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Wu, Wai-sheung. "The changing cultural landscape of the race course." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42181094.
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Saldanha, Paulo. "Physiological monitoring during the bicycle Race Across America (RAAM) : a case study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0033/MQ64188.pdf.
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胡慧嫦 and Wai-sheung Wu. "The changing cultural landscape of the race course." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42181094.
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Asihel, Solomon Ghebremedhin. "An exploration and evaluation of mechanisms on the role of sport in post-conflict racial reconciliation and integration : the post-apartheid South African context." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4891.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>Sport has both uniting and dividing features, often manifesting contradictory outcomes in terms of conflict or co-operation. Sport is a social construct and its role and function depends largely on what society makes of it, and how it is consumed by society. If sport’s potential is to unfold, the dividing features should be guarded against and the desired positive effects must be furthered. The aim of this study is twofold; on the one hand, the study focuses on evaluating the post-apartheid South Africa’s experience, of reconciliation through Sport Intervention Programs (SIPs), and on the other hand, the study explores mechanisms through which sport can serve as a vehicle to integrate racialized South African youth identities with the aim of promoting, reconciliation and integration for change. The study identified 12 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that are facilitating grassroots sport initiatives that use sport as a platform to combat social issues in previously marginalised communities of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Purposive sampling was used to identify12 focus group discussions, consisting of 10participants in each group, ranging from 14-20 years, totaling 100 youth as well as another group of 13 respondents for semi-structured interviews, ranging from 25-68 years old, which include sport managers, coaches/officials, role models, government and UN officials, who contributed to the SIPs and their organizations in different capacities. Both the discussion groups and face-to-face interviews were conducted on a voluntary basis. Thematic content analysis was carried-out to analyse the data. This study explored existing theories, literature, and good intervention practices, and has established the relative interlinkages between sport and peace-building, as pivotal to the ongoing scholarly debates in the field of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). From the findings, reconciliation and integration through SIPs may require a unique method in the holistic approach for transformation and social change in post-1994. From the findings in this study, the SIPs’ effort and approaches highlighted a number of positive inroads. The majority of the discussion groups and face-to-face interviewees felt the desire to have a united and non-racial South Africa. Within the discussion group, the notion of the ‘Rainbow Nation’ emerged as a ‘counter discourse’, and, a reaction to the apartheid discourse ‘racial segregation’, both discourses found to have impacts on the youth identities. The youth participants also referred as ‘Born Frees’ are still deeply marked by their racialized past, but they also showed a drive to make a different present, and a new future. From the findings, the SIPs foci of learning by doing, such as team cohesion on the field, and peace education off the field were found instrumental in building relationship. Networking, non-violent conflict resolution, and collaboration for shared goals, which reduced, negative perceptions among the South African racialized youth, at personal and relational level. However, the structural and cultural dimensions require multiple changes at all societal levels. The interconnection of the hierarchies of change in relation to the program in-put, out-puts and outcomes, on how the attitudes and behaviours of the individual youth are expected to change by the SIPs, and how these personal changes are sought to change the structural, and cultural practices, within the programme design, monitoring and evaluation of the SIPs were found unclear, and under-developed. The reflexive learning within the current research process postulate that, first, conflict resolution, racial integration and reconciliation within the SIPs endeavors is characterized by a complex set of factors and dynamic forces on the ground such as race relations and social change. As such, a systems approach is necessary to approach this field in comprehensive manner. The present research study shows that a model is required that needs to integrate the various elements in a comprehensive fashion to promote reconciliation, conflict resolution, peace and development. Secondly, the SIPs may serve as a platform and provide contextual mechanism for conflict resolution, and this study discovered that the ‘theory of change approach’ is an effective tool to unpack the change process between the SIPs’ activities and its ultimate goal. Thirdly the genuine effort of SIPs and its NGOs in the lives of the future leaders is well articulated; however, they seem to confront a problem way bigger than their capacity, which involves power and massive resources. The fieldwork experience from the present study, commends the SIPs’ culture of networking, and collaboration can only be enhanced when it is framed by the ‘scaling-up’ strategy developed by Lederach et al. for wider social impact, and,sustainability. In light of the findings, while the above three imperatives considered as an original contribution to the existing knowledge in the field of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP), it also concluded by providing possible recommendations that may guide sport practitioners to effectively design, implement, monitor and evaluate programmes and the SIPs’ in post-apartheid South Africa, in Africa and beyond.
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Oates, Thomas Patrick. "On the block race, gender, and power in the NFL draft /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2004. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/114.
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Moolla, Mahomed Ebrahim. "The role of anti-oxidants in the prevention of post-race upper respiratory tract infection." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26558.
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Several epidemiological reports suggest that athletes engaging in marathon-type running events are at increased risk of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). A possible explanation for this increased susceptibility is that during prolonged, strenuous exercise, production of immunosuppressive oxygen free radicals is increased. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine the effect of anti-oxidant vitamin supplementation on the incidence and severity of post-race symptoms of URTI's among athletes competing in a 90-kilometer ultramarathon footrace. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study design was employed. Eighty-five subjects were divided into three experimental and three control groups. Each athlete selected a non-running partner with whom they were paired. This non-running control was of a similar age and was a member of the same household or otherwise closely associated with the runner. The experimental and control groups were divided into those ingesting 250 mg/day of ascorbic acid (n = 13 runners, 11 non-running controls), or 4.5 mg/day of beta-carotene (n = 12 runners, 11 non-running controls) or placebo (n = 19 runners and 19 nonrunning controls). All groups commenced supplementation six weeks before the ultramarathon and continued for two weeks after the race. The runners and non-running controls experienced the same incidence of symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections during the study period (50% and 53% respectively) but significantly more runners than non-running controls experienced severe symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections of infective origin (45% and 18% respectively, p < 0.01). Of the runners, 30. 8% on supplemental ascorbic acid, 41. 7% on beta-carotene and 68% on placebo developed symptoms of URTI's. The comparative figures for non-running controls were 45.5%, 45.5% and 63% respectively. All of the non-running controls (100%) and 80% of the athletes who developed severe symptoms of URTIs were on placebo medication. Al though post-race symptoms of URTI 's are common in distance runners, prolonged, strenuous exercise itself is only one of a number of risk factors for symptoms of URTI. However, ingestion of supplemental anti-oxidant in the form of ascorbic acid or beta-carotene for an eight-week period before and after an endurance running event significantly decreases the severity of athletes' symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections.
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Benney, Tamlyn. "Differences in five kilometer time trial performance during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3001.
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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Athletes require an appropriate balance between training, competition stress and recovery to achieve maximal performance. Previous studies have shown that exercise induced muscle damage has a negative influence on endurance running performance, and that these negative effects may be mediated by an increased perception of effort. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effects of ultramarathon distance races on running performance, and the optimal duration of the recovery period before returning to competitive running. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in running performance during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race. The specific objectives were: (a) to determine differences in running performance between the experimental group (runners participating in the 2011 Comrades Marathon) and a control group (distance runners not taking part in the 2011 Comrades Marathon) during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race; (b) to determine the differences in muscle pain, heart rate and perception of effort during a 5 km time trial between groups and over time before, and during the recovery period after an ultramarathon race; and (c) to determine if there were any relationships between prior experience, training history, and running performance during the recovery period following an ultramarathon race.
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Pickett, Moneque Walker. "The Invisible Black Woman In The Title IX Shuffle: An Empirical Analysis And Critical Examination Of Gender Equity Policy In Assessing Access And Participation Of Black And White High School Girls In Interscholastic Sports." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/288.
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There has been considerable progress in women's sport participation opportunities since the enactment of Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972. These opportunities have allowed women and girls to participate in sports at the primary and secondary school level, as well as at the collegiate level in considerable numbers. Institutions have been adding new, emerging, or growth sports to their sports lineup. Despite this progress, much remains to be done to achieve true equity in women's access to sports. Indeed, recent evidence suggests that women of color may not have benefited from the array of new sports and athletic opportunities as much as white women. To examine this issue, we compare Post-Title IX trends in black and white females' sports participation and directly examine the effect of race on participation opportunities. Quantitative analysis based on multiple national data sets, including the National Longitudinal Study (NLS), the High School and Beyond Survey (HSB), the National Educational Longitudinal Survey (NELS), and the Educational Longitudinal Survey (ELS), reveal that compared to white females, black females have indeed lost ground since Title IX, and that public schools attended by black females offer fewer sport participation opportunities to girls. Qualitative analysis is presented through a detailed, critical examination of the history of white and black women and sports, followed by an assessment of the legal challenges to gender inequality involving Title IX. Although Title IX is supposed to provide greater sports participation and athletic opportunities for women, oftentimes, women of color are disproportionately excluded from participation. As a policy, Title IX is designed to promote gender equity and equality in education, including sports. However, interscholastic athletic access and participation opportunities for females are unevenly distributed along racial lines. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
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Van, Tonder Anri. "Medical consequences following endurance sports : acute pre-race illness : the effect of a screening and educational intervention program on race participation, inability to finish a race and medical complications during a race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17200.
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The main objectives of this dissertation was: 1) to review the available evidence with respect to the period prevalence of pre-race upper respiratory tract infections (the week before a distance running event) in distance runners, the relationship between exercise and infections, and the possible health consequences of participating in sport whilst suffering from an acute infective illness; 2) to document the period prevalence of runners with an acute illness in the 7-day period prior to an endurance race; 3) to determine the period prevalence of runners who "fail" the "neck check", and would be advised not to participate in the race, 4) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness, and who received educational information and guidelines, and who then not start the race, 5) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness who chose to start the race, but do not finish the race, and 6) to determine the incidence of runners with an acute illness who chose to start the race, but develop medical complications during the race.
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Osmond, Frederick Gary. "Nimble savages : myth, race, social memory and Australian aquatic sport /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19559.pdf.
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Ulrich, Matthew. "Sports Illustrated's Coverage of Race and Ethnicity in Major League Baseball: A Longitudinal Analysis." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104304.
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Thesis advisor: Natalia Sarkisian<br>In an attempt to address issues with the changing demographics in Major League Baseball, most notably the declining black presence in the game, this study researches the sports media industry and its influence on professional baseball. Using a quantitative content analysis on Sports Illustrated articles, this study is able to find important results regarding the sports media’s coverage of race/ethnicity, specifically in terms of numerical representation. With agenda-setting theory as a foundation, this study converts sports media coverage results into wide-ranging conclusions about the potential benefits of using targeted sports media coverage to extend affirmative action efforts in professional baseball<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Departmental Honors<br>Discipline: Sociology
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Hylton, Kevin. "Local government, 'race' and sports policy implementation : demystifying equal opportunities in local government." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2003. http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/419/.
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This thesis takes as its starting point the position that equal opportunities as a concept and practice have been conceptualised and operationalised inconsistently in local government (Nanton 1989, Young 1990, 1992, Bagilhole 1997). As a result the PhD investigated the appreciative contexts and ideologies that underpinned the assumptive worlds of those who influence policy and practice in sport in three local authorities in Northshire. Operationalising a critical ‘race’ standpoint (CRT) the study critically examined the views of senior officers and councillors in local authority sport utilising Young’s (1977, 1979) assumptive worlds framework. This research was based upon a two-phase investigation. The first phase involved a multi-site case study, which took place in North City, West Town and South City between 1996 and 1998. In a similar fashion to Stone’s (1988) single case study investigation into local authority equal opportunities strategies for women employees, they were intended to clarify and crystallise the everyday pressures and assumptions underpinning equal opportunities and ‘race’ within local authority sport. The agenda for the multi-site case study was to interrogate the values and assumptions that underpinned equal opportunities and race-equality for fifteen senior officers and nine councillors. In tandem with the local government case studies the second phase was an ethnography that involved an observation and analysis of the black sports pressure group VBES. The group was followed from its inception in 1996 until it became a significant agent within the sports policy network in Northshire in 2000. VBES contributed the black perspective from outside the local authorities. Consequently, Voluntary Black and Ethnic Sport’s links and associations over the years were a clear barometer of how effective equalities work was developing in specific authorities across the region. Three dominant themes emerged out of the study of the local authorities and evidence of them found expression in the activities of VBES. These themes were the conceptual confusion surrounding equal opportunities and race-equality, the policy tensions caused by individual appreciations and interpretations of policy, and the colour blindness that ignores wider issues of ‘race’. The themes aggregated to represent the core processes that affect each authority’s ability to effectively tackle race-equality in sport. Conceptual confusions, policy tensions and colour-blindness, that enwrapped the assumptive worlds of each authority, effectively led to policy implementation gaps between their promise and practice. The marginalisation of ‘race’ from mainstream provision has resulted in the ambiguity that Young (1990, 1992) warned against and in the lack of leadership that was the focus of Ouseley’s (1990) analysis. Ultimately there are issues that need to be managed in local government about how race-equality in sport is to be translated from policy to practice.
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Baxter, Peter. "Clinical and immunological factors associated with post-race upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS) in Ironman triathletes." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2743.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-103).<br>Ultra-endurance events, in particular Ironman Triathlons, are physically very demanding for the competitors. There is a large body of evidence showing the Upper Respitory Tract Symptoms (URTS) are very common in athletes in the 2-week period after such an event. However, there is no definitive explanation as t the exact cause of mechanism for the development of post-race URTS. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the incidence of post-race URTS in triathletes competing in an Ironman Triathlon; (2) to identify clinical and immunological factors that are associated with the development of post-race URTS in these triathletes. In this prospective cohort study, 99 triathletes entering the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon were recruited as subjects. All the subjects completed a validated questionnaire in the one to three days before the race (during registration). The questionnaire contrained sections on demographics, training history and previous performances, common general medical conditions that they may have experienced, and a detailed section pertaining to respiratory tracgt symptoms (RTS) and allergies. At registration, each subject had a blood sample taken for analysis of cytokines representing mainly a TH1 response (IL-2, and IL-12) (cell mediated immunity) and a TH2 response (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) (humoral immunity), as well as a saliva sample (for salivary α-amylase, cortisol and IgA concentrations). Collection of blood and saliva samples was repeated immediately post-race. Data regarding race performance was collected within one week after completion of the race.
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Wood, Augustus Clark III. "The sixth finger: Jack Johnson, Muhammad Ali, and the unconscious race hero in sports." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2012. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/443.
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This study examines both the mentality of black race heroes in American sporting history and the surrounding atmospheric influences on personality, mentality, masculinity, and global perspective on said heroes, using the case studies of iconic boxers Jack Johnson and Muhammad Au as the primary focus. This study was based on the premise that both boxers initiated a conscious effort of racial pride, black agency, and global hegemony through their consistent success both inside and outside the ring. The researcher found that in almost blind adoration, African Americans chose two unconscious, self-righteous, and raceless blacks who utilized their gifted abilities as boxers to only capture full masculinity in the forms of wealth and power. In response to their considerable inferior treatment at the hands of the majority, blacks actively sought dominant representations of success and defiance of the norms to carry their dreams of black pride. However, both Jack Johnson and Muhammad Ali repeatedly rejected their anointed statuses of “race men” for the chance at true wealth and power in the commercialization and exploitation of their masculinity. In addition, the background environments of both figures are essential to the true analysis of the mentality and perception of the boxers. The conclusions drawn from the finding suggest that both individuals rejected their hometown communities’ ideals of agency and activism and instead opted to embrace the more lucrative ideals of independence (Johnson and Galveston) and interdependence (Ali and Louisville). As the black community witnessed both Jack Johnson and Muhammad Au continuously thrive and capture success in a predominantly white and commercial environment, they also saw the potential to showcase the greatest aspects of the American black race not just nationally, but also globally to other black groups. Therefore, race consciousness would both intensify and spread if powerful, masculine icons continued to dominate in societal contests like sports. Because of these desires, blacks across the nation supplied insurmountable support and sustenance to these figures throughout their careers. In fact, to most blacks throughout the nation, both pugilists possessed superhuman qualities, or a “sixth finger.” As the twenty first century thrives, blacks continue the practice of selecting sporting representatives of the race to showcase dominance in athletics, society, and unconscious racial pride.
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Pelak, Cynthia Fabrizio. "Nation building in post-apartheid South Africa : Transforming gender and race relations through sports /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1235237654.
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Dow, Nicholas Mark. "Boston: the Red Sox, the Celtics, and Race, 1945-1969." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2608.
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Thesis advisor: John Joseph Burns<br>In the first two decades after World War II, America confronted issues of race in a way that it had not previously done so in its history. During the time period of 1945-1969, the city of Boston and two of its professional sports franchises—namely the Boston Red Sox and the Boston Celtics—also found that matters of race had a newfound significance. From Jackie Robinson’s token tryout with the Red Sox in 1945 to Bill Russell’s retirement from the Celtics in 1969, race and sports intersected in the city of Boston, whether the city was ready for it or not. As the Civil Rights Movement gripped the nation in the 1950s and 1960s, Boston’s own racial injustices came to light as well. With this context, the Boston Celtics provided an example as to what a racially integrated group of people could accomplish, winning eleven titles in thirteen seasons, while their counterparts, the Red Sox, often dragged their feet on realizing racial justice, with the teams of the late ‘60s as an exception. During this time period, Boston’s high-profile sports teams provided a microcosm through which to view the racial situation in Boston and the nation<br>Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: College Honors Program<br>Discipline: History
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Wysocki, David James, and David James Wysocki. "Exercising the Cosmic Race: Mexican Sporting Culture and Mestizo Citizens." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625658.
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Since the achievement of independence, Mexican officials looked for ways to bring together a country of many disparate parts into a single modern nation. Indeed, like their neighbors to the north, many officials supported programs to forge disciplined, productive, and selfless citizens capable of guiding the country in the future through cutting-edge educational programs. When a nearly fifty-year period of civil war and instability came to an end with the rise of dictator-president Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911), the general promoted the first sports programs to toughen up and straighten out a citizenry his cabinet believed had weakened in the country's many refurbished cities. These programs were, nevertheless, exclusionary in practice. The "Indian Problem," as many public officials called it, remained a primary concern as the supposed natural backwardness of the masses was interpreted as a societal disease that, for many, had no known cure.
Diaz's presidency, which directed money and attention to wealthy urban centers to the detriment of the countryside, came to end when the masses rose with workers and women to take the government. This social revolution, which began in 1910, was the first in the world and brought to power a generation of idealistic leaders from all walks of life. These leaders took on the country's most desperate problems with creative cultural programs that were often guided by science. For revolutionaries, sports became a primary means of transforming the disparate masses into ideal athlete-citizens under a mestizo-aesthetic that were enlightened by science and willing to sacrifice personal ambition for the greater good. Officials from the military, public health, and education sectors crafted plans to mold citizens based on their visions of the revolution, but women and indigenous people did as well. In some ways these programs failed to meet the lofty expectations of the most idealistic leaders. In others, the revolutionary sports programs were among the most successful government programs created. The work completed between 1920 and 1946 in sports culture and physical education set the stage for some of the country’s greatest sports accomplishments that followed, including winning the right to host the Pan-American Games in 1955 and the Olympics in 1968.
Scholars have debated the importance of sports in politics and society for decades, but even though Mexican historians have extensively analyzed revolutionary cultural programs, study on sports has been relegated to a footnote. This dissertation argued that sports were, in fact, considered a primary means of transforming the supposedly backwards masses into ideal citizens for officials in nearly all official departments.
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Meyer, Peter. "Do NBA Fans Discriminate Against Race Or Nationality?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/258.
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Previous work found evidence that the racial composition of NBA teams was positively correlated with the racial composition of their metropolitan market areas during the 1990s. This paper finds continued evidence of this relationship in the 2000s, with an accompanying attendance boost from the incorporation of white players on teams located in whiter areas. There is also evidence that white players receive a salary premium relative to black players of equal performance quality. An examination of player performance indicates that demand for foreign players with the skill set of a forward or center is higher than demand for players of equal quality from the U.S. However, an analysis of salary discrimination related to foreign players produced no conclusive evidence.
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Van, Niekerk Wanda. "A comparison of muscle damage, soreness, morphology, T2 changes and running performance following an ultramarathon race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20374.
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Background: Exercise induced muscle damage collectively describes the response to strenuous or unaccustomed exercise. It is well - established that endurance running causes muscle damage. Indirect indicators of muscle damage include the loss of muscle strength, increased levels of muscle proteins, such as creatine kinase, in the blood and delayed onset of muscle soreness. Magnetic resonance imaging has been used to gain insight in to the underlying mechanisms associated with exercise induced muscle damage. The most common approach has focused on changes in transverse (T2) relaxation times after exercise. Given that inflammation and oedema are proposed as reasons for the changes in T2 times, there may be changes in morphological measurements such as muscle volume and peak cross sectional area. Few studies have utilised MRI morphological measurements to assess the effects of exercise induced muscle damage, and there is a lack of evidence regarding changes in muscle morphology after endurance running. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in transverse (T2) relaxation times and muscle morphology in endurance runners after a 90 km ultramarathon race. Specific objectives: (a) To determine the time course of recovery of muscle pain and plasma creatine kinase activity after a 90km ultramarathon race; (b) to determine changes in 5km time trial performance in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race compared to a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race; (c) to compare changes in muscle morphology (volume and average cross sectional area) and T2 relaxation times of the quadriceps and hamstrings in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race and a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race; and (d) to evaluate potential relationships between indicators of muscle damage (plasma creatine kinase levels and muscle pain measurements), morphological muscle changes, and T2 relaxation times in an experimental group of endurance runners that took part in a 90 km ultramarathon race and a control group of endurance runners that did not take part in a 90 km ultramarathon race. Methods: This was a descriptive, correlational study that involved secondary analysis of previously collected data. No new participants were recruited for the study. Participants were allocated to groups, based on whether they took part in a 90 km ultramarathon. The experimental group (n = 11) completed a 90 km ultramarathon. The control group (n = 11) consisted of endurance runners, who ran a minimum of 60 km.wk-1, but did not take part in the ultramarathon. Magnetic resonance images were taken seven days before and 10 - 15 days after an ultramarathon as part of an earlier study. The magnetic resonance images analysis included the digital segmentation and reconstruction of the rectus femoris, combined quadriceps and combined hamstrings muscle groups. Muscle volume and peak cross sectional area was calculated as well as T2 relaxation times. These measurements were correlated with muscle pain and plasma creatine kinase activity measurements obtained during the initial study. Results: There was a significant difference in hamstrings muscle volume between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group had a significantly lower muscle volume compared to the control group (p = 0.03). There was also a significant positive relationship between the T2 relaxation time and plasma CK activity. (r = 0.74; p = 0.04) Conclusion: Changes in muscle morphology in endurance runners are evident after a 90 km ultramarathon. The significant relationship between T2 relaxation times and plasma creatine kinase activity confirms that T2 relaxation time may be used as a non-invasive direct indicator of exercise induced muscle damage.
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Chapman, Michael. "FUNDING THE ICA ARMS RACE: A CASE STUDY OF STUDENT PERSPECTIVE ON ALLOCATION OF STUDENTS FEES FOR ATHLETICS AT OHIO UNIVERSITY." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1392412487.
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Mailey, Chaz D. "You make the call : the effects of race on perceptions of athlete aggression." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1366493.
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Several studies have been conducted to determine implicit perceptions of race. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not individuals, when provided with a limited amount of time and limited information, would rate a borderline aggressive play in an athletic setting as being more severe based on the race of the aggressor. Participants (N = 16) were from one mid-sized, Midwestern University. Data were analyzed using an Three-way mixed effects ANOVA with the level of significance set at .05. Results indicated there was no significant difference between race and perceptions of athlete aggression. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between the race of the individual being aggressed against and the rating of the aggressiveness of the play. Possible limitations along with recommendations for the future are discussed.<br>School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
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Hartmann, Douglas Robert. "Golden ghettos : the cultural politics of race, sport, and civil rights in the United States, 1968 and beyond /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9808983.
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Spijkerman, Ronel. "Accuracy of the prediction of Ironman performance : relationship to training history, muscle pain and relative perception of effort during, and recovery after the race." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12776.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-61).<br>With regards to swimming, cycling and running, several studies have investigated the physiological and genetic contribution of performance in athletes, different training programs and athletes' adaptation to these programs. Other studies have investigated levels of pain and relative perception of effort (RPE) and the athlete's ability to recover after endurance races... The aim of this thesis is to review the literture which discusses the background to the questions outlined above (Chapter 2), followed by a study which attempts to answer these questions (Chapter 3). The aim of the study was to establish whether the training methods in preparation for the Ironman were related to subjective pain and perception of effort during the race, and the recovery time after the race. The study was designed to establish whether there were differences in these variables between triathletes who predicted their finishing time accurately compared to those triathletes wo under-or over-predicted their performance.
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Clements, Christopher Frederick. "The Quarterbacks of the NFL Draft: A Study into the Media Coverage of the 2012 and 2020 First Round Quarterbacks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103774.
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This study seeks to identify, understand, and compare the themes created, by the print media, utilized to ascribe identity to college quarterbacks as they are entering the NFL Draft. The study will compare the four first-round quarterbacks from the 2020 NFL Draft and four first-round quarterbacks from the 2012 NFL Draft; which because of its historic nature of being the first draft to include a white and Black quarterback of drafted number one and two, respectively, is used as a baseline. The study uses framing theory and previous research to understand the themes present in the media coverage of these quarterbacks from the 2020 NFL Draft and the 2012 NFL Draft.
A total of 112 newspaper articles from the Newsbank database were analyzed using qualitative research methods to compare the differences in frames that exist due to the racial background of each quarterback. Additionally, the difference in narratives and expressed frames, depicted by the print media over an eight-year time span were compared and examined using framing theory. The findings reveal that in both 2012 and 2020 there was racial framing utilized, in the sports media, when describing college quarterbacks and these racial frames functioned as a reflection of the existing racial views within society. The findings also displayed a clear difference between the frames present in 2012 and 2020. This difference, however, did not point toward a lessening of racial framing, but rather to a shift in the formation of the themes utilized, by the sports media, to create the racial frames.<br>Master of Arts<br>This study examines the sports media and its coverage of eight college quarterbacks as they enter the NFL Draft. The study utilizes the four quarterbacks drafted in both the 2012 and 2020 NFL Draft in order to understand the racial themes that are present throughout 112 newspaper articles. The unique history of the 2012 NFL Draft which featured a white and Black quarterback drafted one and two, respectively, serves as a baseline for the comparison of racially driven themes used by the media. Racially driven themes are used throughout sports media to produce narratives about sports topics for the public's consumption. This study seeks to understand the presence of racial themes throughout the sports media's coverage of college quarterbacks as well as the difference in these themes during the eight-year gap between 2012 and 2020. Previous research has shown the sports media to create narratives about athletes that attempt to mirror society. The changing racial landscape present in today's society serves as a backdrop to understand how the sports media alters its narrative choices in order to mimic society.
The findings reveal a presence of racially driven themes throughout the 112 articles for both the 2012 and 2020 NFL Drafts and display a clear difference between the formation and utilization of the themes used to create these narratives within the eight-year gap. Although the findings communicate a clear shift in the racial themes, they do not demonstrate a less racially driven form of theme development.
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Weight, Matthew A. "Confronting the Arms Race - Conference Commissioner Perspectives on Spending Within Intercollegiate Athletics." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1320630353.
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Young, Ingrid Victoria. "The energy demands of a 2,000 meter race simulation for national level oarswomen." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28542.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the energy demands of a 2,000 meter race simulation (RS) for national level oarswomen; as evaluated on a rowing ergometer (RE). A Progressive Intensity Test (P.I.T.) was also performed on the RE to further evaluate the RS. Six national level oarswomen (X values: age= 24.5 yrs., ht= 179 cm, wt= 75 kg), all current national team candidates (1988), participated in this investigation. A 6 1/2 minute tape recorded water race was used to execute a 2,000 meter RS on a Dr. Gjessing Ergorow ergometer. The tape recording was an actual race tape that was respliced to last exactly 6 1/2 minutes. Metabolic and respiratory exchange variables were continuously monitored by an open circuit method, utilizing a Beckman Metabolic Measurement Cart interfaced on-line with a Hewlitt Packard 3052A data acquisition system. The energy demands were calculated from metabolic variables, total oxygen cost and the analysis of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (recovery V0₂).Results indicated a mean V0₂max. of 3.85 1.min⁻¹ , mean net V0₂ of 24.48 1 and a mean recovery V0₂ of 4.92 1. This represented the aerobic cost of the event at approximately 80% or 4/5ths of the total energy cost while the anaerobic contribution was approximately 20% of l/5th of the total energy cost. During the RS, V0₂ values rapidly increased to 90% of mean V0₂max. (3.85 l.min⁻¹) in the first two minutes. Mean max. VE (BTPS) RS value was 122.4 1.min⁻¹. VE plateaued after two minutes and remained around 90% of P.I.T. mean max. VE for the final 4 1/2 minutes. Mean max. excess C0₂ for RS was 19.81 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹. The average maximal heart rate, as recorded in the RS was 192.8 bpm. The results of this study indicate the high aerobic demands and tremendous exercise intensity involved in the 2,000 meter RS.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of<br>Graduate
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Meale, Anthony M. "Colorblind or Blinded by Color? An Analysis of Race and Gender Stereotyping Among College Basketball Broadcasters." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1218223288.
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Wilson, Gregory J. II. "A Double Edged Sword: The Effects of Participation in Sports on the African American Community." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/756.
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Participation in sports has a strong influence on the development of African American youth and the Black community as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to explore the positive and negative effects that participating in sports has on the African American community using previous works and experiments on the topic. Results found that participation in athletics helps African American youth develop important social skills, creates an outlet to keep Black youth off the streets in impoverished neighborhoods, and establishes a vehicle to help Black youth get into college. However, the overemphasized importance of sports within the African American community through the media and Black families themselves has resulted in multiple negative effects including career immaturity, lower academic achievement and the exploitation of the Black intercollegiate athlete.
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McCabe, Carla. "Effects of 50m and 400m race paces on three-dimensional kinematics and linear kinetics of sprint and distance front crawl swimmers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3300.
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Many authors have proposed that sprint and distance front crawl swimmers differ in their stroke characteristics, however little three-dimensional quantitative data is provided to support these assumptions. It is currently unknown whether sprint and distance swimmers exhibit distinct stroke characteristics when swimming at the same pace. There were two main purposes of this study: 1) to determine whether there are distinct kinematic and kinetic differences between sprint and distance front crawl swimmers, and 2) to investigate whether stroke characteristics of front crawl swimmers, in terms of kinematic and kinetic variables change with swimming speed. Fifteen male national/international front crawl swimmers (17.87 +/- 2.33yrs; 73.87 +/- 8.72kg; 183.02 +/- 6.84cm) volunteered to participate in this study. This sample was composed of seven sprint (SG) and eight distance (DG) swimmers. Each testing session required swimmers to perform four 25m sprints and one 400m max effort (front crawl), with no pacing strategy, in a randomised order. Each trial was performed through a 6.75m3 calibrated space and recorded by six gen-locked JVC KY32 CCD cameras (4 below and 2 above water) sampling at a frequency of 50 fields per second. All trials were processed using ‘APAS’ software to obtain 3D coordinate data. Anthropometric measures were quantified using the elliptical zone method. Both data sets were entered into a bespoke MATLAB program which output: average swim velocity (Vav), stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), stroke index (SI), vertical and lateral displacement for each segment, shoulder and hip roll angle, and elbow joint angle variables (1st back, shoulder x, end back, hand exit and recovery elbow angle). Stroke phase (entry, pull, push and recovery) durations (%) were quantified at instants corresponding to percentiles of the stroke cycle. Centre of mass position data were obtained from the digitised 3D data using a 14 segment rigid link body model in conjunction with the body segment parameter data obtained by the elliptical zone method. Component whole body velocity (VCOMHor), acceleration (accCOM) and net force (forceCOM) were derived from the centre of mass position data. Variables were statistically analysed in SPSS v.14.0, using a General Linear Model, repeated measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that the groups differed (p<0.05) with respect to the duration of the pull phase, the occurrence of max left and right shoulder roll and the temporal sequencing of the shoulders and hips rolling at both sprint and distance pace. Other variables approached significance between the groups, particularly when distance swimming, such as the duration of the push phase (p=0.082), the Vav (p=0.071) and average VCOMHor (p=0.071). The stroke kinematic variables that changed between paces (p<0.05) were the duration of the entry, pull, push, hand exit and recovery phases; the elbow angle at the end back position and the push phase range; total shoulder and hip roll; the sum average vertical displacement of the foot; the time to max vertical and lateral displacement of the finger; the time at max right elbow extension; the average VCOMHor, Min VCOMHor and Max VCOMHor. The stroke kinetic variables that changed between paces (p<0.05) were the Min accCOM, Max accCOM, range of accCOM, min forceCOM and max forceCOM. Other variables approached significance between the paces such as the entry elbow angle (p=0.084), the max right elbow extension (p=0.056), the finger lateral range (p=0.067) and the time to max accCOM (p=0.079). The SG displayed shorter durations of the pull and push phases than the DG for both paces, which was linked to the faster horizontal velocity and/or vertical acceleration of the hand. The sequencing order of the shoulders and hips changed between groups and paces, which was speculated to be controlled by the magnitude of the leg-kick. The main changes between paces were the greater magnitude of elbow angle at both the end back position and the push phase range, which contributed to the adjustment of kinetic variables. SL, SF, SI, Vav and the duration of the all the stroke phases changed between sprint and distance pace in order to meet the physiological requirements of the race distance. The prolonged duration of the entry phase, when distance swimming, resulted in a delayed attainment of the catch position and maximum stroke depth. Moreover, the magnitude of shoulder and hip roll increased at distance compared to sprint pace, which in turn influenced the magnitude of average vertical and range of lateral displacement of the finger between paces. In conclusion, contrary to the literature, SG and DG differed only with respect to the duration of the pull and push stroke phases and the sequencing order of the shoulders and hips. All swimmers adjust the majority of kinematic and kinetic variables depending on the swim pace in order to optimise performance for that race distance.
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Barrero, Franquet Anna. "Ultra-endurance triathlon: heart rate-based intensity profile, energy balance, muscle damage and race performance." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/362661.
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This thesis presents the results of two research studies related to the physiological demands, the energy balance and the muscle damage induced by an ultra-endurance triathlon.
The first study of this thesis examined the heart rate response during an ultra-endurance triathlon race in relation with heart rate-based intensity markers derived from specific swimming, cycling and running incremental tests. We found that, contrary to what was believed until now, the absolute or relative heart rate (expressed as percentage of heart rate peak) is greater in the swimming stage than in the cycling and running stages. It was also observed that swimming at a higher intensity inversely correlated with performance during the following stages and the overall racing performance. Moreover it was found that 81% of the variance in total racing time was explained by the weight-adjusted VO2max and the heart rate difference between the running and swimming stages. Furthermore, our data support the concept of an "oxygen consumption ultra-endurance threshold".
The second study provided proper characterization of the energy and fluid intake, as well as the estimated energy expenditure, of a group of male triathletes during an entire UET race. The estimated EE was aprox. 11000 kcal (46 MJ), whereas EI was only aprox. 3600 kcal (15 MJ), which resulted in an energy deficit of almost 70%. This result partially confirms our hypothesis and demonstrates the challenging metabolic demands of a UET. In this study it was as well assessed the muscle damage induced by a UET and its relationship with the hydration status. The results, beyond confirming fibre muscle damage induced by an UET race, strongly suggest that cellular structural damage predominantly affects slow fibres, and that muscle damage is related to the hydration status.<br>En aquesta tesi es presenten els resultats de 2 estudis d'investigació relacionats amb les demandes fisiològiques, el balanç energètic i el dany muscular en els triatlons d'ultra-resistència.
L'èxit en el triatló d'ultra-resisténcia està regit per la capacitat de mantenir una velocitat absoluta superior per una donada distància, en comparació amb els altres competidors (Zaryski & Smith, 2005). Per optimitzar el rendiment i determinar els factors de rendiment és necessari conèixer la resposta fisiològica i els requeriments energètics durant la competició. El perfil d'intensitat durant un triatló pot ajudar a entendre les demandes fisiològiques i proporcionar informació essencial per a l'entrenament òptim dels triatletes que competeixen en aquests tipus d'esdeveniments. A més a més, donada la llarga durada d'aquests esdeveniments esportius, un dels principals objectius per als atletes és la gestió del consum d'aliments i begudes durant la cursa (Laursen & Rhodes, 2001) per tal de millorar el rendiment i el manteniment de l'homeòstasi del cos. La informació en aquest camp és escassa o gairebé nul•la.
Un altre punt clau que afecta aquests triatlons és el dany muscular que pateixen els atletes, que pot disminuir el rendiment muscular i, per tant, afectar el rendiment final del triatló. Un programa d'entrenament de força orientat a produir adaptacions musculars podria reduir aquest dany, però primer cal conèixer quines són les fibres musculars afectades.
D'acord als punts exposats, els objectius plantejats en aquesta tesi han sigut:
• Proveir, per primera vegada, una caracterització comprensiva del perfil d'intensitat basat en la freqüència cardíaca durant un triatló d'ultra-resistència. Aquest perfil d'intensitat s' estimarà en funció de la relació freqüència cardíaca-consum d'oxigen obtinguda en tests específics en cadascun dels tres modes d' exercici.
• Relacionar els paràmetres fisiològics de laboratori i de camp mesurats amb el rendiment en la competició.
• Proveir una caracterització del consum d'energia i líquids durant la totalitat d'un triatló d'ultra-resistència.
• Estimar la despesa energètica i el balanç de fluids (dipòsits intra i extracel·lulars) al llarg de la competició utilitzant les tres equacions individualitzades obtingudes de cada triatleta.
• Avaluar el dany muscular produït per un triatló d’ultra-resistència mitjançant l’avaluació dels nivells de sèrum de les miosines ràpides i lentes, i dels nivells d’activitat de la creatina kinasa.
• Relacionar el dany muscular amb el nivell d’hidratació dels atletes.
Els resultats i conclusions derivats d’aquests dos estudis que conformen la tesis han sigut:
La freqüència cardíaca mitjana durant la competició va ser superior durant el -1 segment de natació (149.2 (10.1) batecs·min ) que durant el segments de ciclisme -1 -1 (137.1 (5.7) batecs·min ) i cursa a peu (136.2 (10.5) batecs·min ). Durant aquests dos últims segments la freqüència cardíaca va estar per sota dels dos llindars ventilatoris (aprox. 11% i aprox. 27-28%) mentre que en el segment de natació la freqüència cardíaca es va situar al voltant del segon llindar ventilatori.
Les diferències en la freqüència cardíaca entre el segment de natació i el segment de ciclisme van obtenir una forta correlació amb els temps dels segments de ciclisme i cursa a peu, així com també amb el temps final; com més gran va ser la diferència entre la natació i el ciclisme, pitjors resultats van obtenir els subjectes. Per tant, es pot afirmar que el segment de natació en un triatló d’ultra-resistència es desenvolupa en una intensitat relativa superior als altres dos segments i que aquesta intensitat està relacionada amb un pitjor rendiment als següents segments.
El consum d’energia va ser de 3.643 (1.219) kcal i la despesa energètica estimada va ser de 11.009 (664) kcal. En conseqüència, els atletes van mostrar un dèficit d'energia de 7.365 (1.286 kcal (66,9 (11,7%)) posant de manifest les altes demandes energètiques d’aquests tipus de competició, que no són compensades per la ingesta de nutrients i líquids, resultant en un dèficit energètic de grans dimensions.
La massa corporal va disminuir significativament després de finalitzar el triatló i també es van trobar pèrdues significatives en l’aigua total corporal. Aquestes pèrdues van estar més relacionades amb la reducció dels fluids extracel·lulars que amb la reducció dels fluids intracel·lulars.
Els paràmetres que millor prediuen el rendiment (expressat com a temps final de cursa) en els triatlons d’ultra-resistència són el consum màxim d'oxigen relatiu i la diferència entre la freqüència cardíaca entre el segment de ciclisme i natació.
Una caracterització del patró d’intensitat durant tota la cursa, especialment del segment de natació, afegeix nova informació del perfil d'intensitat i les demandes cardiovasculars d'un triatló d’ultra-resistència, la qual cosa remarca la importància de l’especificitat en els tests per avaluar el perfil fisiològic de cara a preparar els entrenaments i l’estratègia de competició.
Un triatló d’ultra-resistència provoca dany muscular afectant principalment les fibres musculars ‘lentes’. Un programa d’entrenament orientat a la producció d’adaptacions a les fibres musculars lentes, pot ajudar a reduir el dany muscular produït durant un triatló d’ultra-resistència.
El dany muscular produït en triatlons d’ultra-resistència està relacionat amb el grau d’hidratació durant la competició i, per tant, els triatletes haurien d’evitar la deshidratació per, entre altres coses, prevenir el deteriorament del múscul.
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Ware, Michael Todd. "Conducting a community-wide vacation Bible school and summer sports clinic a paradigm for racial reconciliation /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
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Burdette, Glenn Parrish. "An examination of preferred coaching behavors as predicted by athlete gender, race, and playing time." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/summer2008/gburdette/burdette_glenn_p_200808_edd.pdf.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.<br>"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Education." Directed by Linda M. Arthur. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-86) and appendices..
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Goldsmith, Pat Antonio. "Race relations in schools: The effects of competition and hierarchy on education, sports participation, and standardized test scores." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284703.
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I investigate the influence of race upon high school student's approaches to education, sports participation, and high school test scores. The theoretical perspective employed suggest that the effect of race upon these items will vary across schools. To explain this school level variation, I employ two theories of race relations: competition theory and the cultural division of labor perspective. Using the National Longitudinal and Educational Study of 1988 (NELS: 88) and multilevel model statistical procedures, support for both theories is found. I conclude that race relations in schools impact student's cultural activities and test scores.
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Norberg, Jaclyn D. "Biomechanical Analysis of Race Walking Compared to Normal Walking and Running Gait." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/20.
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Human locomotion is phenomenon that is extraordinarily complex. It is evident that a complete description of locomotion involves consideration of kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity of the extremities in all of their various movements. Race walking (RW) is a form of upright locomotion that differs from normal walking and running by its form dictated by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). Despite the similarities to both normal walking (NW) and running (RU), RW has not been the subject of equally intensive investigations.
This study explores the comprehensive biomechanics of race walking and how it compares to NW and RU. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity variables between race walking and both normal walking and running. A cross-sectional, laboratory design was used on 15 recreationally competitive race walkers to evaluate these variables.
Based on the results of this study, RW is an intermediate gait between NW and RU that has characteristics of both gaits, but is still a unique gait in itself. While there are differences between RW and both RU and NW, some of the expected differences between RW and the two gaits did not occur. Significantly greater frontal plane pelvis-trunk joint range of motion and sagittal plane peak hip flexor and extensor moments, hip joint range of motion and rectus femoris muscle activity contribute to the significant differences in both RW and NW, and RW and RU.
Significant differences between RW and RU showed that RU requires more contribution from the trunk, pelvis and lower extremities kinematically and kinetically, as well as increased muscle activation, to execute the motion than RW. Conversely, RW requires more contribution from these variables than NW does, but in not as great a capacity as RU compared to RW. In spite of these findings, there were some variables that had no significant differences between RW and RU. This suggests that injuries during RW are similar to those during RU, but may not occur as frequently.
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Chiloiro, Giuseppe Marco. "Virtual coach for super sports cars: a possible AI application." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
The dream of the human being has always been to reach the perfection.
This is true for life in general, but also for sports competitions including motorsport.
In car racing, the optimum is represented by the perfect lap, performed by the driver in the minimum possible time, following the ideal race line with the appropriate velocity.
However, due to the intrinsic nature of human being this is unfeasible and the only way to get as close as possible to the perfection is to rely on technology and artificial intelligence.
Focusing on motorsport, the actual knowledge of vehicle dynamics and the development of optimization techniques can help in reaching great improvements in terms of race performance.
This is exactly the objective of this thesis in which the implementation of a virtual coach for super sports cars has been carried out, in order to provide useful suggestions to the driver during and after the performance.
In particular, the algorithm on which the virtual coach is based, computes the ideal race line and the optimal velocity in every point, giving also an accurate estimation of the best reachable lap time.
The virtual coach is able to adapt to each super sports car and circuit, since the vehicle and racetrack models are generated starting from the physical parameters introduced by the user as inputs to the algorithm.
The optimization of the race line is performed by solving the minimum lap time problem through the optimal control theory and the optimal velocity is computed for each point of the ideal trajectory.
After the first lap, the algorithm associates the driver to a category level and shows which are the sectors of the circuit where a higher improvement is possible, adapting the targets in terms of lap time and velocity to the driver’s capabilities and allowing a step by step improving of the performances.
The algorithm has been tested on a large variety of vehicles and circuits, providing accurate results in terms of ideal race lines and velocities.
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Downing, Jane Duvall. ""Welcome to the ball, Cinderella" : investigating gender, sexuality, race, and class through a study of the lived experience of women athletes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962519.
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Furrow, Ashley D. "Race and Gender Bias in Editorial and Advertising Photographs and in Sources in Sports Illustrated Kids, 2000-2009." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1288385066.
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Fisher, Jocelyn Alexis. "The experience of media and race in the National Football League an existential phenomological study /." Click here to access dissertation, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2008/jocelyn_a_fisher/fisher_jocelyn_a_200801_ms.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008.<br>"A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Under the direction of Daniel R. Czech. ETD. Electronic version approved: May 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-91) and appendices.
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Harrison, Alex. "The Bobsled Push Start: Influence on Race Outcome and Push Athlete Talent Identification and Monitoring." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3313.
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Bobsled is an Olympic sport that has progressed from rudimentary in the 1800’s to highly technological replete with biomechanical analyses and investment in engineering from the world’s top engineers. Little to no investigation has been carried out on all the tracks and the interrelationship between various measures of starts and sled-travel down-track. Further, little quality research has been produced in the athletic characteristics required for high-level competition in bobsled.
The present manuscript investigates the reliability of, and interrelationship between, start time, start velocity, split times, and finish times in World Cup 2- and 4-man bobsled competition. A strong relationship between the three variables is found, but further research is needed to elucidate the actual effects of the push start on the sled’s travel down-track because of several confounding variables.
The present manuscript also investigates the tests commonly performed by the USA Bobsled and Skeleton federation as a means of talent identification and athlete monitoring. Strength and power tests may have more validity for discriminating between higher-level push athletes, so long as a sufficient threshold of running speed is present. Speed tests only discriminate well between lower level push athletes. Recommendations are made for modifying the current testing battery in such a way as to better identify talent and better monitor traveling athletes and informing coaching decisions about athlete preparedness for fast bobsled push starts.
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Gjörloff, Per M., and Robert Gustafsson. "The Hidden Game : A comparative study on rugby and soccer in modern South African society." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-29236.
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The popular discourse has it that sports take a big part in the everyday life of South Africa. Given its segregated past, we ask the question on how the media discourse were on race, politics and gender during the formative period of circa 1990-1995. Utilizing discourse analysis on newspaper clippings from 1990 to 1995 and 2004 and interviews with players, coaches, administrators and sports activists, we have found that there was indeed a specific white discourse that subjugated the black perspective into the subaltern and formed partnership with the hegemonic traditions of the white apartheid regime.
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Lucas, Samuel John Edwin, and n/a. "Effects of very prolonged and sustained exercise." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080716.142609.
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Little is known about the strain and consequences of very prolonged and sustained exercise lasting multiple days. This thesis comprises two multi-day exercise field studies and a 24-h, controlled-trial field/laboratory study. The field studies were undertaken using international adventure races (2003 and 2004 Southern Traverses: 86-120 h) to profile exercise intensity and associated physiological and psychophysical strain, and physical and cognitive performance. The 2003 study showed that exercise intensity (from heart rate range) averaged 64% during the first 12 h, dropped to 41% by 24 h, and remained so thereafter. Body core temperature (gastrointestinal pills), throughout racing (n=8) was relatively stable (min 36.0�C and only briefly >39�C), despite widely varying endogenous and exogenous thermal stress. Blood samples obtained before (n=34), during (n=11) and after (n=34) racing revealed a large plasma volume expansion (24%), with stable [sodium]plasma (n=6). Acute (15-30 h) and chronic (96-120 h) elevation of neutrophil, monocyte and lymphocyte numbers were observed across the race. Standardised exercise tests (rest, 25 and 50% peak power output (PPO)) before and after racing (n=9) revealed an extreme shift toward fat utilisation, consistent with lowered fat mass (11%; n=44) and high [free fatty acids]plasma (up 370%; n=9) at race-finish, although [HAD]muscle was unchanged. Muscle glycogen was only 50% lower post-race (290 nmol�kg⁻�d.w.). Complex cognitive performance (Stroop test) impairment was attenuated during 50% PPO post-race. Perceived exertion uncoupled from HR at standardised workloads. Explosive power (jump test; n=24) and anaerobic power (30-s Wingate; n=27) were modestly (<10%) impacted. Strength reduction of arms (11%) and legs (17%) was equivalent (p=0.17). The 2004 study (n=4) involved dissimilar terrain, vegetation, and sequence of exercise modes, yet the profile of exercise intensity was similar: first 12 h 65%, then 45% by 24 h and thereafter. Thus, athletes reliably attain sustainable, low-to-moderate exercise intensity by 24 h. Plasma volume, neutrophil and monocyte responses were reliable across races, whereas lymphocytes were not. Plasma [IL-6] and [S100β] were elevated, substantially in some individuals (IL-6: 223 pg�mL⁻�; S100β: 113 pg�mL⁻�), during racing. A 24-h adventure race simulation (n=9) was then undertaken to investigate physiological and psychophysical factors influencing exercise intensity, autonomic function and orthostatic tolerance. Tests were at 0, ~7, ~15 and 24 h. The 24-h HR profile matched that observed during racing: first 12 h 58% (including 3-h testing), remainder 41%. The shift toward fat utilisation was almost complete within 7 h, and similar to that following 2003 race. The perceived exertion-to-HR uncoupling was also similar; being complete within 15 h. Plasma [noradrenaline] for rest and 12-km�h⁻� run was elevated post-simulation. Plasma [IL-6] peaked by 7 h, although not as high as field observations. The timeframe of metabolic change and perceived exertion uncoupling coincided with that of pace reduction, and may be important regulatory components of very prolonged exercise intensity. Orthostatic intolerance was evident during the simulation (n=6/9), as was cerebral hypo-perfusion (15 h & 24 h). Autonomic function (baroreflex sensitivity, sympathetic activation, parasympathetic withdrawal) was altered only at 7 h, whereas postural-induced hypotension (via impaired venous response) and hypocapnia were always present.
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Camacho, Benites José Elías. "Autódromo Internacional y Autoclub “La Chutana”: Espacio de desarrollo y difusión del deporte automovilístico." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626042.
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El desarrollo del deporte en la actualidad es una necesidad inherente en las diferentes naciones y, además, es parte del cimiento de su potencial humano. Este potencial está afectado en el Perú, sobre todo por sus diversos problemas políticos y socioeconómicos que se expresa notoriamente en los resultados como una sociedad no cohesionada y con diferentes puntos de vista muy egocentristas. La estructura de este trabajo está comprendida en cuatro partes fundamentales: la introducción y conceptualización del tema de trabajo, en este caso el autódromo como medio de solución a un problema; la historia y desarrollo actual del tema en el contexto actual peruano; la aplicación y versión personal de la solución por medio de un proyecto arquitectónico; y, por último, los beneficios y características de este proyecto sobre una base personal hipotética. La idea central del proyecto repercute en justamente la idealización de un proyecto arquitectónico deportivo y la mejora de la imagen pública, urbanísticas y social del lugar. El autódromo internacional como proyecto estará acompañado con actividades secundarias como sala de juegos y un museo organizados entorno a una plaza central con un anfiteatro abierto al público.
En conclusión, la realización de este proyecto reúne las características necesarias para brindarle al lugar y al entorno un espacio de desarrollo deportivo de alto nivel y un lugar de entretenimiento y fomentación del deporte automovilístico, objetivo por el cual se trazó en un inicio. Con los espacios y ambientes necesarios las funciones del público como del sector privado fluyen adecuadamente sobre el proyecto creando así una coexistencia entre el usuario y el edifico.<br>The advancement and expansion of sport today is an inherent need in different nations and, moreover, is part of the foundation of its human potential. This potential is affected in Peru, especially because of its various political and socioeconomic issues, which is clearly expressed in the results as a non-cohesive society with very different egocentric points of view. The structure of this work is mainly composed of four fundamental parts: the introduction and conceptualization of the topic of work, in this case the race circuit as a mean of solving a problem; the history and current development of the subject in the current Peruvian context; the application and personal interpretation of the solution through an architectural project; and, finally, the benefits and characteristics of this project on a hypothetical personal basis. The essential idea of the project is precisely the idealization of an architectural sports project and the improvement of the public, urban and social image of the area. The international circuit as a project will be accompanied by extra activities such as game rooms and an automobile museum organized around a central square with an amphitheater open to the public.
In conclusion, the realization of this project has the necessary characteristics to provide the place and the surroundings with a space for high-level sports development and a place for entertainment and promotion of the sport of cars, an objective for which it was initially designed. With the necessary spaces and areas, the role of the public and the private sector will flow properly on the project, creating a coexistence between the user and the building.<br>Tesis
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Lyandvert, Shayna. "Does Discrimination Exist in the National Hockey League? An Analysis of Racial Salary Discrimination in the NHL (2012-2017)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1916.
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This paper examines whether racial salary discrimination exists in the National Hockey League (NHL). I examine data from Hockey Reference and CapFriendly and find some evidence of racial salary discrimination, controlling for a rich set of demographic and performance characteristics. Specifically, when I solely control for race, I do not find any racial wage gap. This gap exists when I control for race and limited place of birth groups, however, the effect is wiped out by performance controls. When controlling for race and detailed place of birth groups, I find some evidence of a race gap even when controls for performance are included. Lastly, I discover that whites from all countries excluding the USA earn more than whites from the USA.
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Comley, Cassie. "“Surfing? That’s a White Boy Sport”: An Intersectional Analysis of Mexican Americans’ Experiences with Southern California Surf Culture." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24533.
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The primary purpose of this ethnographic study is to contextualize Mexican American surfers experiences with sport as a lens into race, gender and class relations. Specifically, it seeks to understand how a history of gender, race, and class oppression has played out in this understudied terrain of sports. This study offers empirical insight into the ways in which Mexican Americans navigate and (un)successfully infiltrate predominantly white, male, middle-class sporting arenas. In this study I also examine the relationship between access and barriers, specifically how access to public recreational spaces are constricted by participants’ real and imagined barriers. By exploring Mexican American surfers’ everyday experiences, I unearthed the varying ways Mexican American surfers experienced discrimination and marginalization across intersecting and interlocking identities.
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Samad, Moetiz Yasser. "The Recruitment of Black Student-Athletes by White Head Coaches at Predominately White Institutions." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1613650597575656.
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Goodrid, Matthew Charles. "Racial Complexities of Outdoor Spaces: An Analysis of African American’s Lived Experiences in Outdoor Recreation." Scholarly Commons, 2018. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3121.
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This thesis examines the racial power imbalances that exists within the outdoor recreation industry. Despite participation rates being quantified, limited research explores the lived experiences and perspective of people of color. In this study, I explore the socio-historical development of outdoor recreational spaces, existing environmental habitus and African Americans lived experiences in outdoor recreation. To emphasize the voice of the participants, twelve African American millennials were interviewed. Questions in the interviews revolved around their perception of outdoor recreation and personal experiences while participating in outdoor recreation. Three overarching themes emerged from their stories, i) the typology of outdoor recreation, ii) outdoor recreation as a White activity and, iii) the role of environmental trauma. Upon exploring these themes, the conclusion was made that the participants did connect the socio-historical development of outdoor recreational spaces, existing environmental habitus and their lived experiences in outdoor recreation. Their connection led me to the conclusion that the low participation rates of African Americans in outdoor recreation is a complicated social phenomena that is connected to multiple facets of oppression. I then broke these facets of oppression into three tiers, i), the construction and maintenance of outdoor recreation as a White activity, and the Whiteness that is embedded deeply within the outdoor recreation configuration, ii), the history of financial and economic marginalization that communities of color have endured in the United States and iii), the environmental trauma that African Americans have experienced in outdoor settings throughout American history. These three tiers together make the participation in outdoor recreation a different and complicated experience for African Americans.
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Brown, Andrew D. "DRAFTING INTO MANHOOD: BLACK NFL DRAFT PROSPECTS' CONCEPTIONS OF MANHOOD AND IDEAS OF PLAYING IN THE NFL." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/311055.
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African American Studies<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation examines how manhood is conceptualized by Black National Football League (NFL) prospects and explores how their characterizations of manhood are associated with their desire to become NFL players. This mixed-method study uses data collected by interviewing and surveying fifteen Black NFL draft prospects who were or would be eligible for the NFL draft between 2005-2016. The data are supplemented with existing literature and analyzed using the "Utamaduni Bwana" table of African cultural manhood in order to (1) culturally locate participants' conceptions of manhood, (2) identify the African elements within their conceptions of manhood, and (3) highlight the agency within their responses. In essence, this dissertation explores the significance of the NFL draft and the influence of colonization on Black NFL prospects' conceptions of manhood. This study found that Black NFL prospects' desire to reach the NFL is heavily associated with their attempt to reach manhood. The characteristics most commonly found in the participants' conceptions of manhood are strength, independence, and financial success; and their perceptions of NFL players contain hyper-expressions of these same characteristics. In addition, Black NFL prospects' conceptualization of manhood contain both African cultural elements and, as a result of colonization, hegemonic Western cultural elements. This dissertation makes an important contribution to sporting and gender literature by using an Afrocentric methodology to push beyond the normative investigation of Black-male athletes' identity and sporting goals. This study offers new and culturally appropriate questions regarding race, gender, and sports.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Arnaudet, Idriss Dupre Maryse. "HIMAL-RACE : une compétition extrême, des conditions extrêmes réflexions sur le mal aigu des montagnes, et le dopage dans les raids sportifs de haute altitude /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/MEDarnaudet.pdf.
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Depecker, Marianne. "Méthodologie et interprétation cytologique du lavage bronchoalvéolaire chez le cheval Trotteur Français : prévalence des affections respiratoires profondes et association avec les performances." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT067F.
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La maladie inflammatoire des voies respiratoires profondes (MIVRP) et l’hémorragie pulmonaire induite à l’exercice (HPIE) sont des causes fréquentes de contre-performance chez les chevaux. Le lavage bronchoalvéolaire (LBA) est un outil diagnostique sensible ; cependant, les multiples possibilités de réalisation ont un impact incertain sur l’interprétation, et les valeurs seuils de pourcentages cellulaires ne sont pas consensuelles. Les objectifs du projet étaient de 1. Déterminer l’influence de la méthodologie du LBA et des critères diagnostiques utilisés sur les profils cytologiques et le diagnostic posé, 2. Déterminer la prévalence, l’association avec les performances et l’incidence de l’HPIE et la MIVRP sur une population de Trotteurs Français à l’entraînement. Deux études prospectives (138 et 30 chevaux) et une étude longitudinale (15 chevaux) ont été réalisées. Le volume instillé pour le LBA influe significativement sur les proportions de neutrophiles. Les profils cytologiques (MIVRP et HPIE) ne sont pas équivalents entre les poumons et des seuils restreints pour la MIVRP augmentent le risque d’erreur diagnostique si un seul poumon est prélevé. Une valeur seuil pour le dianostique cytologique d’HPIE a également été validée. La prévalence de l’HPIE est de 37% et n’a pas d’impact sur les performances dans la population étudiée. La MIVRP concerne 57 à 94 % des chevaux selon les seuils cytologiques utilisés, avec un taux de neutrophiles >10% significativement augmenté au cours de la saison, contrairement à celle de la MIVRP, justifiant la pertinence du suivi longitudinal.
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Ryan, Mackenzie Anne. "An Analysis of National Football League Fandom and Its Promotion of Conservative Cultural Ideals About Race, Religion, and Gender." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1343359916.
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