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Journal articles on the topic 'Sports psychologists'
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1
Chandler, Charlotte, Martin Eubank, Mark Nesti, and Tim Cable. "Personal Qualities of Effective Sport Psychologists: A Sports Physician Perspective." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 61, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2014-0003.
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Abstract Previous literature within applied sport psychology offers little detailed discussion regarding the personal qualities of sport psychology practitioners and the impact of these qualities on practice. This paper presents an exploration of the views of sport physicians regarding the personal characteristics and qualities of applied sport psychologists deemed necessary for effective practice. Five UK-based physicians and one Head of Medical Services, working in a range of elite and professional sports, were interviewed about their experience and perceptions of working with sport psychologists. The interview transcripts were content analysed and trustworthiness criteria applied. Four key themes emerged from the data, labelled ‘Personal qualities’, ‘Relationship Building’, ‘Professionalism in Practice’, and ‘Similarities between Psychologist and Physician’. The findings within each theme offered interesting insights into the impact of personal qualities on effective sport psychology practice. This study extends the existing literature on sport psychologists’ characteristics and effectiveness and offers new insights into their personal qualities and how these interact with the practice environment. The findings supported the growing emphasis within the field on the importance of the person behind the practitioner. Suggestions are offered with reference to the need to consider how literature from counselling psychology and medical training could assist the development of practice and education and training in sport psychology.
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Murphy, Shane M. "The On-Site Provision of Sport Psychology Services at the 1987 U.S. Olympic Festival." Sport Psychologist 2, no. 4 (December 1988): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2.4.337.
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The U.S. Olympic Committee’s Sports Medicine Council decided in 1987, for the first time, to assign a sport psychologist to the medical team of the 1987 U.S. Olympic Festival. This article describes the outcome of providing sport psychology services at the Festival. A brief history is given of the relationship between sport psychology and the U.S. Olympic movement, and the current status of sport psychologists within the Olympic movement is described. An analysis is provided of the types of services requested at the Festival, the referral sources, the major sports served, and several illustrative case examples describing athletes. Two models influenced the delivery of sport psychology services at the Olympic Festival, the medical model and the consultation model, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Based upon the Olympic Festival experience, a consultation model may be appropriate for sport psychologists working in such a setting. The paper concludes with some suggestions regarding the training of students in the theory of effective consultation, drawing upon the knowledge base of industrial-organizational and medical psychology.
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Zillmer, Eric A., and Rebecca Weidensaul Gigli. "Clinical Sport Psychology in Intercollegiate Athletics." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 2007): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.3.210.
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Over the last two decades, there has been an increase in participation in intercollegiate sports with over 380,000 student-athletes participating in nearly 100 athletic conferences at 1,100 NCAA membership schools. Simultaneously, the professional development in the field of sport psychology has paralleled the public draw of competitive sports. This paper explores, from the university athletics departmental perspective, the opportunities as well as the challenges that clinical sport psychologists may encounter within this interesting and stimulating field. The sport psychologist’s training and expertise uniquely prepares him or her to play an important and rewarding role in the lives of coaches, student-athletes and all those who support them.
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Tachiya, Yasuhisa. "Psychological support for elite athletes." Sports Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (May 2024): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/2674-0052/a000078.
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Abstract: Introduction and Methods: The author provides an overview of the history and future prospects of psychological support for elite athletes in Japan. Results: The 1964 Tokyo Olympics was the starting point for the psychological support of these athletes. Thereafter, the Japanese Society of Sport Psychology (JSSP) was founded in 1973, and sports psychologists began providing psychological support to elite athletes; this was followed by the establishment in 2001 of the Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), an organization that provides psychological support to athletes through cooperation among sports psychologists, clinical psychologists, and sports psychiatrists. The Japanese Association of Sports Psychiatry, which cooperates and collaborates with the JSSP, was founded in 2003. At the 2021 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, Japanese sports psychiatrists provided psychological support to elite athletes from around the world at the Olympic Village. Sports psychologists of the JISS also provided psychological support to Japanese elite athletes during this time. Conclusion: In recent years, tremendous attention has been paid to the mental health and well- being of elite athletes, and both research into these topics and support of athletes has been taking place in Japan at an unprecedented rate.
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Vuksanovic, Mirjana. "The role of psychology and psychologists in sports." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 173 (2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn2073065v.
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Sports psychology is a young scientific discipline that represents the application of psychology in sports and physical activity. Although the science of sports psychology has proven to significantly enhance sports performance and contribute to sports results, its role in practice is not always clearly defined. The aim of this paper is to look at how coaches and managers, being the people who work with athletes most closely and whose advice is respected most, perceive the role of psychologists and psychological science in sports. Obviously, the key issue is not the acceptance of psychic factors as significant for sports success, or their detection and defining. The main problem lies in practical application of this knowledge, and more precisely, in acceptance of psychological experts by sports managers and coaches. The role of psychological experts in sports is still influenced by the individual attitudes and perceptions of coaches and sports management. It has been shown hence, that football coaches do accept participation of psychologists in working with athletes, but they reserve the right to determine their area of work. Younger and higher educated coaches are more ready to engage psychologists in work with athletes. A survey amongst students of the Faculty of Sport showed that future coaches and sports managers, by studying the subject ?Psychology of Sports?, gained full understanding of the importance of psychological factors and the role of psychological science and psychologists in sports. The expectation is that education of experts in sports will influence change in existing attitudes, thereby improving, refining and humanizing work with athletes.
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Gilmore, Sarah, Christopher Wagstaff, and John Smith. "Sports Psychology in the English Premier League: ‘It Feels Precarious and is Precarious’." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 2 (August 21, 2017): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017017713933.
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This article gives a rare account of the working life of a sports psychologist in the English Premier League, the elite division in English professional football. It shows how members of emerging professions such as sports psychology are a new precariat. John is more successful than many sports psychologists, but his job security is dependent on his continued ability to navigate managerial change: using his skills as a psychologist in the defence of his own employment but simultaneously keeping the (potentially sensitive) ‘psychology’ label of the work he does hidden until circumstances are propitious.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., Britton W. Brewer, Darwyn E. Linder, and Nina DeLange. "Perceptions of Sport-Oriented Professionals: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.3.228.
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A multidimensional scaling analysis was used to investigate the psychological structure underlying college students’ perceptions of 12 practitioners: sport psychologist, clinical psychologist, psychotherapist, coach, psychiatrist, counselor, performance consultant, nutritionist, sports medicine specialist, strength coach, hypnotist, and technical equipment advisor. For this analysis, 200 male and female undergraduates completed 66 scales rating the psychological similarity between all possible pairs of the 12 practitioners. The R2 of .84 and stress value of .17 indicated that a two-dimensional solution was the best fit for the similarity ratings. The first dimension was identified as separating practitioners specializing in the mental aspects of performance from those specializing in the physical aspects of performance. The second dimension separated sport practitioners from nonsport practitioners. Interestingly, subjects perceived sport psychologists as being concerned with mental, nonsport issues. The results are discussed in terms of the relationships among the various practitioners.
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Müllerová, Zuzana, and Jan Šmahaj. "Prerequisites of Good Cooperation between Teachers and School Psychologists: A Qualitative Analysis." Education Sciences 13, no. 11 (October 26, 2023): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111078.
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The aim of this study was to determine what kinds of factors play a role in the formation of relationships and cooperation between teachers and school psychologists in Czech schools and the ways in which these factors operate. We used a qualitative methodological design with data collection conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews with eight teachers and ten school psychologists. Subsequent analysis was performed using the grounded theory method. The results indicated the central importance of how a given teacher views the school psychologist, which further determines which factors will influence the degree to which the psychologist is accepted. The following factors were shown to be important in the relationship between a psychologist and a teacher’s neutral attitude toward them: the characteristics of the teacher and the psychologist, the role of school management, the role of school focus and the degree to which the psychologist’s role is understood. The discrepancy between the actual role of the school psychologist and how their role is perceived by the teachers can be a source of issues in cooperation and trust between the two.
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Rodionova, I. A., V. I. Shalupin, G. G. Ulyaeva, and L. G. Ulyaeva. "Features of the psychological state of students in conditions of self-isolation." Current Issues of Sports Psychology and Pedagogy 4, no. 1 (2024): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/spp.2024.1.96.
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The purpose of the presented research is to study the domestic scientific works of the psychological state of students in conditions of self-isolation. The methods: to study the peculiarities of the psychological state of students in conditions of self-isolation by theoretical analysis of scientific publications of researchers in the field of sports psychology. The results: the features of the psychological state of student youth in conditions of self-isolation are considered, which can contribute to programs to increase the effectiveness of psychological assistance from sports psychologists in order to ensure psychological well-being and maintain athletic fitness by students in an unforeseen situation. The article presents a project aimed at creating a system of scientific and methodological support for the professional activities of sports psychologists, educational support for the sports community and student youth, in particular. As a result of the project, it should not only be expected an increase in the prestige of a sports psychologist profession, but also the creation of a reliable system of psychological support for boys and girls in conditions of possible self-isolation.
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Williams, Jodine Rianna. "Voices of the minority: Diverse experiences from practitioners in the field of sports and exercise psychology." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 17, no. 2 (September 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2022.17.2.36.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of sports and exercise psychologists and sports and exercise psychology trainees from minority groups as they practice within the field. The experiences of UK minority sports and exercise psychologists and trainees within the field have not been widely explored in the literature. The lived experiences of three practitioners were explored through the lens of race, sexual orientation and religion. Forty-five-minute semi-structured interviews were analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis. The following themes arose from the study: the unseen minority, embed discrimination in sport, improving the field, journey barriers and the qualities of a practitioner. Based on the themes explored future research areas are discussed.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., and Mark B. Andersen. "When Sport Psychology Consulting Is a Means to an End(ing): Roles and Agendas When Helping Athletes Leave Their Sports." Sport Psychologist 21, no. 2 (June 2007): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.2.227.
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The authors focus on many of the complex issues that sport psychologists face when working with athletes through the process of leaving sport. They briefly review the literature on career termination to serve as a foundation for a discussion of the effects that an athlete’s career termination can have on teammates, family, and the self. The authors also explore the issue of bias and prejudice. People intimately involved in sport (sport psychologists included) often have a prejudice toward sport relative to other possible activities or goals. This bias might influence how sport psychologists listen to, interpret, and formulate athlete cases. Case examples are used to highlight the difficulties of identifying career-termination concerns and the professional and personal tensions that come with making sport career changes. With care, sport psychologists can manage career termination and related issues and effectively address the health and happiness of the athletes they serve.
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Sliwak, Ryan, Sandra Lee, and Noelany Pelc. "Domestic Violence in Sport: Complexities and Ethical Issues for Psychologists." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 44, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723520910817.
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The prevalence of domestic violence in the sports community continues to be a controversial topic of discussion. The conversation that surrounds domestic violence and athletes often occurs through a sports-only lens. Policies have been implemented by the various professional leagues, such as the Major League Baseball (MLB), National Basketball Association (NBA), and National Football League (NFL), to combat numerous incidents of domestic violence. Policies vary for each respective league. Discussion of domestic violence in sport has barely scratched the surface of identifying the complexity of the ethical dilemmas that psychologists may encounter. Three of these dilemmas are identified and discussed here: mandated treatment, confidentiality, and informed consent.
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Kerr, John H. "Counselling athletes with poor anger-based aggression and violence management skills." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 18, no. 1 (June 2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2023.18.1.67.
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This article is aimed at alerting sport psychologists to the problem of poor management of anger-based aggression and violence in some team contact sports athletes. It uses an infamous violent incident from the 2014 rugby league Super League Grand Final as a way into a discussion about anger-based aggression and violence. Details of the violent incident are described and the possible reasons why it occurred are examined, followed by a discussion of cognitive interventions sport psychologists could use to assist athletes whose individual and team performance is negatively affected by similar anger-based violent outbursts against opponents.
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Panteri, Maria, Juan Calmaestra, and Verónica Marín-Díaz. "Roles of the School Psychologist–Current versus Preferred Roles in the Greek Schools: A Case Study from the Island of Crete." Education Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080439.
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In the international literature it is frequently reported that school psychologists would like to reduce their involvement in evaluation and assessment activities in favor of an increase in other services and roles. The present study examines the perceptions of teachers and school psychologists regarding the roles of school psychologists on the island of Crete, Greece. For this purpose, an online questionnaire about the current and preferred roles of the school psychologist was distributed. Two hundred and seventy-nine (279) teachers and fifty-seven (57) school psychologists participated in this research study. The analysis and comparison of the participants’ responses revealed significant differences in their beliefs about the current and preferred roles of the psychologist. Emphasis was placed by psychologists on systematic interventions such as consultation and by teachers on counseling for their personal problems. Overall, respondents in this study recognized the usefulness of the school psychologist in the educational sector. A unified framework of reference for the range of the schools’ psychological services would enhance common understanding and facilitate the professional role of school psychologists and effective student referral to the related professional services.
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Sokhlikova, V. A. "The work of a psychologist as part of request for psychological assistance in sport." Current Issues of Sports Psychology and Pedagogy 3, no. 2 (2023): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/spp.2023.2.74.
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The article is about "Psychological assistance in sport". For decades, psychologists have been advising athletes and coaches, helping them at training camps, during competitions and even in the recovery period. The qualification of specialists grows from year to year, new directions, methods and ways of help appear; the work is carried out in multifaceted directions. The first thing a sports psychologist starts his work with is to find out the reasons and reasons for seeking psychological help from an athlete or a coach. The author takes the view that the important aspects of the process of contacting a psychologist are not only taking into account the athlete's complaints voiced, but also identifying the hidden content of his expectations and perceptions, as well as discovering the meaningful subtext of the treatment. Whereas in the traditional approach, these aspects are often not taken into account by the psychologist and the opportunity to specify, i.e. identify the expected help from the sports psychologist and apply it productively in counselling is not always fully realized. The author relies on the concept of a request for psychological help, developed by Stolin V.V., Loseva V. K., Lunkov A. I. and substantiates the types of requests for psychological help in sports, formulated as a model. The paper presents the results of the experimental work, which prove the existence of typological groups of requests for psychological help of athletes and coaches. The study has shown the necessity of developing this issue and extending the process of further conceptualization, as well as facilitating empirical research in this field and its practical application in sports psychology.
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Jones, Luke, and Nick J. Watson. "‘Falling Upward’ into Sports Retirement: A Rohrsian Exploration of the Sports Retirement Experience." Religions 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel15010056.
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Retirement from sport is widely reported as a challenging time of transition in the lives of elite athletes and is one that has been explored from a range of different perspectives both by sport psychologists and socio-cultural scholars of sport. However, of late, a small number of scholars have considered athlete career transition within the context of religion and spirituality, identifying the religious identity and belief of athletes as central to their transition experiences. That said, this work does not go as far as developing a theological understanding of sports retirement. Here, we explore and frame the phenomenon of sports retirement through the theological lens put forward by the neo-Franciscan priest, Richard Rohr in his book Falling Upward: A Spirituality for the Two Halves of Life. In this paper, we suggest how Rohr’s ideas might help develop an alternative and more nuanced understanding of sports retirement, building on those currently promoted in sport psychology and the sociology of sport the literature.
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Veraksa, A. N., A. N. Kondratichev, and E. I. Rasskazova. "Testing of Diagnostic Tools to Identify the Role of "Sports Enjoyment" Phenomenon in the End of Sports Career." Psychological-Educational Studies 8, no. 1 (2016): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2016080113.
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The article is devoted to the motivation to run or to end of young athletes career. This article describes the steps of sports career. "Sports Enjoyment" concept is considered as one of the motivating factors. In a sample of 225 athletes from 28 different sports, we tested the questionnaire "The Role of Enjoyment in the End of Sports Career" and identified factors associated with possible quiting the sport. This method provides information on the subjective reasons for retiring from the sport, which relate primarily to the loss of pleasure in sport activities. The study shows that сhildren aged 13-14 years old are ready to leave the sport on average 26% more than the beginners, or adult athletes. This method is aimed at forecasting the career of professional athlete, and therefore it seems so be useful to coachers and psychologists, as it can give them necessary information about the sportsman priorities he is guided when deciding whether to continue or end the sports careers.
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Grunberg, Neil E., James D. Doorley, and Erin S. Barry. "Sport Psychology: Principles and Practices for Sports Medicine Physicians." Current Sports Medicine Reports 23, no. 5 (May 2024): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000001167.
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Abstract Sport psychology is the scientific study and application of psychological principles to enhance performance and well-being in sport, exercise, and physical activity. It has numerous applications to sports medicine, as psychological factors are associated with sport injury risk, recovery, successful return to play, and overall health. This article addresses how sport psychology is important to sports medicine and what applied sport psychologists do. We discuss several psychological principles and practices relevant to individual performance and well-being, including goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, imagery/mental rehearsal, attention management, managing psychological distress, and behavioral health. We also discuss principles and practices of sport psychology relevant to team performance, including stages of team development, goal setting, communication, arousal and performance, and behavioral health. Sport psychology and applied sport psychology practitioners can be valued assets to sports medicine teams in supporting individual and team performance and injury recovery.
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Marchant, Daryl, and Petah Gibbs. "Ethical Considerations in Treating Borderline Personality in Sport: A Case Example." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.317.
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Case example material of sport psychologists working with psychopathology in sport settings is limited. Applied sport psychologists need to be attuned to athletes with personality disorders because the effects of various disorders require substantial management as they can seriously impede individual potential and affect team harmony. In the present paper, a case example of an elite athlete presenting with symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is discussed at length. Critical incidents are described to show BPD manifested in a professional sports context. The complexities of providing competent, ethical, and realistic solutions to the athlete with BPD proved to be especially challenging. Issues that posed significant ethical or practical concerns included making an initial diagnosis, the referral process, maintaining confidentiality, and secondary needs.
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Mohammed, Warhel. "A Qualitative Exploration of the Absence of Sport Psychologists in Sport Clubs: The Coaches' Perspective." Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 10, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2022.10.1.829.
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Objectives
The purpose of this qualitative study was to confirm the effects of the absence of sport psychologists in sport clubs from the perspective of the coaches. Furthermore, to investigate the effects of this absence on athlete performance, as well as the reasons for eliminating this specialty at sport clubs.
Methods
The researcher used a descriptive approach with an inductive method to identify the participants' visions and interpretations. Thematic Analysis, a qualitative data analysis method in descriptive research (Braun & Clarke, 2006), were used to analyze data in this study. NVivo coding, a computer software package for analyzing qualitative data, was used by the researcher to analyze all of the interview texts..
Results
Once the data collection is complete, all interviews were thematically identified and categorized into four themes. The following topics were identified as themes: 1) The professional system at sports clubs, 2) The economic component, 3) The prevalent social culture, and 4) The lack of application of governance principles in sports federations and clubs. These were the most prominent themes that emerged from coaches' visions and interpretations based on their experiences in sports clubs.
Conclusions
Due to a lack of psychological preparation in pre and post-sport competitions, there is a gap in the training process. This results in a decline in both physical and psychological aspects in athletes, as well as the possibility of psychological distress. A lack of psychological preparation may also be an impediment for sports clubs.
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Gibbs-Nicholls, Sophie, and Mikel Mellick. "On the outside looking in: Trans identity experiences in and through UK sport participation." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 17, no. 1 (March 2022): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2022.17.1.87.
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Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this study utilised semi-structured interviews with five trans participants in sport to explore their lived experiences of ‘inclusive’ sport participation. The potential role for sport psychologists in promoting and supporting trans sports participants’ overall sense of perceived inclusion and belonging was also considered. Analysis revealed three core themes: the experience of personal acceptance of identity and social inclusion, the ‘internal’ battle between identity and expression, and the changing role that sport played during gender affirmation as a facilitative and or debilitative coping resource. The findings indicate areas in which sport psychologists can better support and enhance the gender affirmation experience of trans participants in sport by improving feelings of inclusiveness (social support), a sense of acceptance and promoting overall mental wellbeing. This research is particularly useful for practitioners, coaches and other athletes for understanding the supportive role sport can play throughout the gender affirmation process.
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Winter, Graham. "The Use of Hypnosis in an Applied Sport Psychology Setting." Behaviour Change 3, no. 2 (June 1986): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s081348390000927x.
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Many psychologists are becoming involved in helping sportspeople to prepare for competition. These psychologists have a number of techniques at their disposal and one of these is hypnosis. There are benefits in using hypnosis with sportspeople but some misconceptions about its nature need to be overcome. This article outlines how hypnosis has been introduced and used at the South Australian Sports Institute and consideration is given to how it can be used with other techniques, to help sportspeople achieve their goals. Two case studies are presented, together with guidelines on the use of hypnosis in an applied sport psychology setting.
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Murphy, Shane. "Video Games, Competition and Exercise: A New Opportunity for Sport Psychologists?" Sport Psychologist 23, no. 4 (December 2009): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.4.487.
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The increasing influence of technology on sports and games is examined and the widespread popularity of video and computer games is identified as an opportunity for sport and exercise psychologists. Modern video and computer games can involve considerable physical activity and social competition and are thus a suitable subject for the application of sport psychology theories and intervention methods. A brief overview of some of the existing research from other fields on video and serious interactive games is presented. The advantages of studying competition, cooperation and exercise in video game play include application of existing theories to new areas, methodological research advantages, and new applied opportunities for practitioners. Sport and exercise psychologists are encouraged to research the long-term viability of studying important sport and exercise psychology topics such as aggression, teamwork and psychological skills using video game and related technologies.
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Ojala, Anna-Liisa, and Holly Thorpe. "The Role of the Coach in Action Sports: Using a Problem-based Learning Approach." International Sport Coaching Journal 2, no. 1 (January 2015): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2014-0096.
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Action sports (e.g., snowboarding, skateboarding, windsurfing, BMX) have traditionally celebrated antiauthoritarian, do-it-yourself and anticompetition cultural values. With the institutionalization and commercialization of action sports over the past two decades, and the introduction of mega-sports events such as the X Games, and the inclusion of some action sports into the Olympic Games (i.e., snowboarding, freestyle skiing, BMX), action sport athletes are increasingly working with coaches, psychologists, agents, managers and personal trainers to improve their performances. In this Insights paper we consider coaching in action sports via the case of Finnish professional snowboarders’ attitudes to coaches. Drawing upon conversations with elite freestyle snowboarders we briefly present insights into their perceptions of the various positions of coaches in professional snowboarding before we offer suggestions built upon a Problem-based learning approach for coaches interested in working with action sport athletes.
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Mahoney, Michael J., Tyler J. Gabriel, and T. Scott Perkins. "Psychological Skills and Exceptional Athletic Performance." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 3 (September 1987): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.181.
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To assess psychological skills relevant to exceptional athletic performance, a 51-item questionnaire was administered to a national sample of 713 male and female athletes from 23 sports. The athlete sample comprised 126 elite competitors, 141 preelite athletes, and 446 nonelite collegiate athletes. Sixteen leading sport psychologists also completed the questionnaire as they thought the ideal athlete might. Omnibus, individual item, discriminant, regression, factor, and cluster analyses all revealed significant differences among the athlete subsamples. The themes of concentration, anxiety management, self-confidence, mental preparation, and motivation were seen to have potential importance in skill-level differentiation, although age-difference confounds as well as gender and sport differences may have been involved. The ideal profile constructed by the sport psychologists generally paralleled the skill differences encountered, although the elite athletes did not report selected amplitudes in the profile.
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Kavková, Veronika, Marek Malůš, Jitka Taušová, and Hana Válková. "Jak ve sportu pomáhá představivost?" Studia sportiva 7, no. 2 (December 2, 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2013-2-15.
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This paper deals with the possibilities of using imagery (imagination) in sports to improve performance by psychological means. This mental technique is often used by athletes to improve their sports performance. It is also used as an intervention technique by sports psychologists and more recently coaches for athletes. Abroad, the Training schedule of imagery in sports psychology training is widely developed. The numbers of researchers dealing with the technique of imagery in sport psychology is rising. The essence is to create a mental image of highest quality, and a vivid picture of successful execution of what we want to improve in our performance. This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of the imagery, its characteristics, structure and detailed aspects of the use in sports.
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Johns, David P. "Nutritional Need or Athletic Overconformity: Ethical Implications for the Sport Psychologist." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 2 (June 1993): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.2.191.
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Overconformity in sport, as reported in the literature, suggests that athletes preparing for competition exhibit forms of positive deviance not because they disregard the social values of society but because they are willing to go beyond them. After examining the recent comments in the literature on overconformity as a form of positive deviance, this paper explores the possibility that the dietary intake associated with two sports, requiring weight control, may provide examples of such behavior. The paper provides two sports cases where the extreme measure takes the form of eating behaviors that go beyond what would be considered normal or healthy to meet the expectation of the sport. Such behaviors have serious implications for the practice of sport psychology. Intervention must go beyond the simple application of performance-enhancing techniques, and sport psychologists are encouraged to base their intervention on strong moral and ethical principles that place the health and well-being of the athlete before the outcome of performance.
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McDougall, Michael, Mark Nesti, and David Richardson. "The Challenges of Sport Psychology Delivery in Elite and Professional Sport: Reflections From Experienced Sport Psychologists." Sport Psychologist 29, no. 3 (September 2015): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0081.
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The challenges encountered by sport psychologists operating within elite and professional sports teams have arguably been inadequately considered (Nesti, 2010). It has been suggested that this may be due to the inaccessibility of elite team environments (Eubank, Nesti, & Cruickshank, 2014; Nesti, 2010). The purpose of this research was to examine the challenges facing practitioners who operate in elite environments and to illuminate how these were experienced. Qualitative interviews with six experienced applied sport psychologists were conducted and a narrative themed analysis undertaken. Four main themes emerged as most prevalent and meaningful: challenges to congruence, a broader role: managing multiple relationships, the influence of elite sport cultures, and surviving and thriving were presented in narrative form. Practitioners provided experiential insight into how specific challenges were understood and dealt with, and how they are able to provide an effective service while managing themselves and the demands of the environment.
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Voronov, Nikolay Andreevich. "Development of sports psychology: psychological methods of training of athletes." Development of education, no. 1 (1) (September 25, 2018): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-21451.
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In this article the characteristic of use of various psychological technologies in sport is given, the psychological methods used by sports psychologists for studying of relationship in team and drawing up individual psychological cards of the athlete are given. On the basis of the carried-out diagnostics and drawing up psychological cards of athletes selection of candidates in the course of the trainings can be made and also during competitions and preparation for them that allows to improve personal qualities of athletes.
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Day, Dave. "‘Magical and fanciful theories’: sports psychologists and craft coaches." Sports Coaching Review 1, no. 1 (May 2012): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2012.702468.
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Davis, James O. "Sports Injuries and Stress Management: An Opportunity for Research." Sport Psychologist 5, no. 2 (June 1991): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.5.2.175.
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Several studies report that psychological factors, especially stress, are related to sports injuries, and while stress management techniques have often been found to facilitate sport performance, these reports have not included information about the effects of stress intervention on injury rates. This article reexamines two sport psychology programs by investigating the injury data collected by athletic training personnel before, during, and after two university varsity teams practiced progressive relaxation during team workouts. Major findings include a 52% reduction in injuries for swimmers and a 33% reduction in serious injuries for football players. Discussion focuses on methods of injury data collection by sport psychologists, questions about the nature of the stress/injury relationship, and possible interventions.
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Kirschenbaum, Daniel S., William D. Parham, and Shane M. Murphy. "Provision of Sport Psychology Services at Olympic Events: The 1991 U.S. Olympic Festival and Beyond." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.4.419.
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Sport psychology services were provided at the 1991 U.S. Olympic Festival. A consultation model was employed that included aspects of the traditional medical model and a more proactive preventive approach. Consultations were delivered using a “professional/clinical” style (i.e., emphasis on expertness, empathy, warmth, and congruence). Two sport psychologists provided 85 formal consultations to more than 300 athletes, coaches, staff members, and others from 16 different sports. Process and outcome evaluations suggested that these services were very well received. Eleven recommendations are provided for delivery of sport psychology services at future Olympic events.
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Romero, Aline Marques, Anne Souza, and Emelly Samarha de Oliveira Silva. "PSICOLOGIA DO ESPORTE E A SAÚDE MENTAL DOS ATLETAS." REVISTA FIMCA 10, no. 3 (November 25, 2023): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37157/fimca.v10i3.791.
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A psicologia do esporte vai além da simples análise de habilidades físicas, adentrando o reino das emoções, da autoconfiança e das estratégias mentais que influenciam diretamente o rendimento esportivo. Nesse cenário, psicólogos do esporte desempenham um papel fundamental, colaborando estreitamente com atletas, treinadores e equipes para otimizar não apenas o desempenho atlético, mas também o bem-estar mental dos participantes. Atletas apresentam transtornos psicológicos que estão diretamente ligados com a sua atuação no âmbito esportivo, desse modo, o psicólogo atua com a função de não apenas melhorar o desempenho do atleta, mas também em ser um agente na promoção da saúde mental. A importância do psicólogo esportivo está na sua capacidade de compreensão de quais as áreas e pontos o atleta precisa colocar mais atenção, se desenvolver e isso oferece a possibilidade de que transtornos psicológicos sejam identificados, trabalhados ou até mesmo evitados. Sports psychology goes beyond the simple analysis of physical abilities, entering the realm of emotions, self-confidence, and mental strategies that directly influence sports performance. In this scenario, sports psychologists play a key role, collaborating closely with athletes, coaches, and teams to optimize not only athletic performance but also the mental well-being of participants. Athletes present psychological disorders that are directly linked to their performance in the sporting context, in this way, the psychologist acts with the function of not only improving the athlete's performance but also being an agent in promoting mental health. The importance of sports psychologists lies in their ability to understand which areas and points the athlete needs to pay more attention to, and this offers the possibility that psychological disorders can be identified, worked on, or even avoided.
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Kleinert, Jens, Jeannine Ohlert, Bert Carron, Mark Eys, Deborah Feltz, Chris Harwood, Lother Linz, Roland Seiler, and Marion Sulprizio. "Group Dynamics in Sports: An Overview and Recommendations on Diagnostic and Intervention." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 412–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.3.412.
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Working with teams and training groups is a common and major challenge for applied sport psychologists. This document is a position statement on the rationales, methods, and procedures of team-focused approaches in the practice of sport psychology. Furthermore, practice recommendations and research desiderata are discussed. To develop the paper, a consensus conference with nine experts from North America and Europe was held in Spring 2010. First, the paper presents the rationale for team-focused interventions and addresses the concepts of team cohesion, team efficacy, team potency, and a task involving leadership style. Second, the contributions of sport psychologists to enhancing group functioning are discussed, including methods for enhancing interpersonal skills, team climate, and coach athlete relationships. Third, determinants of how sport psychologists decide procedure and build trust in working with teams are articulated. Finally, the consensus group recommends an intensified effort to examine the effects and practice applicability of theory-driven, ecologically valid interventions.
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Cotterill, Stewart. "Experience of working in an elite sports academy: A case study in professional cricket." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 8, no. 1 (February 2012): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2012.8.1.45.
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Over the past 10 years there has been a significant increase in the number of sports adopting a more formalised, and increasingly well-funded, approach to talent development through professional sports clubs. As a result there are increasing opportunities for sport psychologists to work at this level. The purpose of this article is for the author to both share and reflect on experiences of providing sport psychology support in a professional cricket academy over a four-year period. In particular, the approaches adopted, and the effectiveness of the profiling techniques and tools used are explored. This article also seeks to explore the challenges that face a practitioner working in this developmental environment and the importance of developing good working relationships with other members of the support staff and coaching teams.
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Ababei, Radu. "Study regarding the motivational differences of professional athletes." Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XV Physical Education and Sport Management 1 (June 25, 2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/efms.2020.1.02.
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The subject of motivation in sports is a widely debated one in the professional literature, either by psychologists or by coaches, most of the times stopping at the identification of the main markers that favor or hurt top performance.The purpose variable in relation to the nature and aim of the sport, and to the motivation, where the results were almost identical. This study provides information regarding the reaching of motivational goals by individual and team sports athletes, by highlighting the components that will allow the athletes to face the negative psychological states successfully and to be able to express their peak performance ability.For this study, a group of 86 male athletes were selected, aged 18-25, divided into two groups, one for individual sports and one for team sports. The hypothesis was that there are not any significant differences between the individual and team sports athletes in regards to motivation.
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Taylor, Jim, and Shel Taylor. "Pain Education and Management in the Rehabilitation from Sports Injury." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 1 (March 1998): 68–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.1.68.
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This article addresses the essential role that pain plays in the rehabilitation of sports injury. It will describe important information and approaches that applied sport psychologists can use to more effectively manage pain in injured athletes. The article includes a brief discussion of the most accepted theories of pain. Types of pain that injured athletes may experience and how they can learn to discriminate between them will be discussed. The article will also consider how pain can be a useful tool as information about injured athletes’ current status in recovery and the need to modify their rehabilitation regimens. The value of measuring pain will be examined with emphasis on determining a simple and easy means of assessing pain. Next, the article will examine why nonpharmacological pain management may be a useful adjunct to pharmacological pain control. Then, a brief description of the most commonly used pain medications and a detailed description of common nonpharmacological pain-management strategies will be furnished. A discussion of how nonpharmacological pain management can be incorporated into the traditional rehabilitation process will be offered. Finally, the article will describe the role that sport psychologists can play in the management of sport injury-related pain. The objective of this article is to provide applied practitioners with the knowledge and tools necessary to assist injured athletes in mitigating the pain they will experience during recovery as a means of facilitating their rehabilitation and return to sport.
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Baillie, Patrick H. F., and Steven J. Danish. "Understanding the Career Transition of Athletes." Sport Psychologist 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.1.77.
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Transition out of a career in sports has been suggested as being a difficult and disruptive process for many athletes. An early and enduring identification, familiarity, and preference for the role of athlete may cause its loss to be a significant stressor for the elite, Olympic, or professional athlete. The purpose of this paper is to describe the various aspects of the career transition process in sports, beginning with early identification with the role of athlete and continuing through retirement from active participation in competitive sports. Athletes are often poorly prepared for the off-time event of leaving sports, and traditional theories of retirement may not be suitable. People associated with athletes (coaches, peers, management, family members, and sport psychologists) and athletes themselves need to be aware of the potential for difficulty during their career transition.
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A.K. Namazov, N.B. Majidov, A.V. Mukhina, and K.A. Namazov. "MEANS AND METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF ATHLETES." Scientific News of Academy of Physical Education and Sport 4, no. 4 (March 15, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28942/ssj.v4i4.581.
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The problem of psychoregulation in sports is one of the most actual due to the high importance of the psychological factor in sports activities. Psychoregulation is the subject of research by a number of sports psychologists, and for the most part it was developed in the field of managing the prestart state of the athlete.
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Steinfeldt, Jesse, Leslie A. Rutkowski, Thomas J. Orr, and Matthew C. Steinfeldt. "Moral Atmosphere and Masculine Norms in American College Football." Sport Psychologist 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.26.3.341.
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This study examined on-field antisocial sports behaviors among 274 American football players in the United States. Results indicated that moral atmosphere (i.e., teammate, coach influence) and conformity to masculine norms were significantly related to participants’ moral behavior on the field (i.e., intimidate, risk injury, cheat, intentionally injure opponents). In other words, the perception that coaches and teammates condone on-field antisocial behaviors—in addition to conforming to societal expectations of traditional masculinity—is related to higher levels of antisocial behaviors on the football field. In addition, conformity to traditional masculine norms mediated the relationship between moral atmosphere and on-field aggressive sports behaviors, suggesting a relationship between social norms and moral atmosphere. Results of this interdisciplinary endeavor are interpreted and situated within the extant literature of both the fields of sport psychology and the psychological study of men and masculinity. Sport psychologists can use results to design interventions that incorporate moral atmosphere and conformity to masculine norms in an effort to decrease aggressive sports behaviors in the violent sport of football.
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Nazar, Naila, and Nur Haziyanti Khalid. "Dark Triad and Sport Performance among Pakistani Players Mediating Role of Antisocial Behavior: A Conceptual Study." EDUCATUM Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/ejoss.vol9.2.7.2023.
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The study will measure the association between dark triad and sport performance among Pakistani players with mediating role of antisocial behavior. The total sample (N= 495) of Pakistani players will be recruited from an affiliation with a university institute, or club, and national players will be selected in this research. The age range will be 18-35 years of participants. Three instruments will be used to collect the data, Short Dark Triad, and Sport Performance Scale. While in this study Antisocial Behavior Scale will be developed and validated. This study will be conducted in two phases. The phase-1 comprised the exploratory sequential mixed methods research design (tool development) used to explore the domains of antisocial behavior, develop, and validate the antisocial behavior scale. While, phase-2, is quantitative and cross-sectional in nature. The methods and procedures adopted for both phases are given separately. Considering the literature review and objectives of the study, three proposed hypotheses will be tested after the data collection. H1: The indigenous antisocial behavior scale will be valid and reliable among Pakistani players. H2: There will be an association of dark triad personality (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy) and antisocial behavior with the sports performance of Pakistani players. H3: There will be an influence of dark triad personality (Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy) on the sport performance of Pakistani players with mediating role of antisocial behavior. H4: In the first phase of the study, data will be analyzed through Content Analysis, and in phase 2, the data will be analyzed through SPSS and AMOS to test the psychometrics properties of newly developed Antisocial Behavior Scale, the association between variables and mediation analysis using Structural Equation Modeling. Regarding implications of the study, this study will be helpful for sports psychologists, players, coaches, and sports policymakers. Dark Triad are important personality traits, which can positively and negatively predict sports performance among players. This research will gain the intention of sports psychologists, coaches, and sports policy makers to develop policies regarding personality traits such as dark triad and antisocial behavior. This study recommends to coaches and team selectors during the selection of players, the personality traits of players should also be measured and players who have negative personality traits will be considered for further psychotherapeutic interventions to overcome their negative personality traits, after this so they can enhance their sports performance.
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Wylleman, Paul, Paul De Knop, Joke Delhoux, and Yves Vanden Auweele. "Current Status and Future Issues of Sport Psychology Consultation in Flanders." Sport Psychologist 13, no. 1 (March 1999): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.1.99.
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Academic background, consultation processes, and training and support were assessed with semistructured interviews among 18 sport psychology consultants (60% of total membership) of the Flemish Society of Sport Psychology. A total of 61% of consultants were trained as clinical psychologists, most with limited sport psychology background. Assessments revealed that interpersonal relationships skills and communication (63%) and fear of failure (55%) were the most common concerns, whereas stress management (54%), enhancement of relationship and communication skills (31%), and visualization and goal setting (31%) were used in interventions. Recommendations for enhancing the development of applied sport psychology in Flanders include specialization in sport psychology at the academic level, continued sport psychology consultation training, and a better coordination between sport psychology consultants and the world of sports.
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Pelipas, Dmytro. "Preparedness of Future Physical Education Teachers for Sports-Patriotic Activity." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University 1, no. 2 (340) (2021): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-2(340)-1-127-138.
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The article deals with the problem of readiness of future physical education teachers to sports-patriotic activity. We examined the emergence and development of the category "readiness" in the studies of psychologists, physiologists, teachers, specialists of physical culture and sport. Different approaches to the definition of readiness for activity in individual researchers are explained by different types of readiness, different types of activity itself and the specificity of a variety of professional specialties. We have determined that the readiness of future physical culture teachers for sports-patriotic activity is a complex, integral category, which consists of psychological, scientific-theoretical, psychophysical and physical training, and is a state of professional mastery of a teacher and the possibility of its implementation in practice with the aim of sports-patriotic education of the younger generation. According to the quality of readiness of future physical culture teachers for sports-patriotic activity, we have defined the following criteria: informational and cognitive; motivational and axiological, reflexive, operative, activity-practical. The determined levels and indicators of future physical education teachers' readiness for sports-patriotic activity: low, medium, high. Further research will focus on the connection of sport-patriotic activity of future physical culture teachers with the aspects of functioning in the conditions of New Ukrainian School.
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Netto, Lorena Madeiral, Rebecca Ravelli, and Ilza Ligia Biceglia. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA COMUNICAÇÃO ATLETA-TREINADOR E O PAPEL DO PSICÓLOGO DO ESPORTE." Colloquium Humanarum 08, no. 1 (May 13, 2011): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2011.v08.n1.h0104.
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This article presents the work about the development of an intervention proposal for supervised internship in Sports Psychology in the last year of undergraduate psychology. The objective of work is to investigate and intervene on the processes of interpersonal communication between athletes and between athletes and coaches, for the psychologists phenomenon of the dynamics of the sport in question and that can interfere with psychological condition of athletes and thus results in performance and their mental health. Throughdiscussionofapracticecoupledwiththeory, the work illustrates theassessmentand interventioninthreeathletesseekingthe bestperformancefromcomplaintsofindiscipline, disinterestand lackofhardinpracticeappointedby thecoach.
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Felsten, Gary, and Kathy Wilcox. "Why is Life Stress Ignored in Studies of ‘Stress’ and Athletic Performance?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 3 (June 1992): 800–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.3.323.
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Investigations of relationships between stress and athletic performance and stress and outcomes outside of sport psychology have a parallel evolution. Each area has advanced from early attempts to find simple, strong relationships to current strategies for evaluating the influences of individual differences and situational factors on more elusive relationships. However, the most common conceptualizations of stress are very different in research on sport psychology and stress, and most studies of stress and athletic performance do not involve the influences of stress outside athletics. We propose that the approaches used by sports psychologists and stress researchers could be combined to evaluate more fully the relationships between stress and athletic performance.
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Hinman, R. S. "SPSS for psychologists, 3rd edn." British Journal of Sports Medicine 40, no. 11 (September 15, 2006): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.030254.
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Янышева, В. А., Д. А. Донцов, and З. А. Кольчугина. "PSYCHODAGNOSTIC SUPPORT FOR THE APPLICATION OF NATURAL-PSYCHIC METHOD OF AUTOORDINATIONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY." Человеческий капитал, no. 3(183) (March 21, 2024): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25629/hc.2024.03.11.
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В статье представлена методика В.А. Янышевой «Диагностика эго-состояний личности в аутоординационном подходе». Предназначение методики научно-практически широко и глубоко. Данную методику могут использовать сами респонденты для выявления выраженности своих эго-состояний. Эту методику могут применять психологи-диагносты для составления психодиагностического портрета человека. Настоящую методику могут осуществлять психологи-консультанты, психотерапевты любых направлений в качестве информационного материала, на основе которого характеризуется личность клиента и проводится психологическая коррекция негативных эго-состояний. В общем и целом, данная методика предназначена к профессиональному применению и профессионально показана для всех специалистов-психологов: психологов-консультантов, психологов-психотерапевтов, психологов-психодиагностов, преподавателей практикоориентированных психологических дисциплин, научных сотрудников-психологов, возрастных психологов, клинических психологов, а также социальных, служебных, военных, управленческих, транспортных, спортивных, пенитенциарных, экстремальных психологов и других профильных специалистов. This article presents the methodology of V.A. Yanysheva “Diagnostics of personality ego-states in the autoordination approach”. The purpose of the methodology is scientifically and practically broad and deep. This technique can be used by respondents themselves to identify the severity of their ego-states. This technique can be used by diagnostic psychologists to draw up a psychodiagnostic portrait of a person. This technique can be implemented by psychologists-consultants and psychotherapists of any direction as information material on the basis of which the client’s personality is characterized and psychological correction of negative ego-states is carried out. In general, this technique is intended for professional use and is professionally indicated for all psychologists: consultant psychologists, psychotherapist psychologists, psychodiagnostic psychologists, teachers of practice-oriented psychological disciplines, research psychologists, developmental psychologists, clinical psychologists, as well as social, service, military, management, transport, sports, penitentiary, extreme psychologists and other specialized specialists.
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Bochaver, K. A., S. I. Reznichenko, and D. V. Bondarev. "Authenticity and Mental Toughness in Athletes: An Empirical Model." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 16, no. 4 (December 26, 2023): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2023160412.
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<p>The study explores the role of personal authenticity in the psychological training of athletes, focusing on its relationship with intrinsic motivation, mental skills — including stress resilience — and mental toughness. Drawing on data from 355 male athletes (18-26 years) across various sports, standardized tools like the Moscow Authenticity Scale, Mental Strength Scale, Sports Motivation Scale, Ottawa Mental Skills Test, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were employed. Path regression analysis revealed an empirical model that showcases how authenticity linked directly and indirectly to mental toughness through fostering intrinsic motives like self-development, enjoyment of sports, and resilience against stress. While direct contributions of authenticity to mental toughness are modest, its cumulative impact, factoring in mediating effects, is substantial. Notably, authenticity holds more weight for less experienced athletes in developing mental skills and toughness. These findings offer valuable insights for psychologists focused on the psychological training of athletes, especially in managing mental processes crucial for sport performance.</p>
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Siagian, Debora Shintiya, Ocniel Juandi Simarmata, Ocniel Juandi Simarmata, Angga Alfian, and Angga Alfian. "Normative Review of Legal Protection for Athletes with Achievements in Lampung Province." QISTINA: Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/qistina.v3i1.2092.
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The phenomenon of sports in Indonesia, since the time of the kings before colonization until now, is very important to be studied for the development of sports in the current context and future context. The sport of hunting for example, which later developed into archery is a tangible result of the development of the sport. Nowadays when we hear the word "sport" or "sport" that comes to mind we are athletes. Even though many sports players other than athletes such as coaches, referees, and administrators of sports organizations who in carrying out their profession, must be willing to sacrifice their time, energy, mind, and even family to be able to provide maximum achievements in order to make the name of the nation and country proud. One of them is athletes, who have to sacrifice time, energy, material, even have to be willing to be far away and separated from their families in order to strive for achievements in order to raise the red and white flag on the highest pole in every race. Therefore, it is undeniable that athletes also expect material appreciation from the government that can support their lives in the future. In addition to the welfare provided, every sports player is entitled to legal protection from the government. Protection of sports players is needed based on applicable laws and regulations. The National Sports System Law, Article 55 paragraph (3) explains that "Every professional sportsperson has the right to (a) be accompanied by, inter alia, managers, coaches, medical personnel, psychologists, and legal experts, (b) participate in championships at all levels in accordance with the provisions, (c) obtain coaching and development from the parent sports organization, professional sports organization, or functional sports organization, (d) obtain a reasonable income". Then Article 64 explains that sports personnel in carrying out their profession have the right to obtain: (a) coaching, development, and skill improvement through training, (b) safety guarantees, career advancement, welfare services, legal aid, and/or awards.
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Aguzumtsyan, R. V. "Scientific Heritage of Professor O.M. Tutunjyan (to the 105th Anniversary of Birth)." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 44, no. 5 (2023): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920027728-6.
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The multifaceted scientific contribution to psychological science of the famous Armenian scientist O.M. Tutunjyan is considered (1918–1994). The main directions of his research are highlighted — the history of foreign and Armenian psychology, educational, child and sports psychology. Research on the history of foreign psychology has received international recognition, including the election of O.M. Tutunjyan is an honorary member of the French Society of Psychologists, the Academic Council of the Institute of Psychosomatics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), and a number of other foreign Societies of Psychologists and Academic Councils.