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Journal articles on the topic 'Sporting officials'
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Kittel, Aden, Paul Larkin, Nathan Elsworthy, and Michael Spittle. "Video-based testing in sporting officials: A systematic review." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 43 (July 2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.03.013.
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Mulholland, Anne M., Hayley V. MacDonald, Nicholas T. Barefoot, and Jonathan E. Wingo. "Fatal and Non-Fatal Illness and Injury in Sporting Officials." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 54, no. 9S (September 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000883156.84317.32.
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Kittel, Aden, Ian Cunningham, Paul Larkin, Matthew Hawkey, and Geraldine Rix-Lièvre. "Decision-making training in sporting officials: Past, present and future." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 56 (September 2021): 102003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102003.
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Titlebaum, Peter J., Nichole Haberlin, and Garrett Titlebaum. "Recruitment and Retention of Sports Officials." Recreational Sports Journal 33, no. 2 (October 2009): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.33.2.102.
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Sabaini (2001) states that “virtually everyone with an interest in improving the numbers and quality of officials must become involved in recruitment and retention” (12). Once standards are set for recruiting and retaining hardworking, positive, and honest officials, management must find ways to evaluate and reward those officials to uphold the accountability of each individual performance at any sporting event. Managers need to reevaluate who, what, when, and where they are recruiting. They must be able to create clear, measurable, and significant goals for current officials such as making expectations clear, holding mandatory study sessions, demanding national and/or regional clinic attendance, creating standards for physical conditioning, and developing rules preparation and game performance expectations (Sabaini, 2003). These changes can only be accomplished by staying consistent with the idea that a change needs to be made.
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Tingle, Jacob K., Stacy Warner, and Melanie L. Sartore-Baldwin. "The Experience of Former Women Officials and the Impact on the Sporting Community." Sex Roles 71, no. 1-2 (April 4, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0366-8.
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Robidoux, Michael A. "Narratives of Race Relations in Southern Alberta: An Examination of Conflicting Sporting Practices." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 3 (September 2004): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.3.287.
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In March 2001 a minor hockey league in southern Alberta (Foothills Hockey) voted in favor of banning a local First Nations Hockey Association (Kainai Minor Hockey) from league play as a result of various violations committed by officials, players, and parents over the course of the season. Since that time hockey and recreation officials from Kainai have been attempting to get Kanai Minor Hockey reinstated into the league but have, up until this point, been unsuccessful. This article explores the exclusionary practices that led to the removal of Kainai from organized youth hockey and examines the racialized discourse that permeates First Nations–Euro-Canadian relations in southern Alberta. The article attempts to communicate these meanings in the same way the author encountered them, as unfiltered personal reactions reflecting how First Nations and their neighbors perceive and talk about each other.
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Zare, Fateme, and Gábor Géczi. "Perceived Effects of Olympic Success on International Policies and Prestige: A Case Study of Sports Actors from Iran." Athens Journal of Sports 9, no. 4 (November 9, 2022): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajspo.9-4-3.
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For some nations where these events cannot be facilitated, Olympic success would be more significant. Governments often believe that winning medals enhances their image globally, which is their reason to invest and intervene in elite sports. Based on this belief, the researchers tried to determine how sports actors perceive the relationship between elite sporting success and prestige and its reflection on their related policies. To achieve this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Iranian sports officials and sport managers in charge of elite sports. The results identified four themes in interviewees' speeches related to the objective of the study, including (1) sporting success at the Olympic Games and international prestige, (2) fairness and international prestige, (3) sport and diplomatic relations, (4) media coverage and international prestige. Taken together, these results suggest that the concept of international prestige is notably essential when it comes to the country where the international image might not be positive toward that particular country. Sports as a soft power tool can play this role and build a positive image for that country in different ways. The findings contribute to elite sporting success, sports and country image research, sports international prestige, and sports diplomacy in Iran. Keywords: Olympic success
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Bulsara, Caroline. "Study of the recruitment and retention of medical officers to Australian Football League clubs in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 2 (2010): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py09021.
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The problems for Australian Football League clubs in accessing medical services during the football season in Australia are escalating. This study surveyed medical officers, club officials and Sports Medicine Australia members nationally. Issues for all those involved were explored and any difficulties highlighted in regard to the reasons why doctors were reluctant to provide services to this sporting group. Overall, 132 Sports Medicine Australia members responded to the survey. In addition, 53 medical officers and 28 club officials were surveyed by telephone. This study revealed that there was a definite mismatch between club officials and medical officers as to what was important to doctors in deciding to provide services to a club. The main issues were time demands, the lack of equipment and facilities, remuneration, and impact on family life during the football season. The future of medical officers within Australian football clubs is in need of review if a shortage of trained medical officers providing services to the clubs is to avoid a crisis in the near future.
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Blaszka, Matthew, Lauren M. Burch, Evan L. Frederick, Galen Clavio, and Patrick Walsh. "#WorldSeries: An Empirical Examination of a Twitter Hashtag During a Major Sporting Event." International Journal of Sport Communication 5, no. 4 (December 2012): 435–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.4.435.
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Sport organizations, teams, and athletes are growing constituencies that use socialmedia platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to engage in dialogue with their respective audiences. The purpose of this study was to examine Twitter hashtag use during a major sporting event. Specifically, this study analyzed #WorldSeries during the 2011 World Series. The study employed a content-analysis methodology to determine who was using the hashtag and how it was being used. Using systematic sampling, 1,450 tweets were analyzed. The results demonstrated that #WorldSeries was being used predominantly by laypersons to express fanship, as well as interactivity. When individuals were being interactive with this hashtag, they were doing so mainly with MLB/league officials and other laypersons. Most of these interactive tweets were also expressions of fanship. The implications of these findings are discussed further.
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Olapade-Olaopa, E. Oluwabunmi, Temitope O. Alonge, Simbo D. Amanor-Boadu, Arinola A. Sanusi, Olatunji B. Alese, Olufunmilade O. Omisanjo, Abiodun O. Adeyinka, Arinola O. Sanya, Paul A. Ogunbunmi, and Isaac F. Adewole. "On-Site Physicians at a Major Sporting Event in Nigeria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 01 (February 2006): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00003307.
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AbstractIntroduction:Although the need for on-site physicians at mass gatherings has been investigated in developed countries, it has not been studied in a developing country, where resources are limited, paramedical services are unavailable, and transportation and other facilities are inadequate.Hypothesis:The presence of on-site physicians would result in the effective management and prehospital care of casualties at mass gatherings or major sporting events in a developing country.Methods:A retrospective review of the planning procedures and medical records of the 19th Nigerian University games was conducted. Data from demographic profiles of visitors presenting to the on-site, secondary, and tertiary medical centers and the treatments used were extracted from log-books and processed and interpreted.Results:The Games hosted 6,000 accredited athletes and officials, and an estimated 80,000 spectators. Medical coverage was provided by 54 doctors and other healthcare staff at on-site, secondary, and tertiary medical centers. No trained paramedics were available. A total of 494 visits were made to the medical centers (medical usage rate of 2.1/1,000, patient presentation rate of 0.08). Forty-six percent of the visitors were evaluated by a physician on-site. Ninety percent of the visits were managed on-site, while 5% and 3% were referred to secondary and tertiary medical centers, respectively.Conclusion:The presence of on-site physicians at a major sporting event resulted in the majority of injuries and complaints being effectively treated on-scene. This reduced the number of hospital referrals and saved time and money for treatment.
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Jacobs, Brittany L., Claire C. Zvosec, and Brent D. Oja. "Navigating Role Ambiguity & Conflict: Exploring the Role of the Referee Within the Olympic Sporting Structure." Journal of Amateur Sport 5, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i2.7572.
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This phenomenological study seeks to better understand the role of the referee in the Olympic sporting structure and to deconstruct the apparent dichotomies that exist within this role. Eleven rugby sevens referees each completed a pre and post interview for a total of twenty-two interviews. From the data, four sources of role ambiguity or conflict emerged; (1) remaining unnoticed vs. media exposure; (2) the team vs. individualistic nature of officiating; (3) being a judge vs. being an athlete, and (4) amateurism vs. professionalism. This study discusses how these dichotomies highlight the major sources of role ambiguity and role conflict for rugby sevens officials within the larger Olympic context. Implications regarding increased role clarity, reduced role strain, and referee management are discussed.
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Schneider, Friedemann, Armin Runer, Francesco Burkert, Jesse Seilern Und Aspang, Simon Reider, Holm Schneider, and Elena Pocecco. "Digital Workout Versus Team Training: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Athletes." Sports Medicine International Open 6, no. 01 (January 2022): E18—E24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1734-5457.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sport practice and to identify measures adopted by individuals and sports organizations to allow a safe return to community sports. An electronic survey was launched worldwide in June 2020 in the German and English languages. The questionnaire collected anonymous data on sporting activity before, during, and after pandemic-induced confinement. Participants classified themselves as either recreational, competitive, or professional sports level athletes. A total of 1336 adults (30.5±11.7 years; 54.0% women) participated in the survey; 68.5% were active athletes, 10.1% coaches, 2.1% officials and 4.3% related medical staff, 3.6% had another function, and 11.4% indicated no regular sports activity. Most participants practiced their sport in Europe (93.8%); the majority (61.0%) was amateur athletes. During confinement, 15.7% could perform their main sport unrestricted, 43.5% stated a reduced amount of time spent on sporting activities, 46.4% a reduced intensity level. Most participants (77.5%) were neither aware of screening measures nor of guidelines for dealing with infected athletes (80.0%) or for return to sports after a coronavirus infection (88.6%). Preventive measures mentioned included basic hygiene, measures to reduce personal contacts or virus transmission, or to improve traceability of infections. During confinement, a higher age (p=0.004) and training in a club setting (p<0.001) were associated with reduced sporting activity, while the availability of online training (p=0.030) was linked to both increased extent and intensity levels. A lower age (p=0.001) and recreational sports level (p=0.005) were associated with decreased activity after confinement. Although isolation can be necessary to protect public health, it alters the amount and intensity of physical activity.
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Wann, Daniel L., and Michelle R. Sherman. "The Verbal Aggression of Spectators at Youth Baseball Games: Investigating the Impact of Competition Level, Team Identification, and Fan Dysfunction." Journal of Amateur Sport 5, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i1.6761.
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Previous research had found that level of team identification was positively associated with aggression at youth sporting events (Wann, Weaver, Belva, Ladd, & Armstrong, 2015). The current investigation was designed to extend this work by incorporating fan dysfunction into the model (i.e., fans who are confrontational and frequently complain). Spectators at either a recreational or select (i.e., travel) youth baseball game completed a survey packet assessing demographics, team identification with their favorite Major League Baseball team, identification with the youth team, fan dysfunction, and hostile and instrumental verbal aggression directed toward officials and opponents. Results indicated that, contrary to expectations, team identification was not a unique predictor of verbal aggression. Rather, fan dysfunction predicted each form of aggression, aggression toward both targets, and total aggression.
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Darcy, Simon, Janice Ollerton, and Simone Faulkner. "“Why Can’t I Play?”: Transdisciplinary Learnings for Children with Disability’s Sport Participation." Social Inclusion 8, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i3.2750.
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This article explores the constraints to mainstream sports participation of children with disability in community sports clubs and schools through their lived experiences and the perceptions of parents, teachers, coaches, and club officials. It does so by administering an open-ended survey instrument to a sample of participants recruited from schools, sporting facilities, and disability organizations in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. The data were analysed through a transdisciplinary conceptual framework which brought together the social model of disability (disability studies) with the leisure constraints framework (leisure studies), which have been encouraged by both academics and practitioners. The findings identified ableist and disablist practices, creating an enabled understanding of the facilitators for social inclusion. Participants perceived that interrelated intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints excluded children from their desired sporting activities. Through applying the social model of disability to the leisure constraints framework, the findings and discussion showed that a great deal of what had been considered intrapersonal constraints of the child with disability could be reinterpreted as interpersonal and structural constraints through enabling socially inclusive practices. The implications are that a social model of disability brings a new social lens to understanding constraints to sport participation for children with disability and can produce effective strategies for inclusion in sport at schools and community sport clubs.
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Green, Mick. "Power, Policy, and Political Priorities: Elite Sport Development in Canada and the United Kingdom." Sociology of Sport Journal 21, no. 4 (December 2004): 376–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.4.376.
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This article analyzes government and quasigovernmental agencies’ use of “planning dictates” in relationships with national sporting organizations (NSOs) in Canada and national governing bodies (NGBs) of sport in the United Kingdom (UK). Attention is drawn to the asymmetries of power contouring elite sport policy developments in both countries that, though unobservable in an empirical sense, nonetheless warrant investigation. The analysis draws on semistructured, in-depth interviews with key personnel in three Canadian NSOs and three UK NGBs in swimming, athletics, and sailing; senior officials at Sport Canada and UK Sport; and sport-policy analysts and academics. Although Canadian NSOs have been subject to such planning dictates for the past 20 to 30 years, the requirement for UK NGBs to comply in this way have only emerged since the mid-1990s. Accordingly, the article concludes with suggestions for further research in the UK.
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Breslin, Gavin, Andy Smith, Brad Donohue, Paul Donnelly, Stephen Shannon, Tandy Jane Haughey, Stewart A. Vella, et al. "International consensus statement on the psychosocial and policy-related approaches to mental health awareness programmes in sport." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5, no. 1 (September 2019): e000585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000585.
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BackgroundResearch focused on mental health in sport has revealed a need to develop evidence-supported mental health practices that are sensitive to sport culture, particularly for non-elite athletes. A consensus statement was produced to assist effective mental health awareness in sport and guide programme implementation in this rapidly emerging field.MethodThe AGREE Reporting Checklist 2016 was used in two international expert consultation meetings, followed by two online surveys. Experts from 10 countries and over 30 organisations contributed.ResultsSix objectives were agreed: (1) to define mental health awareness and service implementation constructs for inclusion in programmes delivered in sporting environments; (2) to identify the need to develop and use valid measures that are developmentally appropriate for use in intervention studies with sporting populations, including measures of mental health that quantify symptom severity but also consider causal and mediating factors that go beyond pathology (ie, well-being and optimisation); (3) to provide guidance on the selection of appropriate models to inform intervention design, implementation and evaluation; (4) to determine minimal competencies of training for those involved in sport to support mental health, those experiencing mental illness and when to refer to mental health professionals; (5) to provide evidence-based guidance for selecting mental health awareness and implementation programmes in sport that acknowledge diversity and are quality assured; and (6) to identify the need for administrators, parents, officials, coaches, athletes and workers to establish important roles in the promotion of mental health in various sports settings.ConclusionThis article presents a consensus statement on recommended psychosocial and policy-related approaches to mental health awareness programmes in sport.
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Smith, Norma. "Technology and Ethical Behavior in Running Sports." International Journal of Sociotechnology and Knowledge Development 10, no. 3 (July 2018): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijskd.2018070102.
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Wearable technologies' popularity in sporting practices continues to grow. Runners use GPS watches and activity trackers to track steps, log miles, map courses, and monitor heart rates. Likewise, wearables are integrated into long distance running events, with race officials relying on technologies to effectively execute events. However, technologies can also enable and monitor cheating. Many studies focusing on the individual explore why cheaters make unethical decisions. Actor-Network Theory shifts cheating's focus from the individual and moral failings to an assemblage that includes not only the runner, but nonhumans, such as technology, as well. A 2015 Canadian Ironman cheating incident case study illuminates intricate relationships and networks between humans and nonhumans. By examining the intersections of cheating and technology in running sports, the authors see where and how technology works as intended or is repurposed. Whereas a human-centered approach to sport and cheating dismisses wearables' agency, Actor-Network Theory reveals their underexamined, sociotechnical complexities.
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Sattler, Liz A., Clint Warren, and Rebecca M. Achen. "Conducting a Market-Demand Analysis: A Case Study of Major League Soccer Expansion." Case Studies in Sport Management 6, no. 1 (2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2017-0018.
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Major League Soccer (MLS) has announced intentions to expand the league from 24 to 28 teams by 2022, with hints of further expansion to come. Expansion will allow the league to capitalize on the growing ticket and merchandise sales in new markets. League officials have 3 major considerations when choosing a city for expansion, which include a committed local ownership group with a passion for soccer and sufficient resources, a desirable geographic market with a history for supporting soccer and other sporting events, and a comprehensive stadium plan. Twelve cities across the country have submitted bids for expansion teams. Given the proposed bids, MLS needs to review the cities to determine which markets provide the highest likelihood of financial prosperity. As bid groups prepare their proposals for the committee, they will need to conduct a market-demand analysis. Each city will then be evaluated based on how well it meets the 3 criteria outlined by MLS, as well its ability to garner financial success.
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Chepkonga, Susan, Kiarie Moses Ndirangu, Anthony K. Sang, and Alexander K. Ronoh. "An Evaluation of Secondary School Principals Leadership Roles and Student Participation in Sporting Activities in Nyandarua County, Kenya." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 11 (November 30, 2015): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss11.481.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of secondary school principals’ leadership roles in development of students’ non-academic talents in Nyandarua County Kenya. Specifically, this study sought to establish the influence of secondary school principals’ leadership roles on students’ participation in sporting activities in Nyandarua County; whether there a relationship between secondary school principals’ leadership role of preparing school calendar of events and development of learners’ non-academic talents in Nyandarua County; and whether there is a relationship between secondary school principals’ leadership role of guiding and counseling and development of learners’ non-academic talents in Nyandarua County. Survey research design was used while quantitative research strategy was used in this study. The target population comprised of 185 principals from 185 secondary schools in Nyandarua County. Questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of principals. Stratified random sampling technique was used toarrive at the sample for this study. Data was analysed using paired t-tests with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) while results were presented in Tables. The study revealed that development of learners’ non-academic talents was being affected by inadequate training for the principals and lack of recognition of students who excel in non-academic talents. The study recommended that secondary school education policy makers, MOE officials, principals and teachers give development of learners’ non-academic talents as much emphasis as the academic talents development.
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DC, Suman. "Artificial Intelligence in Sport: An Ethical Issue." Unity Journal 3, no. 01 (March 6, 2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v3i01.43313.
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Sport technology is the tool designed and used by human beings to achieve sporting goals and values. Induction of technology in sports has revolutionized sport equipment, training materials, and biomedical technology, which have already posed a threat to the fairness in sport (Loland, 2018). Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a technological system which is applied to process the external data to produce knowledge or facts about that data to fulfill specific goals and tasks in a short span of time (Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019). With the aim of fair operation of the game, administrators of modern-day sports have been adopting AI to officiate the game. However, the concept of technology is based on its instrumentality set by human beings, and ethical challenges of adopting AI in sports have greater impacts not only to the game itself but also to its participants (Loland, 2018; Watson, 2019), which itself remains a less explored area of study. To address this gap, this paper has investigated various umpiring technologies applied in modern-day cricket. For this, the study explores the concept of AI and the impacts of umpiring technology on game and stakeholders (players, officials/administrators, and other stakeholders such as broadcasters) through the lens of several cases. Methodologically, the study reviews the academic literature about the application of technology in sports, and qualitative data have been collected through the observation of a set of relevant cases displayed in live telecast of the recent games. Furthermore, official press releases of (inter) national sport governing bodies and their reactions presented by its stakeholders through the media have been analysed to explore the impacts in a wider community regarding umpiring technology. This paper concludes with the final observation and possible resolution of the ethical issues brought forth by umpiring technology in modern- day cricket. In the wider context, this research might help to reflect the ethical considerations of applying technology in global sports.
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Srisiri, Sununta. "The Relationship Between Participant Satisfaction, Perceived Service Quality, and Expenditures in A Sports Event." ACPES Journal of Physical Education, Sport, and Health (AJPESH) 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ajpesh.v2i1.56479.
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This research aimed to propose a model for the enhancement of service quality of the 2nd Thailand Open Master Games 2022 in Thailand. Data were collected from a sample survey of 583 participants i.e., athletes, referees, coaches, officials, team managers, volunteers, and all involved. A simple sampling was used. A particular focus of the study is if and how participant satisfaction influences participant’ expenditures. It is hypothesized and argued that expenditure depends on satisfaction relative to perceived service quality. Descriptive and regression analytical techniques were employed for data analysis. Three primary dimensions in service quality were identified in the sports context: sporting event quality, staff quality, and venue and sports facilities quality. It is empirically found that perceived service quality affected participants' satisfaction and those participants with satisfaction greater than their perceived service quality during the visit spend significantly more. The management in sports events could apply the findings in delivering services with a view to boosting customers. A limitation of this study, however, is that the satisfaction is not measured systematically taking into consideration several dimensions of satisfaction that should be addressed in future research.
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Mendes, Alessandra, and Adriano Codato. "The institutional configuration of sport policy in Brazil: organization, evolution and dilemmas." Revista de Administração Pública 49, no. 3 (June 2015): 563–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7612125903.
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Brazil has become the center of the spotlight of the whole world recently, amongst many other reasons, one of them was because it was chosen to host a series of mega sporting events - Pan American Games in 2007, Confederations Football Cup in 2013, Fifa Football World Cup 2014 Games and 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2016. However, little is known about the country's administrative governmental structure focused on sport policy. The available studies focus their analysis on the sport policies content, but not on the arrangement of its structural decision-making. The main aim of this article is indeed to describe, based on official documentation, the evolution and the current arrangements of the government responsible for the administrative structure for the planning and implementation of sports policies in Brazil. Thus, we tried to list the main problems arising from the organization of the Brazilian sports' management. These problems are: (1) inappropriate institutional structure in terms of human resources and obstacles to participation by other social actors beyond the officials (parliament and members of the Ministry of Sports) in the sports policy; (2) disarticulation between public institutions generating redundancies and conflicts of jurisdiction due to the poor division of labor between bureaucracy agencies; and (3) inadequate planning proved by the lack of organization of some institutions, and by the lack of assessment and continuity of public policies over time. Therefore, we must emphasize those problems from above, and due to these administrative arrangements, Brazilian sports' policy has big challenges in the sport development in this country, which includes the creation of a national "system" for sports and a priority investment in sport education.
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Michael, De la Roche R. P., Telles-Langdon David M., and Robin Marc. "A model for return to training and competition during ongoing pandemic concerns." Journal of Kinesiology & Wellness 11 (August 12, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.56980/jkw.v11i.105.
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In the wake of a novel Coronavirus, the sports world reeled from the realization that a pandemic of this magnitude had not been seen in more than a century. Reducing the transmission would require physical distancing to such a degree that it would necessitate the suspension of all sporting activities. The multidimensional health effects due to COVID-19 will be far more severe and prolonged if athletes cannot engage in sport at all. Most coaches are concerned with strength and conditioning maintenance as well as technical skill development in response to changes in the sport. Bringing athletes together to train while adhering to government-mandated protective measures, such as facemask use and physical distancing, proved to be a herculean task. The challenge for all sports is how to train in the setting of the new physical distancing required for a healthy community. Sail Canada ran a nine-day training camp and regatta utilizing the knowledge of a team of medical experts to adhere to the government-mandated restrictions without significantly compromising the athletic preparation. The event was a great success and could stand as a model for other sports to maintain training while still protecting the health and wellness of athletes, coaches, and officials.
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AlThobaiti, Yousef. "Economic effect of corona pandemic on Saudi pro league football tournament (Applied in Saudi Pro League." Jurnal MensSana 6, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/menssana.06012021.23.
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The study aims to identify economic effects of Corona pandemic on Saudi football represented in SPL sector, and precautionary measures to reduce these effects on Saudi football. the researcher used the descriptive approach (survey studies), and the study sample was (75) academics specialists in sports administration and experts in the field of sports economics, and officials in the different sectors of SPL. There are negative effects of the Corona pandemic on the Saudi football sector, but also it has a positive impact that is to try to activate online management and virtual training, while the negative economic effects on players, administrators, clubs and the professional league’s revenues increase as the time of the pandemic continues. The Saudi footballer should have a plan to work online in case of natural disasters, and put a term in the contracts in the sports field In case of natural disasters that lead to the cancellation of a sporting event before its establishment, its postponement or non-completion, the method of termination of the contract shall be determined according to each case, with the activation of the role of online training in the association and sports clubs, and the activation of the role of electronic services.
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Lake, Robert J. "The Wimbledon Championships, the All England Lawn Tennis Club, and “Invented Traditions”." International Journal of Sport Communication 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0094.
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The Wimbledon Championships, staged annually at the All England Lawn Tennis Club (AELTC), is a British sporting event of great social significance. Its popularity stretches beyond the high standards of tennis on display to what it seems to represent culturally for many people. Wimbledon’s public image has been carefully constructed over the years, with consideration given to how the players look, behave, and play; the appearance of the courts and AELTC grounds; the refreshments; its corporate partners; and its relationship to television and media generally. This study suggests that many of these aspects, including Wimbledon’s fashions and the all-whites clothing rule, the grass courts, the strawberries and cream and Pimm’s, the royal box, “Henman Hill,“ and the eulogizing of Fred Perry, conform to Eric Hobsbawm’s concept of “invented traditions.” Through analysis of Wimbledon’s subtle branding and constructed public image, as gleaned from testimonies from AELTC executive-committee members and high-profile Wimbledon officials, this article discusses how these invented traditions serve various functions for the AELTC, namely, to establish social cohesion among an “imagined community” of Wimbledon fans, to legitimize Wimbledon’s high status globally, and to inculcate beliefs, value systems, and behavioral conventions in tandem with Wimbledon’s nostalgia for its amateur “golden age.”
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Tan, Tien-Chin, Alan Bairner, and Yu-Wen Chen. "Managing compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code: China’s strategies and their implications." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 3 (October 23, 2018): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690218805402.
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With the problems of doping in sport becoming more serious, the World Anti-Doping Code was drafted by the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2003 and became effective one year later. Since its passage, the Code has been renewed four times, with the fourth and latest version promulgated in January 2015. The Code was intended to tackle the problems of doping in sports through cooperation with governments to ensure fair competition as well as the health of athletes. To understand China’s strategies for managing compliance with the Code and also the implications behind those strategies, this study borrows ideas from theories of compliance. China’s high levels of performance in sport, judged by medal success, have undoubtedly placed the country near the top of the global sports field. Therefore, how China acts in relation to international organizations, and especially how it responds to the World Anti-Doping Agency, is highly significant for the future of elite sport and for the world anti-doping regime. Through painstaking efforts, the researchers visited Beijing to conduct field research four times and interviewed a total of 22 key sports personnel, including officials at the General Administration of Sports of China, the China Anti-Doping Agency, and individual sport associations, as well as sport scholars and leading officials of China’s professional sports leagues. In response to the World Anti-Doping Agency, China developed strategies related to seven institutional factors: ‘monitoring’, ‘verification’, ‘horizontal linkages’, ‘nesting’, ‘capacity building’, ‘national concern’ and ‘institutional profile’. As for the implications, the Chinese government is willing and able to comply with the World Anti-Doping Agency Code. In other words, the Chinese government is willing to pay a high price in terms of money, manpower and material resources so that it can recover from the disgrace suffered as a result of doping scandals in the 1990s. The government wants to ensure that China’s prospects as a participant, bidder and host of mega sporting events are not compromised, especially as the host of the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
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Chan, Jennifer Lisa, Valentino Constantinou, Jennifer Fokas, Sarah Van Deusen Phillips, and George Chiampas. "An Overview of Chicago (Illinois USA) Marathon Prehospital Care Demographics, Patient Care Operations, and Injury Patterns." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 03 (June 2019): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004345.
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AbstractIntroduction:Large-scale mass-sporting events are increasingly requiring greater prehospital event planning and preparation to address inherent event-associated medical conditions in addition to incidents that may be unexpected. The Bank of America Chicago Marathon (Chicago, Illinois USA) is one of the largest marathons in the world, and with the improvement of technology, the use of historical patient and event data, in conjunction with environmental conditions, can provide organizers and public safety officials a way to plan based on injury patterns and patient demands for care by predicting the placement and timing of needed medical support and resources.Problem:During large-scale events, disaster planning and preparedness between event organizers, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and local, state, and federal agencies is critical to ensure participant and public safety.Methods:This study looked at the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, a significant endurance event, and took a unique approach of reviewing digital runner data retrospectively over a five-year period to establish patterns of medical demand geographically, temporally, and by the presenting diagnoses. Most medical complaints were musculoskeletal in nature; however, there were life-threatening conditions such as hyperthermia and cardiac incidents that highlight the need for detailed planning, coordination, and communication to ensure a safe and secure event.Conclusions:The Chicago Marathon is one of the largest marathons in the world, and this study identified an equal number of participants requiring care on-course and at the finish line. Most medical complaints were musculoskeletal in nature; however, there were life-threatening conditions such as hyperthermia and cardiac incidents that highlight the need for detailed planning, multi-disciplined coordination, and communication to ensure a safe and secure event. As technology has evolved, the use, analysis, and implementation of historical digital data with various environmental conditions can provide organizers and public safety officials a map to plan injury patterns and patient demands by predicting the placement and timing of needed medical support, personnel, and resources.
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Seo, Bong Sung. "A Study on Terror Activities in International Sports Events." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 12, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2022.9.29.
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Korea has successfully hosted international sports events such as the 1986 Asian Games, the 1988 Seoul Olympics, and the 2002 World Cup. On August 27, 2011, the World Championships in Athletics were held in Daegu, and by hosting the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, it became the fifth country in the world to host all four major international sports events after France, Germany, Italy and Japan. However, it should be recognized that the threat of terror activities exists behind the hosting of international sporting events. The representative terror activities in relation to international sports events in the international community include the terror activities of hostage, kidnapping, and killing by the Black September Team under the Palestine Liberation Organization targeting Israeli athletes and officials at the Munich Olympics on September 5, 1972, a bombing attack that took place at Gimpo International Airport on September 14, 1986, a week before the Asian Games in Seoul, Korea, and the bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 over Andaman, Myanmar on November 29, 1987 to obstruct the 1988 Seoul Olympics, etc. This study aims to analyze cases of terror activities that occurred in relation to international sports events held in Korea, and at the same time forecast possible terror activities as a means to prevent or obstruct the holding of international sports events.
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Patyashina, M. A., and L. A. Balabanova. "Current problems of surveying sanitary and epidemiological well-being at public events with international participation." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-090.
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Providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare while preparing and holding public events with international participation is one of the prime tasks in ensuring state security. When large numbers of participants, officials and guests from different countries of the world arrive for public events, these conditions are always associated with increased epidemiological risks because of increased load on sanitary infrastructure of public event places and transient increase in population density in a limited area. Preparation and holding of public events are held at regional and international levels and requires the coordination of different sides and agencies of the host country, as well as interaction with other countries and international organizations. The system of measures on ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population on the territory of our country includes the system of epidemiological surveillance and control (monitoring and analysis), safety environment monitoring, measures for sanitary-epidemiological emergency localization and containment. The problem of providing population sanitary and epidemiological welfare is divided into the following scientific areas: territorial sanitary surveillance, epidemiological surveillance of natural foci of zoonotic and other infectious diseases; sanitary-epidemiological emergency prevention and containment, arising both independently and because of natural and anthropogenic disasters. The XXVII Summer Universiade (2013, Kazan), XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games (2014, Sochi) highlighted the readiness of the services responsible for providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare for conducting major sporting events. Further studying of international experience of holding international public events, its summarizing seems an important task for developing scientific rationale and better management for providing public sanitary and epidemiological welfare.
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Bowker, Anne, Belinda Boekhoven, Amanda Nolan, Stephanie Bauhaus, Paul Glover, Tamara Powell, and Shannon Taylor. "Naturalistic Observations of Spectator Behavior at Youth Hockey Games." Sport Psychologist 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.3.301.
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The purpose of the current study was to conduct an examination of spectator (i.e., parental) behavior at youth hockey games in a large Canadian city. Using naturalistic observation methods, an event sampling procedure was used to code spectators’ comments. Of specific interest were the type of remarks made, who made them (i.e., males versus females), the intensity of those remarks and whether they varied by child age, gender, and competitive level. We were also interested in whether the majority of onlookers’ comments were actually directed at the players, on-ice officials, or fellow spectators. Five observers attended 69 hockey games during the 2006–2007 hockey season. There was a significant variability in the number of comments made, with an average of 105 comments per game. The majority of the comments were generally positive ones, directed at the players. Negative comments, although quite infrequent, were directed largely at the referees. Females made more comments than did males, although males made more negative and corrective comments, and females made mostly positive comments. Comments varied significantly as a function of gender and competitive level. Proportionally more negative comments were made at competitive, as opposed to recreational games. An interaction was found for female spectators as their comments varied as a function of both the competitive level and the gender of the players. Results of this study are in direct contrast to media reports of extreme parental violence at youth hockey games, and provide unique information about the role of parental involvement at youth sporting events.
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Kler, Balvinder Kaur. "The world’s toughest mountain race." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 7, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-02-2016-0011.
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Purpose The Climbathon is an annual mountain running championship that takes place in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Participants race to the peak (4,095.2 metres) and back, a distance of 21 kilometres of rainforest and mountain terrain, with a steep vertical gain of 2,300 metres. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the first 25 years of the Climbathon and to identify the key success factors behind the staging of this small-scale international sports event in Southeast Asia. Design/methodology/approach The research design for this study is interpretive, utilises a qualitative case study approach incorporating analysis of documents, oral history interviews, and personal observations gained through attendance and volunteering at the event which produced six insights, suggested as key success factors for the Climbathon. This study was guided by one key research question, to understand what has ensured the continuity of this small-scale international sports event known as the Climbathon. Findings Findings suggest the Climbathon has endured the test of time due to an innovative use of the summit trail, adherence to international sporting regulations, a pro sports tourism public policy led by the tourism ministry, membership to international sports organisations, corporate sponsorship, and a special sense of place towards Mount Kinabalu and the Climbathon for the event organisers, volunteers and officials. Research limitations/implications This case study presents knowledge about the Climbathon but findings are not generalisable. Any application of the success factors would have to be as guidelines adapted for a specific sport event. The use of oral history as part of a case study is subjective and open to interpretation. Future work could incorporate interviews with participants, spectators, volunteers and the local sub-committees to gain alternative perspectives. Originality/value This study makes an original contribution to the events and tourism field by presenting a case study on the success factors of the Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon. The study suggests a three pillar model of “Place-Plan-People” which may be used as a guiding philosophy for event development and delivery of small-scale international sports tourism events in Asia and elsewhere. The inclusion of oral history as part of a case study research design is novel and useful when knowledge is not available in any published form.
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Cayer, Aaron, and Catherine Tsukasa Bender. "Beyond public: architects, activists, and the design of akichi at Tokyo’s Miyashita Park." Architectural Research Quarterly 23, no. 2 (June 2019): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135519000174.
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Peppered with galleries, ateliers, and upscale designer boutiques, Tokyo’s Shibuya ward is often described as a commercial haven for Japan’s urban fashionistas and style-conscious visitors. Within it, a narrow park sits atop a 1960s parking structure that was once a refuge for nearly one hundred homeless city residents until most were forcibly removed in 2010 by city officials. Dozens of blue tarp tents, umbrellas, weathered shoes, and cherished belongings were discarded, and the people who had lived there were fenced out indefinitely. Although this striking contrast of urban socioeconomic disparity is one that characterises many cities across the globe, the juxtapositions in Shibuya have been made increasingly visible by strong cohorts of unrelenting activists who have ignited decades of discourse and scholarly debate about individual rights to cities, as well as the role and agency of architects in the designing of public spaces. This article combines participant observations of art activists, semi-structured and oral history interviews of homeless residents in Tokyo, as well as historical analysis, to examine these tensions as they have played out at Miyashita Park in Shibuya, including how perpetual redesigns of the park by architects and urban planners tasked with ‘re-activating’ the park in the 1960s, 2000s, and again in the late 2010s, have been vehemently opposed. More specifically, the article examines how a vocal group of art activists organised in opposition to the park’s most recent redesign efforts sponsored by Nike and the idea that such a public-private partnership could produce an inclusive public space. Instead, the activists worked to problematise the appropriateness of terms such as ‘public’ altogether. Through art installations, writing, impromptu concerts, sporting events, and protests that engaged with the politics of their own bodies, the activists turned to alternative genealogies and definitions of ‘public’ as a way to connect more particularly to Japanese urban form and to resist hegemonic and imported concepts of ‘public’ as reproduced and reinforced by architects often without challenge. By drawing on alternative terms, such as akichi, meaning ‘open land’, the activists argue for a different sense of spatial inclusivity than the supposedly universal democratic ideals associated with designs for public spaces in Tokyo.
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Frost, Dennis J. "Sporting disability: official representations of the disabled athlete at Tokyo's 1964 Paralympics." Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 2, no. 3 (December 2013): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2013.853478.
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Silk, Michael, and Mark Falcous. "One Day in September and a Week in February: Mobilizing American (Sporting) Nationalisms." Sociology of Sport Journal 22, no. 4 (December 2005): 447–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.22.4.447.
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In an ongoing effort to “police the crisis” (see Denzin, 2004a and b; Denzin & Lincoln, 2003) and critically interrogate the tyrannical (govern)mentality of conservative rhetoric centered on a peculiar or juridical concept of “right” (Baudrillard, 2001; Johnson, 2002; McClaren, 2002) under the agenda of “9/11 America,” this article explores the official moral pedagogies of the sporting media. Through analysis of the media representations of two major sporting events that took place in the first week of February, 2002—the delayed Super Bowl and the Opening of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics—the article focuses on the place of sport as an economy of affect through which power, privilege, politics, and position are (re)produced. The “epistemic panic” (Gordon, 1997; Ladson-Billings, 2000) played out through these two events can be read as part of the wider self-examining, self-referential, existential narrative of the American nation in the wake of the ontological, social, and historical disruption (Giroux, 2002) wrought by 9/11—a politicized and militaristic rhetoric appropriated within, and mobilized through, the affective realm of the sporting popular.
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Guaita Martínez, José Manuel, José María Martín Martín, María Sol Ostos Rey, and Domingo Enrique Ribeiro Soriano. "Entrepreneurs’ perceptions of official sporting events’ capacity to promote their business in the long term." Sport in Society 25, no. 8 (June 7, 2021): 1584–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1932818.
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Scullion, Emer, and Neil Heron. "A Scoping Review of Concussion Guidelines in Amateur Sports in the United Kingdom." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031072.
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Objectives To investigate which United Kingdom (UK) amateur sporting organisations have published sports-related concussion (SRC) guidelines, their accessibility and the extent to which they follow the Berlin statement recommendations. This article is targeted at those involved with designing and implementing SRC guidelines in amateur sport. Design Scoping Review. Data Sources The SRC guidelines of 15 sporting organisations were accessed through public materials available from the official organisation website. Eligibility Criteria: To be included in this review, sports must enjoy broad participation by UK amateur athletes with a high risk of athletes sustaining an SRC. Results: 15 sporting organisations were included in this review with two, British Cycling and British Eventing, found not to have published SRC guidelines. There was found to be a large discrepancy between the extent to which the sport-specific guides followed the Berlin statement recommendations. Conclusions: The large discrepancy between the contents of the SRC guidelines may be putting the health of athletes at risk. We recommend the UK government publish standardised concussion guidelines based on the latest scientific research that must be used by all UK amateur sport groups.
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Rey, Andrea, and Francesco Santelli. "The Relationship between Financial Ratios and Sporting Performance in Italy’s Serie A." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 12 (November 20, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n12p53.
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In the last few years, the economic literature has shown an increasing interest in the football industry. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between financial performance and sporting performance in Italian football, by investigating the statistical evidences.In order to do it, the financial indicators and sporting performance will be examined with regards to 29 clubs in Serie A (the highest official Italian football league) that participated in the league during the period 2011-2015. The data are collected from the financial statements of the clubs and have been processed into financial ratio indicators. The empirical statistical analysis has been carried out by means of correlation and regression analysis.This research study empirically reveals that Italian clubs that are in good financial health, not indebted and that record higher revenues achieve the best sporting performance. This process is consistent with the “virtuous circle” theorized by the academic literature.The application of this work can be extended to other national leagues by adding new ratios. On the other hand, the main limitation is related to the fact that the entry of foreign investors in recent years to Serie A could change this trend.
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Silva Filho, Antonio Sabino, Sergio Roberto Silveira, Silvia Letícia Silva, and Umberto Corrêa. "Instructional Cues in Futsal Teaching, Coaching and Matches." Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 210–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2022.8.2.9024.
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This study investigated what are the verbal cues provided in futsal contexts of teaching-learning, training, and official matches, and what are their attentional foci. A cue refers is a short instruction that constrains the students/athletes to direct their attention to critical elements for successful performance. 1543 instructional cues were collected from Physical Education (PE) classes, futsal training sessions and futsal matches of an official championship. Data were analysed based on content analysis method and categorized through the Systematic Analysis of Pedagogical Content Interventions. Inferential analyses were run by the Trend Module (Trend Analysis and Multiple Comparisons) of PEPI software. The results showed that the category offensive technique (passing) was the one with the highest number of instructions in the classes, training and matches. It was also observed that rules and violations were similar between curricular classes and futsal training sessions. The findings allowed to verify (i) the primary cues physical education teachers and coaches provided, (ii) about which critical aspects they referred to and (iii) their specificity regarding the context specificity (classes, training and matches). The findings provide useful insights into the design of instructional tasks as the instructional cues allow students/athletes to gain knowledge about the learning task and to direct their attention to critical elements for successful performance.
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McKelvey, Steve, and Neil Longley. "Event-specific ambush marketing legislation for mega-sporting events: an economics perspective." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-16-05-2015-b003.
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The bid process for hosting mega global sporting events mandates the enactment of event-specific ambush marketing legislation that provides extraordinary trademark law protections for private sports organisations and their official sponsors. Such event-specific ambush marketing legislation, or ESAML, has come under increasing scrutiny by academics and practitioners who question, among other things, the need for such legislation. One of the major areas of concern has become the potential social cost of such legislation that includes restrictions on free speech and curbs on marketplace competition. We apply economic theory as a means to explain why governments have been so willing to enact such legislation.
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Bielec, Grzegorz. "Variants of Development of Sports Career of 11-Year-Old Female Swimmers." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10197-012-0005-2.
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Variants of Development of Sports Career of 11-Year-Old Female SwimmersIntroduction. The development of a sporting career takes a course within a phased manner, the various stages are characterized by different goals and tasks. In competitive swimming there are many cases of athletes who achieved high sporting results in the category of children and youths and who soon after abandoned their interest in training. The aim of this study was to find the association between the sports achievements of 11-year-old girls competing in the 200 m backstroke events and their sports level in the subsequent years of their career. Material and methods. The results of the sporting careers of girls who ranked from 1st to 20th in the 200 m backstroke event in the Polish Correspondence Championships for 10 and 11-Year-Old Children in 2003 were presented. Their positions taken in subsequent editions of the summer Polish championship till 2009 were the criterion of their career development. An analysis of documents was used as a scientific method. The basis for the analysis were post-competition protocols listed on the official website of the Polish Swimming Federation. Results. Only 30% of the examined athletes took part in all main events intended for their age. Less than half of them participated in the Polish 17-18-Year-Old Junior Championships organized within the Nationwide Juvenile Olympics. 40% of the girls from the studied group ended their careers before the age of 15. Four basic variants of development of a sporting career were observed in the group. Conclusions. After analyzing the athletes' careers it can be stated that a high position in the national ranking of 11-year-olds does not guarantee significant sporting achievements in later years. In the studied group of girls the stroke and distance specialization had changed in most cases (80%).
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Faure, Sébastien, Olivier Pavard, Charles-Édouard Pavet, Vincent Pompom, and Matthieu Roche. "La prise en charge officinale des blessures du sportif." Actualités Pharmaceutiques 53, no. 537 (June 2014): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpha.2014.03.015.
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Siekel, Anton, Zuzana Vodáčková, Matej Šebesta, and Peter Plavčan. "A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES AT THE TOKYO 2020 AND BEIJING 2022 OLYMPIC GAMES." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 3 (December 1, 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v3.294.
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National and international sports are well recognized in the international Olympic movement. The Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games are the major global sporting events, uniting the entire world together for world peace. Managing the health and safety of athletes at these top sporting events is an important task. During the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, sound organisational policies and effective preventive measures to protect athletes from infection at the Olympic Games were essential. Currently, there is not much information on the spread of COVID-19 infection in sports events and the effectiveness of preventive measures. The present study analyses the preventive measures for COVID-19 at Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The study is based on the official documents of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. It compares the COVID-19 spread and preventive measures taken by the organisers at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympic Games and the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
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McKelvey, Steve, and John Grady. "Sponsorship Program Protection Strategies for Special Sport Events: Are Event Organizers Outmaneuvering Ambush Marketers?" Journal of Sport Management 22, no. 5 (September 2008): 550–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.5.550.
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Companies invest millions of dollars to become “official sponsors” of major global sporting events. The tremendous publicity and consumer audiences generated by such events provide an attractive marketing opportunity for companies other than the event’s official sponsors who seek to associate themselves in the minds of the public with the goodwill and popularity of these events. This activity, known as ambush marketing, poses significant legal and business challenges for sport event organizers seeking to protect both the financial investment of official sponsors and the integrity of their sponsorship programs. With rising sponsorship stakes, event organizers have become increasingly proactive in their efforts to combat ambush marketing. This article examines the implementation and effectiveness of a variety of evolving sponsorship program protection strategies including: pre-event education and public relations initiatives; on-site policing tactics; contractual language in athlete participation and spectator ticket agreements; and the enactment and enforcement of special trademark protection legislation.
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Scherer, Jay, and Steven J. Jackson. "Producing Allblacks.com: Cultural Intermediaries and the Policing of Electronic Spaces of Sporting Consumption." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.2.187.
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Despite the rapid growth in new media technologies and interest from both sport organizations and corporations in interacting with premium consumers, very little research examines the cultural production and regulation of electronic sporting spaces of consumption. Drawing from interviews with the New Zealand Rugby Union’s (NZRU) cultural intermediaries, this article presents an investigation of the production of allblacks.com, the virtual home of the New Zealand All Blacks and the official website of the game’s governing body. Specifically, we employ a cultural-economic theoretical framework to illuminate the institutionalized codes of production and work routines of the rugby union’s cultural intermediaries who police and regulate what appears on the website to unashamedly promote an elective affinity that includes corporate sponsors, media organizations, players, and the NZRU.
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Silva Omena De Melo, Erick. "Changes and continuities on brazilian urban governance: the impacts of the sporting mega events." TERRITORIO, no. 64 (February 2013): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2013-064006.
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This paper analyses the contradictions and conflicts affecting two trends in the urban government and governance of Brazilian cities: the increase in the institutionalisation of practices for participation by civil society in the construction of public policies and the expansion of forms of urban entrepreneurial practices. The analysis focuses on the impacts that the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics are having on institutional spaces for socio-political participation and on processes for the organisation and strengthening of social movements at national level. Current dynamics are illustrated with a discussion of the literature and the use of data from surveys, official documents and those government websites and social movement websites that are particularly involved in urban development processes in cities connected with past and future mega sports events.
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Romano, Veronica, Manuel Tuzi, Ada Di Gregorio, Anna Maria Sacco, Immacolata Belviso, Felice Sirico, Stefano Palermi, et al. "Correlation between Official and Common Field-Based Fitness Tests in Elite Soccer Referees." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030059.
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Official tests are used to assess the fitness status of soccer referees, and their results correlate with match performance. However, FIFA-approved tests expose the referees to high physical demands and are difficult to implement during the sportive year. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the 6 × 40-m sprint and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (IR1) official tests and other field-based tests that require no or little equipment, are not time-consuming, and impose low physical demands. All tests were performed by male referees from the Regional Section of the Italian Referee Association (n = 30). We observed a strong correlation between 6 × 40-m sprint and Illinois agility tests (r = 0.63, p = 0.001) and a moderate correlation between Yo-Yo IR1 and hand-grip strength in the dominant (r = 0.45, p = 0.014) and non-dominant hand (r = 0.41, p = 0.031). Interestingly, only a moderate correlation (r = −0.42, p = 0.025) was observed between the FIFA official tests, 6 × 40-m sprint and Yo-Yo IR1. These results suggest that Illinois agility and hand-grip tests could represent simple and low-physical-impact tools for repeated assessment and monitoring of referee fitness throughout the sportive season.
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Naydenova, Korneliya. "The phenomenon of match-fixing in football." Strategies for Policy in Science and Education-Strategii na Obrazovatelnata i Nauchnata Politika 29, no. 4s (August 10, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/str2021-4s-6-foot.
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One aspect of the security of sport, which is rarely considered by the organizers of sports events, concerns the different manifestations of match-fixing. The match-fixing of the result of a sports event or any component of it contradicts the established norms and values of the sporting competition, drawn up at the end of the XIX century by Baron Pierre de Coubertin and known as Olympism. Today, match-fixing is one of the phenomena in modern sport. Advertising, publicity, profit largely regulate relations in professional sport, and in full force, this applies to football as the most popular sport in the world. If we look at what has been said so far through the prism of Bulgarian football, it is enough to look at the Bulgarian football championships, whose official sponsor is an online betting company at sporting events and the first football league is named after this company. This same company has sponsorship relations with more than 10 football clubs, and to them we can add the volleyball and basketball federations, as well as some of the brightest representatives of these federations. Noticing this trend of business entering the sport, we set out to explore the opinion of players and their coaches about the manifestation of the phenomenon of match-fixing in Bulgarian football. The results of the survey show the existence of match-fixing at both professional and amateur level and allow us to indicate some steps to prevent such non-sporting techniques from winning.
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Wang, Guofeng. "A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of news reporting on China’s air pollution in the official Chinese English-language press." Discourse & Communication 12, no. 6 (May 9, 2018): 645–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481318771431.
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This corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis of news reports on air pollution published from 2008 through 2015 by China Daily, China’s largest official English-language newspaper, reveals a significant attitudinal shift around the end of 2011 as regards public awareness of increasing air pollution levels in China and related public criticism. It also constructs a clear image of the increasing determination and resolve of the Chinese central government over the course of this 8-year period to take action to effectively reduce air pollution. This study highlights the submissive role played by the official Chinese press in their reporting on air pollution under the strict censorship system of the Communist Party of China (CPC), as well as the socio-political role that international sporting events such as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games played in raising both public and governmental awareness of environmental issues.
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Lamirán-Palomares, José María, Tomás Baviera, and Amparo Baviera-Puig. "Sports Influencers on Twitter. Analysis and Comparative Study of Track Cycling World Cups 2016 and 2018." Social Sciences 9, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9100169.
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Social media has driven a sea change in the way users view and participate in sporting events through the media. In the digital medium, identifying the profiles with the greatest influential capacity is a key issue. Using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the aim of our research was to identify the most influential Twitter accounts in a major sporting event: The Track Cycling World Cups. The competitions from the years 2016 and 2018 were analysed, downloading all the tweets that included the official hashtag of each event and drawing up the graph of mentions and retweets. After reviewing the literature, activity, authority and popularity were defined as dimensions to assess influence, and two subcriteria were chosen as measures for each of them. Activity was measured by number of tweets and outdegree, authority by retweets and PageRank, and popularity by number of followers and indegree. By consulting experts following the AHP approach, various weights were assigned to these measures, resulting in authority as the most influential. With this weighting, the accounts with the greatest influence on Twitter turned out to be those related to organisation of the event and those of the athletes taking part.
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Hangebrauck, Jan. "South Africa, Apartheid and the Olympic Games." STADION 45, no. 1 (2021): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2021-1-116.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa was part of the Olympic Movement for more than two decades after apartheid had been officially introduced in 1948. In 1964 South Africa was excluded from the sporting event for the first time, and in 1970 it was formally expelled from the Olympic Movement. It had to wait until 1992 for its return when South Africa participated in the Olympic Games in Barcelona and won two medals. In the first part, this article describes South Africa’s development to exclusion and then back to its return by examining reasons for the late expulsion from, and re-entry to, the Olympic family. The next part looks at reactions of the governments and national sports federations (NFs) of Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to South Africa’s exclusion and its return against the backdrop of the Cold War. This paper further analyses the general attitudes of those actors towards apartheid (in sports). The conclusion points out the implications of South Africa’s sporting isolation and additional research gaps.