Dissertations / Theses: 'Sports for women'

1

West, Amanda. "Women as sports coaches." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1996. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20516/.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the reasons why women are under-represented in sports coaching roles in Britain, particularly the most prestigious coaching positions. In depth, semi-structured interview schedules were carried out with twenty women coaches from five sports. The backgrounds of the twenty coaches ranged from those working with essentially recreational performers to those coaching international standard performers. Literature on women and the labour market, women and leisure and women and coaching was employed to contextualise the analysis of the coaches' responses, and a socialist feminist perspective adopted. The interviews with the coaches revealed that, on a macro-level, the unequal division of labour in the home, together with women's unequal position in the labour market contributed to the lack of women coaches in Britain. On a micro-level, women coaches experienced difficulty in gaining access to coaching qualifications, coach development programmes, coaching appointments and difficulty in obtaining opportunities to work with higher status teams. Access to higher status coaching roles was further constrained by coaching networks and the assumption that men were better coaches than women for such work.

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2

McLellan, Evelyn Louise. "Women, men and sports : planning for change." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0005/MQ39909.pdf.

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3

Farrell, Annemarie O. "Why women don't watch women's sport a qualitative analysis /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1147982213.

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4

Cordell, Tami. "Wilderness Women: Embodiment in Nature." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2649/.

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Virginia Woolf makes clear in her book A Room of One's Own that "[A] woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write…." This statement extends to all endeavors by women, including sport. The gap between men and women's sports is not bridged by monetary compensation. The domination of women exists in conceptual ideals and how those are expressed through our roles in this world. I use Val Plumwood's ecological feminist theory to expose the blatant masculinity imposed upon sport. I shall argue that sport is an arena of constant struggle over basic social conceptions of men and women. My endeavor is to implore traditionally masculine territory, and show sport as the domain of no single gender, but a field of simplicity and cooperation.

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Skillen, Fiona I. "'When women look their worst' : women and sports participation in interwar Scotland." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/515/.

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The works of historians such as Hargreaves, Tranter, Walvin, McCrone and Bailey suggest that women were, for a variety of reasons, gradually entering into the ‘world of sport’ from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards. Despite a lack of research it has been argued that this trend, of increased participation amongst women, continued into the twentieth century. Recent studies have tended to converged on the broad leisure choices of women, ignoring the place of sport within these experiences. This study therefore addresses an under researched topic: the development of women’s participation in sport in Scotland between 1920 and 1937. Many argue that during the interwar years there was a general distortion of the traditional boundaries between ‘public’ and ‘private’ areas of life for women. However, it has also been acknowledged that notions of gender differences persisted in this period. This study contributes to a wider understanding of gender relations during the period. It probes how women’s involvement in physically demanding sports were influenced by existing discourses and enabled the emergence of new ones. This thesis does not aim to chart the chronological growth and development of specific sports but rather seeks to understand the ways in which sport was incorporated into women’s lives and the meanings which they attached to their experiences. Each section of the thesis deals with a different area of participation. It examines the development of physical education in schools, the establishment and growth of a selection of sports organizations, the growth and use of local council run sports facilities and the development of work-based sport for women. This research focuses on contemporary depictions and discussions of sportswomen during these years as well as drawing on the views of sportswomen themselves. It employs both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in order to achieve a holistic and balanced interpretation of interwar sports participation and the attitudes that influenced it.

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6

Wang, Wenting. "Predicting the Outcomes of NCAA Women?s Sports." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27483.

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Sports competitions provide excellent opportunities for model building and using basic statistical methodology in an interesting way. More attention has been paid to and more research has been conducted pertaining to men?s sports as opposed to women?s sports. This paper will focus on three kinds of women?s sports, i.e. NCAA women?s basketball, volleyball and soccer. Several ordinary least squares models were developed that help explain the variation in point spread of a women?s basketball game, volleyball game and soccer game based on in-game statistics. Several logistic models were also developed that help estimate the probability that a particular team will win the game for women?s basketball, volleyball and soccer tournaments. Ordinary least squares models for Round 1, Round 2 and Rounds 3-6 with point spread being the dependent variable by using differences in ranks of seasonal averages and differences of seasonal averages were developed to predict winners of games in each of those rounds for the women?s basketball, volleyball and soccer tournament. Logistic models for Round 1, Round 2 and Rounds 3-6 that estimate the probability of a team winning the game by using differences in ranks of seasonal averages and differences of seasonal averages were developed to predict winners of games in each of those rounds for the basketball, volleyball and soccer tournaments. The prediction models were validated before doing the prediction. For basketball, the least squares model developed by using differences in ranks of seasonal averages with a double scoring system variable predicted the results of a 76.2% of the games for the entire tournament with all the predictions made before the start of the tournament. For volleyball, the logistic model developed by using differences of seasonal averages predicted 65.1% of the games for the entire tournament. For soccer, the logistic regression model developed by using differences of seasonal averages predicted 45% of all games in the tournament. Correctly when all 6 rounds were predicted before the tournament began. In this case, team predicted to win in the second round or higher might not have even made it to this round since prediction was done ahead of time.

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7

Boyle, Joseph E. Jr. "Organized Sports Participation, Masculinity, and Attitudes toward Women." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36787.

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Sport is one institution in U.S. society that, through embedded patterns of behavior, may contribute to an ideology of acceptance concerning gender inequality. Organized sport participation, which has been historically reserved for men, incorporates young men and boys into an institution that has its own norms and socialization processes.

Research was conducted on college students currently enrolled at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. A survey was administered to these college students during regularly scheduled class time. The survey was in part adapted from The Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) as well as the Brannon Masculinity Scale (BMS).

Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and multiple regression to see if there was a relationship between the control variables, the sports participation variables, the scores on the BMS which measures the acceptance of traditional masculinity, and attitudes toward women.

The results showed that gender and academic class are significantly related to the scores on the AWS. The results also showed that there were not any statistically significant relationships between the sports participation variables and the scores on the AWS. The regression analyses were consistent with these findings.

Master of Science

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8

Andersson, Sara. "Women’s sports : A discourse analytic investigation into the representation of women in sports media." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-47891.

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Language is affected by the society in which it is used. Men and women have not had the same status in society, which means that the language used about them may potentially be different. A domain in society that was created for men is sports, yet, nowadays women also feature in sports. The aim of this study is to explore how women and their performances in sports are represented in newspapers. Previous research in the field of language, gender and sports has found that women are not depicted in the same way as men (Lundquist Wanneberg, 2011; Bissel, 2006; Segrave, McDowell and King III, 2006). To study how women are represented in sports articles, six articles about female athletes were analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis. The analysis was based on Fairclough and Wodak’s (2010) framework that focuses on the domains of representation, relations and identities. These domains were divided into five categories: terms used to refer to the athletes, attributes, performance, sport descriptions and emotions. This allowed an analysis which showed how the world of sports views women, how women are represented as athletes, and the relation between the athletes and their sports. The analysis showed that women are depicted as ‘female’ athletes, not just athletes. This could be found through the usage of, for example, the noun and possessive marker women’s, which is used as a premodifier to describe the sports throughout the texts. It was also found that the world of sports is normally one where men are active and therefore it had to be explained when women were excellent at their sport, even when compared to men. This could be found through the usage of explanatory language, which clearly stated that the female athletes in question are or can be better than men.

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9

Brown, Katrina Janel. "The demography of Nike, Helena, and Melpomene a feminist socio-legal analysis of athletic gender equity via sports law /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317327281&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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10

Wright, Sarah R. "Online fantasy sports : an opportunity for women to enter the arenas of sports and technology? /." Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/wrights/sarahwright.pdf.

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Padgett, Brandice A. "Women in sports journalism : do the barriers still exist? /." View online, 1998. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130723123.pdf.

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12

Tolbert, Tiffany Monique. "A content analysis of photographic images and gender in The source sports, Sports illustrated for women, Sports illustrated, and ESPN magazine." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217392.

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This study examined sports photographs in fifty-two issues (thirteen issues each) of The Source Sports, Sports Illustrated for Women. Sports Illustrated and ESPN Magazine for gender differences in the way athletes are visually portrayed. Duncan and Sayaovong's 1990 study was used as the foundation for this new study.The content analysis revealed quantitative differences in photographic depictions of female and male athletes. Like the previous study, gender differences were found in the overall number of photographs of female and male athletes. These photographs were then broken down into one-half page, full-page and pull-out photographs. Gender differences were also found in the number of male and female athletes on the cover of the magazines, and the level of activity or inactivity associated with athletes. Unlike the previous study, the researcher found no gender differences in prominent and supporting positions when both men and women were featured in a photograph and no difference in camera angles.
Department of Journalism

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13

Snyder, Leanne. "Anterior cruciate ligament injury in women’s team invasion sports: Learning from established sports to understand emerging sports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2383.

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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury continues to present with varying gender disparity by sport as more recently evidenced by high injury rates in the Australian Football League – Women’s (AFLW). Prevalent in many sports is the performance of sidestepping tasks in situations of high spatial and temporal constraints that could be termed a ‘worst-case scenario’ regarding the ACL injury. However, there has been inconclusive evidence if fatigue is an additional contributor to risk of ACL injury. The purpose of this thesis was three fold: (1) to examine if a team sport conditioning circuit changed the movement strategy, defined as a shift in peak joint power absorption, in elite women’s hockey players, (2) describe the current mechanisms by which ACL injuries occur in an emerging women’s sport, Australian Football (AF) and (3) consider through comparison of available information the applicability of knowledge gained from an established women’s sport (hockey) to inform recommendations for an emerging women’s sport (AFLW). Study one identified a shift of peak joint power absorption away from the hip and toward the knee during the unplanned condition and further during the unplanned condition after a sport conditioning circuit. Study two identified that a majority of in-game ACL ruptures in AFLW occurred during the first half of the season and predominantly occurred during the second quarter. Finally, the comparison of elite women’s hockey and AFLW revealed higher fitness levels and greater access to resources and support for women’s hockey that should be examined in future on their influence for the higher ACL injury incidence in AFLW. This information highlights evaluating individual movement strategy during sidestepping and the need for a more comprehensive approach to assess the whole of sporting system efficacy of development of AFLW athletes to determine if they have been physically prepared and provided the time and provisions for such preparation required to meet the demands of the elite level prior to conclusions on their inherent risk of injury as women.

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14

Savkovic, Sasha. "Detection Of Testosterone Microdosing In Women." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26875.

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The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T) which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. This study investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over two weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5 mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for seven days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum DHT, urine epitestosterone (E) and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes which remained elevated over the full 14 post-treatment days. The OFF and ABPS scores were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.

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15

McIlroy, Doris Emma Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "A social analysis of womens sporting practices." Ottawa, 1988.

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16

McCullough, Sarah. "Construction of the female athletic body a study of women's sport uniforms /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1404340401&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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17

James, Kevin R. "Attitudes towards female sports stars as endorsers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1519.

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Successful and popular sports people have often been utilised as celebrity endorsers to encourage consumers to purchase goods and services. While male sports stars have a well-documented history as product endorsers, their female counterparts have been infrequently used, rarely studied and occasionally mismanaged. Using the dimensions that influence the credibility of a celebrity endorser, this study specifically examines consumer attitudes towards female sports stars as endorsers. Respondents intention to purchase was measured for three different products. As well, the attitude towards perceived attractive and non-attractive female sports stars was also explored. A three stage design, comprising of focus groups, specific target group surveys and a final large sample survey of university students was employed to capture public attitudes. T -tests and analysis of variance were used in the data analysis. The differing attitudes in regards to attractiveness was the highlight of the study. While gender affected some attitudes and the perceived attractiveness of the sports star produced some significant results, the findings suggested that expertise was a much more important factor to induce consumers to purchase products.

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18

Ditscheit, Krista. "Differences in the television media's representation of men's and women's sports." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000ditscheitk.pdf.

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19

Schroeder, Monica Denney. "Women's sports coverage and female sportswriters : a content analysis of the sports sections of six Indiana newspapers." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917020.

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The impact of a female sportswriter's presence on a newspaper staff was examined by content analysis, studying photo and copy space devoted to both male and female sports coverage. Composite weeks, one each from each quarter of the year following the woman's date of hire were selected from the only four newspapers in the state of Indiana hiring female sportswriters. Compared to similar Indiana newspapers without female sportswriters, those with female staffers were found to devote more copy and photo space to women's coverage in the entire sports section, and on the sports section front page, papers with female sportswriters used more photos of women and devoted more total space (photos and copy) to women's sports coverage. The effect was consistent regardless of the newspaper's market size.
Department of Journalism

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20

Lindner, Katharina. "Spectacular physicalities female athleticism in contemporary cinema /." Thesis restricted. Connect to e-thesis to view abstract, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/611/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008.
Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

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21

Rasberry, Drucilla Ann. "A ranking model for two women's team sports." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91061.

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There are six women's team sports recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA): field hockey, basketball, soccer, volleyball, lacrosse, and softball. Associated with each of these sports are polling procedures conducted to indicate national rankings in terms of quality of performance. These polls generally are referred to as "Top Twenty Polls." Questionnaires were designed and mailed to the coaches and selection committee members associated with the two study sports: basketball and field hockey. Respondents were to rate a series of questions pertaining to either basketball or field hockey as to the relative importance in the ranking process of the content of each question. Returned questionnaires were compiled and a frequency analysis done on the questions. Analysis showed there to be no difference between sports. or among divisions within a sport as to the selection methodology used to develop a Top Twenty Poll. A model was developed to provide unbiased information to the selection committees designed to allow for comparisons which might otherwise not be available. Following analysis, the following variables were chosen for the model: win/loss record against common opponents, scoring margin, strength of schedule during the season, "credible" losses, record for the week, record for the season, record against teams 1-10 in the top twenty poll, record against teams 11-20 in the top twenty poll, and a performance quality indicator statistic.
M.S.

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22

Sait, Shaabiera. "An anthropological investigation on the marginalization of women in sport: the case of women soccer in Gelvandale." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10773.

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During the Apartheid era in South Africa, women were marginalized from sport. The ability to participate in sport in South Africa is inherently linked to the political history of the country. Sport played a dynamic role in the struggle against the diabolical system of apartheid in South Africa and has a powerful role to play in the transformation and nation building of South Africa. Women have made great strides in sport in recent years in South Africa. However, at times we find that there is unfair media coverage. The unfair coverage of women’s sport displays gender based attitudes which systematically disadvantage women’s position in society. Women’s participation in sport has grown dramatically but despite this growth coverage of women in sport remains inferior. This research study investigated the marginalization of women in soccer in the Gelvandale area, Port Elizabeth. The objective of this study is to investigate if women are being marginalised in Gelvandale where soccer is concern as well as determining the meaning of gender inequality from an anthropological perspective within the context of soccer in the Gelvandale area. Further, to contribute within the anthropology of soccer in South Africa particularly in the Eastern Cape Province and to come up with recommendations that will contribute towards improvement of soccer in Gelvandale and beyond.

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23

Stell, Marion K. "Half the race : a history of Australian women in sport." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117003.

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Australian women's success in international sport has been nothing short of astonishing when you consider the encouragement, resources, facilities and sponsorship directed elsewhere. Women have won the most prestigious titles in the world, including Wimbledon, the USA Open Golf Championship and the British Squash Championship. Women's teams have been the world champions in netball, hockey, cricket, softball, lacrosse and waterpolo. Australian women's names have been etched in the record books of sport throughout the world. At the Commonwealth and Olympic Games generations of Australian women have crowded the victory dais. Over the years 940 women have represented their country at all the Games, winning an incredible 425 medals — 163 of them gold medals. But after the golden girl hype has died down and the gold dust has settled, women's sport is ultimately awarded a bronze medal in our national identity, a cultural third place behind sportsmen and racehorses.

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Taylor, Aline Marie. "Negotiating 'modernity' on the run : migration, age transition and 'development' in a training camp for female athletes in Arusha, Tanzania : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2197.

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Sports have recently been incorporated into international development agendas in a bid to 'empower' women and foster gender equality. Considered a masculine domain, sports are argued to empower women by challenging the status quo and their 'traditional' positions in societies. This thesis examines the use of sport in an athletic training camp for female distance runners located in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Like other similar camps throughout East Africa, this training camp provides financial support for athletes, recruited from isolated rural areas, to live and train full time in the city. The camp was founded and is run by a Tanzanian couple, known as Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, but it has recently begun receiving financial support from an American development organisation. The director of this organisation, Karl, aims to empower the young women training in the camp by enabling them to use their sporting talent to further their education. This directly contradicts Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals, however, and they strive to enable the girls to improve their lives by earning money from running. The girls themselves perceive running as a unique opportunity to migrate to Arusha and distance themselves from their natal villages. The idea of earning money from running is secondary, for the girls, to the aspiration of settling permanently in the city. Although running provides a common link between the goals of the development organisation, those of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, and those of the female athletes themselves, the overlap between these goals is only partial. Pragmatic constraints in each case mean the goals remain always unattainable and partially unachieved, and are continually readjusted to fit changing constraints and perceptions of what is possible. In discussing the different aspirations held by those involved in the training camp, this thesis highlights the multiple ways in which notions of 'modernity' can be understood and enacted. Modernity is a central theme in contemporary African anthropological literature, as is the notion of 'multiple modernities', often used to refer to the culturally diverse interpretations of the meaning of modernity and subsequent efforts to 'become modern'. Using key authors including Ferguson (1999), Snyder (2002; 2005) and Schneider (1970), this thesis argues that, drawing on different influences to enact different cultural styles, the girls, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu imagine and perform 'modernity' in different ways. Gwandu and Mama Gwandu are shown to draw on notions of maendeleo to construct a localist cultural style, which they attempt to enforce on the athletes in the camp. By contrast, the girls are argued to draw inspiration from what they perceive as the 'city' lifestyle maintained by Malkia – one of Tanzania's most successful female athletes – to construct a cosmopolitan cultural style they gradually gain performative competence in throughout their time in the camp. While both visions emphasise the importance of urbanisation, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's localism condemns particular practices they conceive of as characteristic of "city life", including the value placed on commodities and modes of consumption that is central to the girls' cosmopolitanism. The clash between Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals and those of the girls is most pronounced at the beginning of their time in the camp. The girls’ compliance with camp rules increases with their time spent in the camp, as their vision increasingly overlaps with that of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu. I argue that the clash between their goals is once again pronounced after the girls have left the camp, and attempt to perform the cosmopolitan cultural style in which they have increasingly gained competence during their time in the camp. This discussion raises questions about the ways in which women can be 'empowered' through sports such as running. I argue that it is not running itself that empowers women like Malkia but, rather, the opportunity running affords them to acquire the material resources required, to perform the cosmopolitan style towards which they aspire.

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Hoffman, Jennifer Lee. "Inside the huddle : Title IX and women's leadership in intercollegiate athletics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-173). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

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Taylor, Tracy Lynn School of History UNSW. "Women, sport and ethnicity: exploring experiences of difference in netball." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of History, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17816.

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This thesis investigates how sports organisations and discourses have impacted on the sports participation of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. A series of national participation studies have documented that women from minority ethnic backgrounds have significantly lower participation rates in sports and physical activity than Anglo-Australian women. However, the explanations and dimensions of this difference have not been examined in previous research. The experiences of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are used in this thesis to explore sports discourses and organisation and the embodiments of their interrelationship. The present research proposes that sports organisations and discourses within Australia have historically served to marginalise women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The arguments for this position are explored using a local narrative which details the situated nature of women????s experiences of sports. These experiences are located within a historical context that traces migration policies, the growth and development of sports and women????s social relations since white settlement of Australia. It is argued that contemporary sports discourses and organisation are inextricably tied to Australia????s colonial and imperialist past. Theories of ethnicity, gender and sports are analysed. The theoretical perspective taken in this thesis builds on feminist ideologies and ethnicity studies. Empirical analysis is undertaken using gender relations to situate sport as a site of cultural struggles best understood through investigations of history and diversity. Aspects of power, control and influence are central to this thesis. The empirical component of this thesis uses secondary data sources, surveys and interviews to investigate the research proposition. This is achieved on two levels. The first level interrogates existing data to create a macro level analysis of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in sports. A survey of 972 schoolgirls was undertaken to collect information on sports participation and attitudes to sports. This was followed by 30 interviews with women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds that explored individual sports experiences and perspectives on sports. The second level of investigation employed the case study of netball to examine the research question as it related to a specific sports organisation. The case study component of the research involved document and archival analysis, a survey of 372 netball players and interviews with 18 women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and former and current netball administrators. The thesis analyses the empirical data as it relates to the organisation and discourse of sports in Australia. The principal conclusion reached is that sports organisation and discourses are located within a societal power structure that places women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds on its margins. Sports participation is predicated on conformity to existing cultural practices and expectations and it does little to facilitate cultural diversity. The women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds who participated in the research did not perceive sports as particularly inclusive of gender and culture. The examination of netball demonstrated that netball has not been concerned with ????other???? women, rather it has focussed its efforts on appealing to ????mainstream???? women. While netball has not explicitly excluded the involvement of women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, neither has it actively encouraged cultural diversity. This thesis makes a contribution to knowledge in the field of sports studies with its empirical research and through the ensuing development of a framework for locating the implications of inclusion or exclusion in sports organisations and discourses. This understanding can be used to assess and inform future sports policy development and practice. Principally, the thesis seeks to acknowledge and legitimise the sports experiences of women from diverse backgrounds and in doing so provides insights into a better theoretical understanding about the nexus of gender, ethnicity and sports.

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Merrall, Leah Claire, and Leah Claire Merrall. "Women in sports journalism: the status, the progress, and the sexism." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626740.

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It’s no secret that women face challenges in certain industries that their male counterparts do not, and the sports journalism field is no exception. The historical male dominance of sport and the restrictive locker room men’s club mentality tends to extend to sports writing and broadcasting. While strides have been made since the passing of Title IX and court rulings that have allowed women sports reporters into locker rooms, the sports journalism industry lags behind when it comes to progress. Lack of gender diversity on sports desks, in decisionmaking positions, and in roles that men have dominated for decades all contribute to this stagnation. Women in sports are continuously touted as the “sexy sideline reporter,” are accused of lacking knowledge because of their gender, and receive criticism for the sound of their voice. Despite these challenges with sexism, female sports journalists of decades past and today are the front line fighting for change so that a new generation can be inspired and make women in sports journalism the norm, rather than the topic of a thesis. The industry is not perfect and has a long way to go. But slowly, progress is being made.

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Blessing, Brenda Kay. "Trait differences of women participants in selected levels of risk sports /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487586889188309.

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Greenman, Shellie A. "Why women do not participate in intramurals: a follow up study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42208.

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The purpose of this study was to determine 1) if there has been a change over the past five years in the percentage of females participating in intramural activities at Virginia Tech, and 2) if the reasons for non-participation have changed. Four hundred college females were surveyed. The data were analyzed by frequency distributions and, in some cases, cross-tabulations. The results revealed that there has been an increase in the percentage of women participating in intramural activities. Participation levels inceased from 35% in 1984 to 45% in 1990. The main reason given for non-participation was lack of knowledge followed by academic concerns. The findings of this study may assist the Recreational Sports Office staff in determining where their program areas need to be developed and how they can better meet the needs of the total population at Virginia Tech.
Master of Science

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Corbo, Monica. "Title IX compliance non-Appalachian versus Appalachian in colleges and universities /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=366.

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McKenna, Susan E. "An examination and interpretive anaylsis [sic] of the depiction of women in sports media." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2008. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/367.

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Risius, Debbie Judith. "An investigation of breast support for older women." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-of-breast-support-for-older-women(7d162748-477f-42d7-a8f8-c70abcf0a76c).html.

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Profound changes occur within the female breast with increasing age; glandular atrophy, increased skin laxity and stretched Cooper‟s ligaments cause an inferior lateral migration of the breast tissue. However, the current lingerie market predominantly revolves around bras designed for younger women that older women may feel are inappropriate for their physique. Literature regarding age-appropriate clothing has postulated that bras should be designed based on specific shapes, populations and usages. Yet the bra preferences of older women have been neglected in the literature. By determining women's requirements, the performance of current bras may be ascertained, and subsequent alterations may be recommended for bra design in order to optimise bras for older women if required. The aims of the current thesis were to: provide a wider understanding of the bra requirements of women aged 45 to 65 years, determine the key bra performance variables for this population, develop procedures to assess these variables and to determine the current appropriateness of a small sample of bras for this population. To achieve the research aims the thesis contained five studies. The first study was exploratory in nature, using focus groups and interviews to develop a knowledge base on the bra preferences of women aged 45 to 65 years. A survey was subsequently designed and implemented to determine the key bra performance variables among a wider sample of the population. The results of these studies identify the general dimensions that women consider when purchasing a bra (comfort, support, aesthetics, practicalities, and psychological aspects). From these dimensions, 11 key bra performance variables that are of importance to older women were derived (comfort, support, bra's ability to stay in place, appearance under clothes, silhouette, breast shape, breast lift, shoulder straps, discreetness, fabric and fit). Methods to quantify the key bra performance variables were required to assess the performance of current bras for older women. The third experimental study developed methods which minimised the limitations of existing procedures, and determined the validity and reliability of these methods. As a result of this study, methods to assess the 11 key bra performance variables were deemed acceptable for both objective and subjective measures. In the fourth study, two bras were selected from a popular and unpopular brand; the performance of these bras was assessed with regard to the 11 key bra performance variables. The results indicate that women aged 45 to 65 years preferred a bra that minimises breast kinematics, provides greater breast projection and lifts the breast sufficiently. Although differences lay between the bare breasted and bra conditions, the two bras performed similarly despite the difference in popularity. The final study incorporated a four week wearer trial to elucidate any changes in performance that may appear with increased usage. Subjective ratings of breast support and the bras' ability to stay in place were lower following the wearer trial. The bras tested performed well for the bra variables; comfort, fit, support and shoulder strap position. However, the remaining key bra performance variables may require alteration to ensure their appropriateness for women aged 45 to 65 years. It is concluded that women aged 45 to 65 years are generally cognisant of changes to their breasts as they age, subsequently seeking bras that are different from those they previously would have worn. The findings of this thesis suggest that alterations in bra design are required to optimise bras for older women.

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Schmit, Emily. "For Her Own Good: Legal Justifications Used to Exclude Women and Girls from Sports." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193278.

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Using Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 and a review of the history of sport in the United States, this thesis provides a critical feminist analysis of how the legal system perpetuates and justifies sport as a male domain. The gender hierarchy in sport continues to be supported through the interpretation of the law meant to rectify gender disparities. The analysis of legal records in this thesis demonstrates that cultural and social beliefs regarding women and sport are evident in the construction of the law and impacts court rulings. Title IX and its subsequent interpretations and regulations, specifically, the Contact Sports Exemption, are manipulated in an unconstitutional manner reinforcing the traditionally male dominated institution of sport. This thesis argues that despite the nondiscrimination intent and purpose of Title IX, false assumptions about gender are perpetuated within the law and make gender equality in sport difficult, if not impossible.

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Downing, Jane Duvall. ""Welcome to the ball, Cinderella" : investigating gender, sexuality, race, and class through a study of the lived experience of women athletes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962519.

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Saritmuthakul, Natsuda. "Female sports endorsement and attitudes toward brands and advertisements." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2861.

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Price-Rhea, Kelly. "Golf Products for Women - Supply and Demand." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2760.

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Disselkoen, Jackie M. "The Departing Experience: a Qualitative Study of Personal Accounts by Women Who Are Former Athletic Directors of Intercollegiate Athletic Programs for Women." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331529/.

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What happened to women who are former athletic directors of intercollegiate athletic programs during each of the four stages of the departing experience was the problem of this study. A qualitative design using personal interviews for data collection and ethnoscientific explanation for analysis of the data were used to study thirty-one women who were athletic directors between 1975 and 1986. Analytical tasks performed for each of the four levels of analysis helped answer research questions directed toward finding patterns among women in the following areas: what happened to them within and throughout the four stages of the departing experience, reasons they left the position of athletic director, and satisfaction in their subsequent job. Analysis of the data established that the departing experience occurred in four stages. How the subjects responded to the way that opportunities for female student-athletes were offered during each st3ge of the departing experience determined whether they were in positive or negative circumstances. Sixteen subjects either were in positive circumstances throughout the departing experience or ended it in positive circumstances. Fifteen subjects were either in negative circumstances throughout the departing experience or ended it in negative circumstances. The ability to reevaluate their beliefs and values, adapt to changes in their programs, make rational decisions, and influence others to support their decisions determined whether they were in positive or negative circumstances in each stage of the departing experience. In general, the findings of this study support literature on women in administrative positions and literature on the effects of job loss and job change.

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Simmons, Joseph Paull. "Gender issues and equity within Canadian high school sport." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ56203.pdf.

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Fischesser, Sarah M. ""Thanks to Title IX" : female athletes' identifications and team sports in transition." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available, full text:, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Wade, Amanda N. "A content analysis of black female athletes and white female athletes in sports magazines /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/6974.

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41

Sprague, Dean R. "A multi-media (slide show) publicity package in support of Run, Jane, Run." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/491459.

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The video-tape Run, Jane, Run uses strong audio and visual elements creating a multi-media slide show for the Fort Wayne Women's Bureau's multi-sports program Run, Jane, Run to enhance program publicity.A rapidly moving and quickly changing audio-visual presentation, this program projects athletes in action, supporting women in sports through a mixture of slides and audio.
Title from p. 2.

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Dyer, Patricia G. "Mastery rehearsal audio tapes and mental readiness in Junior College women swimmers : a qualitative study." Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2266.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of listening to mastery rehearsal audio tapes and mental readiness prior to practice and meets. Eleven members of the Modesto Junior College Swim Team were given instructions to create individual mastery tapes. The swimmers were to use the tapes before every practice and meet for six weeks, at which time the subjects were interviewed. A combination of an interview guide and standardized open-ended interview was used to examine the experiences of the swimmers using the tapes. Qualitative methodology was used to inductively analyze the interview transcripts. From the raw data collected, eight high order themes were categorized into three general dimensions that were experienced by swimmers both before practice and meets. The three general dimensions include: positive mental attitude; maintaining appropriate focus; and heightened arousal. Maintaining appropriate focus and heightened arousal before meets were the highest shared dimensions experienced by ninety-one percent of the swimmers. The second highest shared dimension was that of maintaining mental attitude before practice, expressed by eighty-two percent of the swimmers. Mastery tapes appear very powerful in the development of imagery. One hundred percent of the swimmers expressed the tape helped enhance their imagery. Negative factors including frustrations and improvement suggestions were also discussed to provide the reader with important information for future use of mastery tapes. The strength of this study was the rich description of experience discussed by the subject. From this description the study emphasized the importance of developing preperformance routines structured for each individual athlete.

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Mason, Frederick Daniel. ""Women play sports (just not as well)": Canadian newspapers' coverage of men's and women's sports at the 1999 Pan-American Games." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57139.pdf.

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Bruening, Jennifer E. "Phenomenal Women: A Qualitative Study of Silencing, Stereotypes, Socialization, and Strategies for Change in the Sport Participation of African American Female Student-Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392903455.

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Arend, Kara M. "Female Athletes and Women's Sports: A Textual Analysis of Nike's Women-Directed Advertisements." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1429281712.

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Mathur, Nameeta. "Women and physical culture in modern Poland." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2162.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 373 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 329-373).

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Nicely, Stacey. "Media framing of female athletes and women's sports in selected sports magazines." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11152007-112759/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Merrill Morris, committee chair; Arla Bernstein, Jaynette Atkinson, committee members. Electronic text (95 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Feb. 5, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-90).

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Kluka, Darlene A. "The Brighton declaration on women and sport a management audit of process quality /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05262009-160707.

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49

Oluko, Olembo David. "Perception of sport appropriateness as a function of gender and culture." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35215.

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According to Metheny (1965), people's impressions of the acceptability of sport for women varies across several factors, including culture and gender. In this study, 206 prospective physical education teachers from Canada and Kenya were questioned about their perceptions of gender appropriateness of various sports. They completed Likert-type questionnaires related to sport/physical activities found in their respective university curricula. For those sports that appeared in both countries, responses were compared (2 x 2 ANOVA) for effects of culture and gender. Gender differences were also addressed within each culture.
Results revealed that Canadian respondents perceived fewer sports to be on the extremes of the male-female continuum than did the Kenyan respondents. Females in both cultures considered more sports to be appropriate for both male and female participation than did their male counterparts. However, Canadian and Kenyan respondents, both male and female, unanimously perceived some sports to be primarily appropriate for males and others primarily appropriate for females.
The study supports Metheny's contention of cultural variance in perceptions of the gender appropriateness of sports. Although many sports that had been considered inappropriate for females in 1964 are today considered to be androgynous, especially by Canadians, some gender stereotyping still remains to be overcome. Implications for physical education teachers are suggested.

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Puchan, Heike. "Adventure sport, media and social/cultural change." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19359.

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The turn of the millennium has heralded an explosion in the popularity of adventure sports often also referred to as alternative lifestyle sports or extreme sports. These are offering both new avenues and potential challenges to the traditional ways of conceptualising and practicing sport. This thesis analyses the development of adventure sports, in particular climbing and kayaking, as a subculture. It delivers a socio-economic history of climbing, analyses the role of the media in its development, its participation and its lived experience. Further it investigates the impact of globalisation, commercialisation and consumerism on adventure sports, and considers to what extent they are being brought into the mainstream as a result. The economic impact of participation in adventure sports is reviewed along with a study of how the make up of its participants has changed as the activities have become more accessible. Particular focus is placed on the analysis of the gender order, specifically looking at the experiences of women in adventure sports. For this purpose the sports culture found in climbing and kayaking is examined and the implications for the reconstruction of gender relations are considered. This study employs an ethnographic approach including both semi-structured and structured interviews with both adventure sports experts and participants, document and media analysis, participant observation and the more recent nethnography approach. One of the significant contributions of this thesis has been to provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the social, cultural and media environment of arguably one of the most popular lifestyle sports in the UK. It has also shown the strong interrelationship that exists between the media and adventure sports, and has demonstrated how the increased commercialisation and commodification of the activity has resulted in economic development particularly in some remoter parts of the UK through the packaging and provision of the climbing experience. At the same time some participants see this is ‘selling out’. This research has demonstrated how women’s participation in adventure sports has been subject to marginalisation, sexualisation and trivialisation similar to other mainstream sports. However, this work has also highlighted that there is room for optimism as new discourses of femininity contrary to the traditional male hegemony are emerging. Further research opportunities have been identified concerning issues of ethnicity and participation; the social, cultural and economic relationships between adventure sportspeople and rural communities. Emerging feminist discourses also warrant further investigation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sports for women'

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