Journal articles: 'Sports and race'

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Pickett, Moneque Walker, Marvin P. Dawkins, and Jomills Henry Braddock. "Race and Gender Equity in Sports." American Behavioral Scientist 56, no. 11 (2012): 1581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764212458282.

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Males have been the dominant focus of sports participation in America since the 19th century. Serious examination of women’s participation in sports did not begin to receive substantial treatment until the early 1970s, when social and legal forces led to the enactment of Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The purpose of the present study is to address the question of whether Black and White women have benefited equally from Title IX by (a) examining Post–Title IX trends in Black and White females’ sport participation in high school and college, using data from national longitudinal surveys; (b) assessing the effect of race on sport participation opportunities for high school girls based on these data:, and (c) examining legal cases involving Title IX to assess the extent to which legal challenges have improved access to and participation of Black women in sports relative to their White female counterparts. The findings of the current study reveal that this benefit has not been shared equally by White and African American females. High schools attended by African American females do not offer the same range of sports as those available in schools attended by White females.

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Rokosz, Frank, and Howard Taylor. "An Innovative Bike Race for Recreational Sports." Recreational Sports Journal 23, no. 2 (1999): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.23.2.14.

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Presented here are the rules, procedures and some other important considerations involved in conducting a team criterium relay bike race, a unique event which incorporates modifications of several “official” bike races as sanctioned by the United States Cycling Federation. The basic concept of the race is to have five bikers on each team, with each biker riding five laps of a one-mile course. Total team distance is 25 miles.

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Entine, Jon, and Loretta Dipietro. "Tackling Race and Sports." Scientific American 282, no. 5 (2000): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0500-112.

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Dowling, William C. "Sports, race, and ressentiment." Society 37, no. 3 (2000): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02686171.

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Cammack, Rex G., and Paul Hunt. "Using Internet Streamed Data for Sport Visualization." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-36-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In many modern sports, athlete tracking for athlete performance analysis is a common practice. Most of the time this athlete tracking is done during training sessions. At some World Tour cycling races the broadcasting company and race organizers use athlete tracking data during race events for various graphical for fans of the sport. This research attempt to use the race real time broadcast of data to produce a web mapping application that will show detailed cycling race tactics and other mapping forms in near real time. This research focuses on data flow and processing for dynamic mapping of complex point data patterns.</p>

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Denham, Bryan E. "Alcohol and Marijuana Use among American High School Seniors: Empirical Associations with Competitive Sports Participation." Sociology of Sport Journal 28, no. 3 (2011): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.3.362.

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Drawing on data gathered from high-school seniors in the 2008 Monitoring the Future Study of American Youth (N = 2,063), this research examined the explanatory effects of competitive sports participation on alcohol consumption and marijuana use using race and noncompetitive exercise frequency as controls. Among males, competitive sports included baseball, basketball, football, soccer, track and field, and weightlifting, and among females, sports included softball, basketball, soccer, swimming and diving, track and field, and volleyball. White males reported greater alcohol consumption than Black and Hispanic respondents, with competitors in baseball, football and weightlifting consuming alcohol more frequently. The use of marijuana did not depend on race, but baseball players and weightlifters reported significantly more use. Among females, race differences did not emerge in ordinal regression models testing effects on alcohol consumption, but participants in every sport reported drinking alcohol more frequently. White female athletes also appeared to smoke marijuana more frequently. Overall, results suggested comparably strong effects for female sport environments while male behaviors varied by race, noncompetitive exercise frequency, and sports competition. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are offered.

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Simons, Robert D. "Race and Penalized Sports Behaviors." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 38, no. 1 (2003): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690203038001725.

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Seppänen, Mikko, Anni Virolainen-Julkunen, Iiro Kakko, Pekka Vilkamaa, and Seppo Meri. "Myiasis During Adventure Sports Race." Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 1 (2004): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1001.020825.

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Turner, Georgina. "Race, Racism and Sports Journalism." European Journal of Communication 29, no. 1 (2014): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323113511899.

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Falcous, Mark, Matthew G. Hawzen, and Joshua I. Newman. "Hyperpartisan Sports Media in Trump’s America: The Metapolitics of Breitbart Sports." Communication & Sport 7, no. 5 (2018): 588–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479518801557.

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The rise of Donald Trump has widely been seen as concurrent to the emergence of the “Alt-Right” that coalesces around intersecting themes of conservativism: White ethno-nationalist “race realism,” populism, misogyny, evangelical theocracy, border protectionism, and anti-liberalism. Media has been a key site of struggle in these developments, with attacks on mainstream media bringing into focus wider questions of truth and legitimacy in journalism. In particular, Trump’s rise has been synonymous with the heightened profile of the Breitbart News website, a purveyor of hyperpartisan, conservative political ideologies. In this article, we consider the place of Breitbart Sports within this dynamic political and media order. Our analysis of the lead-up to the 2016 Presidential election reveals the extent to which Breitbart Sports conveyed a vision of U.S. sport that promoted hard-right agendas in relation to U.S. global stewardship, veiled “race” reclamation discourses, media, immigration, social criticism, policing, sexual politics, and party politics. Breitbart Sports framing casts sport as a liberally infested cultural battleground, where conservativism is under threat. We conclude with a brief discussion about the role of new media in framing political exigencies and the role of sport in contemporary American society.

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Girish, V. G., and Choong-Ki Lee. "The relationships of brand experience, sports event image and loyalty." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 4 (2019): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-08-2017-0095.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships among brand experience, sports event image and loyalty in the Jeju International Ultramarathon Race. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 313 ultramarathon runners during the 16th Jeju International Ultramarathon Race. Statistical analyses were carried out using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings An analysis of the relationship between brand experience and sports event image revealed that affective experience is the most influential dimension, followed by sensory and behavioral experiences. However, intellectual experience showed insignificant relationship. Sports event image indicated a positive effect on word-of-mouth and revisit intention. Research limitations/implications Ultramarathon races are sporting events with few participants, even though it is becoming more popular. The attitude, motivation and personality of people participating in these races may be different in terms of the extreme characteristic and endurance level of sports activity. If the results of this study need to be generalized with other sports event images, a comparative study may help to understand the personality traits of people participating in ultramarathon races and other sports. Practical implications As ultramarathon races are not yet popular sports, to target more people, behavioral experience has an influential role because it is action oriented and actively engages the body. Enriching consumer life by facilitating and creating opportunities to physically experience as well as showing them alternate ways of doing things may attract them to substitute lifestyle and interactions (Pine and Gilmore, 1999). Few other popular endurance race events organize short-distance races and kid races for fun (e.g. Lavaredo Ultra trail race), to engage friends and family members before the start of the main event. Doing so may provide an opportunity to attract more runners, and they may engage in running activities and participate in these kinds of events later, after having this sort of casual experience. Social implications Social networking sites may be used to maintain continuous interaction with the runners and followers. Supporting a social cause is another measure to generate the intellectual experience of sports events. The result of this study shows no significant relationship between intellectual experience and the sports event image. To increase the worldwide popularity of this race and to attract more international runners, a judicious use of web platforms may be an option to maintain regular contact with a wider group of audience. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the relationship between brand experience and sports event image in an ultramarathon event context. Findings contribute to an understanding of the impact of brand experience on sports event image, thereby influencing the loyalty of runners participating in an ultramarathon event.

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Anderson, Lauren C., and Arthur A. Raney. "Exploring the Relationship Between Sports Fandom and the Black Criminal Stereotype." Communication & Sport 6, no. 3 (2017): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479517713152.

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In news media, one stereotype that has continually been perpetuated is the overrepresentation of Blacks as criminals, leading to what many refer to as “the Black criminal stereotype.” Although research suggests that distorted portrayals of criminals in news affect social reality judgments regarding race and crime and provoke stereotypical responses in viewers, limited evidence exists that connects these effects to sport media. However, recent instances involving issues related to race and crime in sport have prompted us to consider the prevalence of a Black criminal stereotype among sport fans. With increased media attention given to off-field transgressions—particularly, violent ones perpetuated by high-profile Black athletes—we are left wondering how such attention may influence fans’ attitudes and beliefs. We explored these issues in an experimental study ( n = 234). Our findings not only revealed evidence of a Black criminal stereotype among sports fans but also that sports fans differ from nonfans in basic attitudes and beliefs about crime and violence in sport. More specifically, the more a participant claimed to be a fan of sports and (more so) combative sports, the more she or he viewed an athlete charged with domestic abuse in a favorable light.

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Kler, Balvinder Kaur. "The world’s toughest mountain race." International Journal of Event and Festival Management 7, no. 2 (2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijefm-02-2016-0011.

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Purpose The Climbathon is an annual mountain running championship that takes place in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Participants race to the peak (4,095.2 metres) and back, a distance of 21 kilometres of rainforest and mountain terrain, with a steep vertical gain of 2,300 metres. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the first 25 years of the Climbathon and to identify the key success factors behind the staging of this small-scale international sports event in Southeast Asia. Design/methodology/approach The research design for this study is interpretive, utilises a qualitative case study approach incorporating analysis of documents, oral history interviews, and personal observations gained through attendance and volunteering at the event which produced six insights, suggested as key success factors for the Climbathon. This study was guided by one key research question, to understand what has ensured the continuity of this small-scale international sports event known as the Climbathon. Findings Findings suggest the Climbathon has endured the test of time due to an innovative use of the summit trail, adherence to international sporting regulations, a pro sports tourism public policy led by the tourism ministry, membership to international sports organisations, corporate sponsorship, and a special sense of place towards Mount Kinabalu and the Climbathon for the event organisers, volunteers and officials. Research limitations/implications This case study presents knowledge about the Climbathon but findings are not generalisable. Any application of the success factors would have to be as guidelines adapted for a specific sport event. The use of oral history as part of a case study is subjective and open to interpretation. Future work could incorporate interviews with participants, spectators, volunteers and the local sub-committees to gain alternative perspectives. Originality/value This study makes an original contribution to the events and tourism field by presenting a case study on the success factors of the Mount Kinabalu International Climbathon. The study suggests a three pillar model of “Place-Plan-People” which may be used as a guiding philosophy for event development and delivery of small-scale international sports tourism events in Asia and elsewhere. The inclusion of oral history as part of a case study research design is novel and useful when knowledge is not available in any published form.

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Edwards, Michael B., Jason N. Bocarro, Michael Kanters, and Jonathan Casper. "Participation in Interscholastic and Intramural Sport Programs in Middle Schools: An Exploratory Investigation of Race and Gender." Recreational Sports Journal 35, no. 2 (2011): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.35.2.157.

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Although school-sponsored extracurricular sport remains one of the most popular and effective ways to increase adolescents' physical activity levels, it is designed to include a small number of a school's elite athletes. Fewer schools offer intramural sports, and little is known about participation in these activities. The purpose of this study is to compare variations in how students participate in interscholastic and intramural school sport programs. Using a sample of seventh and eighth graders in two southeastern middle schools, results indicated that school sport participation levels were higher in intramurals than interscholastic sports for all studied categories of students except for White girls. In addition, students participating in intramural sports played nearly twice as many sports during the school year as students participating in interscholastic sports. Gender and race differences in school sport participation both confirm and contradict previous research and suggest that schools should consider cultural factors when planning sport programs for diverse populations of young people.

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Badalamenti, J. P., P. C. Cirino, P. S. Weiss, C. J. Buckno, T. L. Richard, and L. E. Weiss. "Synthetic sports: a bacterial relay race." IET Synthetic Biology 1, no. 1 (2007): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-stb:20070012.

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Smith, Earl, and Angela J. Hattery. "Hey stud: Race, sex, and sports." Sexuality and Culture 10, no. 2 (2006): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12119-006-1013-5.

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Eagleman, Andrea M. "Stereotypes of Race and Nationality: A Qualitative Analysis of Sport Magazine Coverage of MLB Players." Journal of Sport Management 25, no. 2 (2011): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.25.2.156.

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Racial and nationality-based stereotypes of professional baseball players have been prominent in the U.S. media since the 1800s (Voigt, 1976). To determine the manner and extent to which such stereotypes exist in the media today, a qualitative document analysis was conducted on the nation’s top two general-interest sport magazines,Sports IllustratedandESPN The Magazinefrom 2000 to 2007. Based on framing theory, the purpose of this study was to determine what differences existed between the frames used to describe athletes of differing nationalities and races. The results revealed that stereotypes based on race and nationalities were maintained throughout the study in both publications, further perpetuating such stereotypes into the minds of readers. In addition, differences existed in portrayals of athletes of the same race but different nationalities. Implications for sport managers and suggestions for future research are addressed.

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Méndez-Alonso, David, Jose Antonio Prieto-Saborit, Jose Ramón Bahamonde, and Estíbaliz Jiménez-Arberás. "Influence of Psychological Factors on the Success of the Ultra-Trail Runner." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (2021): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052704.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological variables of runners of ultra-trail mountain races and their association with athletic performance and success. The sample was made up of 356 mountain runners, 86.7% men and 13.2% women, with a mean age of 42.7 years and 5.7 years of experience. Using pre- and post-race questionnaires, data were collected regarding mental toughness, resilience, and passion. The performance of each runner in the race was also recorded. The results showed very high values in the psychological variables analyzed compared with other sports disciplines. Completion of the race (not withdrawing) and the elite quality of the runners were presented as the most relevant indicators in the processes of resilience, mental toughness, and obsessive passion. Differences were noted between the pre- and post-race results, suggesting that the competition itself is a means of training those psychological factors that are essential to this sports discipline. It can be concluded that psychological factors are decisive to athletic performance and race completion in mountain ultra-marathon races.

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van Sterkenburg, Jacco, Matthias de Heer, and Palesa Mashigo. "Sports media professionals reflect on racial stereotypes and ethnic diversity in the organization." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 26, no. 5 (2021): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-06-2021-0063.

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PurposeThe aim of this article is to examine how professionals within Dutch sports media give meaning to racial/ethnic diversity in the organization and reflect on the use of racial stereotypes in sports reporting.Design/methodology/approachTen in-depth interviews with Dutch sports media professionals have been conducted to obtain the data. Respondents had a variety of responsibilities within different media organizations in the Netherlands. The authors used thematic analysis supplemented with insights from critical discourse analysis to examine how sports media professionals give meaning to racial/ethnic diversity and the use of racial/ethnic stereotypes.FindingsThe following main themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (1) routines within the production process, (2) reflections on lack of diversity on the work floor and (3) racial/ethnic stereotyping not seen as an issue. Generally, journalists showed paradoxical views on the issue of racial/ethnic diversity within sport media production dismissing it as a non-issue on the one hand while also acknowledging there is a lack of racial diversity within sport media organizations. Results will be placed and discussed in a wider societal and theoretical perspective.Originality/valueBy focussing on the under-researched social group of sport media professionals in relation to meanings given to race and ethnicity in the production process, this research provides new insights into the role of sports media organizations in (re)producing discourses surrounding race/ethnicity in multi-ethnic society and the operation of whiteness in sports media.

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Humphreys, Brad, and Bernd Frick. "Prize Structure and Performance: Evidence from NASCAR." Economies 7, no. 4 (2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7040102.

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The predictions that emerge from tournament theory have been tested in a number of sports-related settings. Since sporting events involving individuals (golf, tennis, running, auto racing) feature rank order tournaments with relatively large payoffs and easily observable outcomes, sports is a natural setting for such tests. In this paper, we test the predictions of tournament theory using a unique race-level data set from NASCAR. Most previous tests of tournament theory using NASCAR data used either season level data or race level data from a few seasons. Our empirical work uses race and driver level NASCAR data for 1114 races over the period 1975–2009. Our results support the predictions of tournament theory: the larger the spread in prizes paid in the race, measured by the standard deviation or interquartile range of prizes paid, the higher the average speed in the race. Our results account for the length of the track, number of entrants, number of caution flags, and unobservable year- and week-level heterogeneity.

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Clayton, Mark A., and Erica L. Okerberg. "Nevada Moves Sports and Race Wagering Forward." Gaming Law Review and Economics 20, no. 5 (2016): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/glre.2016.2054.

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Sheehan, George. "A Race Is a Race Is a Race." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 6 (1988): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709523.

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Rudman, William J. "The Sport Mystique in Black Culture." Sociology of Sport Journal 3, no. 4 (1986): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.3.4.305.

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This research examines the relationship between race, social structure, and sport orientations. Specifically, the questions addressed are whether blacks and whites differ in their orientations toward sport, and whether factors that influence sport orientations are race-dependent. Hypotheses concerning blacks’ and whites’ sports orientations are derived from prior research looking at the use of sport as a means of upward mobility and the impact of labor market structure on employment differences between blacks and whites. The results of this research raise some intriguing questions concerning the manner in which race and social structure affect an individual’s orientation toward sport. Overall, the results provide support for beliefs about differences in blacks’ and whites’ orientations toward sport. Blacks were more likely than whites to become vicariously involved in sport outcomes, and to incorporate sport into their daily lives. Perhaps the most important result is the finding that factors related to an individual’s position within the social structure have a similar impact on influencing both blacks’ and whites’ orientations toward sport. This would suggest that sport orientations for both blacks and whites are a result of an interaction between race and social structure that limits blacks’ opportunities in other professional occupations.

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Denham, Bryan E. "High School Sports Participation and Substance Use: Differences by Sport, Race, and Gender." Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 23, no. 3 (2014): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1067828x.2012.750974.

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Miller, Jonathan M., Mark A. Pereira, Julian Wolfson, Melissa N. Laska, Toben F. Nelson, and Dianne Neumark-Sztainer. "Are Correlates of Physical Activity in Adolescents Similar Across Ethnicity/Race and Sex: Implications for Interventions." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 16, no. 12 (2019): 1163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0600.

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Background: This study tested for differences in personal, social, and environmental correlates of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) across ethnicity/race in male and female adolescents. Methods: Self-reported MVPA and 47 potential correlates of MVPA were measured in an ethnically/racially diverse cross-sectional sample of adolescents, in Minnesota, who participated in EAT-2010 (Eating and Activity in Teens). Interactions of potential correlates with ethnicity/race on MVPA were tested in linear hierarchical regression models in boys and girls. Results: Boys reported 1.7 more weekly hours of MVPA than girls. White adolescents reported 1.1 to 2.1 more weekly hours of MVPA than nonwhite adolescents. Among girls, neighborhood road connectivity was negatively correlated with MVPA among Hispanic and Asian participants. Among boys, sports participation was positively correlated with MVPA among all ethnicities/races, except Asians. Home media equipment was positively correlated with MVPA among Hispanic boys, but negatively correlated among white boys. Conclusions: A few correlates of physical activity among adolescents differed intersectionally by ethnicity/race and sex. Sports participation and home media equipment may have differing impacts on physical activity across ethnicities and races in boys, whereas neighborhood features like road connectivity may have differing impacts on physical activity across ethnicities and races in girls.

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Philipp, Steven F., and Sherie Brezina. "Race and Perception of Acceptance in Nontraditional Sports." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 2 (2003): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.463.

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Analysis of responses from 632 respondents to a survey representing 4 military and 4 college locations in the southeastern USA indicated that race was a significant factor in perceptions of “welcomeness” or acceptance for seven of 10 nontraditional sports (70%). These significant differences persisted across sex, income, education, and location categories. When “welcome” scale scores were ranked, however, a strong association in ranking (Spearman rho = .66, p < .05) was found among racial groups. While it appears that many African Americans rated being much less welcome in nontraditional sports than Euro-Americans, both racial groups were likely to agree on which nontraditional sports would be more “welcoming” to new participants.

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Carroll, Maureen. "A Race With Grace: Sports Poetry in Motion." Reading Teacher 64, no. 3 (2010): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/rt.64.3.12.

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DeLand, Michael. "Midnight Basketball: Race, Sports, and Neoliberal Social Policy." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 47, no. 1 (2017): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306117744805v.

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Hallinan, Chris, and Barry Judd. "Indigenous studies and race relations in Australian sports." Sport in Society 15, no. 7 (2012): 915–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.723350.

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Jensen, Christian Troelstrup. "Tyskland, Norden og sporten under Anden Verdenskrig." Forum for Idræt 31 (December 1, 2015): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ffi.v31i0.109046.

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This paper concludes that the Nazi race theory in particular concerning the superiority of the “Nordic race” could be found in the Germanmass media when covering sport meetings (in casu the Lingiade August 1939 in Stockholm) between Germany and the Nordic countries (inthis context limited to Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway) before the war. During the war, this changes. However presentthese theories were in the Nazi-rhetoric they disappear with the war also in the one example we have of a Nordic-German sports meeting inMarch 1941.

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Liu, Fenshan, and Shilong Wei. "Investigation and Study on the "Dragon Boat Race" of Ankang Folk Sports." ITM Web of Conferences 26 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20192601001.

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This paper investigates and studies the "dragon boat race" of folk sports activities in Ankang city to understand the cultural connotation of dragon boat race and the development history of "dragon boat race" in this region. In this paper, the literature review, questionnaire survey, field visits, and statistics and analysis of data are used to investigate and study the current situation of the development of the "dragon boat race" in Ankang. It aims to provide a valuable and meaningful reference for the inheritance and development of the "dragon boat race" movement in Ankang.

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Berry, Bonnie, and Earl Smith. "Race, Sport, and Crime: The Misrepresentation of African Americans in Team Sports and Crime." Sociology of Sport Journal 17, no. 2 (2000): 171–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.17.2.171.

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Criminological literature and statistics show that African Americans are comparatively overrepresented in the United States criminal justice system. This study explores whether African American athletes are similarly overrepresented as criminally involved sports figures. Data abundantly illustrate that African Americans fare worse in all phases of criminal justice compared to whites. It has been speculated that African Americans, perhaps due to cultural influences or blocked opportunities, do commit more crime than other racial categories. There is equally strong reason to believe that the representation of African Americans in the criminal justice system is largely a result of racial bias on the part of social control agencies. Crime among athletes, regardless of race, can be explained through social forces, such as collective behavior, organizational influences, and social process. We conclude that African American athletes are socially expected to be engaged in crime and suggest a new approach to this area of study.

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Próchniak, Tomasz, Iwona Rozempolska-Rucińska, and Grzegorz Zięba. "Preliminary Evaluation of the use Value of Jumping Horses Based on Their Results Achieved in Grand Prix Competitions." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 2 (2014): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0005.

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Abstract The aim of the work was preliminary evaluation of predispositions of Polish racehorses to sports. The tests covered 273 horses taking part in CC class and CC1 class competitions in the finals of the big tour. The probability of achieving the best result in the competitions depending on the horse breed was evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance. With the use of Spearman’s rank correlations, the initial correspondence between the horse’s rank in breeders’ ranking and the ranking based on sport results was defined. It was stated that horses starting in Grand Prix competitions represented only 6.85% of all horses registered in the Polish Equestrian Federation. In the group, foreign breeds were predominant. The proportion of native breeds was marginal. The lack of a significant influence of the race on differentiation of sports results of horses proves that the best specimens were chosen within individual races. The preliminary results revealed lack of rank agreement between the evaluation of the breeding value and sports achievements of an individual. This suggests the necessity of performing broader analyses covering different aspects

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Rothschild, Jeffrey A., Matthieu Delcourt, Ed Maunder, and Daniel J. Plews. "Racing and Training Physiology of an Elite Ultra-Endurance Cyclist: Case Study of 2 Record-Setting Performances." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (2021): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0515.

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Purpose: To present a case report of an elite ultra-endurance cyclist, who was the winner and course record holder of 2 distinct races within a 4-month span: a 24-hour solo cycling race and a 2-man team multiday race (Race Across America). Methods: The athlete’s raw data (cycling power, heart rate [HR], speed, and distance) were obtained and analyzed for 2 ultra-endurance races and 11 weeks of training in between. Results: For the 24-hour race, the athlete completed 861.6 km (average speed 35.9 km·h−1, average power 210 W [2.8 W·kg−1], average HR 121 beats per minute) with a 37% decrease in power and a 22% decrease in HR throughout the race. During the 11 weeks between the 24-hour race and Race Across America, training intensity distribution (Zone 1/2/3) based on HR was 51%/39%/10%. For the Race Across America, total team time to complete the 4939-km race was 6 days, 10 hours, 39 minutes, at an average speed of 31.9 km·h−1. Of this, the athlete featured in this case study rode 75.2 hours, completing 2532 km (average speed 33.7 km·h−1, average power 203 W [2.7 W·kg−1]), with a 12% decrease in power throughout the race. Power during daytime segments was greater than nighttime (212 [25] vs 189 [18] W, P < .001, ). Conclusions: This case report highlights the performance requirements of elite ultra-endurance cycling. Although average power was similar when riding for 24 hours continuously and 75 hours intermittently over 6.5 days, there were large differences in pacing strategies and within-day power-output changes.

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Goldsmith, Pat António. "Race Relations and Racial Patterns in School Sports Participation." Sociology of Sport Journal 20, no. 2 (2003): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.20.2.147.

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This paper examines why African Americans and Whites participate in different high school sports at different rates. Considered are explanations based on family, neighborhood, and school inequality as well as explanations stemming from two race-relations theories (competition theory and the cultural division of labor perspective) that see racial differences in culture as a product of racialized norms that vary in strength across settings. Data from the NELS and the 1990 Census are analyzed by mixing multinomial logistic regression with multilevel models. Results indicate that racial differences in sports that Whites play more are largely the result of SES and neighborhood inequality. Differences in sports Blacks play more have strong race effects. Moreover, racial differences are larger in schools with proportionately more Blacks and in schools with more racial hierarchy, providing partial support for both race-relations theories.

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Leonard, Wilbert M. "The Odds of Transiting from One Level of Sports Participation to Another." Sociology of Sport Journal 13, no. 3 (1996): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.13.3.288.

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The present study contributes to, updates, and extends the literature on sport and social mobility by reconceptualizing and reoperationalizing the odds of attaining college and professional athlete status. Using 1990 U.S. census data and team rosters, rates for achieving college and professional sports “careers” were computed for men and women of color in the most popular U.S. sports. A methodological contribution of this research is that the norming variables employed in the statistical calculations were refined, that is, they were age, race/ethnicity, sport, and sex specific. This inquiry contains the most systematic, extensive, and refined measures for assessing the likelihood of achieving the ultimate in sport upward social mobility—major league professional athlete status. A discussion of why the odds of obtaining professional athlete status vary is explored along with some of the conceptual and operational issues created by the concept Hispanic.

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Harris, Othello. "Race, Sport, and Social Support." Sociology of Sport Journal 11, no. 1 (1994): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.11.1.40.

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This study investigates whether African American student-athletes receive encouragement to participate in sport from the black community (e.g., parents) or from other socializing agents (e.g., teachers, coaches, and friends). A questionnaire was administered to 23 teams in two summer basketball leagues in Washington, D.C., during the summer of 1985. The findings indicate that African American student-athletes are more likely to perceive social support for playing basketball from coaches and friends and especially teachers, who provide encouragement for African Americans to participate in sport, but not from parents. Moreover, support for playing basketball is associated with professional sport aspirations for black, but not white, males.

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Chlibkova, Daniela, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, Marietta Sengeis, Lenka Posh, and Ivana Tomaskova. "Pre-race characteristics and race performance in hyponatremic and normonatremic finishers of Czech ultra-races." Acta Gymnica 46, no. 3 (2016): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/ag.2016.013.

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Allison, Rachel, Adriene Davis, and Raymond Barranco. "A comparison of hometown socioeconomics and demographics for black and white elite football players in the US." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, no. 5 (2016): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216674936.

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Despite widespread perceptions of elite US sport as meritocratic, there is little empirical research on the social origins of those who play college and professional sports in the US or how these vary by race. We use the case of American football, linking Entertainment and Sports Programming Network’s national recruit rankings data on incoming college football players from 2007–2016 ( N=929) with 2000 US Census data. Our study compares hometown socioeconomic and demographic indicators for black and white college athletes and then for those drafted into the National Football League. Findings show that the socioeconomic and demographic profiles of the hometowns producing elite football athletes vary by both athlete race and draft status. Black draftees come from denser, more socioeconomically disadvantaged and blacker hometowns than black non-drafted athletes, while white draftees come from less socioeconomically disadvantaged hometowns than white non-drafted athletes.

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Smith, Earl, and Angela J. Hattery. "Bad Boy for Life: Hip-Hop Music, Race, and Sports." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 3 (2020): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0134.

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P Diddy’s Bad Boy for Life video provides a strategic point of departure in the quest for values and community, sui generis, in SportsWorld. This study poses an interruption to the “ideological” articulations of discourse on the relationship between hip-hop music and sports by providing an examination of empirical and scientific data inside of SportsWorld. There is a carefully crafted narrative about the coexistence among Black American athletes, SportsWorld, and hip-hop music. From the beginning of Black athletes’ entry into the White spaces of the so-called level playing field of sports—from National Association of Stock Car Racing to the National Hockey Association to Major League Baseball to National Basketball Association—this integration upsets the norms of both civility and history; because for many in White America, the belief persists that these same athletes were not then and should not be today in those sacred spaces. From Jackie Robinson to the Williams Sisters to Jack Johnson to Tiger Woods to Althea Gibson to Fritz Pollard and, of course, Muhammad Ali—all of these pioneers suffered the indignities of racial discrimination. As Smith argues in his 2014 book Race, Sport and the American Dream, fast forward, deep inside the second aught of the 21st century, it is often assumed that the addition of hip-hop music to the pregame and half-time entertainment at ballparks, basketball arenas, stadiums, and ice hockey arenas signals a welcoming to the Black Athlete and their fans. Using a Marxian lens, this study argues that both these assumptions are no more than the ideology of beliefs that Marx describes as “fantasies and illusions” or more straightforward a “phantasmagoria.” These fantasies and illusions show up as a laterna magica projecting images on society and in SportsWorld, where these can be described as commodity fetishism. Through the authors' empirical analysis of data on segregation and integration in SportsWorld, they demonstrate that things are not always as they seem.

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Turner, Robert W., Eliana M. Perrin, Tamera Coyne-Beasley, Camilla J. Peterson, and Asheley C. Skinner. "Reported Sports Participation, Race, Sex, Ethnicity, and Obesity in US Adolescents From NHANES Physical Activity (PAQ_D)." Global Pediatric Health 2 (January 1, 2015): 2333794X1557794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x15577944.

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Objective. To understand the relationships between participation in different types of leisure time sport activity and adolescent obesity, and how those relationships might differ based on race, gender, and household income. Methods. Data consisted of 6667 students that took part in the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The authors used adjusted Wald tests to examine differences in the prevalence of obesity (body mass index >95th percentile for age and sex) by sport for boys and girls separately. Results. Among adolescent youth age 12 to 19 years, 16.6% of male leisure time sport participants and 15.3% of female sport participants were obese, compared with 23.6% for male nonathlete participant-in-other-activities and 17.0% obesity rate for female nonathlete/participant-in-other-activities. For both males and females, reported participation in leisure time sports decreased between middle school and high school, and this reduction was associated with higher body mass index.

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Van Rheenen, Derek. "Exploitation in college sports: Race, revenue, and educational reward." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 48, no. 5 (2012): 550–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690212450218.

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Smith, Earl. "In Black and White: Race and Sports in America." Sociology of Sport Journal 14, no. 2 (1997): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.14.2.198.

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O??TOOLE, MARY L., W. DOUGLAS, B. HILLER, MELINDA S. ROALSTAD, and PAMELA S. DOUGLAS. "Hemolysis during triathlon races: its relation to race distance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 20, no. 3 (1988): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198806000-00010.

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Bolwell, C., C. Rogers, and E. Gee. "Descriptive epidemiology of race-day jockey falls and injuries in New Zealand." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (2014): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13036.

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The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of race-day jockey falls and describe the reporting of injuries occurring during Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Details on jockey falls and injuries were extracted from official stipendiary stewards' reports and denominator data on all race starts were obtained for all races that occurred between 1 August 2008 and 28 February 2013. A fall included any event of the jockey being dislodged from the horse, once the jockey had mounted to start the race proceedings. Incidence rates for jockey falls stratified by type of race were calculated for race-level variables of interest: year, season, race number, race distance and track condition. During the study period there were 816 jockey falls, of which 92 occurred before the race and resulted in the horse being scratched (withdrawn) from the race. The incidence of jockey falls was 2.2 per 1000 rides (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.9-2.5) for flat races and 84.7 per 1000 rides (95% CI=76.6-93.5) for jump races. Just under half of the jockey falls in flat races occurred pre-race (195/418; 46.6%), 42% (179/418) of falls occurred during the race and 10.5% (44/418) of falls occurred post-race. In total, 19.1% (80/418) and 17.3% (69/398) of jockey falls resulted in injury to the jockey in flat and jump races, respectively. Nearly 90% (69/80) of jockeys injured in flat races were stood down from their next race and most injured jockeys required a medical certificate before racing again. The incidence of jockey falls was higher in jump races than flat races, but was comparable to those reported internationally. Incidence rates for falls in flat races were lower than those reported in Europe and Australia.

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Hall, M. Ann. "Women’s High-Wheel Bicycle Racing in Nineteenth-Century America: More than Salacious Entertainment." Sport History Review 50, no. 2 (2019): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/shr.2019-0006.

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During the nineteenth century in North America, a small group of working-class women turned to sport to earn a living. Among them were circus performers, race walkers, wrestlers, boxers, shooters, swimmers, baseball players, and bicycle racers. Through their athleticism, these women contested and challenged the prevailing gender norms, and at the same time expanded notions about Victorian women’s capabilities and appropriate work. This article focuses on one of these professional sports, namely high-wheel bicycle racing. Bicycle historians have mostly dismissed women’s racing during the brief high-wheel era of the 1880s as little more than sensational entertainment, and have not fully understood its importance. I hope to change these perceptions by providing evidence that female high-wheel racers in the United States, who often began as pedestriennes (race walkers), were superb athletes competing in an exciting, well-attended, and profitable sport.

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Etxebarria, Naroa, Jackson Wright, Hamish Jeacocke, Cristian Mesquida, and David B. Pyne. "Running Your Best Triathlon Race." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (2021): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0838.

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Negative or evenly paced racing strategies often lead to more favorable performance outcomes for endurance athletes. However, casual inspection of race split times and observational studies both indicate that elite triathletes competing in Olympic-distance triathlon typically implement a positive pacing strategy during the last of the 3 disciplines, the 10-km run. To address this apparent contradiction, the authors examined data from 14 International Triathlon Union elite races over 3 consecutive years involving a total of 725 male athletes. Analyses of race results confirm that triathletes typically implement a positive running pace strategy, running the first lap of the standard 4-lap circuit substantially faster than laps 2 (∼7%), 3 (∼9%), and 4 (∼12%). Interestingly, mean running pace in lap 1 had a substantially lower correlation with 10-km run time (r = .82) than both laps 2 and 3. Overall triathlon race performance (ranking) was best associated with run performance (r = .82) compared with the swim and cycle sections. Lower variability in race pace during the 10-km run was also reflective of more successful run times. Given that overall race outcome is mainly explained by the 10-km run performance, with top run performances associated with a more evenly paced strategy, triathletes (and their coaches) should reevaluate their pacing strategy during the run section.

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Agyemang, Kwame J. A., John N. Singer, and Anthony J. Weems. "‘Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!’: Sport as a site for political activism and social change." Organization 27, no. 6 (2020): 952–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508420928519.

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Is sport an appropriate forum for activists to engage in political protest? In recent years, this question has been the subject of conversations in households, public spaces such as barbershops and coffee shops, and social media and newsrooms, as various high-profile athletes have used their sport platforms to call attention to various social injustices existing within the US society. The purpose of the following interview is to provide further insight into this intersection between sport and politics and the use of sport as a site for political resistance and social change. Dave Zirin, a critical sports journalist, is the sports editor for The Nation and author of several books on the politics of sport. This interview with Dave Zirin offers a nuanced understanding on the recent occurrences involving athlete activism and the overall use of sport as a site for political activism and social change. Topics covered include race and racism in America, social responsibility, and social movements, among others.

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Ho, Michelle H. S. "Tracing tears and triple axels: Media representations of Japan’s women figure skaters." International Journal of Cultural Studies 20, no. 6 (2015): 620–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877915603760.

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Anticipating the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, this article uses the triple axel jump, one of the most challenging moves in women’s figure skating, as a heuristic device to track representations of Japanese skaters Ito Midori and Asada Mao in the New York Times and Asahi Shimbun. Ito and Asada are two of only six women to have landed triple axels at international figure skating competitions. Employing affect and feminist theories, I argue that constructions of the skaters’ bodies are not just gendered and heteronormative, but also sexed, raced, and affective. Using discourse analysis, I trace how media representations of Ito and Asada redraw global color lines and national boundaries in sport and negotiate different femininities, underscoring excessive feelings and physical appearance. Contributing to feminist sport studies and transnational feminist cultural studies, this comparative analysis offers new perspectives on women’s sports in Japan and athleticism’s relation to race, femininities, and national identity.

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Gomez-Ezeiza, Josu, Jon Torres-Unda, Nicholas Tam, Jon Irazusta, Cristina Granados, and Jordan Santos-Concejero. "Race walking gait and its influence on race walking economy in world-class race walkers." Journal of Sports Sciences 36, no. 19 (2018): 2235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1449086.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sports and race'

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