement : analyses didactiques en éducation physique et sportive et en sciences de la vie et de la terre en classe de 5ème." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00904230.

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La thèse analyse l'implémentation des nouveaux programmes d'EPS et de SVT au Bénin dans le cadre de la réforme curriculaire selon l'approche par les compétences. Cette question est envisagée selon une approche comparative en termes de transposition didactique. Trois études emboitées structurent le travail empirique. La première caractérise les nouvelles matrices disciplinaires en EPS et en SVT à partir d'une analyse de contenus des documents officiels. La seconde s'intéresse aux points de vue des acteurs impliqués dans cette réforme depuis dix ans (inspecteurs, conseillers pédagogiques, enseignants). La troisième rend-compte, sous couvert de la théorie de l'action conjointe en didactique, des pratiques d'enseignement de 6 enseignants (3 en EPS : basket-ball et 3 en SVT : relations d'exploitation interspécifiques). Les résultats mettent en évidence les contraintes qui pèsent sur la mise en œuvre de ces nouveaux programmes.
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Agbodjogbe, Basile Djessounounkon. "L’implémentation des nouveaux programmes par compétences au Bénin : des textes officiels aux pratiques d’enseignement : analyses didactiques en éducation physique et sportive et en sciences de la vie et de la terre en classe de 5ème." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20028/document.

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La thèse analyse l’implémentation des nouveaux programmes d’EPS et de SVT au Bénin dans le cadre de la réforme curriculaire selon l’approche par les compétences. Cette question est envisagée selon une approche comparative en termes de transposition didactique. Trois études emboitées structurent le travail empirique. La première caractérise les nouvelles matrices disciplinaires en EPS et en SVT à partir d’une analyse de contenus des documents officiels. La seconde s’intéresse aux points de vue des acteurs impliqués dans cette réforme depuis dix ans (inspecteurs, conseillers pédagogiques, enseignants). La troisième rend-compte, sous couvert de la théorie de l’action conjointe en didactique, des pratiques d’enseignement de 6 enseignants (3 en EPS : basket-ball et 3 en SVT : relations d’exploitation interspécifiques). Les résultats mettent en évidence les contraintes qui pèsent sur la mise en œuvre de ces nouveaux programmes
This thesis is about the curriculum reform in physical education and biology as implemented in the Republic of Benin. The research is conveyed through a comparative approach and look at the didactical transposition. Three studies are conducted. The first one characterizes from a content analysis of official documents the new disciplinary matrix of the physical education curriculum and the biology curriculum. The second study concerns the discourses held by different actors (supervisors, mentors, and teachers) on the curriculum reform which began ten years ago. The last one is about the teaching practices of 6 teachers (3 in PE teaching basket-ball; 3 in Biology teaching predation and parasitism as inter species relations). The findings highlight the constraints that weight on the ways these new curricula are implemented in classroom
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Kittel, Aden. "Decision-making Assessment and Development in Australian Football Umpires: Evaluation of 360° VR." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42042/.

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Many skills underpin the performance of sporting officials, however decision-making is regarded as the most critical. There are finite on-field opportunities to develop decision-making of sporting officials in training and competition, as a consequence, video-based approaches are typically used to assess and develop decision-making skill. Existing methods such as the use of match broadcast video may not be an ecologically valid method to present decision-making scenarios. With technological advancements, using virtual reality may improve the ecological validity of video-based approaches to improve decision-making. Study 1 systematically reviewed existing research utilising video-based testing to assess decision-making in officials, which often differentiates between skill levels to demonstrate construct validity. Study 1 identified several limitations including common use of match broadcast video, limited reporting of reliability, and studies often solely reporting number of decisions rather than performance accuracy. Comparison between video-based and in-game decision-making performance was rarely conducted. This study provided the foundation to further examine the efficacy of video- based tests in sporting officials. Study 2 developed two valid and reliable video-based tests, based on the recommendations of Study 1. As match broadcast video is the most common video-based testing method for officials, it was compared with 360° VR to assess decision-making accuracy. Both 360° VR and match broadcast video-based tests demonstrated construct validity and high reliability (r = 0.89). Stronger ecological validity was evident in 360° VR than match broadcast, as participants rated 360° VR to be more representative of in-game decision-making processes. Study 3 aimed to determine the relationship between decision-making accuracy in both video-based tests (360° VR and match broadcast) and in-game of elite Australian football umpires, given that this limitation of the research was identified in Study 1. Study 3 used validated video-based tests from Study 2. There were no significant relationships observed for decision-making accuracy between in-game and video-based testing. Studies 2 and 3 provide findings on testing, however it is unclear whether 360° VR or match broadcast is more effective for developing decision-making. Study 4 assessed the effectiveness of a video-based training program using 360° VR or match broadcast to develop decision-making in amateur Australian football umpires using a randomised control study design. Decision-making was assessed using the valid and reliable tests of Study 2 before, immediately following, and one month following training (retention test). The 360° VR group exhibited significantly higher decision-making accuracy (p < 0.05) than the control group at retention testing, with no between-group differences observed for the match broadcast group. Participants rated 360° VR as more relevant and enjoyable than match broadcast. In summary, this thesis aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of 360° VR as a video-based testing and training tool in Australian football umpires. Although 360° VR and match broadcast appear to have strong construct validity and reliability, currently, there is limited transfer to in-game performance. Further, based on these results, it is not definitive whether 360° VR is a more effective training tool than match broadcast. The findings of this thesis indicate 360° VR may be more ecologically valid than match broadcast and warrants further investigation.
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Books on the topic "Sporting officials"

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Pavy, Len. Umpires, referees, and officials in Western Australian sporting associations: A study. [Perth, W.A.]: The Ministry, 1994.

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2

Kim, Jong Il. On popularizing physical training and sport and developing sporting skills rapidly: Talk to the officials in the field of physical training and sport, May 19, 1986. Pyongyang, Korea: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1989.

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Association, National Basketball. The Sporting news official NBA register. St. Louis, MO: Sporting News, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Excise taxes on sporting arms, ammunition and archery equipment : fact sheet for Congressional requestors. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Canada. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Official languages in the Canadian sport system =: Les langues officielles dans le système sportif canadien. Ottawa, Ont: Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages = Commissariat aux langues officielles, 2000.

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Joy, David. St. Andrews & the Open championship: The official history. Chelsea, Mich: Sleeping Bear Press, 1999.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Statistics on IRS' use of levies to collect delinquent taxes : fact sheet for the Joint Committee on Taxation. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: IRS is improving its controls for ensuring that taxpayers are treated properly : report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: State and local compliance with IRS' information reporting requirements : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer, and Monetary Affairs, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Accessibility, timeliness, and accuracy of IRS' telephone assistance program : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sporting officials"

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Majumdar, Boria. "India’s Olympic Encounter." In Sports Studies in India, 51–59. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190130640.003.0004.

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Boria Majumdar’s essay steps back into colonial times through newly discovered material, and describes the making of India’s Olympic moment connecting it to nationalism and representation, that was truly political providing a sportive lens to understand the complex evolution of modern Indian society. Local benefactors encouraged sporting institutions making cricket and athletics accessible to Indians. Prior to the 1920s popularly known for India’s entry into Olympic competition through the support of philanthropists, in the previous decade there was feverish correspondence between colonial officials and the Olympic association discussing prospects of ‘Indian’ participation in the 1912 Stockholm Games.
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Lewis, Robert W. "Sportsmen or savages? Stadium sport and its spectators, 1900–60." In The Stadium Century. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526106247.003.0004.

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The third chapter focuses on the stadium’s relationship to the efforts of French sporting elites to create a well-disciplined, deferential and masculine public at spectator sporting events in the period between 1918 and the mid-1950s. During this era, rugby, soccer and cycling became the pre-eminent spectator sports in France, promoted and analysed by a burgeoning media complex. Far from rejoicing at the burgeoning popularity of spectator sport, French sporting journalists and officials sought to ‘improve’ and reshape the crowd, both physically through the stadium and discursively in the narratives about ‘sporting education’ that surrounded it. However, these physical and rhetorical efforts to redefine the sporting public as respectable and masculine were continually undermined by the commercial logic of sport itself and the actual practices of male and female spectators present both inside and outside the stade. Faced with a public that resisted physical and rhetorical discipline and that created its own spectator experience, the journalists and sporting impresarios who promoted French sport slowly and somewhat begrudgingly came to recognize the crowd as a less overtly problematic public of male and female consumers which needed to be recruited and accommodated.
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Bolsmann, Chris. "Entrenching Apartheid Football and Failed Sports Diplomacy." In Soccer Diplomacy, 159–77. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813179513.003.0009.

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Apartheid policy and practices permeated all aspects of social life in South Africa from 1948 onward, with sport becoming a focal point for the implementation and enactment of apartheid policy. While no laws were passed segregating South Africans on the field of play, a range of apartheid laws meant participating in racially mixed sport was near impossible. White South Africa became an integral part of world sport, particularly in the realms of the Olympic Games and in terms of individual sports such as rugby, cricket, soccer, tennis, and golf. In the aftermath of World War II and the decolonization of Africa, apartheid South Africa increasingly became ostracized from the international sporting community. While a range of different sporting bodies in the country engaged in ultimately successful and unsuccessful attempts to remain within the international sporting fold, white South African soccer authorities in particular embarked on a campaign for recognition within FIFA and thereafter struggled to maintain their membership. South African soccer demonstrates the failed sports diplomacy on the part of white South African sports officials and government functionaries more generally in their struggle to justify and maintain segregation and privilege in sports apartheid in South Africa.
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Smith, Norma. "Technology and Ethical Behavior in Running Sports." In Research Anthology on Business Strategies, Health Factors, and Ethical Implications in Sports and eSports, 534–49. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7707-3.ch030.

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Wearable technologies' popularity in sporting practices continues to grow. Runners use GPS watches and activity trackers to track steps, log miles, map courses, and monitor heart rates. Likewise, wearables are integrated into long distance running events, with race officials relying on technologies to effectively execute events. However, technologies can also enable and monitor cheating. Many studies focusing on the individual explore why cheaters make unethical decisions. Actor-Network Theory shifts cheating's focus from the individual and moral failings to an assemblage that includes not only the runner, but nonhumans, such as technology, as well. A 2015 Canadian Ironman cheating incident case study illuminates intricate relationships and networks between humans and nonhumans. By examining the intersections of cheating and technology in running sports, the authors see where and how technology works as intended or is repurposed. Whereas a human-centered approach to sport and cheating dismisses wearables' agency, Actor-Network Theory reveals their underexamined, sociotechnical complexities.
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Spalding, Andrew. "The First Intentional Legacy: Qatar." In A New Megasport Legacy, 167–228. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503614.003.0005.

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Qatar’s unexpected winning of the rights to host the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup has produced an equally unexpected result: the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy. Though Qatar’s success immediately elicited allegations of bribery, these would soon be dwarfed by a bigger problem: systemic labor rights abuses of an extraordinarily large migrant labor population. Qatar’s initial thoughts on the prospects of a labor rights legacy accelerated after an onslaught of international criticism and pressure from human rights observers, journalists, and ultimately the International Labour Organization. While such criticism was not unprecedented, Qatar responded in an unprecedented way. Megasport organizers, in collaboration with the national government and the ILO, deliberately undertook to build a megasport legacy of human rights reforms. Through interviews with Qatari officials and stakeholders, and access to nonpublic documents, this chapter describes the unique political, economic, and cultural conditions in Qatar that precipitated this uncommon megasport result. It then describes how the external pressure produced reforms, and their likely legacy. It identifies three “levers” by which the mega sporting event produced these prospective legacies: the spotlight, the laboratory, and the ripple effect. It concludes with the challenges that remain to ensure these reforms mature into enduring legacies. Ultimately, while Qatar is likely creating the first intentional and proactive megasport human rights legacy, it remains one-dimensional in its near-exclusive focus on human rights. Opportunities for legacies that are proactive and intentional, and that address both human rights and anti-corruption dimensions, come with subsequent hosts.
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Silva, João, and Pedro Isaías. "Website Interaction between a Football Club and its Supporters." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 72–100. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6228-5.ch005.

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Football teams can explore the benefits of Websites and increase their popularity through the creation of a well-designed Website that will attract users. The fact that football is the leading sport in most countries constitutes an advantage, as it becomes an appealing subject for Internet navigation. This chapter explores the type of relationship that the supporters of Sporting Clube de Portugal have with the football team on the club's official Website. This objective demands an analysis of the characteristics that a Website is required to have in order to attract and engage its intended users. Through a survey conducted via different social media and email communication, this study asked Sporting Clube de Portugal's supporters about their engagement with the Website. In addition, this chapter presents the features that users consider to be most important in a football club Website.
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Dennis, Mike. "Sports, Politics, and “Wild Doping” in the East German Sporting “Miracle”." In The Whole World Was Watching, 126–42. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503610187.003.0009.

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Although the German Democratic Republic is well known for its highly centralized and clandestine doping program, the elite sports edifice was not the orderly mechanism associated with the Communist dictatorship. Recent research has uncovered intrinsic operational malfunctions, divergent group interests, and rivalries as clubs and national associations pursued status and material rewards. Despite elaborate internal controls, one of the outcomes was widespread “wild doping,” exceeding officially prescribed norms on the level and types of dosages administered to athletes who received unauthorized experimental steroid substances by coaches and physicians, posing potentially serious health threats to both youngsters and adults.
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Bayliss, Andrew J. "7. The later reception of Sparta." In The Spartans: A Very Short Introduction, 105–20. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198787600.003.0007.

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‘The later reception of Sparta’ addresses the ‘reception’ of Sparta in modern culture. This includes the ways in which the ancient testimony about the Spartans has been transmitted, interpreted, represented, and reimagined by later societies. Many Enlightenment-period thinkers stressed their admiration for the Spartans and their way of life. But other Enlightenment-era commentators were less convinced, and many of the Founding Fathers of the USA were critical of Sparta. Meanwhile, the dark ends to which admiration of Sparta can lead are best seen in Nazi Germany where Spartophilia was linked to official policy. The image of Sparta in films and fiction is an interesting area to examine as well. Also, it is a fact that sporting teams around the globe have invoked the Spartan legend to promote team spirit.
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Cervin, Georgia. "Diplomacy in Gymnastics and the Olympic Movement." In Degrees of Difficulty, 57–84. University of Illinois Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043772.003.0004.

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This chapter demonstrates how the Cold War provided for moments of collaboration in gymnastics, at all levels of participation. Eastern bloc gymnasts like Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci became celebrities around the world, launching tours that their governments used to promote their regimes. The gymnasts engaged in citizen diplomacy, using bodily discourses to share cultural traditions like ballet and circus. While on tour, they were also exposed to US values through cultural infiltration. They met with President Nixon to demonstrate the friendship between East and West, a symbol of goodwill that preceded official political talks. But by 1980, the significance of sport as a form of soft power led to the Olympic boycotts. Yet even these ultimately resulted in deeper collaboration, triggering the creation of the Goodwill Games and compelling the International Olympic Committee to work with the United Nations to facilitate sporting links between the United States and the Soviet Union.
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"‘Chinese rings’: the United States, the two Chinas and the 1960 Squaw Valley Winter Olympics." In Sport and diplomacy, edited by Rachel Vaughan, 185–202. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526131058.003.0011.

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This chapter examines the inter-relationship of sport and diplomacy with specific reference to the 1960 Winter Olympic Games (held in Squaw Valley, California). More specifically, it evaluates State Department involvement in the ongoing issue of the recognition of the “Two China’s” during the Cold War, with specific reference to international sport. Despite long-standing official non-involvement in international sporting matters, hosting the 1960 Games focussed US diplomatic attention on the opportunities and problems presented by the Olympics within the wider Cold War. Crucially, the State Department extended considerable behind-the-scenes efforts both before and during the Squaw Valley Games in an attempt ensure Nationalist Chinese participation. Overall, this chapter will demonstrate that despite claims of non-involvement, the State Department specifically utilised international sport – and particularly the Olympics – as a tool of diplomacy during the Cold War. This was drawn into particularly sharp focus when the Games were being hosted on American soil, as they were in Squaw Valley in 1960.
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Conference papers on the topic "Sporting officials"

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Kirilova, Ivelina, Stefka Djobova, Yoanna Dochevska, Velichka Aleksandrova, and Ivaylo Zdravkov. "EXTENT OF INCLUSION IN ERASMUS+ SPORT PROJECTS." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/101.

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ABSTRACT Since the 1960s, the Council of Europe has developed recommendations and resolutions ensuring full participation of persons with disabilities into social and sport life. Diversity, equity, and inclusion are the elements that shape sports in the last decade. The right of people with disabilities to participate in recreational or sporting activities on equal terms as other populations through an inclusive approach is emphasized in the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In 2021’s Briefing of the European Parliament is stated that there is a lack of centralized data collection on the participation of people with disabilities in sports at the European Union level. The Erasmus+ Sport program provides funding for sports actions, including the development of inclusive policies aiming to remove barriers and improve the participation of people with disabilities in sports. This study aims to explore the extent of inclusion of persons with disabilities in sports among the Erasmus+ Sport projects co-funded until 2020. Using a secondary research method, we analyzed data extracted from Annual reports, Compendiums, and other official European and stakeholder publications, the European Commission Erasmus+ Project Results Platform. As a result, 515 sport-related projects were identified. Applying secondary selection criteria related to disabilities and sports led to 41 projects focusing on inclusion. Development of inclusive sport policy and supporting the inclusion of persons with disabilities in sports is a long-standing demand, and a great amount of expectations are linked with Erasmus+ Sport. Despite being a funding mechanism, the Program provides an opportunity for the implementation of priorities identified in the Work Plan for Sport. Participation in projects provides opportunities for sports organizations to implement the latest European policies aligned with different aspects regarding the rights of persons with disabilities associated with sports.
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