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Mitchell, Andrew Charles Stephen. "The biomechanics of functional ankle instability." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2005. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/842/.
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An epidemiological study into the incidence of ankle sprain in elite and non-elite athletes was carried out to collect data on the incidence of sports injuries focusing specifically on ankle sprains in elite and non-elite athletes. Furthermore, to develop and validate a questionnaire to be used to collect data on the residual symptoms associated with a history of ankle sprain and functional instability. Ankle sprains accounted for 16% of all injuries and symptoms of functional instability were reported by 95% of athletes that reported sustaining an ankle sprain during the study. The questionnaire was then used to recruit subjects (19 subjects with a history of unilateral ankle sprain and functional instability and 19 healthy controls) for the subsequent experiments. Anteroposterior and medio-lateral postural sway in single-limb stance was examined using a KistierTM force platform. Each subject underwent twelve postural sway tests: three on each leg with eyes open and eyes closed. With eyes closed the injured ankle had significantly greater medial (p=O.001) and lateral (p=O.007) postural sway than the uninjured ankle. With eyes open the injured and uninjured ankles had similar postural control. With eyes open the injured ankle had significantly greater anterior (p=O.021, p=O.Oll) and posterior (p=O.019, p=O.018) postural sway than the dominant and non-dominant ankles respectively. With eyes closed the injured ankles had significantly greater medial (p=O.008, p=O.008) and lateral (p=O.014, p=O.015) postural sway than the dominant and non-dominant ankles respectively. The reaction time of peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus to a non-pathological lateral ankle sprain mechanism was examined using a purpose built tilt platform. The platform had two moveable plates so that either ankle could be tilted spontaneously into combined plantarflexion and inversion. Electromyography was performed on each muscle and subjects had each ankle tilted six times. A computer-based onset detection method was developed to provide an objective method for identifying the onset of electromyography and tilt platform activity and calculating muscular reaction times. The injured ankle peroneus longus, peroneus brevis and tibialis anterior reaction times were significantly slower.
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Smith, Grace. "Biomechanics of foot function in relation to sports performance." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2012. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6123/.
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The foot forms the dynamic base upon which a sprinter functions. The actions that occur within the foot are of critical importance to the task of sprint running, since they influence the functional mechanisms of the entire body and especially the lower extremity. The aim of this research was to evaluate how foot function may contribute to sprinting performance and the interaction between the mechanical properties of sprinting footwear and performance, with a focus on the role of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ). Currently, little is known about the effect of footwear upon the normal biomechanical function of the MPJ during sprinting, as this joint has often been neglected in previous biomechanical studies of lower limb energetics. A series of empirical and theoretical investigations were therefore undertaken to advance the understanding in this area. The initial study revealed the importance of two important methodological issues on the analysis of MPJ function during sprinting. Appropriate MPJ axes representation and appropriate data processing procedures are vital to ensure the accurate assessment of joint kinetics. Empirical investigations on eight trained sprinters performing maximal sprint trials, both in barefoot and sprint spike conditions determined normal patterns of foot behaviour and the role of the MPJ during sprinting. Several aspects of foot function, including kinematic, kinetic and pressure characteristics, were determined. Sprint spikes reduced MPJ range of motion and dorsiflexion velocity but increased total energy generated during the push-off phase, biomechanical measures which may be linked to sprinting performance. To investigate whether manipulations in the mechanical properties of sprinting footwear may influence sprinting performance and MPJ function, sprint spikes with insoles of varying stiffness's were manufactured and mechanically tested. For a group of sprinters increasing the sprint spike stiffness did not elicit an improved sprinting performance. Due to the high variability between athletes and highly individualised responses to perturbations in footwear a single- subject analyses was undertaken. This study demonstrated that individual sprinting performance may be improved by implementation of relevant shoe mechanical characteristics. Whilst varying the mechanical characteristics of sprint spikes clearly showed controlling influences over the natural motion of the MPJ, the relatively minimal effect on the resultant MPJ energetics, potentially suggests that sprint spikes do not minimise energy loss during sprinting. The combined empirical and theoretical understanding therefore highlighted several aspects of MPJ function which could be altered by footwear in an attempt to improve sprint running performance.
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Milligan, Alexandra. "The effect of breast support on running biomechanics." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-breast-support-on-running-biomechanics(dbc04909-7ec2-4555-9569-cdc64af223f9).html.
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Whilst sports bras have been reported to significantly reduce breast kinematics and exercise-related breast pain, little is known about the effect of breast support on running biomechanics. This research area has novel applications and many potential benefits to female athletes. Papers available within this area hypothesise that the reduction of breast kinematics and exercise-related breast pain, provided by a high breast support, ensures running biomechanics are maintained and potentially enhanced, however, few have provided evidence of this. To investigate this area this thesis explored biomechanical measures during running including; breast biomechanics, full body running kinematics, and an examination of upper body muscle activity during a five kilometre treadmill run, in low and high breast support conditions. An integrated programme of work was conducted with multiple variables collected and presented in chapter four to seven. Chapter three identified significant changes in breast kinematics during a prolonged treadmill run, and defined the run duration for this programme of work. Chapter four examined breast biomechanics during a five kilometre treadmill run, in different breast support conditions. In line with previous publications, the high breast support provided superior magnitudes of support to the breasts (up to 75% reduction) compared to the lower breast support conditions, and significant reductions in exercise-related breast pain throughout treadmill running. Increases in multiplanar breast displacement, velocity, acceleration, and approximated force were reported from the start to the end of the five kilometre run in both low (increases of 7 mm, 0.10 m.s-1, 5.6 m.s-2, 3 N) and high (5 mm, 0.07 m.s-1, 2.7 m.s-2, 1 N) breast supports. These novel findings demonstrate that breast kinematics increase during a five kilometre treadmill run, which may directly affect an individual’s running biomechanics. Assessing the magnitude of variance associated with breast biomechanics data ensures accurate interpretation of the reported findings. To achieve this, within- and between participant variance in multiplanar breast kinematics were quantified utilising the coefficient of variance (Cv%). The smallest differences in breast kinematics reported in the third chapter exceeded the reported within-participant variance in both low (12 Cv%) and high (15 Cv%) breast supports, and were therefore defined as meaningful differences. Between-participant variance in multiplanar breast kinematics in low (23 Cv%) and high (29 Cv%) breast supports was greater than the within-participant variance, and should be considered in future for research designs and sample sizes. To assess running kinematics between breast supports, a full body kinematic analysis was conducted including the quantification of step length and full body Cardan joint angles. When running in the lower breast support conditions, costly running mechanics such as greater thorax flexion, shorter step length, less acute knee angle, greater arm swing mechanics, and greater axial rotation of the thorax and pelvis were reported. However, the high breast support exhibited a kinematic profile more closely aligned with a desirable, economic running style previously defined within the literature. These findings support claims that the breast support worn may impact upon biomechanical parameters, with high breast support eliciting advantageous running kinematics. This unique work found female runners will alter their running kinematics depending upon the breast support worn. Changes in running kinematics away from an individual’s natural kinematics have been linked to changes in the activation of muscles driving these movements. Therefore, given the reported differences in upper body running kinematics, the effect of breast support on the activity of six upper body muscles central to running was examined and reported. Reductions in normalised peak activity of the pectoralis major (37% reduction), anterior deltoid (26 reduction) and medial deltoid (30% reduction) were reported in the high breast support; suggesting that a high breast support significantly reduces the peak activation of these three muscles compared to lower breast support conditions during running. Furthermore, the differences in activity of these muscles are thought to be associated with the changes in upper body kinematics, specifically arm swing mechanics. The research design of this programme of work enabled relationships between the key biomechanical measures to be explored, providing a holistic view of the effect of breast support on the biomechanics of the female runner. Relationships were identified between the magnitude of breast kinematics, which is governed by the breast support worn, and the following biomechanical measures investigated; exercise-related breast pain, upper and lower body running kinematics and upper body muscle activity. Furthermore, certain running kinematics demonstrated significant relationships to muscle activity. This research has shown that breast biomechanics, running kinematics and upper body activity are affected by the breast support worn during treadmill running. The use of high breast support has demonstrated the potential of this breast support to benefit running biomechanics. This novel programme of work has progressed the knowledge of the effect of breast support on both breast and body biomechanics during treadmill running.
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Atack, Alexandra. "The biomechanics of rugby place kicking." Thesis, St Mary's University, Twickenham, 2016. http://research.stmarys.ac.uk/1407/.
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Approximately 45% of the points scored in international Rugby Union matches are the result of place kicks (Quarrie & Hopkins, 2015). However, the key technique characteristics underpinning this skill are not well understood. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate rugby place kicking technique and performance, and understand how these differ between successful and less successful place kickers. In order to objectively quantify place kick performance outcome from data collected in a laboratory environment, a novel performance measure representative of the maximum distance that any given place kick could be successful from was developed. This measure combined initial ball flight data with previously published aerodynamic forces and was shown to predict ball location with a mean error of 4.0%. Full body motion capture and ground reaction force data were then collected from 33 experienced (amateur to senior international level) kickers and three groups of kickers were identified based on their performance outcome: long, short, and wide-left kickers. Differences were observed in the initial ball flight characteristics between the three groups and specific aspects of technique were then analysed to understand how these different performance outcomes were achieved. The long and wide-left kickers used different strategies to achieve comparable forward kicking foot velocities and initial ball velocities. The wide-left kickers used a hip flexor strategy: greater positive hip flexor work which was facilitated by a stretch across the trunk at the top of the backswing, followed by longitudinal rotation throughout the downswing. In contrast, the long kickers used a knee extensor strategy: greater positive knee extensor work and a more consistent trunk orientation throughout the downswing. Although both strategies led to comparably high initial ball velocity magnitudes, the hip flexor strategy led to greater longitudinal ball spin and an initial ball velocity vector directed towards the left-hand-side. Kickers who achieve fast ball velocities but miss left could potentially benefit from technical interventions to address their trunk kinematics or development of their kicking knee extensor involvement. The long kickers achieved faster kicking foot and initial ball velocities than the short kickers. The long kickers took a more angled and faster approach to the ball compared with the short kickers. This enabled the pelvis to be less front-on at the top of the backswing, meaning that the kicking foot was further away from the ball at this point and subsequently travelled a longer path to initial ball contact. The long kickers also demonstrated greater horizontal whole-body CM deceleration between support foot contact and initial ball contact and performed greater hip flexor and knee extensor positive work than the short kickers during the downswing. Kickers who cannot generate fast ball velocities could potentially benefit from interventions to their approach direction and velocity, or from development of their kicking hip flexor and knee extensor involvement. This thesis has provided a comprehensive understanding of rugby place kicking technique and recommendations for both coaching practice and research.
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Morley, Joseph. "Effects of dorso-lumbar mobility on selected kinetic and kinematic variables in runners." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.483440.
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Richter, Saskia D. "How hand placement during upper-extremity weight bearing tasks may reduce the risk of chronic elbow disorders in young female acrobatic athletes." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500569841777089.
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Cobb, Bryan Richard. "Laboratory and Field Studies in Sports-Related Brain Injury." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73208.
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The studies presented in this dissertation investigated biomechanical factors associated with sports-related brain injuries on the field and in the laboratory. In the first study, head impact exposure in youth football was observed using a helmet mounted accelerometer system to measure head kinematics. The results suggest that restriction on contact in practice at the youth level can translate into reduced head impact exposure over the course of a season. A second study investigated the effect of measurement error in the head impact kinematic data collected by the helmet mounted system have on subsequent analyses. The objective of this study was to characterize the propagation of random measurement error through data analyses by quantifying descriptive statistic uncertainties and biases for biomechanical datasets with random measurement error. For distribution analyses, uncertainties tend to decrease as sample sizes grow such that for a typical player, the uncertainties would be around 5% for peak linear acceleration and 10% for peak angular (rotational) acceleration. The third and fourth studies looked at comparisons between two headforms commonly used in athletic helmet testing, the Hybrid III and NOCSAE headforms. One study compared the headform shape, particularly looking at regions that are likely to affect helmet fit. Major differences were found at the nape of the neck and in the check/jaw regions that may contribute to difficulty with fitting a helmet to the Hybrid III headform. For the final study, the impact responses of the two headforms were compared. Both headforms were mounted on a Hybrid III neck and impacted at various magnitudes and locations that are representative of impacts observed on the football field. Some condition-specific differences in kinematic parameters were found between the two headforms though they tended to be small. Both headforms showed reasonable repeatability.<br>Ph. D.
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Cunanan, Aaron J. "Barbell Trajectory and Kinematics during Two International Weightlifting Championships." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3635.
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Several methods have been used in the scientific literature to study the weightlifting pull. Broadly, these methods are used to measure kinematic or kinetic variables exhibited by the lifter, the barbell, or the lifter-barbell system. However, there is an apparent disconnect between weightlifting research and coaching practice that may reduce the perceived benefits of technique analysis among coaches and present some challenges for coaches who seek to incorporate technique analysis into their coaching practice. Differences and trends in the technique of competitive weightlifting performances are apparent from the available literature. However, there are also gaps in the literature due to infrequent analyses that are limited to narrow subgroups of the weightlifting population. Therefore, the purposes of this dissertation were to 1) update to the scientific knowledge of weightlifting technique and performance, 2) improve coaches’ ability to conduct and interpret technique analysis, and 3) enhance transferability of weightlifting in training to improve sport performance.
A review of methods used to evaluate the weightlifting pull provides some practical guidance for coaches on the application and interpretation of weightlifting technique analysis. Video analysis is recommended as the most practicable method for coaches to implement technique analysis themselves. Methods used to study 319 lifts by women and men from two major international competitions demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of video analysis as an inexpensive, time-efficient, and user-friendly method for coaches to conduct reliable technique analysis. The results of this dissertation suggest that a variety of techniques can be used to achieve international weightlifting success and provide some evidence of changes in weightlifting technique since at least the mid-1980’s. These results also indicate that a stereotypical technique profile among elite international weightlifters does not exist, which further support the notion that strength is a primary determinant of weightlifting ability.
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Holmberg, Joakim L. "Computational Biomechanics in Cross‐country Skiing." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10671.
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<p>Traditionally, research on cross‐country skiing biomechanics is based mainly on experimental testing alone. Trying a different approach, this thesis explores the possibilities of using computational musculoskeletal biomechanics for cross‐country skiing. As far as the author knows, this has not been done before.</p><p>Cross‐country skiing is both fast and powerful, and the whole body is used to generate movement. Consequently, the computational method used needs to be able to handle a full‐body model with lots of muscles. This thesis presents several simulation models created in the AnyBody Modeling System, which is based on inverse dynamics and static optimization. This method allows for measurementdriven full‐body models with hundreds of muscles and rigid body segments of all major body parts.</p><p>A major result shown in the thesis is that with a good simulation model it is possible to predict muscle activation. Even though there is no claim of full validity of the simulation models, this result opens up a wide range of possibilities for computational musculoskeletal biomechanics in cross‐country skiing. Two example of new possibilities are shown in the thesis, finding antagonistic muscle pairs and muscle load distribution differences in different skiing styles. Being able to perform optimization studies and asking and answering “what if”‐questions really gives computational methods an edge compared to traditional testing.</p><p>To conclude, a combination of computational and experimental methods seems to be the next logical step to increase the understanding of the biomechanics of crosscountry skiing.</p><br><p>Traditionellt har biomekaniska forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning baserats helt och hållet på experimentella metoder. För att prova ett annat angreppssätt undersöks i denna avhandling vilka möjligheter som beräkningsbaserad biomekanik kan ge för längdskidåkning. Så vida författaren vet, har detta inte gjorts tidigare.</p><p>Längdskidåkning innehåller snabba och kraftfulla helkroppsrörelser och därför behövs en beräkningsmetod som kan hantera helkroppsmodeller med många muskler. Avhandlingen presenterar flera simuleringsmodeller skapade i AnyBody Modeling System, som baseras på inversdynamik och statisk optimering. Denna metod tillåter helkroppsmodeller med hundratals muskler och stelkroppssegment av de flesta kroppsdelarna.</p><p>Ett resultat som avhandlingen visar är att med en bra simuleringsmodell är det möjligt att förutsäga muskelaktiviteten för en viss rörelse och belastning på kroppen. Även om ingen validering av simuleringsmodellen ges, så visar ändå resultatet att beräkningsbaserad biomekanik ger många nya möjligheter till forskningsstudier av längdskidåkning. Två exempel visas, hur muskelantagonister kan hittas samt hur lastfördelningen mellan musklerna förändras då skidåkaren förändrar stilen. Att kunna genomföra optimeringsstudier samt fråga och svara på ”vad händer om”‐ frågor ger beräkningsbaserad biomekanik en fördel i jämförelse med traditionell testning.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att en kombination av beräkningsbaserade och experimentella metoder borde vara nästa steg för att addera insikt om längdskidåkningens biomekanik.</p><br>Report code: LIU‐TEK‐LIC‐2008:4. On the day of the defence date the status of article V was: Submitted.
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Roemer, Karen. "Lösung inverser Problemstellungen in der Biomechanik : am Beispiel von Beinstreckbewegungen /." Schorndorf : Hofmann, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2874968&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Lopes, Alexandre Dias. "Análise cinemática da largada do bobsled." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-30052012-111241/.
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O bobsled é um esporte desenvolvido para prática de inverno e tem como objetivo principal, percorrer uma pista de gelo inclinada de aproximadamente 1500m no menor tempo possível. A atividade é iniciada com o trenó parado, sem movimento. Existem duas modalidades, o bobsled para quatro pessoas e bobsled para duas pessoas. O movimento inicial do bobsled é conhecido como o momento de propulsão do trenó ou da largada, já teve sua importância demonstrada para a obtenção de um bom desempenho final em estudos anteriores, é executado na modalidade de dois atletas pelo atleta piloto e pelo atleta breakman. Os objetivos deste trabalho se preocuparam em investigar a existência de um padrão cinemático adotado pelos atletas piloto e atletas breakman durante o momento de propulsão do trenó das 15 melhores equipes participantes do campeonato, assim como a existência da relação entre o tempo de largada e o tempo final da prova e a variação do desempenho obtido entre todas as equipes participantes. As imagens utilizadas neste trabalho foram adquiridas durante o XIV Campeonato Mundial de Bobsled masculino na modalidade de dois atletas, realizado na cidade de Koonigssee (Alemanha) em 2004. Para se investigar o padrão cinemático foram utilizadas variáveis relacionadas a angulação do ombro, cotovelo, tronco e joelho; variações do deslocamento e altura do centro de gravidade; além do comprimento do passo dos atletas piloto e breakman. Foi possível identificar um padrão cinemático típico adotado pelos atletas piloto e breakman durante o momento da largada, além de se identificar semelhanças entre o comportamento adotado pelos atletas piloto e breakman durante o instante da largada e o comportamento adotado pelos atletas de atletismo. O coeficiente de correlação encontrado neste estudo se assemelhou aos coeficientes encontrados nos estudos anteriores (aproximadamente r2=0,5), assim como pode se verificar a pequena variação do desempenho entre as equipes participantes (inferior a 4%)<br>Bobsled is a sport developed for practiced in winter time and has as main objective cover an inclined ice track of approximately 1500 m in less time as possible. The activity is initiated with the sleigh stopped, without movement. There are two modalities, the bobsled for four persons and for two persons. The initial movement of the bobsled is known as the propulsion moment and its importance for a good final performance had already been demonstrated in preview studies. This moment is executed in the modality for two persons by the pilot athlete and by the breakman athlete. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of a kinematic pattern adopted by the pilot athlete and the breakman athlete during the propulsion moment of the sleigh of the 15 best teams of the championship, as well as the existence of a relation between the propulsion moment and the final time of the test and the variation of the performance gotten by all the participant teams. The imagesm used in this study had been acquired during the XIV Word-Wide Championship of male bobsled in the modality for two persons, carried through in the city of Koonigsee (Germany) in 2004. To investigate the kinematic pattern it was used variables related to the shoulder, elbow, trunk and knee angles; variations of the center of gravity displacement and height; and the length of the step of the pilot and breakman athletes. It was possible to identify a typical kinematic pattern adopted by the pilot and breakman athletes during the propulsion moment, beyond identifying similarities between the behavior adopted by the pilot and breakman athletes during the propulsion moment and the behavior adopted by the track and fields athletes. The correlation coefficient found in this study was similar to those found in the previous studies (around r2=0,5) as well as the small variation verified in the performance between the participant teams (less than 4%)
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Howard, Brandon M. "The Effectiveness of a Specialized Upper Body Stretching Protocol on NCAA Division I Athletes." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/518.
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Previous studies with college athletes determined that the shoulder girdle plays a vital role in a variety of athletic activities. The previous research showed that a decrease in shoulder range of motion (ROM) was associated with a higher risk injury. Decreased shoulder ROM was shown to be a primary reason that many athletes were unable to perform many overhead lifting variations within their strength and conditioning programs. The purpose of this research was to evaluate a group of athletes by means of a postural assessment using the overhead squat test. This study consisted of a pretest-post test control group design. The dependent variable that was observed was the goniometric measurement of the shoulder ROM in response to the independent variable, which was a specialized upper body stretching protocol. Current NCAA Division I male athletes from a university in the south, who competed in a variety of different intercollegiate sports, volunteered for this study (N = 27). For the purpose of the current study the athlete was asked to perform three trials of the overhead squat test. For each of the trials goniometric data were collected. After the data were collected the athletes were taught the joint-specific stretching protocol that was to be used as the intervention for this study. When the pretest and posttest data were observed, the intervention group had an average decrease of 14.7 degrees over the course of the study, while the control group only showed an average decrease of 1.6 degrees. A one-way ANOVA showed that the means of the two groups were not statistically different at the posttest but were significantly different at the pretest. To check the interaction between the grouping factor and the trial factor, a 2 x 2 ANOVA, at a p-value of 0.05, was used to determine the between measurement interactions. From the data that were collected it was determined that there was a statistically significant time factor as well as interaction effect when comparing the two conditions.
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Dutton, Megan Charmaine. "The cricketing shoulder: biomechanics and analysis of potential injury risk factors to the shoulder in elite cricketers." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31670.
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Historically, cricketing literature has explored the disciplines of bowling and batting, with fielding receiving little attention until its importance was highlighted by the introduction of T20 matches. The novelty of this research lies in its clinically meaningful contribution to understanding shoulder injury aetiology in cricketers as overhead throwing athletes. The studies included in this thesis investigate the musculoskeletal profile of a cricketer’s shoulder, as well as the intrinsic factors associated with shoulder injury risk. Further, the influence of some of these risk factors on the cricketers’ overhead throwing biomechanics is explored and intend to improve the development of cricket-specific shoulder injury prevention programmes. An overview of the literature (Chapter 2) includes the epidemiology of shoulder injuries in cricketers; as well as a description of overhead throwing kinematics and the musculoskeletal adaptations associated with overhead throwing in cricket, compared to baseball, which has the greatest volume of throwing related studies. Based on previous outdated definitions of injury and not the current consensus definitions, shoulder injuries in cricket have been reported to occur infrequently. Various injury surveillance studies have identified time-loss shoulder injuries in cricketers, yet none have considered non-time-loss shoulder injuries. Although a limited number of studies have proposed potential intrinsic risk factors to shoulder injury in cricketers, no associations have been found. However, the cricketer’s shoulder is prone to injury due to the high forces generated while repeatedly throwing overhead during fielding. While overhead throwing biomechanics has been well investigated in baseball, minimal research exists for cricket. In addition, the understanding of throwing biomechanics in cricket has relied on two-dimensional motion analysis that is known to be insufficient for the analysis of rotational kinematics and kinetics. Elite (senior national and franchise) cricketers were recruited for this study. This study consisted of two parts. During the first part of the thesis demographic, training, competition and injury history data were obtained; and a shoulder-specific functional questionnaire and pre-season shoulder screening protocol were performed, prior to annual musculoskeletal screening. The incidence of all shoulder injuries were recorded throughout a six month cricket season. A profile of pertinent risk factors was assessed. The second part of the thesis evaluated throwing biomechanics of cricketers. Upper quarter, spinal, pelvic and hip kinematics, as well as shoulder and elbow kinetics were measured during the execution of overhead throwing from a stationary position, and with a run-up. This thesis includes three original papers and two experimental Chapters. The first paper (Chapter 3) documents the incidence of non-time-loss shoulder injuries in elite South African cricketers. Overall, the incidence of shoulder injury in cricketers during the 2016/2017 season was 18%, described as 5% time-loss and 13% non-time-loss injuries. Primary skill and fielding were negatively impacted in 100% and 80% of cricketers who sustained non-time-loss shoulder injuries, respectively. The entire cricket cohort recorded low scores on the shoulderspecific questionnaire, completed pre- and post-season, irrespective of injury history or injury sustained during the 2016/2017 season indicating a generalised reduction in the level of function in overhead activity. Paper 2 (Chapter 4) provides a description of the musculoskeletal profile of a cricketer’s shoulder which is atypical to the “thrower’s paradox” described in baseball. Specifically, cricketers present with a loss in total glenohumeral (GH) rotational range of motion (ROM), GH internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in the absence of external rotation gain (ERG); and global weakness of the rotator cuff and scapula stabilising muscles. Further, dominant shoulder supraspinatus tendon (SsT) thickness ≥5.85mm (sensitivity: 72%, specificity: 63%) and nondominant pectoralis minor length (PML) ≤12.85cm (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 55%) predicted seasonal dominant shoulder injury (p< 0.05). From the findings indicated in Papers 1 and 2 (Chapters 3 and 4) it can be postulated that cricketers are generally a high-risk population for shoulder injury, amongst overhead throwing athletes, due to the lack of shoulder-specific musculoskeletal adaptation frequently observed in other overhead throwing populations. Paper 3 (Chapter 5) and experimental Chapters 6 and 7 investigate the kinematics and kinetics of overhead throwing from a stationary position, with a run-up and the consequence of GIRD in these two throwing approaches. A kinematic description of overhead throwing in cricket is provided and compared to baseball overhead pitching, in Paper 3 (Chapter 5). Maximum external rotation (MER) was regarded as the most critical point for potential shoulder injury in cricketers when throwing overhead from a stationary position. Further, a comparison between playing levels highlighted that amateur cricketers may display an increased risk for shoulder injury at MER as these cricketers were found to have decreased elbow flexion ROM in 2-14% of the throwing cycle (p=0.01), as well as greater shoulder (p=0.021) and elbow (p=0.043) compression and increased superior shoulder force (p=0.022) at MER, when compared to elite cricketers. Findings from experimental Chapter 6 indicate that when throwing with a run-up (dynamic) increased lumbo-pelvic (p=0.02) and hip flexion (p=0.01) occur sporadically in the throwing cycle, compared to throwing from a stationary position (static). In addition, increased shoulder compression (p=0.02) and posterior force (p=0.009) occur at MER, while reduced superior shoulder force (p=0.005) and elbow compression (p=0.03), superior (p=0.002) and medial (p=0.03) forces occur at ball release (BR), when throwing dynamically versus statically. These two Chapters highlight MER as the most critical point for potential shoulder injury in cricketers, which may further be attenuated by the absence of ERG, level of play and throwing from a stationary position while fielding. Experimental Chapter 7 investigated and highlights the potential correlations between GIRD, a frequently described risk factor for overhead athletes, and the other musculoskeletal variables measured, as well as overhead throwing biomechanics from a stationary and runup approach. Greater GIRD was associated with reduced passive hip external rotation ROM on the dominant side (p< 0.03), measured by inclinometer. In addition, increased GIRD was associated with reduced dominant hip abduction ROM during 0-23% of the throwing cycle (p=0.002), and superior shoulder force (p< 0.004) and elbow compression (p< 0.009), when throwing from a stationary position. Finally, greater GIRD was associated with increased posterior shoulder force at maximum internal rotation (MIR), when throwing from a stationary position (p< 0.013) and with a run-up (p< 0.03). These findings suggest that GIRD may negatively influence ball velocity specifically when cricketers attempt to throw overhead from a stationary position. Further, it is postulated that when throwing overhead (irrespective of approach) cricketers may overcome the mechanical insufficiency of GIRD by actively engaging the dominant hip internal rotators, to prematurely rotate the pelvis forward, in order to generate sufficient ball velocity. This may result in cricketers employing a throw across the body, which when repeatedly performed may cause hypertrophy of the dominant hip internal rotators, thereby reducing passive hip external rotation ROM. This biomechanical adaptation to GIRD may contribute to the cricketer’s predisposition for shoulder injury when throwing overhead, or may occur in an attempt to protect the shoulder against further injury. In conclusion, the inherent musculoskeletal profile of this elite cricketing cohort’s shoulder increases injury risk, particularly when throwing overhead. There is a need to investigate the influence of throwing volume, duration of season and player speciality on the musculoskeletal profile of the shoulder and concomitant injury in cricket. It is suggested that modifiable intrinsic factors found to be associated with shoulder injury and the performance of overhead throwing should be appropriately incorporated into injury prevention or pre-season conditioning programmes, to reduce the occurrence of injury. Further research should determine the efficacy of these programmes on shoulder injury prevention and throwing performance, in cricketers.
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Coetzee, Devon Ross. "Understanding risk of injury in novice runners: exploring the link between runner characteristics, biomechanics and injury outcome." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32552.
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The high prevalence of running related injury, particularly in novice runners has prompted the investigation into interventions to mitigate the risk of injury. This dissertation set out to investigate the effects of a progressive 12-week running intervention in novice runners wearing footwear with reduced cushioning. The aim was to understand how intrinsic characteristics of novice runners, namely body composition, strength and flexibility, influence running biomechanics and ultimately injury outcome, and whether footwear structure effects this relationship. Prior to the intervention, participants were assigned to wearing footwear with reduced cushioning (RC) or footwear with traditional cushioning (TC). Three-dimensional running biomechanics were collected during over ground running at 3.0 meters per second in their prescribed footwear. Other measured variables included lower limb strength, by means of an isokinetic dynamometer, lower limb flexibility, full body composition by means of Duel Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and lower leg bone oedema by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Throughout the intervention, pain or discomfort was assessed. All variables were reassessed after the intervention. The programme used in this thesis resulted in a 11.1 % prevalence of injury, which is considerably lower than other studies. No differences in injury incidence, bone oedema or pain or discomfort prevalence were found between footwear groups, however the RC group experienced pain or discomfort more frequently. Footwear with reduced cushioning was found to promote kinematic strategies, including a lower foot strike angle (FSA), more flexed knee angle at foot strike and reduced knee range of motion during stance phase to compensate for the lack of cushioning. Whilst most novice runners adopted a rear foot strike pattern throughout the intervention, the RC group were four times more likely to reduce FSA. Intrinsic characteristics of novice runners may not be indicative of injury, however the intervention resulted in changes to these variables. These included improvements in movement-specific strength, increased passive hip flexor flexibility and weight loss. Footwear had no effect on these variables. Greater mass characteristics resulted in kinematic adaptations in the knee. This dissertation highlighted the importance of a conservative training structure to mitigate injury risk in novice runners. Additionally, footwear has limited effect on injury risk and thus should not be prescribed to promote biomechanical change, but rather to compliment a runner's current biomechanics and intrinsic characteristics.
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Chen, Albert J. "Biomechanical Alterations in Athletes with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and the Implications for Osteoarthritis: A Subject Specific Finite Element Analysis Study." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1546185726941703.
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Bide, Pralhad S. "Fatigue Related Gender Differences in the Biomechanics of Drop Jumps." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1229121626.
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Baggaley, Michael William Robinson. "Is There A Relationship Between Hip Structure, Hip Muscle Strength, and Lower Extremity Frontal Plane Kinematics During Treadmill Running?" UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/18.
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INTRODUCTION: Excessive hip adduction (HADD) has been associated with a number of lower extremity overuse injuries, and it has been suggested that it may be the result of reduced strength of the hip abduction musculature. Hip structure has been postulated to influence both hip abduction (HABD) strength and HADD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hip structure, HABD strength, and frontal plane kinematics during running. METHODS: Peak isometric HABD strength, lower extremity kinematics, femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), and pelvis width-femur length (pw-fl) ratio were recorded for 25 female subjects. Pearson correlations (P < .05) were performed between variables. RESULTS: A fair relationship was observed between femoral NSA and HABD strength (r = -.472 P = .017) where an increased NSA was associated with reduced HABD strength. No relationship was observed between HABD strength and frontal plane kinematics or between NSA/pw-fl and frontal plane kinematics. CONCLUSION: Alterations in the femoral NSA have the ability to influence peak isometric hip abduction strength. However, alterations in strength did not result in changes in lower extremity kinematics. Structural deviations at the hip do not appear to influence hip kinematics during running.
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Mettler, Jeff H. "THE EFFECTS OF A HIP FLEXOR STRETCHING PROGRAM ON RUNNING KINEMATICS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LIMITED PASSIVE HIP EXTENSION." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/35.
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INTRODUCTION: Tightness of the hip flexor muscle group may contribute to altered sagittal plane kinematics of the lumbo-pelvic-hip (LPH) complex during dynamic movements. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of a three-week home-based stretching program on passive hip extension (PHE), as well as on active hip extension (AHE), anterior pelvic tilt (APT), and lumbar spine extension (LSE) when running. METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects with limited PHE underwent a 3D gait analysis both prior (PRE) and following (POST) a three-week static hip flexor stretching program. RESULTS: Following the stretching program, peak PHE increased significantly (P < 0.001), while no significant improvements were reported in AHE, APT, or LSE. In addition, no relationship was found between the change in PHE with either the change in AHE, APT, or LSE. Finally, a high relationship was observed between AHE and APT during running (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), and low relationships were observed between APT and LSE (r = -0.41, p = 0.08) and AHE and LSE (r = -0.34, p = 0.15). CONCLUSION: A three-week static stretching program of the hip flexor musculature resulted in an increase in PHE, but the sagittal plane kinematics of the LPH complex during running remained unchanged. The correlations observed between AHE, APT, and LSE suggest there is a kinematic relationship between the hip, pelvis, and spine.
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Ditto, Richard Charles. "Influence of Externally Applied Moments and Loads on Knee Kinematics: A Cadaveric Study of Single- and Multi-Axis Loading of the Knee." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364298743.
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Holmes, Victoria C. "The Relationship Between Hip Strength and Multiplanar Running Kinematics at the Hip and Knee." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1524605495791431.
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Talbot, Chris. "Physiological and biomechanical responses during high intensity upper body exercise." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2013. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8886/.
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Johnson, Alexa. "CONNECTING THE PIECES: HOW LOW BACK PAIN ALTERS LOWER EXTREMITY BIOMECHANICS AND SHOCK ATTENUATION IN ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/rehabsci_etds/58.
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Low back pain in collegiate athletes has been reported at a rate of 37% from a wide array of sports including soccer, volleyball, football, swimming, and baseball. Whereas, in a military population the prevalence of low back pain is 70% higher than the general population. Compensatory movement strategies are often used as an attempt to reduce pain. Though compensatory movement strategies may effectively reduce pain, they are often associated with altered lower extremity loading patterns. Those who suffer from chronic low back pain tend to walk and run slower and with less trunk and pelvis coordination and variability. Individuals with low back pain also tend to run with more stiffness in their knees. Moving with less joint coordination and more stiffness are potential compensatory movement patterns acting as a guarding mechanism for pain.
Overall the purpose of this project was to determine how chronic low back pain influences lower extremity biomechanics and shock attenuation in active individuals compared to healthy individuals and examine how the altered lower extremity biomechanics are related to clinical outcome measures. We hypothesized that individuals who present with chronic low back pain are more likely to exhibit higher vertical ground reaction forces and less knee flexion excursion during landing, compared to healthy individuals. We also hypothesized that individuals with chronic low back pain will have a reduced ability to attenuate shock during landing compared to the healthy individuals.
This study was a case control design in which physically active individuals suffering from chronic low back pain were matched to healthy controls. All participants reported for one testing session to assess self-perceived knee function in the form of the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS), lower extremity strength and mechanics during three landing tasks. Isometric strength was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer during hip abduction, hip extension, and knee extension. The landing tasks included a drop vertical jump, a single leg hop, and a crossover hop. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with two in-ground force plates and four inertial measurement units were used to assess lower extremity mechanics during the landing tasks.
Individuals with low back pain presented with reduced KOOS scores compared to healthy individuals in four of the five subscales, including Symptoms (p=0.007), Pain (p=0.002), Activities of Daily Living (p=0.021), and Quality of Life (p=0.003). Alternatively, while there were some strength, kinematic, and kinetic between limb asymmetries noted in the low back pain group, there were not between group differences with the healthy individuals. In the low back pain group, individuals presented with greater dominant limb knee extension strength (p=0.039) and greater dominant limb ankle plantarflexion at initial contact during the drop vertical jump, compared to the non-dominant limb (p=0.022). Individuals with low back pain also presented with greater non-dominant limb tibia impact during the single limb hop (p=0.008).
While we did not identify any mechanical differences between individuals suffering from chronic low back pain and those who do not, we did identify that an active population suffering from low back pain does present with decreased self-perceived knee function compared to active individuals without low back pain. As these groups biomechanically perform similarly, they do not clinically perform the same, specifically, in terms of the KOOS. Such differences should not be overlooked when treating active populations with low back pain. If this population is presenting with altered self-perceived knee function at a young age, it is likely that it will continue to decline and negatively affect their function.
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Swarén, Mikael. "Objective Analysis Methods in the Mechanics of Sports." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-193044.
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Sports engineering can be considered as the bridge between the knowledge of sports science and the principles of engineering and has an important role not only in improving the athletic performance, but also in increasing the safety of the athletes. Testing and optimization of sports equipment and athletic performance are essential for supporting athletes in their quest to reach the podium. However, most of the equipment used by world-class athletes is chosen based only on subjective tests and the athletes’ feelings. Consequently, one of the aims of this thesis was to combine mechanics and mathematics to develop new objective test methods for sports equipment. Another objective was to investigate the possibility to accurately track and analyse cross-country skiing performance by using a real-time locating system. A long term aim is the contribution to increased knowledge about objective test and analysis methods in sports. The main methodological advancements are the modification of established test methods for sports equipment and the implementation of spline-interpolated measured positioning data to evaluate cross-country skiing performance. The first two papers show that it is possible to design objective yet sport specific test methods for different sports equipment. New test devices and methodologies are proposed for alpine ski helmets and cross-country ski poles. The third paper gives suggestions for improved test setups and theoretical simulations are introduced for glide tests of skis. It is shown, it the fourth paper, that data from a real-time locating system in combination with a spline model offers considerable potential for performance analysis in cross-country sprint skiing. In the last paper, for the first time, propulsive power during a cross-country sprint skiing race is estimated by applying a power balance model to spline-interpolated measured positioning data, enabling in-depth analyses of power output and pacing strategies in cross-country skiing. Even though it has not been a first priority aim in this work, the results from the first two papers have been used by manufacturers to design new helmets with increased safety properties and cross-country ski poles with increased force transfer properties. In summary, the results of this thesis demonstrate the feasibility of using mechanics and mathematics to increase the objectiveness and relevance when analysing sports equipment and athletic performance.<br><p>QC 20160927</p>
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Nagelli, Christopher. "Sensorimotor Contribution to Joint Dysfunction following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Neuromuscular Training as a Clinical Tool to Recover Sensorimotor Control." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500287443874928.
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Hooker, Quenten L. "THE EFFECTS OF GOLF STANCE ON THE PEAK KNEE ADDUCTION MOMENT DURING THE GOLF SWING." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/41.
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INTRODUCTION: The knee joint is one of the most frequently injured structures in the game of golf. The loads experienced by the knee during the golf swing are typically greater than those experienced during walking. In particular, a heightened lead limb peak external knee adduction moment has been linked to the progression of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). Altering movement patterns is a common strategy that can be used to reduce loading on the knee joint but has received little attention during the golf swing. Also, while such manipulations may be beneficial from an injury prevention perspective, they may have implications on golf performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects altering stance has on the peak knee adduction moment and swing speed during the golf swing.
METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects were recruited for a 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis wherein participants hit three golf shots using different stance positions in which either foot angle or stance width was altered. The following stance conditions were used: self-selected, 0º foot angle (perpendicular to target line), 30º foot angle (externally rotated), wide stance width, and narrow stance width
RESULTS: Both the 30º foot angle and the wide stance width significantly decreased (p < 0.001) the lead limb peak external knee adduction moment compared to the self-selected golf stance. In contrast, the narrow stance width significantly increased (p = 0.023) the peak knee adduction moment when compared to the self-selected stance. No significant differences were found in the peak knee adduction moment between the 0º foot angle and self-selected stance. Lastly, no significant differences (p = 0.109) were found in swing speed between any of the stance conditions.
CONCLUSION: The externally rotated foot position and wider stance width decreased the lead limb peak knee adduction moment without hindering performance. Considering the prevalence of injury to the lead limb knee joint, modifying a golfer’s stance could potentially be used to increase the longevity of their playing career.
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Hierholzer, Kaela M. "The Effects of Increasing Running Speed on vGRF and Asymmetry." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3648.
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Biomechanical and physiological parameters related to running performance are usually studied separately. However, evaluating both aspects together could be beneficial in improving athletic performance. The purpose of this study was to observe the change in peak vGRF and asymmetry as speed increases, while observing physiological responses during a O2maxtest. Data from athlete monitoring of 12 cross-country and triathlon athletes were analyzed. The athlete monitoring protocol included three unweighted countermovement jumps and a O2maxtest performed by the athletes. The athletes had an average O2maxof 53.4 ± 7.7 mL/kg/min, while their average vGRF asymmetry throughout the O2maxtestwas 1.38 ± 0.68%. A strong, positive correlation was found between average vGRF and average blood lactate (r=0.93), indicating that as vGRF increased so did blood lactate. It was concluded that physiological and biomechanical parameters are related in athletic performance. Therefore, athlete monitoring should include analysis of both physiological and biomechanical parameters in order to form a more well-rounded analysis of athlete performance.
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Kiapour, Ata. "Non-Contact ACL Injuries during Landing: Risk Factors and Mechanisms." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1368186846.
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McNally, Michael P. "Energetic Contributions to Performance and Upper Extremity Joint Kinetics in Baseball Pitching." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543411893186982.
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Terada, Masafumi. "An Examination of Sensorimotor and Mechanical Factors Contributing to Posttraumatic Ankle Instability." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1396601011.
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Mosher, Marseille A. "Landing Error Scoring System Evaluation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk with Prophylactic Ankle Support." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1428365633.
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Yungtum, William. "Evaluating Risk of Injury to the Lower Extremity in Collegiate Football Athletes using Clinical Screening Tools and BMI." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430323867.
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Grooms, Dustin R. "Neuroplastic and Neuromuscular Effects of Knee Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437641044.
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Perrin, Joshua David. "The Influence of Static Stretching of Knee Flexors on Knee Biomechanics." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1535055379518429.
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Mason, Barry S. "The ergonomics of wheelchair configuration for optimal sport performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8486.
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Ewen, Alistair. "The influence of femoral head size following total hip replacement and hip resurfacing on hip biomechanics during walking, stair use and sit-to-stand." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2013. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/14024/.
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Due to geometrical features, it is claimed that larger femoral heads in total hip replacement (THR) are superior in achieving normal biomechanics than smaller ones; and that hip resurfacing (RSF) is superior to THR. This has not been conclusively proven. Most studies have investigated level walking, which may not be demanding enough to highlight what could be small biomechanical differences between implants. Few biomechanical studies have compared more demanding tasks and not with patients with different femoral head sizes or RSF. This thesis aimed to address these omissions by investigating level walking, stair descent and sit-to-stand (STS) biomechanics between three groups (32mm THR, 36mm THR and RSF). Twenty-six osteoarthritis patients were recruited and tested pre-operatively, then three and twelve months post-operatively. Demographic differences between groups were expected due to patient considerations for different implants, so a study was performed to determine whether level walking biomechanics alter progressively during the aging process with a group of 63 healthy participants. Three matched sub-groups were extracted from this group as controls. There was no suggestion that gait deteriorates progressively with age. Hip reconstruction, irrespective of head size, can allow patients to return to the biomechanical levels of controls during level walking. Stair descent differences remained 12 months post-operatively in cadence (p=0.042) and peak hip power generated (p<0.001) compared to controls. The 32mm group exhibited vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) asymmetry pre-operatively (p<0.001) and 3 months post-operatively (p=0.013); and impulse asymmetry (p<0.001) pre-operatively during STS. The 36mm group exhibited impulse asymmetry (p=0.05)three months post-operatively. This thesis is the first biomechanical analysis of stair descent and STS of two THR groups and a RSF group. It has demonstrated stair descent differences at 12 months post-operatively and overloading of the healthy limb in some THR patients. The latter could be problematic for the healthy limb.
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Field, Stephanie Eileen. "The influence of age at menarche and hamstrings fatigue on knee biomechanics." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1479732062258916.
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Vieira, Cláudio Luís Roveri 1985. "Proposição de um método de análise de movimentos de jogadores de tênis de campo a partir de vídeos televisivos = Proposition of a method for tennis players motion analysis on broadcast videos." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275113.
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Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo é propor um conjunto de métodos para análise de movimentação de jogadores de tênis de campo a partir de vídeos pré calibrados com uso de câmeras fixas, bem como em vídeos televisivos. Primeiramente, foi proposto e validado um método para rastrear automaticamente jogadores de tênis de campo a partir de vídeos coletado in loco e de câmeras fixas e previamente calibradas. O percentual de rastreamento automático foi de 99,98%. As distâncias percorridas pelos dois jogadores durante um set de uma partida de tênis também puderam ser calculadas. A reconstrução das coordenadas bidimensionais da quadra foi validada calculando a repetibilidade intra-operador (0,009 m), a repetibilidade inter-operador (0,007 m), o erro relativo (comprimento e largura 0,03% 0,06%). O erro de medição alcançada para a posição do jogador foi de 0,36 m. Para ambas as coordenadas houve uma regressão linear significativa (R2 > 0,99, p <0,05) das posições obtidas pelos métodos de rastreamento automático e manual. Além disso, as distâncias percorridas por ambos os jogadores puderam ser extraídas como exemplo de aplicação do método. O segundo método proposto foi o de detecção automática de rallies em vídeos televisivos de tênis. O método desenvolvido foi baseado na extração de histograma, filtragem de percentuais estatísticos e semelhança com um quadro de referência. Três vídeos de partidas de tênis representando três diferentes pisos foram utilizados para avaliar o método proposto. O percentual médio de acerto dos cortes foi de 81%. A duração dos rallies obtidos com o método proposto são comparáveis ao método manual e adequado para determinar a duração dos mesmos para todos os vídeos de amostra. O terceiro método proposto foi o de calibração dinâmica em vídeos televisivos de tênis de campo. O percentual de automatização na identificação das linhas e geração das matrizes homográficas foi de 99,98%. Os testes estáticos, variando ±2 pixels por pontos de calibração, mostraram erros de medição satisfatórios (2,26 cm). Os testes dinâmicos, no qual foram reprocessados 522 quadros usando de 4 a 8 pontos de calibração, também revelaram um erro de medição satisfatório (23 cm). O quarto método proposto foi o de rastreamento automático de jogadores de tênis em vídeos televisivos. A determinação da posição do jogador foi baseada na identificação da sub-região de maior correlação com o modelo do uniforme do jogador dada uma região de interesse (ROI) através do uso da matriz homográfica. O percentual de automatização foi de 99,62% e o tempo de processamento foi de 0,86 segundos por quadro processado. As incertezas (RMS) envolvidas na determinação da posição dos jogadores foram de aproximadamente 45 cm para o lado da quadra mais próxima à câmera e 64 cm para o lado da quadra mais afastada da câmera. As distâncias percorridas, velocidades e áreas de ocupação de ambos os jogadores foram calculadas como exemplo de aplicação do método. Em conclusão, a metodologia desenvolvida e aplicada ao tênis de campo em vídeos televisivos mostrou ser viável, com alto nível de automatização e erro de medição similar aos métodos baseados em câmera fixa<br>Abstract: The aim of this study is to propose a set of methods for tennis players motion analysis from pre calibrated video using fixed cameras as well as on broadcast tennis videos. First, it was proposed and validated a novel automatic method for tracking tennis players from precalibrated videos using two fixed cameras. The percentage of automatic tracking was 99.98%. The two-dimensional coordinates reconstruction of the tennis court was validated by calculating the intra-operator repeatability (0.009 m), inter-operator repeatability (0.007 m), relative error (0.03% length and 0.06% width). The accuracy reached for the player's position was 0.36 m. For both coordinates, the linear regression was significant (R2 > 0.99, p <0.05) from the positions obtained by automatic and manual tracking methods. The covered distance performed by the players during a set of a tennis match was calculated. The second proposed method was the automatic detection of rallies in broadcast tennis videos. The method developed was based on the histogram extraction, statistical filtering and key frame similarity comparison. Three videos of tennis matches representing three different court surfaces were used to evaluate the proposed method. The average hit rate of the scene cuts was 81%. The rallies duration obtained by the proposed method was valid whether compared with the manual annotation and suitable to determine the rally duration for all sample videos. The third proposed method was proposed a dynamic calibration (frame by frame) in broadcast tennis video based on the automatic tennis court lines intersections detection. The percentage of automation of lines intersections identification and homographic matrix generation was 99.98%. The static test, based on varying by ± 2 pixels the calibration points, revealed a satisfactory accuracy (2.26 cm). The dynamic test, which have been reprocessed 522 frames using 4-8 calibration points, also showed satisfactory accuracy (23 cm). The fourth method presented was the automatic tracking of tennis players on broadcast tennis videos. The identification of the players' position was based on the sub-region of higher correlation with the players' clothes model in a region of interest (ROI) constructed by using the homographic matrix. The percentage of automation was 99.62% and the processing time was 0.86 seconds per frame processed. The errors (RMS) involved in determining the position of the tennis players were about 45 cm to the side of the court closest from the camera and 64 cm to the side of the court farthest from the camera. The covered distances, velocities and occupancy areas for both players were automatically extracted. In conclusion, the proposed methods developed and applied on broadcast tennis videos revealed to be feasible, with a high level of automation and accuracy similar to methods based on fixed cameras<br>Mestrado<br>Biodinamica do Movimento e Esporte<br>Mestre em Educação Física
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Rowson, Steven. "Head Acceleration Experienced by Man: Exposure, Tolerance, and Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37605.
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Between 1.6 and 3.8 million sports-related concussions are sustained by persons living in the United States annually. While sports-related concussion was once considered to only result in immediate neurocognitive impairment and symptoms that are transient in nature, recent research has correlated long-term neurodegenerative effects with a history of sports-related concussion. Increased awareness and current media attention have contributed to concussions becoming a primary health concern. Although much research has been performed investigating the biomechanics of concussion, little is understood about the biomechanics that cause concussion in humans. The research presented in this dissertation investigates human tolerance to head acceleration using methods that pair biomechanical data collected from human volunteers with clinical data. Head impact exposure and injury risk are quantified and presented.
In contrast to the publicly available data on the safety of automobiles, consumers have no analytical mechanism to evaluate the protective performance of football helmets. With this in mind, the Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) evaluation system was developed to evaluate the impact performance of footballs helmets and provide consumers with information about helmet safety. The STAR evaluation system was designed using real world data that relate impact exposure to injury risk.<br>Ph. D.
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McConnell, Evan Paul. "Assessing Symmetry in Landing Mechanics During Single-Leg and Bilateral Tasks in Healthy Recreational Athletes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78348.
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INTRODUCTION: ACL-reconstructed (ACL-R) patients exhibit side-to-side asymmetries in movement and loading patterns after surgery, some of which are predictive of a secondary ACL injury. These asymmetries have not been fully assessed in healthy athletes. PURPOSE: To quantify side-to-side symmetry in secondary injury predictors in healthy athletes and compare these metrics to those measured in previous cohorts of ACL-R patients, as well as to assess differences in these metrics between two landing tasks and between sexes. METHODS: 60 healthy recreational athletes performed seven trials of a stop-jump task and seven trials of a single-leg hop for distance on each limb. The kinematics and kinetics of the first landing of the stop-jump and the landing of the single-leg hop were analyzed with a 10-camera motion analysis system (240Hz) and 2 embedded force plates (1920Hz). Limb symmetry indices (LSIs) were calculated for each variable and compared between subject groups, tasks, and sexes with Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: Control subjects exhibited asymmetry in hop distance (p=0.006). ACL-R subjects displayed greater asymmetry in knee flexion variables, peak forces, and peak knee extension moments during the bilateral landing (p<0.001) and in hop distance (p<0.001). Control subjects showed greater asymmetry in knee flexion variables during the single-leg hop (p<0.001). Males and females showed similar symmetry in both tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Symmetry cannot be assumed in control subjects in all metrics. Asymmetries are more prevalent in ACL-R athletes than in healthy controls. Future work will continue to examine the usefulness of each metric in assessing ACL-R rehabilitation.<br>Master of Science
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Griswold, Emily K. "Comparison of Jump Landings in Figure Skaters While Barefoot and Wearing Skates." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1490346788544816.
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Tatarski, Rachel Leigh. "A Novel Approach to the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Syndesmotic Ankle Sprain Syndrome." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu159525742962944.
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Girodet, Pascal. "Conception et modélisation d'un système de mesure de la force d'impact dans les Sports de Combat et les Arts Martiaux." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22231.
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L’objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer la force d’impact dans des conditions proches de la pratique des Sports de Combat et des Arts Martiaux (SCAM) à l'aide d'un ergomètre composé d’un bloc-cible instrumenté avec un accéléromètre et un dynamomètre, et monté sur une lame flexible fixée verticalement sur le sol. La force d'impact a été calculée à partir des trois composantes mesurées par le dynamomètre, d'une part, et à partir de l'accélération du bloc-cible, grâce à un modèle mécanique original, d'autre part. Les mesures dynamiques ont été associées à des mesures cinématiques 3D à haute vitesse afin de caractériser les gestes de frappe de quatre boxeurs en situation d'entraînement, et d'en identifier les paramètres d'optimisation : gamme des énergies cinétiques pic et incidente du membre supérieur, gamme des pics de force d’impact, et forces intra articulaires au poignet, au coude et à l'épaule, calculées par dynamique inverse. Parallèlement, l’évaluation mécanique de quelques protections de boxe française (gants et bandages) et de karaté (gants, protège-pieds et protège-tibias) a montré que le test défini par la norme NF EN 13277-2 était insuffisant pour caractériser leurs propriétés amortissantes. Les résultats des mesures en situation et en laboratoire ont mis en évidence la qualité discutable de certains gants de boxe française et l'absence d’effet protecteur des bandages. La Fédération Française de Boxe Française (FFSBFDA) doit encore tirer toutes les conclusions de ces résultats. Les résultats des protections de karaté ont permis à la Fédération Française de Karaté (FFKDA) d'en définir les caractéristiques souhaitables, qui ont été approuvées par la Fédération Mondiale de Karaté (WKF). Au-delà de ces conséquences pratiques, la cible-ergomètre conçue, fabriquée et mise en oeuvre dans cette thèse, et le modèle mécanique associé présentent des avantages expérimentaux et ergonomiques qui ouvrent des perspectives d’évaluation de la force d'impact de nombreuses techniques de frappe utilisées dans les Sports de Combat et les Arts Martiaux<br>The purpose of this thesis was to assess the impact force in conditions close to the practice of Fighting Sports and Martial Arts using an ergometer composed of a target-block instrumented with an accelerometer and a dynamometer, and mounted on a flexible lath vertically fixed on the floor. The impact force was computed from the three components measured by the dynamometer, and also from the acceleration of the target-block, using an original mechanical model. The dynamic measurements have been combined with those of a 3-D high speed kinematic analysis in order to characterize the striking movements of four French Boxers in training conditions, and to identify their optimization parameters : range of maximal and incident linear kinetic energies, range of impact force peaks, and joint forces at the wrist, the elbow and the shoulder, computed by inverse dynamics. Concurrently, the mechanical evaluation of some protective gears for French Boxing (gloves and handwraps) and Karate (gloves, leg-protections and shin protections) has shown that the test defined by the NF EN 13277-2 norm was not sufficient for assessing their damping properties. The results of practice and laboratory measurements exhibited the doubtful quality of some French Boxing gloves and the lack of damping effect of handwraps. The French Federation of French Boxing (FFSBFDA) should still draw all the conclusions of these results. The results of the Karate protective gears have allowed the French Karate Federation (FFKDA) to define their desirable characteristics, which have been approved by the World Karate Federation (WKF). Beyond these practical outcomes, the striking ergometer, designed, built and used in this thesis, and the associated mechanical model have / possess experimental and ergonomic advantages, which open wide perspectives for assessing the impact force of many striking techniques used in Fighting Sports and Martial Arts
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Zarei, Milad Zarei. "Predictive Simulation of Rowing Exercise." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1472557492.
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Brancaleone, Matthew P. "Assessing Concussion Rates and Vestibular Function in Athletes who are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586779196816368.
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Norberg, Jaclyn D. "Biomechanical Analysis of Race Walking Compared to Normal Walking and Running Gait." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/20.
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Human locomotion is phenomenon that is extraordinarily complex. It is evident that a complete description of locomotion involves consideration of kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity of the extremities in all of their various movements. Race walking (RW) is a form of upright locomotion that differs from normal walking and running by its form dictated by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). Despite the similarities to both normal walking (NW) and running (RU), RW has not been the subject of equally intensive investigations.
This study explores the comprehensive biomechanics of race walking and how it compares to NW and RU. A quantitative approach was used to evaluate kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity variables between race walking and both normal walking and running. A cross-sectional, laboratory design was used on 15 recreationally competitive race walkers to evaluate these variables.
Based on the results of this study, RW is an intermediate gait between NW and RU that has characteristics of both gaits, but is still a unique gait in itself. While there are differences between RW and both RU and NW, some of the expected differences between RW and the two gaits did not occur. Significantly greater frontal plane pelvis-trunk joint range of motion and sagittal plane peak hip flexor and extensor moments, hip joint range of motion and rectus femoris muscle activity contribute to the significant differences in both RW and NW, and RW and RU.
Significant differences between RW and RU showed that RU requires more contribution from the trunk, pelvis and lower extremities kinematically and kinetically, as well as increased muscle activation, to execute the motion than RW. Conversely, RW requires more contribution from these variables than NW does, but in not as great a capacity as RU compared to RW. In spite of these findings, there were some variables that had no significant differences between RW and RU. This suggests that injuries during RW are similar to those during RU, but may not occur as frequently.
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Perry, Lena Kate. "The Influence of Fatiguing Exercise on Power Output." Scholarly Commons, 2019. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3609.
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Physical fatigue impairs performance during high power, short duration activities. As technological developments permit new methods of measuring this effect, it is important to validate existing paradigms. The purpose was to determine if kinetic measurements from vertical jump (VJ) tests are influenced by fatigue based on explosive power outputs. A sample of athletes (9 men, 26 women) from a Division I NCAA sports program completed testing. To establish baseline VJ kinetics, athletes performed a controlled warm-up and then completed six jumps using Sparta Science technology, each separated by 15s rest. Sparta software computed three force outputs: Load, Explode and Drive. After baseline VJ calculation, performed an anaerobic fatigue protocol on a cycle ergometer: three 15s sprints separated by 10s rest. Max and average power were recorded from the cycle trials. Subjects then repeated the VJ protocol. This pattern was repeated until six sets of VJ were recorded. Repeated measures ANOVA tested differences between successive VJ performances. Male athletes were 20.8 ± 1.5years old, weighed 175.8 ± 14.0lbs, had a baseline VJ of 46.9 ± 3.6cm, Load of 53.6 ± 13.3, Explode of 49.4 ± 6.6, and Drive of 49.4 ± 11.9. Female athletes were 20.2 ± 1.2years old, weighed 142.3 ± 13.2lbs, had a baseline VJ of 32.7 ± 4.3cm, Load of 49.8 ± 46.1, Explode of 40.7 ± 8.0, and Drive of 63.1 ± 49.7. Differences between sex were weight (p <0.001), VJ (p <0.001), and Explode (p=0.006). ANOVA found VJ height to decrease between baseline and trial 2 (p <0.001), no difference between sex (p=0.210); and between trials 2 and 6 VJ height was consistent (p>0.400). Load was not affected by the fatigue protocol across the total sample (p=0.418) or by sex (p=0.239). Explode was not affected by fatigue across the sample (p=0.233) or by sex (p=0.406). Drive was affected by fatigue (p=0.040), decreasing in successive trials; no interaction with sex (p=0.742). VJ is more sensitive to fatigue than Sparta’s force plate calculations. An initial fatiguing insult was sufficient to compromise performance, whereas accumulated fatigue didn’t have an additive effect. Drive was the only force variable that was affected by fatigue.
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Bailly, Nicolas. "Traumatologie et systèmes de protection de la tête dans la pratique des sports de glisse alpins." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4102.
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Ce travail de recherche porte sur la compréhension du traumatisme crânien (TC) dans les sports de glisse alpins dans l’objectif d’améliorer et d’encadrer la conception et l’évaluation des casques de ski. Il s’est décomposé en quatre étapes :Etudier les accidents de ski conduisant au TC en identifiant des typologies d’accidents de ski et de snowboard conduisant fréquemment à l’apparition de TC. A partir d’un questionnaire rempli dans 10 cabinets médicaux et 3 hôpitaux, dix scénarios d’accident ont été identifiés ainsi que les zones de la tête les plus impactées. Cette analyse est complétée par des mesures de vitesse des skieurs.Identifier les conditions d’impact de la tête en reproduisant numériquement la cinématique de ces accidents avec un modèle multicorps de skieur. Deux types d’impact ressortent de cette analyse: les impacts sur neige, majoritaires (70%) et plutôt de faibles gravités et les impacts lors de collisions, plus rares, mais souvent plus graves.Évaluer la capacité des casques à réduire le TC en combinant approches expérimentales (impact de tête instrumentée sur neige) et simulations par éléments finis (reproduction d’impacts réalistes avec un modèle d’humain virtuel). Le casque réduit efficacement le risque de TC grave lors d’impact contre un obstacle rigide, mais son efficacité reste limitée lors d’impacts contre de la neige.Explorer des pistes d’amélioration du casque. Trois solutions ont été proposées, évaluées expérimentalement et numériquement et optimisées au regard des deux impacts cibles « neige » et « obstacle ». Le prototype proposé réduit de 30% les niveaux d’accélération de la tête lors de ces impacts par rapport aux casques traditionnels<br>The aim of the project was to better understand traumatic brain injury (TBI) in alpine sports in order to improve the design and the evaluation of helmets. The work was divided in four main steps: Study skiing and snowboarding accidents leading to TBI: Ten scenarios were identified with a survey available in 10 medical centers and in 3 hospitals. The frontal and occipital zones were the most impacted parts of the head. Speed measurements were performed on ski slopes to complete the accident conditions analysis.Identify head impact conditions during these accidents: We reproduced the kinematics of these accidents using a numerical model of skier and snowboarder (multibody model). We identified two types of impact: impacts against the snow are the most frequent (70%) and are associated with mild TBI whereas impacts during collision are less frequent but are more likely to induce severe TBI. Evaluate helmet effectiveness in reducing the TBI combining experimental approach (Impacts of an instrumented head against the snow) and finite element simulations (Realistic head impacts reproduced numerically using a human model). Helmets were good at reducing the risk of severe TBI during an impact against a rigid obstacle. However the effectiveness of the helmets at reducing injury risk during an impact against the snow was limited. Improve helmet design: Three solutions were studied. These solutions were proposed, evaluated experimentally and numerically and optimized regarding the two targeted impacts “snow” and “obstacle”. The prototype of the optimized helmet reduces by 30% the acceleration of the head during these impacts compared to traditional helmets
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Schwanitz, Stefan. "Mechanische Simulation der Interaktion Sportler-Sportgerät-Umwelt." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-166825.
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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methodik zur Entwicklung mechanischer Simulationen der Interaktion Sportler-Sportgerät-Umwelt zur Untersuchung der Funktionalität von Sportgeräten konzipiert und vorgestellt. Die mechanische Simulation ist die gegenständliche Nachbildung spezieller Teilaspekte des Sportlers, z.B. der Körperform, der Trägheitseigenschaften, der Masse, der Interaktionskräfte zur Umwelt oder charakteristischer Bewegungsabläufe zum Zweck der Durchführung gezielter Experimente zur Untersuchung des dynamischen Systemverhaltens Sportler-Sportgerät-Umwelt. Dazu werden drei Fallbeispiele aus der Forschungstätigkeit der Arbeitsgruppe HLST an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz mit Methoden zur Verifikation von Simulationsmodellen – dem strukturierten Durchgehen, der Validierung im Dialog und dem Schreibtischtest – analysiert. Die Analyseergebnisse werden in eine Grobstruktur eingebettet, die aus relevanten Vorarbeiten zur Anwendung der Allgemeinen Modelltheorie abgeleitet ist. Die in den jeweiligen Fallbeispielen verwendeten Prozessschritte, Methoden und Werkzeuge werden dargestellt und die Entwicklungsergebnisse erörtert. Im Abschluss jedes Fallbeispiels wird der Entwicklungsprozess anhand von einheitlichen Kriterien bewertet. In einem abschließenden Schritt erfolgt die Zusammenführung der im Stand der Technik dargelegten Grundlagen und der in den drei Fallbeispielen gewonnenen Informationen zu einer strukturieren und kommentierten Methodik<br>In this dissertation a methodology is conceived that aims to structure the development process of test arrangements that mechanically simulate the interaction of athlete, sports equipment and environment. Mechanical simulation in this context is defined as the physical replication of specific properties of the athlete (e.g. the shape of the human body, body weight, joint kinematics, inertia, external forces in specific movements) in order to conduct experiments to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system athlete-equipment-environment. Therefore, three case studies of mechanical simulation models that have been developed at Technische Universität Chemnitz are analyzed by applying the validation and verification methods “structured walkthrough”, “face validity” and “desk checking”. The results of that analysis are embedded into a framework that is derived by literature review on applied model theory. For each of the three development processes the procedure model is identified and main tools and methods are discussed. Every case study is finally assessed by using standardized evaluation criterions. Finally, the main findings of the analysis of the case studies as well as knowledge obtained by reviewing the state of the art in model theory and simulation methods are used to build up a structured and commentated guideline
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Schildmeyer, Cara. "The Association of Postural Stability, Running Biomechanics, and Running Related Injuries (RRIs) in a Population of Collegiate Cross Country Athletes." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1587650036313452.
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Faraci, Vincent J. "Ground reaction force analyis [sic] of athletes with and without patellar tendinitis." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048384.
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The purpose of this study was to examine differences in drop landing ground reaction forces between athletes with and without patellar tendinitis. Subjects included 30 recreational athletes, 15 with patellar tendinitis and 15 without. Subjects with patellar tendinitis were tested twice, before (PTI) and after (PTF) rehabilitation. The non-patellar tendinitis (NPT) group was tested once. Subjects performed three trials of a drop landing from a height of 40 cm onto the force plate. Video data was collected to determine the deepest angle of knee flexion during landing. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed significant differences in maximum vertical force for the initial peak, post hoc analysis revealed differences between PTI and NPT groups aswell as between PTF and NPT groups. Results indicate athletes with patellar tendinitis exhibit higher initial peak 1 VGRF than athletes without patellar tendinitis. Results indicate that athletes who consistently land with elevated peak 1 ground reaction force are more likely to develop patellar tendinitis.<br>School of Physical Education