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Zakrajsek, Rebecca. "Coaches and sports psychology factors influencing intentions to use sport psychology consultation /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3424.
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Harmison, Robert J. "Athletes' Attitudes Toward Seeking Sport Psychology Consultation: Development and Validation of the Sport Psychology Attitudes Questionnaire." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2641/.
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The purpose of the study was to create a questionnaire to identify underlying dimensions of athletes' attitudes toward seeking sport psychology consultation. A total of 1138 athletes (625 males, 513 females) representing 36 sports from four levels of participation were used to develop the Sport Psychology Attitudes Questionnaire (SPAQ). In Study I, exploratory factor analysis produced a two-factor solution that accounted for 37.1% of the overall variance: (a) belief in the credibility of sport psychology (14 items) and (b) preference for similarity with a sport psychology consultant (SPC) (7 items). Three items were omitted following item analysis, and nine items were eliminated after failing to load higher than the cut-off value of .40 on either of the factors. In Study II, confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor model, and multigroup comparison in Study III demonstrated that the model fit well for both male and female samples. As for validity, the SPAQ factors predictably (a) distinguished between athletes with and without previous experience with a SPC, (b) related to ratings of helpfulness/satisfaction related to a previous experience with a SPC, and (c) correlated with willingness to see a SPC for help in the future. Also, the SPAQ factors were related, as predicted, to (a) belief that practicing sport psychology skills will lead to desirable outcomes, (b) interpersonal openness, and (c) affective prejudice toward identified outgroups but were not related to level of self-concept as hypothesized. Contrary to predictions, Gender X Race X SPC experience MANOVAs revealed no gender or racial differences in attitudes toward sport psychology consultation. It was concluded that the SPAQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing a set of important attitudinal dimensions with regard to seeking sport psychology consultation and a useful instrument for research and practice. Theoretical and empirical support for the interpretation of the SPAQ factor structure, directions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.
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Williams, Bradley Axson. "Collegiate Athletes’ Perceptions Of Sport Psychology: A Qualitative Investigation." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?miami1043938290.
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Thesis (M.S.S.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Physical Education, Health, and Sport Studies, 2003.Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 92 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-88).
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Llewellyn, David J. "The psychology of physical risk taking behaviour." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21203.
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This study investigates the psychology of risk taking, and in particular the personality profiles associated with different physical risk taking behaviours. It was hypothesised that there may be three fundamental approaches to risk: 'Risk avoiders' avoid activities they perceive to contain risk, 'risk reducers' participate in high risk activities in spite of the risks involved, and 'risk optimisers' who are motivated by the exposure to risk. An appropriate measure of subjective risk assessments was not identified in the existing literature, and the 27-item Physical Risk Assessment Inventory (PRAI) psychometric measure was therefore developed. After initial piloting the PRAI was administered to 407 subjects. Subsequent analyses revealed that two oblique factors accounted for much of the variance in physical risk assessments, and these were initially identified as "Sports" and "Health" factors. A wide ranging test battery (including the EPQ-R and selected scales of the ZKPQ) was th en administered to 113 subjects, and further analyses suggested that high risk sports and health risk behaviours were associated with independent psychological profiles. Health risk behaviours were associated with an "Antisocial" factor that was identified by high social and physical risk propensity, Sensation Seeking and Psychoticism. The participation in high risk sports loaded on a second "Venturesomeness" factor that was associated with high confidence, physical risk propensity, Sensation Seeking, peer behaviours and being male. A third "Physical Risk Assessment" factor was associated with high physical risk assessments, being female, and low Addiction scores. Multiple regression analyses suggested that 38% of health risk behaviours, and 60% of sports risk behaviours could be predicted by the variables included in this study. Convergent qualitative data provides additional support for the validity of thes fore appears to be limited to the role of Sensation Seeking and physical risk optimisation.
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Norman, Moss Edward. "Youth and sports consumption." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ57150.pdf.
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Wright, Justin. "Human Aggression and Sports Media Violence." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/985.
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The present study was designed to gain more perspective on human aggression and how sports media violence affects aggression levels. Anderson (1997) defined aggression as behavior that is intended to harm others or one's self. Anderson (2001) defined media violence as a portrayal of intentional harmful behavior directed at another person or the self. To define sports aggression, the definition of aggression must be manipulated slightly. The definition should be changed to a form of behavior intended to injure, whether or not an actual injury occurs, directed at an opposing team or opposing player to gain an advantage during the progression of play. An example of this would be trying to hurt a key player of the opposing team so that this player can no longer perform at a level expected of him by others. This definition does not include aggressive behavior toward people watching the game or officials during the game. It only pertains to playeron-player aggression and those actions taken that are allowed with in the rules of the game. Sports media violence does not include players and fan interaction, two fans fighting, or violent acts between players and officials. Many studies have been completed looking at human aggression levels and how certain media types affect aggression levels. In a study completed in 2001, it was shown that viewing violent movies can increase aggression levels in participants (Bushman & Anderson, 2001). Another study completed by Phillips (1986), examined and compared the homicide rates in America the day after a major boxing match had occurred to the average homicide rate. His findings suggest that a relationship between viewing boxing and homicide rates exists. The more people who viewed the fight the night before, the higher the homicide rates were in America the next day. The present study is attempting to look specifically at the effects of sports violence in the media on aggression levels of its viewers. Participants completed a Buss-Perry Aggression Scale before the experiment began to assess their pre-experiment aggression levels. Then the participants were randomly assigned to view one of the video groups: non-violent sport, violent sport, nonviolent movie, or violent movie. The participants were randomly assigned to conditions based on the times at which they signed up to complete the study. They next watched a five-minute video clip. The content of each video varied by the conditions of the experiment, for example, nonviolent sport, violent sport, nonviolent movie, or violent movie. After watching the video, each group was given the Word Completion Task to assess post-video aggression levels. Results indicated that after viewing violent forms of video material, sports and non-sports, aggression levels increased in participants significantly. But when participants viewed non-aggressive material their aggression levels did not increase significantly. Therefore, exposure to violent sports has the potential to increase levels of aggression following such exposure, just as exposure to violent movies and television shows increases aggression. However, there are other factors that play a role in the development of aggressive behavior.
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Gilbourne, David. "Collaborative research involving the sport psychologist within sports injury settings : action research themes and processes." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245933.
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Stiller, Jennifer Lynn. "An evaluation of an educational intervention in psychology of injury for athletic training students." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008. http://www.oregonpdf.org/index.cfm.
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Crabbe, Rowena C. "Emotions in Sports." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33193.
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In recent years the NCAA has had problems with the delinquent behavior of collegiate athletes on and off the field. The ability to know what causes athletes to act out will help athletic programs and reputations. Psychological behaviors have been related to sports performance and behavior in prior studies
In this study, we hypothesized that higher Emotional Intelligence in collegiate athletes, the ability to perceive, understand and manage oneâ s emotions, will be related to lower acts of delinquent behavior on and off the field, as well as better performance during games. Study participants were Virginia Tech Soccer, Basketball, and Football male student athletes. We assessed emotional intelligence using the MSCEIT v.2.0 and also measured self report delinquent behavior and game statistics. None of our hypotheses were supported. A major reason for the lack of evidence to support our hypotheses may have been low statistical power and possible sampling biases.Master of Science
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Bruintjies, Dianthea. "The application of sport psychology principles in the work place." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/987.
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Kirsch, Hiltz White Colleen M. "Reaction Time: Sports and Religion." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1542.
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Individuals attend to a variety of various stimuli on a daily basis and their brains decide what to attend to and what to tune out. How the brain chooses what is most important to pay attention to is decided with threat level, novelty, emotion, and other criteria. The current study looked at responses from 41 participants who identified high or low with University of Kentucky, Western Kentucky University, and/or Christianity. The participants where shown two images, the UK logo and either the WKU logo, an out-ofstate team logo, or a Christian symbol. Directly after the two images were presented, a dot appeared on the screen and the participants tapped a key on the keyboard to indicate on which side of the screen the dot was placed. The hypothesis stated that participants’ mean reaction time for identifying the side of the screen the dot was on when under a logo or a symbol with which the participants highly identify would be faster than the mean reaction time to a dot under logos or symbols with which the participant had low identification. However, results of this study did not show statistically significant differences in the mean reaction times of the participants.
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Lang, Kaitlyn Elizabeth. "The Lost Boys: Traumatic Brain Injuries in Action Sports." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/320013.
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KinesiologyM.S.
The purpose of this study was to uncover the unique and devastating consequences of untreated head injuries in a population that self-monitors their return to play after an injury. The secondary purpose was to identify the general perceptions of head injuries in the action sports culture and the themes that are common challenges for action sport athletes during their TBI rehabilitation in order to examine the coping skills that were used during their attempt to return to their sport. Seven athletes were interviewed. The sports represented were snowboarding, BMX racing, BMX freestyle, and motocross. The interviews assessed the following concepts: injury experience, symptoms, recovery, perception of the sport, return to sport, personality factors, and perception of head injuries. The interviews were transcribed and coded by the researcher in order to identify common themes and perceptions. The results indicated that the high frequency of injuries in action sports contributes partially to the perception of head injuries. It is a part of the culture to ignore injuries and push through pain. While the athletes have found success with this method in the past, it takes personal experience to convince them that head injuries should not be treated in the same manner. Since many of the athletes were unaware of their exact medical diagnosis, the severity of their injuries were established by how much their symptoms affected their day-to-day life. Physical symptoms were the most commonly reported, but psychological symptoms had a greater affect on the participants' day-to-day life. Generally, the participants who returned to play had higher levels of self-efficacy and self-awareness than the athletes who were not able to return. However, it is unclear from the study if the athletes had high self-efficacy because they were able to return, or if they were able to return because of their pre-injury characteristics. There was also a general consensus among the participants that more support and awareness about brain injuries were needed in their sport.
Temple University--Theses
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Kerr, John H. "Arousal mechanisms, attention and sports performance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10947/.
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This thesis is concerned with the relationship between arousal mechanisms, attentional processes and competitive sports performance. Theoretical interpretations of the arousal-performance relationship have traditionally followed the inverted-U hypothesis. Based on this approach, the generally accepted view in sports psychology is that high levels of arousal are detrimental to good performance. A review of the relevant psychological literature reveals the limited nature of such an approach and draws attention to alternative perspectives such as those offered by the work of Apter and that of Cox and Mackay. These more recent theoretical approaches allow more sophisticated interpretations of the individual's experience of arousal to be realised. Important here are other aspects of the individual's psychological state (cognition and emotion) as these are thought to affect his or her interpretation of arousal. Interestingly, the two theories, developed independently by Apter and by Cox and Mackay, appear consistent, one with the other, and have not previously been applied to the study of competitive sport. Several different research techniques were incorporated into a research design which used squash players of varying levels of ability to examine the various psychological factors important in their experience of and performance in competitive squash. The research techniques, some of which were innovative, proved effective indentifying the interaction of arousal and stress in relation to competitive performance. It was concluded that psychological preparation and experience (i.e. number of years, number of times per week played), along with personality characteristics and attentional strategies, contribute to success in competitive squash. Fluctuations in emotional responses characterised players whose performance was unsuccessful. By way of contrast, successful players' (i.e. successful in terms of level of ability attained, skill performance and winning games) psychological responses were more consistent. They achieved and maintained high levels of arousal both prior to and during performance. High arousal was, for successful players, accompanied by low stress and positive hedonic tone when they were subject to the demands of competitive squash games. Overall, successful players (that is skilled players in Study 2 and winners from Study 3) were highly extravert and significantly less neurotic (Eysenck) than other groups of players. Telic dominance was not a discriminating characteristic in this investigation, but successful players' attentional styles were significantly different, as defined by Nideffer's BIT and INFP subscales, to those styles or strategies employed by less capable players. Successful players generally employed psychological preparation strategies prior to and during play to a greater extent than other players. When doing so, they were more concerned with cognitive strategies, in the form of focussing and planning, than arousal modulation strategies. The present research investigation advanced knowledge about the processes involved in competitive sports, providing new and relevant information. As a result, a number of suggestions for squash coaching and player development, along with implications for cognitive intervention with sports performers, have emerged.
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Champ, F. M. "Psychological development in professional youth football : an ethnography of sports psychology practice." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8328/.
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The introduction of the Elite Player Performance Plan (EPPP) by the Premier League in 2012, and the subsequent formalization of sports psychology support, has resulted in increased opportunities for sports psychology practitioners to deliver their work within football academies (Nesti, 2012). The recognition of psychological support by the EPPP adds a new importance for us to better understand the impact of the lived experiences of applied practitioners within professional football clubs on their professional development and identity formation (Mitchell et al., 2016). The data on which this thesis is based has been drawn from research collected during a 3-year period from 2014 to 2017, where I (the researcher) occupied a dual role as a practitioner-researcher within the organisation of study. More specifically, I was responsible for the delivery of a psychological development program to academy players, support staff, and parents, and for the collection of data using ethnographic research methods. The first empirical chapter explored the use of practitioner-researcher ethnography as a research approach in sports psychology. Critical reflections highlighted some of the challenges that I faced whilst engaging in this dual role. Findings from this chapter highlighted the value of ethnography in encouraging the development of critical thinking skills, and self-awareness. However, a number of moral and ethical dilemmas arose because of the research demands. Therefore, it is suggested that a variety of support mechanisms (peer support, ethnography club) may help ethnographer’s better deal with challenging research situations that they may face. Following on from this, chapter 3 of the thesis used creative narratives to illuminate the impact of my experiences of delivering psychological support within one professional football club on my professional development, and identity as a sports psychology practitioner. My development journey aligned to the ICM (Côté, 2016), and was not smooth, or without challenge. In contrast, it was a rocky road (Collins & MacNamara, 2012), signified by a number of critical moments (Littlewood & Nesti, 2011). The challenges that I faced within the professional football club occurred as a function of the organisational culture (Roper, 2008), and ran parallel with the experiences of the youth players within this particular social context. The findings from this chapter suggest that identity is not a distinct end-point that sports psychology practitioners reach at the conclusion of their professional training. In contrast, identity is argued to be a fluid concept, continually evolving based upon the experiences that we have. Chapter 4 of the thesis followed the same structure as chapter 3, and presented the lived experiences of academy footballers over a longitudinal time frame. The findings that emerged within the chapter suggest that despite considerable changes in professional football over recent years the traditional masculine culture of this particular social context has remained reluctant to change (Nesti, 2012), and may be detrimental to the healthy psychological development of players who exist within it. Finally, chapter 5 of the thesis used action research principles to document the design, delivery, and evaluation of the psychological development program that was implemented within the professional football club. More specifically, interviews, focus groups, and evaluation sheets were used to attain the perspectives of key stakeholders (players, support staff, parents). The findings from this chapter demonstrated the complexities of psychological development, especially within the professional football culture. A level of confusion was present between stakeholders regarding the efficacy of the program. Although all individuals agreed that the program was beneficial in facilitating communication, and creating a supportive environment, there were discrepancies regarding its impact, and the nature of delivery.
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Yeh, Lestter. "The Effect of Stress Coping Techniques in Sports." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1240.
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The first part of this literature review goes over the biological and psychological aspects of stress. The cause of stress can be linked back to a primitive instinct known as “fight or flight.” The “fight or flight” instinct is triggered by several chemical reactions in the body starting from a signal from the amygdala to the sympathetic nervous system. Stress can also be categorized into internal and external stress. Further research links stress to sports. Many studies show that stress coping techniques such as meditation, self-talk, rituals, etc. are beneficial to athletes during competition. Suggested avenues of further research are to develop a standardized way to incorporate practicing stress coping techniques into a younger athlete’s routine, discover whether the same stress coping techniques can be used throughout all sports, and whether certain stress coping techniques will benefit people of different personality types equally. Keywords: Stress, Coping, Sports, Psychology, Athlete
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Carson, Fraser. "The psychology of anterior cruciate ligament injury rehabilitation amongst professional rugby union players." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8442.
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[From the introduction:] Within professional contact sports, injury has been reported frequently by athletes as causing stress (Anshel, 2001; Noblet & Gifford, 2002). Particularly within rugby union where injury has been reported as one of the top four stressors experienced by elite adolescent players (Nicholls & Polman, 2007), and the most frequent stressor by adult professional players (Nicholls Holt, Polman, & Bloomfield, 2006). A variety of coping strategies are utilized to manage these stressors, with the effectiveness varying per player (Nicholls et al., 2006). Although to date no research has found a causal relationship between injury as a source of stress and the actual incidence of injury such research suggest that injury can significantly increase the stress experienced by athletes. This is supported by the findings that following serious sports injury, elite athletes have reported this to be a stressful experience (Gould, Udry, Bridges, & Beck, 1997a) which is manifested by concerns related to career, physical rehabilitation, social interactions, further injury, and return to prior performance levels (Gould et al., 1997; Tracey, 2003).
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Bucur, David. "Distributive Justice and Punishment in Team Sports." TopSCHOLAR®, 2002. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/620.
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Distributive justice outcomes of punishment in an intercollegiate team sport setting were investigated. Male intercollegiate athletes (#=148) participating in the NAIA National Soccer Championship Tournament responded to one of eight scenarios and reported perceived fairness to player, fairness to teammates, deterrence to future player misconduct, and deterrence to future teammate misconduct. The results indicated that athletes perceive consistent distribution of punishment as more fair than conditional distribution of punishment; consistently distributed punishment is perceived to be more likely to deter future misconduct than conditional punishment; punishment, in general, is perceived as more fair when the violation committed is severe as opposed to moderately severe; severe punishment is perceived to deter future misconduct more often than moderately severe punishment when the violation is severe; and severe and moderate punishment are equally likely to deter future misconduct when the violation is moderately severe.
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Sharp, Lee-Ann, and n/a. "The role of sport psychology consultant effectiveness within the consulting relationship." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090827.122540.
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Within the field of sport psychology the need for effective evaluation is now one of the most pressing requirements, yet it is a need that is often overlooked (Strean, 1998). The evaluation of the individual sport psychology consultant has been neglected in favour of the assessment and evaluation of the methods employed by these individuals. Despite this neglect, the relationship that exists between the sport psychology consultant (SPC) and the athletes they are consulting with is regarded as a significant component in successful sport psychology interventions (Petitpas, Giges & Danish, 1999). Clinical and counselling psychology literatures have demonstrated substantial evidence supporting the positive effect that an open, trusting and collaborative relationship between therapist and client has on therapeutic outcomes (e.g., Horvath, 2006). Yet little is known about the facilitative conditions needed to establish an effective collaborative relationship between the sport psychology consultant and athlete. The first purpose of this research project was to investigate SPCs, elite athletes and coaches' perceptions of the influence of SPC characteristics on the development of athletes' mental skills. The second purpose was to explore the facilitative conditions these individuals believed were necessary for establishing an effective consulting relationship. In order to accomplish these goals, four studies were conducted to assess what SPCs, athletes and coaches believed to be essential for effective consulting. The first study involved the completion of an online Consultant Effectiveness Form by 48 elite athletes; study two involved individual face-to-face interviews with nine elite athletes (6 male and 3 female, mean age = 32.67 years, SD = 11.05, mean competitive experience = 16.67 years, SD = 8.70) from a variety of sports (cricket, rugby, swimming, triathlon, dressage and wheelchair rugby) regarding their opinions of consulting effectiveness. In study three 13 accredited SPCs (9 males and 4 females, mean age = 44.8, SD = 10.6; mean years consulting experience = 11.1, SD = 4.7) were interviewed to examine their perceptions of consulting effectiveness. Finally, study four involved the interviewing of both members of four sport psychology consulting case studies regarding the effectiveness of their individual relationship. An inductive grounded theory approach was employed to analyse the interview data. Following extensive inductive content analysis the concepts and sub-categories that emerged were then organised into broader categories. Results indicated five categories important for an effective consulting relationship; (a) adopt a client-centred consulting approach, in which the SPC demonstrated trust, openness and a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities; (b) transference and countertransference were a reality of the consulting relationship which the SPC should be aware of; (c) an informal, flexible, collaborative relationship with clear boundaries and the SPC being friendly, but not friends with the client; (d) the client contributions to the consulting relationship included commitment, openness and honesty; and (e) the SPC contributed counselling skills, enthusiasm, fitted in with team culture and worked towards creating client independence. The findings provide clear guidelines for consulting practice to promote the development of effective consulting relationships between sport psychology consultants and their clients.
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Gotsch, Kendra L. "Attitudes of certified athletic trainers concerning formal sport psychology education." Virtual Press, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Kleyn, Mark. "Shared Leadership in Chamber Music Ensembles: A Preliminary Study Borrowing from Sports Psychology." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34799.
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Connections between athletes and musicians have been drawn recently by scholars, sports psychologists, and musicians. Literature on these connections, however, has focused on individuals rather than exploring connections between teams and ensembles. The broad goal of our study was to determine whether leadership roles like those observed in sports research emerge in chamber music ensembles. We chose to focus on connecting the literatures of leadership in sports and music by using a questionnaire drawn from sports research (Fransen, et al., 2014) in a chamber music setting. Fransen’s model was designed to measure the emergence of four leadership roles (Task, Social, Motivational, and External) in teams. In our study, fifty local musicians responded to an online questionnaire derived from Fransen (2014). We found that all four of Fransen’s leadership roles were identified by respondents as present in chamber ensembles. Respondents were also asked to describe leadership roles in their ensemble that did not fit Fransen’s four leadership roles, where such existed. From their responses, we postulate the roles of “organizational leader” and “leader by example” in chamber ensembles. We interpreted the organizational leader to be an extension of Fransen’s “external leadership” role. We interpret he leader by example role to be a set of attributes as predictors of shared leadership in individuals, rather than as a separate leadership role. In light of our findings, we offer suggestions for improving the functioning of chamber ensembles and for future research in this topic.
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Bezuidenhout, Theo. "Bridging the sport psychology gap in golf." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09302008-132016.
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Appleton, Paul Richard. "Examining perfectionism in elite junior athletes : measurement and development issues." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/133570.
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The major theme of the current thesis was the definition, measurement, and development of perfectionism in elite junior sport. The first purpose was to examine the psychometric properties associated with Hewitt and Flett’s (1991) Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-HF) when complete by a sample of elite junior athletes. In study one, a confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original structure of 45-item MPS-HF. Subsequent exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a more parsimonious 15-item factor structure representing self-oriented (SOP), socially prescribed (SPP), and other-oriented perfectionism (OOP). Having established a reconstituted version of the MPS-HF, a second purpose of the research programme was to consider the origins of perfectionism in elite junior athletes using a cross-sectional design. Initially, in study two a social learning model was supported, with 18%-26% of variance in athletes’ perfectionism predicted by parents’ perfectionism. Building upon this finding in study three, a structural equation model revealed that parenting styles, including empathy and psychological control, mediated the parent-athletic child SPP relationship. In study four, a significant pathway emerged between parents’ achievement goals and athletes’ dispositional perfectionism, offering support for a social expectations model of perfectionism development. Specifically, parents’ task and ego orientations were positively associated with athletes’ SOP. In contrast, athletes’ SPP was predicted by parents’ ego orientation. Study four also demonstrated the nature and form of motivational regulation associated with athletes’ SOP and SPP. That is, a pathway emerged between athletes’ SPP and controlled forms of regulation, while athletes’ SOP was correlated with self-determined and controlled motivation. Finally, in study five, the coach-created motivational climate accounted for approximately 19% of variance in athletes’ perfectionistic cognitions, highlighting the role of additional social agents in the development of athletes’ perfectionism. The results of this research programme contribute to existing knowledge of perfectionism by forwarding reliable measures of SOP and SPP for employment in sport, and revealing a complex array of pathways that underpin the development of perfectionism in elite junior athletes. Ultimately, by preventing the occurrence of such pathways, athletic children may be protected from the perils of perfectionism.
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Parsons, Elizabeth M. "Sports participation, self-objectification, and instumentatlity among high school girls /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202171198422.
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Wilmot, Gregory Thomas Charlton. "Student-athletes' attitude formation towards sport or other Psychology services /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1569/.
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Patrick, Tom. "The practice of sport psychology telling tales from the field : a dissertation /." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Education, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001482/.
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The professional practice of sport psychology has received a tremendous amount of attention over the past two decades. Among the various studies and discussions to date, the most desirable and undesirable sport psychology consultant characteristics have been reported (Orlick & Partington, 1987); boundaries for sport science and psychology trained practitioners in applied sport psychology have been suggested (Taylor, 1994); and various models of delivery have been examined (Hardy & Parfitt, 1994). Recently, Andersen (2000) and Tenenbaum (2001) have called for a further examination of the process of sport psychology consultant-athlete interactions. For example, Petitpas, Giges and Danish (1999) identified congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard as important facilitative conditions in optimizing client-practitioner relationships. Many others have discussed the importance of establishing trust and respect as important factors relating to effective sport psychology service delivery (e.g. Halliwell, Orlick, Ravizza & Rotella, 1999; Ravizza, 2001). In order to further our understanding regarding the process of sport psychology practitioner-athlete interactions, a phenomenological inquiry was conducted in order to examine various lived experiences and associated meanings regarding the practice of sport psychology. The focus of this study was to describe and interpret the socially generated and shared intersubjective meanings operative within the service delivery of applied sport psychology. To this end, various meanings emerged as a result of the study of the practice of sport psychology. First, multiple identities were experienced by the practitioners and these created tensions both within the practitioner and with others in their immediate environment. Second, the practitioners' various roles and related actions were the result of negotiated realities that involved all members associated with their respective communities of practice. Finally, reflexive actions associated with practice occurred as the result of a number of contextual and internal considerations that occurred before, during and after incidents of practice. It was felt that by closely examining the nature of the interactions and individual perceptions of those involved in the process of sport psychology service delivery, a positive contribution could made to the literature pertaining to the practice of sport psychology.
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Specht, Leslie. "Distributive Justice and Perceptions of Fairness in Team Sports." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/703.
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Distributive justice refers to the perceptions of fairness of outcomes received by individuals for their efforts in organizational settings. Punishment is frequently used to eliminate offensive or undesirable behavior in organizations. The present study was based on distributive justice theory and assessed the effects of severity of punishment and the application of distributive justice rules in a sports team setting. Eight scenarios were developed combining two levels of distribution of punishment (consistent or conditional), two levels of severity of misconduct (severe or moderate), and two levels of severity of punishment (severe or moderate). It was hypothesized that consistent punishment across all team members, including the star player, would be perceived as more fair than conditional punishment. It was also hypothesized that more severe punishment would act as a greater deterrent to future offenses than moderate punishment. Each participant responded to one scenario and was asked to rate the following: the fairness of the punishment to the player, the fairness of the punishment to the rest of the team, the likelihood that the punishment will deter the player from future misconduct, and the likelihood that the punishment will deter the other players from future misconduct. The results indicated full support for the first hypothesis and partial support for the second.
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Jones, Sean. "Monetary Incentives and Adolescent Males' Athletic Performance." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5206.
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Although the use of monetary incentives as motivational tools has been studied by previous researchers, the mechanism of the relationship between monetary incentives and behavior/performance remains poorly understood. The purpose of this quasi-experimental investigation was to explore the relationship between 3 levels of monetary incentives ($0, $3, and $10) and the athletic performance of adolescent male soccer players. The moderating effect of perceived physical self-efficacy or intrinsic motivation on the relationship between athletic performance and monetary incentives was also investigated. The framework for the study was comprised of expectancy theory, the theory of planned behavior, and self-determination theory. Study participants included a convenience sample of 16 adolescent male soccer players between the ages of 11 and 13 who played on a youth soccer league in the Midwestern United States. The independent variable was level of monetary incentive, and the dependent variable was athletic performance (time on the 50-yard dash). Intrinsic motivation was assessed using the Sport Motivation Scale. Perceived physical self-efficacy was assessed via participants' scores on the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale for Children. Analysis, which included a repeated measures linear mixed-effects model and post-hoc pairwise comparisons, revealed that players' athletic performance increased as monetary incentives increased. Intrinsic motivation and perceived physical self-efficacy had no statistically significant interaction effect on the relationship between athletic performance and monetary incentives. Findings shed light on the potential usefulness of monetary incentives among male adolescents, and may be used by coaches to foster a mindset of achievement and goal-orientation.
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Abbott, Jo-Anne, and jomabbott@yahoo com au. "The influence of the quality of childhood sports participation experiences on adult motivation to be physically active." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060712.140042.
Full textAbstract:
As efforts to promote greater participation in physical activity among adults
have focussed on targeting childhood patterns of physical activity, it is important to
evaluate the assumed relationship between childhood and adulthood patterns of
physical activity. In the studies in this thesis an examination was made of whether
adult motivation to engage in physical activity is influenced by the perceived quality
of experiences with sports participation in childhood and adolescence.
In a pilot study, a measure of perceived quality of childhood and adolescent
sports participation experiences was developed. Young adults were asked by
questionnaire to rate their childhood and adolescent sports participation experiences
on a variety of items. From these responses, measures of the quality of childhood and
adolescent sports participation experiences were validated with confirmatory factor
analyses.
In the main study, the measure of adolescent sports participation experiences
was incorporated into a second questionnaire along with other measures of adult
motivation towards, and participation in, physical activity. The theoretical framework
of Personal Investment Theory (PIT, Maehr & Braskamp, 1986) guided the design of
this study. PIT proposes that individuals are motivated to participate in physical
activity based on what they hope to gain from participation, their beliefs about
themselves and their perceptions of opportunities for participation. This motivation
is, in turn, influenced by a number of other personal and situational factors, such as
prior personal experiences with sports participation.
The results of correlation and structural equation modelling analyses
suggested that the direct influence of the perceived quality of adolescent sports
participation experiences on the level of adult involvement in physical activity is
relatively weak. Structural equation modelling analyses indicated that this
relationship is mediated by some of these other motivational variables in PIT. These
were individuals. perceptions of their physical competence and personal control over
their physical activity behaviour, as well as the tendency to set physical activity goals
and to seek intrinsic motives for physical activity, such as skill improvement or
enjoyment. Although the quality of sports participation experiences also influenced
perceptions about the impact of potential barriers on activity in adulthood, such
perceptions did not relate to the actual level of activity of these adults.
The perceived quality of adolescent sports participation experiences also
influenced the type of physical activity engaged in as an adult, with more negative
memories of sports participation being associated with taking part in non-sport-related
physical activities in adulthood. In conclusion, application of PIT, along with the use
of structural equation modelling, provided valuable insight into how the quality of
adolescent sports participation experiences influences adult physical activity
behaviour.
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Silva, Rui Manuel Garganta da. "Caracterização do esforço e efeitos induzidos pela prática de actividades de academia na aptidão física e no auto-conceito físico." Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2000. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29293.
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Drummond, Murray. "The social construction of masculinity as it relates to sport: An investigation into the lives of elite level athletes competing in individually-oriented masculinised sports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1995. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1189.
Full textAbstract:
Sport has long been regarded as a masculine domain. In the past the literature has tended to focus on male athletes with respect to sensational or noteworthy performances, however little attention has been placed on the reasons why men participate in sport and the subsequent underpinning sociological implications of masculinity. This research investigated the lives of 12 elite level athletes competing in the three individually-oriented sports of triathlon, surf lifesaving and bodybuilding to attain a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between male identity and sport, and the process of masculinisation experienced by men throughout the lifecourse. Further, it explored the notion that sport is becoming one of the primary sites for the construction of masculinity for men in contemporary Western society. During childhood these men quickly realised that athletic competition meant far more than merely winning or losing. Sporting success was interpreted as being accompanied by peer recognition, family attention and general acceptance by society. Future acknowledgment was therefore perceived as being contingent upon continued success. However, placing emphasis on sporting success can influence a man's development throughout the lifecourse as he undergoes changes during the transition from boyhood, through adolescence and on to adulthood. It is with respect to such changes that some of these men experienced crises in their lives. As young male athletes, they based their self-image and masculine identity largely around success-derived appreciation from others. Therefore, when failing to live up to the expectations of these people their self-perception was affected and they were faced with problems relating to self-image, masculine identity and relationships with others, both intimate and family-oriented. On the other hand, sport can offer its young male participants numerous pleasurable experiences and the opportunity to change various aspects of their lives. It is with respect to this element that the athletes' lives were explored to determine their motivation for participating in their particular sport and its subsequent relationship with masculinity. It was the subcultural environment of each sport which appealed to the men because it provided them with a support network and a form of safety mechanism in the event of a crisis. Therefore, feeling secure in their own subcultural environment had a positive impact on their masculine identity. Utilising lifecourse theory within a social-psychological perspective, this research was able to identify some of the changes that emerge throughout sportsmen's lives and the role that sport plays in the social construction of masculinity for these men. By using sport to identify the problems associated with masculine identity it provides a looking glass for the problems associated with the social construction of masculinity for contemporary men in Western society.
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Lagacé, Debbie. "Sports spectatorship theories and spectator views of the LPGA golf product." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10397.
Full textAbstract:
The focus of this study was on determining which reasons for attending a golf event influenced spectator's decisions to attend the LPGA DuMaurier Classic 'major' golf event as well as to determine what, if any, sport spectatorship theories could be used to explain golf spectatorship. A questionnaire comprised of a demographic section and 27 attendance reasons was completed by 957 spectators using the spectator intercept method. It was predicted that Entertainment theories would best explain golf spectatorship. It was hypothesized that to see the finesse of shotmaking, to see live action and to see the best perform would be in the top ten reasons of the total sample, as it was in previous studies; and that male and female spectators, the four categories of golf playing frequency spectators, and weekday and weekend spectators would focus on different aspects of the golf spectating experience. All four hypotheses were supported by the results of the analyses. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Dyer, Patricia G. "Mastery rehearsal audio tapes and mental readiness in Junior College women swimmers : a qualitative study." Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2266.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of listening to mastery rehearsal audio tapes and mental readiness prior to practice and meets. Eleven members of the Modesto Junior College Swim Team were given instructions to create individual mastery tapes. The swimmers were to use the tapes before every practice and meet for six weeks, at which time the subjects were interviewed. A combination of an interview guide and standardized open-ended interview was used to examine the experiences of the swimmers using the tapes. Qualitative methodology was used to inductively analyze the interview transcripts. From the raw data collected, eight high order themes were categorized into three general dimensions that were experienced by swimmers both before practice and meets. The three general dimensions include: positive mental attitude; maintaining appropriate focus; and heightened arousal. Maintaining appropriate focus and heightened arousal before meets were the highest shared dimensions experienced by ninety-one percent of the swimmers. The second highest shared dimension was that of maintaining mental attitude before practice, expressed by eighty-two percent of the swimmers.
Mastery tapes appear very powerful in the development of imagery. One hundred percent of the swimmers expressed the tape helped enhance their imagery. Negative factors including frustrations and improvement suggestions were also discussed to provide the reader with important information for future use of mastery tapes.
The strength of this study was the rich description of experience discussed by the subject. From this description the study emphasized the importance of developing preperformance routines structured for each individual athlete.
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Villalon, Christina Ann. "Relationship between Males' Coaching Efficacy and Prior Exposure to Sport Psychology." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157535/.
Full textAbstract:
Coaching efficacy is largely influenced by mastery experiences such as formal education, coaching experience, and sport participation. Further examining specific experiences, such as exposure to sport psychology, may prove helpful in advancing our understanding of coaching efficacy. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore male high school coaches' coaching experience to determine whether sport psychology education and interactions with sport psychology consultants relate to coaches' coaching efficacy. Participants, 585 males (Mage = 43.89 + 10.02), completed an online survey measuring coaching efficacy and coaching and sport psychology experience. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that after controlling for years of coaching experience and school size, sport psychology education and interactions with sport psychology consultants were associated with higher overall coaching efficacy scores (p < .001). Additionally, analysis of covariance revealed that those with extensive sport psychology education had statistically higher coaching efficacy scores than those reporting no sport psychology education (p < .05). Knowledge of these phenomena may be relevant for sport psychology consultants, coach educators, and researchers.
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Greenfield, Dominic. "Perceived adequacy of professional preparation in sport psychology among NCAA division IA head athletic trainers." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1048391.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to assess Head Athletic Trainers (ATC) of NCAA Division I collegiate institutions perceived adequacy of professional preparation in implementing injury-related sport psychology skills and strategies. A survey instrument was developed and sent to all Head ATCs at NCAA Division IA institutions. Descriptive statistics were computed for information regarding educational background,. years of experience, number of varsity sports served, sport psychology backgrounds, specific sport psychology management strategies used and related perceived competence. Also, independent t-tests were conducted to examine differences in responses between professional preparation/backgrounds of the respondents and their perceived adequacy of preparation when utilizing sport psychology management strategies. Results indicate that 48% of NCAA Division IA Head ATCs have completed a formal course in sport psychology, and that perceived confidence when utilizing sport psychology skills and strategies are higher for this group. Better understanding of the role sport psychology plays in injury rehabilitation will allow ATCs to enhance their athletes' physical recovery from injury.School of Physical Education
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Block, Carly Juliana. "An Examination of Self-Talk and Perfectionism in Collegiate Athletes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1532783244535578.
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Hall, Tammy Kay. "Determinants of elite athletes' commitment to sport : examination of the sport commitment model in the professional sport domain." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3551.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the applicability of the Sport Commitment Model for a group of elite, professional athletes. The model proposes that an athlete's commitment will increase as sport enjoyment, personal investments, social constraints, and involvement opportunities increase and will decrease with an increase in involvement opportunities. The influence of identification as an athlete, a determinant of commitment not included in the original model, was also examined. One hundred and eighty three professional football players from the Canadian Football League (CFL) (n = 121) and National Football League (NFL) (n = 69) participated in the study. Each subject completed a modified version of the original questionnaire developed to test the constructs in the Sport Commitment Model (Scanlan, Simons, Carpenter, Schmidt, & Keeler, 1993) during a team meeting. Internal consistency reliabilities for the final items in all seven scales were acceptable. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated marginal overall fit (AGFI = 0.757) demonstrating good construct validity and discriminant validity for each scale. Zero-order correlations between commitment and its predictor constructs were significant and in the hypothesized direction for all predictor constructs except social constraints. The correlation between commitment and social constraints was negative and nonsignificant. The simultaneous regression analysis results found the predictor constructs accounted for 38% of the variance in commitment. Identification uniquely accounted for the most variance followed by enjoyment, involvement alternatives, and involvement opportunities. Only personal investments and social constraints did not contribute a significant amount of unique variance to sport commitment. The importance and meaning of the relationships between commitment and its determinants for professional athletes are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
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Tolbert, Tiffany Monique. "A content analysis of photographic images and gender in The source sports, Sports illustrated for women, Sports illustrated, and ESPN magazine." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1217392.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined sports photographs in fifty-two issues (thirteen issues each) of The Source Sports, Sports Illustrated for Women. Sports Illustrated and ESPN Magazine for gender differences in the way athletes are visually portrayed. Duncan and Sayaovong's 1990 study was used as the foundation for this new study.The content analysis revealed quantitative differences in photographic depictions of female and male athletes. Like the previous study, gender differences were found in the overall number of photographs of female and male athletes. These photographs were then broken down into one-half page, full-page and pull-out photographs. Gender differences were also found in the number of male and female athletes on the cover of the magazines, and the level of activity or inactivity associated with athletes. Unlike the previous study, the researcher found no gender differences in prominent and supporting positions when both men and women were featured in a photograph and no difference in camera angles.Department of Journalism
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Lividini, Michelle D. "Health Habits, Wellness, and Behavior of Male Student Athletes Participating in High School Sports." Thesis, City University of New York, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3561617.
Full textAbstract:
Muscle Dysmorphia (MD) is a pathological preoccupation with muscularity, more common in men than in women. MD is estimated to affect several hundreds of thousands of individuals. There has been little research related to MD in the male adolescent population and the prevalence is unknown. The mean age of onset of MD is estimated to be 19 years, and sports participation increases the risk for developing MD as well as other psychological difficulties. The pilot study revealed a potential relationship between MD symptoms and athletic and academic performance, low levels of self-esteem, high levels of perfectionist qualities, and use of performance-enhancing drugs. This study was conducted to substantiate previous findings and to understand MD symptomatology among male adolescent student athletes and its relation to athletic and academic performance as well as media influence, low levels of self-esteem, high levels of perfectionist qualities, and the use of performance-enhancing drugs. Participants included 67 male student athletes ages 14 through 18 who completed a four-page questionnaire. Results showed that MD symptomatology is prevalent among male high school athletes and is positively correlated with perfectionism and media influence. Current findings indicate the need for school programs and treatments to address MD symptoms. Further, the results offer important implications for school psychologists to make meaningful contributions in the school system through professional development to staff, counseling for students, and collaboration with parents.
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Polster, Douglas R. "Factors Predicting Return to Play in Sports-Related Concussion: An Empirical Evaluation." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/83.
Full textAbstract:
Sports-related concussion and its subsequent management have become a top priority within the sports medicine research spectrum. In order to properly understand the complex nature of concussion management, multiple aspects of the injury were explored including the psychobiological nature of the injury, risk for further injury, diagnostic concerns, and return to play decision making. While much research has been dedicated to these areas, one in particular, return to play, is the focus of this current research study. To date, there has not been a method for accurately predicting return to play time after an athlete has sustained sports-related concussion. In order to advance the understanding of return to play and the clinical management of concussion, the current study applied a unique statistical methodology to empirically develop an equation to predict average return to play time using a set of post-injury variables. This equation predicted average return to play time with significant accuracy and resulted in a strong correlation between predicted return to play time and observed return to play time. Importantly, the predication equation was moderately stable across multiple samples. The results suggest that return to play time can be successfully predicted via a set of post-injury variables. Thus, the understanding of concussion severity as well as the clinical management of the injury can be improved by providing clinicians with a better estimate of the length of time an athlete will be unable to participate in a given activity before full recovery.
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Wong, Sau-lin. "Sport commitment, perceptions of running benefits and perceptions of social support of runners with and without family commitment." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23435914.
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Banducci, Amanda M. "Peer Leadership: An Analysis of Athlete Captains on Collegiate Sports Teams." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/435.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study is to identify specific leadership behaviors of team captains and to determine how perceived leadership behaviors influence teammates’ perception of cohesion and satisfaction. Last, the study will demonstrate the relationship between perceived team captain leadership and team success mediated by perceived cohesion and satisfaction, while controlling for athletic ability. The team captains and coaches, from division III teams, were interviewed and team mates were given three surveys: Athlete Leadership Survey (ALS), Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and an Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ), measuring perceived leadership, cohesion, and satisfaction respectively. Statistically significant results of two bivariate regression analyses between ASL and ASQ, and team success (defined by winning percentage), suggest a strong positive relationship between perceived team captain leadership and team success. Yet, the effect was decreased when mediated by perceived satisfaction.
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Adie, Joshua M. "When in doubt, it's not out! leg-before-wicket (LBW) decision-making of elite-level cricket umpires." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232519/1/Joshua_Adie_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis aimed to develop a deeper understanding of elite-level cricket umpires’ leg-before-wicket (LBW) decisions. The thesis analysed decisions from real professional cricket matches to determine whether umpires’ decisions were biased by contextual factors such as match format, expectations, or home team advantage. This thesis also investigated the explicit decision-making expertise and beliefs of cricket umpires through interviews with elite-level officials to develop a conceptual model of LBW decisions.
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Smith, Shelley Elizabeth. "How Does Sport Team Identification Compare to Identification with Other Social Institutions?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/122.
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As social beings, people naturally form identifications with various social groups within their environment. Individuals gain benefits by forming identifications with groups, such as increased self-esteem and psychological support. Past research has examined the identification people form with various social groups, but no research has examined with which of these social groups people form the strongest identification. This study examines the strength of identification with various social groups within one’s life. It is predicted that individuals will indicate a stronger identification with a sport team than with any other social group. Secondly, it is predicted that identification with a sport team will provide better psychological benefits than identification with another social group. The analysis of 226 participants’ responses indicated that individuals form a stronger identification with a sport team than with a religious group, a school activity, or with a form of community involvement. A similar level of identification was found between identification with a sport team and a social activity as well as one’s occupation. The study’s results also indicated that identification with a sport team contributed slightly more to one’s social psychological health than identification with another form of social group.
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Beck, Corbatto Deborah. "Trust as a Precursor of Flow| A Social Cognitive View of Flow in Elite Coach/Athlete Dyads." Thesis, George Mason University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10792355.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influence of trust, help seeking/help giving, and relation-inferred self-efficacy on the onset of flow experience in a dyadic relationship between an elite athlete and their coach. The social cognitive theory of triadic reciprocal determinism was used to examine the relationship of the elite athlete and their trusted coach in a high-pressure athletic environment as it related to the ability of the elite athlete to achieve a flow state. Using a multiple case study approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five coach-athlete dyads. Data were analyzed using thematic network analysis (i.e., looking for thematic ties to established theory, as well as emerging themes). Prior research has focused on flow as a personally experienced phenomenon arising due to constructs that are largely self-controlled (e.g., loss of self-consciousness, merging of action and awareness, autotelic nature, centering of attention, feeling in control). Findings of this study, based on the triadic reciprocal determinism model, showed support for a more expansive model for flow in elite sport dyads, including behavioral, personal, and environmental influences, particularly in the area of trust. Based on findings of this study, recommendations are made for further research, including the necessity for sports flow research to move to a more applied focus using social cognitive theory. Implications of this line of research include uncovering the method by which an elite coach might create an environment in which flow experiences and improved performance outcomes might ideally occur for the athlete.
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Caldeira, João Gabriel Jardim. "O Estilo explicativo no desporto : Um Estudo sobre o rendimento de crianças e jovens, após uma situação induzida de fracasso." Master's thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física, 2001. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29411.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
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Caldeira, João Gabriel Jardim. "O Estilo explicativo no desporto : Um Estudo sobre o rendimento de crianças e jovens, após uma situação induzida de fracasso." Master's thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10019.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciência do Desporto, área de especialização em Desporto para Crianças e Jovens, apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física da Universidade do Porto
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Du, Preez Mirike. "Constructing safety in scuba diving a discursive psychology study /." Diss., Pretoria : [S.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09122005-152019/.
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Stanley, Matt. "Predictor Variables of Online Sports Problem Gambling by College Fraternity Members." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/897.
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The quantitative study identified predictor variables of online sports problem gambling, as measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) among fraternity students at major college universities. The data were composed of 125 college fraternity students from ages 18 to 25 years of age. The average SOGS score was 1.776 with a standard deviation of 1.93. A SOGS score of 5 or greater indicates a probable problem gambler. The study used the Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) pathways model to determine how fraternity students could become problem gamblers. A stepwise regression model was run in SPSS using multiple independent variables taken from the survey to determine which of the independent variables were significantly correlated with the dependent variable, SOGS score. The study found 5 independent variables to be statistically significant: family history of gambling, competitive wagering, tobacco use, placing a wager with a friend, and wagering with funds acquired by illicit means. These 5 variables hold an R-squared (adjusted) of .26, which means that about 26% of the variability in the SOGS scores can be accounted for by these 5 variables. The study results supported the hypothesis that a complex set of social, biological, and psychological factors may contribute to determine how fraternity students could become problem gamblers. This study identified multiple individuals and parties who would benefit from further research about the ill-effects of online sports gambling among fraternity students.
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Gieske, Diana. "The Effects of Intensity Level and Expertise on Attentional Focus During Exercise." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/398.
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An important goal of exercise psychology is to identify factors that influence exercise adherence. More than half of Americans do not get the physical activity that doctors recommend for maintaining or improving a healthy lifestyle. Attentional focus during exercise has been identified as one casual factor with regard to exercise adherence. Attentional focus has traditionally oeen defined as associative or dissociative (Morgan & Pollock, 1977). Association implies that an exerciser's attention is focused on how his or her body is reacting to the exercise (such as sweating, muscle soreness, and breathing) or on things such as pace and split-times. Dissociation implies that one's focus is placed on things that are unrelated to the exercise, such as daydreaming, listening to music, or focusing on the environment. The purpose of the current study was to determine how both the Stages of Change model and the intensity level of the exercise bout affect attentional focus. A new six-category measure of attentional focus was used. A total of 145 undergraduate psychology students were divided into differing levels of expertise based on the Stages of Change model and assigned to run at a moderate and very hard intensity on two separate days; attentional focus was measured following each bout. All but one stage of change focused on bodily sensations significantly more at the very hard intensity; the pre-contemplation/contemplation stage focused on bodily sensations less at the very hard intensity. Regardless of level of expertise, focus on bodily sensations, selftalk, and task-relevant external cues significantly increased and focus on task-irrelevant thoughts and external distractions significantly decreased from the moderate to very hard intensity. Participants reported significantly greater perceived exertion, greater pain, and less enjoyment at the very hard compared to the moderate intensity. Implications for these findings are discussed.
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Dyrlund, Allison. "The Effects of Music Preference and Exercise Intensity on Exercise Enjoyment and Perceived Exertion." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/549.
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In spite of the well-known physical and psychological benefits of exercise roughly 50% of people who start an exercise program will have dropped out within six months. Therefore, it is important to examine the determinants of exercise adherence. Past research has shown that enjoyment is an essential factor in exercise adherence. Additionally, music has been shown to influence exercise enjoyment. The music and enjoyment literature has generally included most preferred and no music conditions, yet no one has considered a least preferred music condition. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of music preference and exercise intensity on exercise enjoyment and perceived exertion. Participants (N=200) began by completing a music preference questionnaire. Each participant was randomly assigned to one of three music preference conditions (most preferred, least preferred, or no music). Next, they were asked to walk/run on a treadmill at one of three randomly assigned exercise intensities (low, moderate, or high) for 20 min. Following the exercise, participants completed an exercise enjoyment scale and a music satisfaction scale. Participants completed a measure of attentional focus (AFQ) as a trait measure before the exercise and as a state measure following the exercise. Perceived exertion was measured using Borg's RPE scale at the 10 and 20- min mark. A 3 (Music Condition) X 3 (Exercise Intensity) ANCOVA was conducted on enjoyment levels. There were no significant main effects and no significant interactions for music or intensity. A 3 (Music Condition) X 3 (Exercise Intensity) ANCOVA conducted on RPE scores revealed a significant main effect for intensity, F(2, 166) = 99.60, p <.01, r| = .55. There was no main effect for the music conditions and no significant interaction. A one-way ANOVA conducted on the music satisfaction questionnaire was significant, F(l, 130) =67.56, p <.00, r| = .34, with those in the most preferred music condition reporting higher levels of satisfaction with music choice than those in the least preferred music condition. An exploratory analysis, a 3 (Music) X 3 (Intensity) ANOVA conducted on enjoyment using participants that had paid attention to the music revealed a significant main effect for music, F(l,86) = 4.18, p = .044, accounting for roughly 5% of the variance in exercise enjoyment. Results of the study indicated that music preference does matter, as long as one pays attention to the music. If one pays attention to the music being played during exercise, then that person will enjoy that exercise significantly more than if she is listening to music she likes compared to music she does not like. Music preference does not appear to affect one's perceived effort during exercise. Results also revealed that the higher intensity at which a person is exercising, the more effort she will feel like she has to put forth. The results of the current study question the financial worth of health exercise facilities making music individualized for their patrons. Individualized music stations will be beneficial only to those patrons who pay attention to the music.