Dissertations / Theses: 'Sports science : training'

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Jones, Thomas. "Concurrent training : neuroendocrine and molecular mechanisms of strength and endurance training incompatibility." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2014. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21604/.

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Combining strength and endurance training within the same regimen is aptly referred to as “concurrent training”. Research conducted over the previous 3 decades has indicated concurrent training can result in attenuated development of strength, power and hypertrophy when compared to strength training in isolation. Despite extensive research the mechanisms contributing to this so called “interference effect” are yet to be fully elucidated, as is the influence of manipulating acute training programme variables within a concurrent regimen. As such, the purposes of this thesis were to investigate and draw conclusions regarding underlying physiological mechanisms relating to the interference effect. Additionally, this thesis sought to examine the effects of manipulating programme variables, including frequency and sequencing of exercise within concurrent training regimens on strength related adaptation. The findings of this thesis indicate overall training volume and frequency of endurance training within a concurrent intervention influences the presence and magnitude of the inhibition of strength development. Concurrent training volumes of 3 d·wk-1 elicited muted strength development, whereas lower frequencies did not. Whilst interference was not attributable to neuromuscular factors, it was reported that cortisol was only elevated following higher training frequencies, indicating training stress and catabolism may contribute to interference. Additionally, the sequencing of strength and endurance training can influence endocrine and signalling responses associated with strength adaptation, and it appears strength prior to endurance elicits greater increases in growth associated signalling. The findings of this thesis indicate that overall training stress influences the presence and magnitude of interference experienced, and is reflected in catabolic endocrine responses. Additionally, strength prior to endurance training promotes more favourable anabolic signalling than vice versa, which over time may contribute to greater strength type adaptations.

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Reed, Jacob P. "Coach and Athlete Perceptions of an Athlete Monitoring and Strength and Conditioning Program." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2399.

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Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to assess athlete perceptions of an athlete monitoring program throughout an academic year and coach perceptions throughout a competitive season. The secondary purpose was to develop a questionnaire designed to assess coach and athlete perceptions of the monitoring program. Methods: Athletes and coaches participating in the athlete monitoring program at East Tennessee State University’s (ETSU) Sport Performance Enhancement Consortium (SPEC) were invited to participate. Reliability for the coach and athlete questionnaires and principle components analysis (PCA) of the athlete questionnaire was completed after initial development of the questionnaire (11 questions for athletes and 20 for coaches) in the spring of 2013. To analyze changes throughout the academic year, 4 additional questionnaires were administered at the beginning and end of the fall 2013 and spring 2014 semesters. Results: Both athlete and coach questionnaires were considered reliable (athletes = 0.842, coaches = 0.919). PCA revealed a 3 component model (KMO = 0.798, Bartlett’s test of Sphericity = p < 0.001) with eigenvalues over one explaining 68.88% of total variance. Statistical differences between the pre and all other time points were noted for athlete’s perceptions of the SPEC programs influence on overall performance, skill, strength, speed, power, and understanding of the SPEC monitoring protocols. Coachs’ perceptions were statistically different from pre-to postseason only for skill. Conclusion: The questionnaire was shown reliable and can be considered for future use. The first component of the PCA revealed that perceptions of overall performance are influenced by perceptions of strength, skill, and power and agreement that testing data reflects performance, while the second showed that aerobic and anaerobic endurance as well as speed are all highly correlated and, finally, the third revealed that athletes’ understanding of the SPEC program monitoring increased with return of data. Overall, perceptions of the SPEC programs ability to influence the components assessed by the questionnaire were positive ranging from no different to much better for coaches and athletes. In conclusion, the SPEC athlete monitoring program seems to be a beneficial model for enhancing athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of certain aspects of performance.

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Loucaides, George C. "Comparison of training intensities for optimal endurance running performance." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2010. http://eprints.staffs.ac.uk/1920/.

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Introduction: A cluster of studies in the sport science literature employ interval training (alternating bouts of recovery and rest periods) interventions for the purpose of identifying optimal training intensities for endurance performance. There has been evidence to support the likelihood that among the most optimal training stimuli are two specific intensities: the velocity associated with the maximal rate of oxygen uptake (v 2max); and the intermediate velocity between v 2max and the velocity associated with the lactate threshold (vΔ50). It has not been shown to date, which of the two interval training intensities (v 2max or vΔ50) enhances performance and laboratory determined performance-related parameters the most, when applied in a complete yearly training cycle of endurance runners. Most studies have been too short to provide definitive answers. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to compare the interval training intensities v 2max and vΔ50 in a complete yearly training cycle so as to generate evidence as to which of the two impacts performance and performance-related parameters the most, with the goal of providing new knowledge in sport science. Methods: 32 out of the 45 male runners recruited initially completed the whole duration of the study (mean ± SD: body mass 72.0±8.0 kg, body height 175±6 cm, body fat 9.9±3.9 %, 2max 53.6±6.2 ml/kg.min, age 34±12 years). Subjects underwent a 20-week aerobic base of preparatory training (at an intensity equivalent to a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 10.4 to 11.0) and anaerobic threshold training (at an intensity equivalent to an RPE of 14.5 to 15.0). No high intensity training was included. At the end of the aerobic phase the runners underwent a pre-test phase for the determination of vΔ50, v 2max, 2max, vLT4 (speed associated with a lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L), ECR (Energy Cost of Running) and Tmax (maximum time at v 2max) in the laboratory and 1500-m and 5000-m time trial (TT) times on the track. The subjects were randomly assigned into one of two groups before entering the 16-week interval training intervention phase. The only difference between the two groups was the intensity of the interval training. Group A (n = 15) was trained at a heart rate associated with vΔ50 (mean RPE 16.8 to 17.0) and Group B (n = 17) was trained at a heart rate associated with v 2max (mean RPE 18.6 to 18.7). At the end of the interval training phase the subjects underwent the post-test phase involving the same tests as during pre-testing. A 2X2 (time VS. interval training intensity) mixed model analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences between and within groups and the level of significance was set at p< 0.05. Results: Group A improved significantly (mean difference and Confidence Interval (CI)) in 1500-m TT (10.1 s, CI 5.6 to 14.7 s), in 5000-m TT (22.9 s, CI 9.6 to 36.3 s), in vΔ50 (-0.4 km/h, CI -0.8 to -0.1 km/h), in Tmax (-71 s, CI -113 to -28 s) and vLT4 (-0.5 km/h, CI -0.8 to -0.1 km/h). Group B improved significantly (mean difference and CI) in 1500-m TT (11.7 s, CI 7.5 to 15.9 s), in 5000-m TT (29.0 s, CI 16.5 to 41.5 s), in vΔ50 (-0.4 km/h, CI -0.7 to -0.1 km/h), in v 2max (-0.4 km/h, -0.7 to -0.01 km/h) in Tmax (-78 s, CI -114 to -42 s) and in ECR (0.013 ml/m/kg, CI 0.005 to 0.021 ml/m/kg). Regression analyses showed that v 2max and vΔ50, individually, accounted for the highest degree of variance in 1500-m TT times (77% and 69%, respectively) and 5000-m TT times (79% and 78%, respectively). During multiple regression analyses v 2max was likely to be the most important predictor in the regression models predicting 1500-m TT times and vΔ50 was the most important predictor in the regression models predicting 5000-m TT times. Conclusions: The interval training intensities v 2max and vΔ50 were significant in leading to endurance performance improvement as well as to improvement in some associated physiological parameters. The novel findings were that, a) it was demonstrated that vΔ50 was significant in inducing improvements in the 1500-m TT, b) that both v 2max and vΔ50 may be the most important predictors of 1500-m and 5000-m performance in regression analyses and that, c) v 2max and vΔ50 may, with a high degree of probability, be the most important predictor of 1500-m and 5000-m times, respectively, during multiple regression analyses. The evidence seems to weigh towards v 2max to be a slightly more optimal training stimulus than vΔ50, which also constitutes an important training intensity. Considering injury potential, repetitive stress on the athletes and optimal training it may be that a combination may be sensible.

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Gee, Thomas. "Recovery of muscle function following strength training in rowers." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2012. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/8099/.

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Strength training using free weights is performed by athletes in many sports as a means of enhancing performance. However, there is a dearth of research investigating the acute impact of bouts of this form of strength training on muscle function, which closely mimics the athletes’ sport or event. High forces are produced during a rowing race and subsequently strength training forms an integral part of the overall training programme for rowers. However, there is little documented evidence regarding the strength and conditioning practices occurring in rowing. Therefore the aims of this thesis were to investigate and draw conclusions regarding the strength and conditioning practices occurring within British rowing and to evaluate the impact of typical bouts of strength training on muscle function in rowers. To investigate the strength and conditioning practices within British rowing a questionnaire was completed by 32 coaches and semi-structured interviews were undertaken with two coaches of elite rowers (study 1). Information from both sources indicated that rowers performed two to three strength training sessions per week, involving Olympic lifting and multi-joint free weight strength exercises, performed across multiple sets with low to moderate repetition ranges. Physical testing most commonly involved assessment of cardiovascular endurance, muscular power and strength. Twenty four hours of recovery were generally afforded between strength training and intensive rowing training while longer periods were permitted before rowing races (> 48 h). Prior to the intervention studies, the reproducibility of subsequently assessed measures was assessed using trained rowers (study 2). Typical error (%) was low for 2000 m mean power (2.4 %), and low to moderate for the assessments of strength and power (3.0-5.9 %). Measures of peak blood lactate (11.5 %), creatine kinase (21.0 %) and surface electromyography (11.1-44.8 %, across various sites) demonstrated greater variability similar to previous studies. For studies 3 and 4, trained rowers performed 250 m and 2000 m rowing tests respectively, alongside various measures of muscle function before and after an acute bout of free weight multi-joint strength training (ST). For both studies, increases in perceived muscle soreness and CK indicated that muscle damage was present after ST for 24-48 h. Maximal power generating ability was decreased in both studies as evidenced by decrements in the 250 m test, power strokes, and jump height. However, in study 4, 2000 m rowing time was unaffected, leading to the conclusion that the specific muscle function required for the power tests was affected through damage to type II muscle fibres. Findings from study 1 indicated that rowers commonly perform strength training three times per week; therefore study 5 investigated the impact of this weekly frequency of strength training on muscle function. Twenty four hours after three bouts of ST within a five day period, trained rowers experienced significant decreases in maximal voluntary contraction, jump height and power stroke tests as well as increases in CK and soreness; however as with study 4, 2000m performance was unaffected. Trends for decreases in peak lactate and anaerobic energy liberation (p < 0.10, Effect Size = 0.40-0.56) were present alongside significant increases in EMG at three sites during the post-ST 2000 m test. These findings suggest a decreased utilisation of the anaerobic capacity coupled with increased central motor drive suggesting a change in muscular recruitment patterns during the follow up 2000 m rowing test. It would appear that following extensive strength training, physiological processes were adapted during subsequent rowing exercise, to compensate for the loss in higher threshold muscle fibre function, in order to affect the same level of rowing performance achieved in the rested state. These findings might suggest that participants operated within a physiological reserve and/or that multiple-exercise-regulation-algorithms exist with which a similar exercise performance can be achieved.

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Alexanders, Jenny. "Physiotherapy goal setting in anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation : an exploration of training, practice and beliefs." Thesis, University of Hull, 2018. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16888.

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Despite the growing interest into the role of physiotherapists providing psychological interventions within anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), literature surrounding goal setting practices within this field is minimal. The main purpose of this research was to explore physiotherapists' approaches, training and beliefs into goal setting practices used within ACL rehabilitation. The thesis consisted of seven chapters, two of which were empirical studies. The empirical chapters aimed to gain further insight into physiotherapists understanding on the psychological aspects of patients following ACL surgery, theoretical knowledge of goal setting, experiences of implementing goals, training received on goal setting and future training needs. Study four involved a UK cross sectional online survey of one hundred and twenty four physiotherapists (N=124). The survey provided an insight of perceptions and goal setting approaches used within ACL rehabilitation. These findings were further explored in study five which involved a UK semi-structured interview study including twenty four physiotherapists (N=24), using an inductive approach. Study five provided a much deeper understanding in to physiotherapist's goal setting practices, training and experiences within ACL rehabilitation and also revealed issues surrounding the initial consultation process. The research findings were conceptualised into a theoretical, innovative goal setting model. The goal of this model is to outline a multi-phase conceptual model of an appropriate ACL rehabilitation goal setting strategy for physiotherapists in an attempt to guide both practice, teaching and research.

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Wessel, Paige. "Accuracy of Commercial Fitness Trackers During High-Intensity Functional Training." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1634.

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Commercially available fitness trackers have been found to accurately measure steps and caloric expenditure during walking and running activities. Circuit-style, highintensity functional training (HIFT) has become increasingly popular because it is inexpensive and effective in improving muscular strength and cardiovascular fitness. PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of five accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X, Nike Fuelband, Fitbit One, Fitbit Charge HR, and Jawbone UP Move) in estimating energy expenditure while performing an acute bout of HIFT. METHODS: Participants (n = 47) underwent baseline testing and at least 48 hours later, each participant completed the main test: a 15-minute workout consisting of 12 repetitions each of 7 different exercises; performed circuit-style by completing as many rounds as possible. During the main test, each participant wore the Cosmed K4b2 portable metabolic analyzer (PMA) and five different accelerometers. RESULTS: Four of the five fitness trackers reported lower (p <0.01) total caloric expenditure values compared to the PMA during the acute bout of HIFT. The waist-mounted device (ActiGraph, 182.55 ± 37.93 kcals) most closely mimicked caloric expenditure compared to the PMA (Cosmed, 144.99 ± 37.13 kcals) as indicated by an insignificant p value (0.056). Systematic differences between the activity monitors were calculated using an Intraclass Correlation (ICC) with an ICC = -0.032. The ICC of F (46,235) = 0.812 (p = 0.799) was not significant at the predetermined 0.05 alpha level. A Repeated Measures ANOVA showed that when compared to the Cosmed, all activity monitors were significantly different at the 0.05 alpha level. The Fitbit One and the Fitbit Charge HR were the only two activity monitors that are not significantly different from one another (p = 0.985). The range of error based on mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) was lowest for the ActiGraph (15.1%) and highest for the Fitbit Charge HR (22.1%). CONCLUSION: The wrist- and hip-mounted fitness trackers do not accurately assess energy expenditure during HIFT exercise. Supported by: WKU Graduate School, NIGMS 2P20 GM103436-14; Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 5P20GM103436 and the WKU RCAP Grant 14-8007.

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Bray, James William. "Quantification of training load, neuromuscular fatigue, biochemical and endocrine responses to fast bowling in cricket." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16447.

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Recent professionalization, the emergence of, and ever-increasing popularity of limited overs cricket, have resulted in traditional playing schedules evolving and expanding. Consequently, players now compete for much of the year, experiencing periods of condensed fixtures. To meet these increased demands, the aforementioned contribute to effecting team performance and player health. Thus, the prevalence of injuries, especially amongst fast bowlers, has been shown and attributed to rises in competition workloads. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to explore the application of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) to quantify the training load of fast bowlers. Furthermore, I sought to assess relationships between both internal and external training load variables and proposed markers of fatigue and recovery. The first preliminary descriptive research study (Chapter 4) aimed to prospectively quantify fast bowling workloads during a typical season of professional domestic county cricket (April – September). Data were collected from fixture scorebooks, with descriptive bowling workloads determined by calculating frequencies of overs and deliveries bowled. This was further calculated dependant on both bowler classification (opening [O-B; n = 2] or support [S-B; n = 6]) and competition format (multiday [MD], One-day [OD] or Twenty20 [T20]), respectively. Significant differences were found in total number of overs (296.1 overs; 95% CI 37.8 to 554.4; P = 0.03) and deliveries (1764.8 balls; 95% CI 183.0 to 3346.7; P = 0.03) bowled between O-B and S-B, respectively. Multiday cricket was the only format where, significant differences between bowlers were found; total number of overs (289.9 overs; 95% CI 88.2 to 491.6; P = 0.01) and deliveries (1739.3 balls; 95% CI 529.3 to 2949.3; P = 0.01) bowled. The aim of experimental study one (Chapter 5) was to assess the between-match and within-match between-over variability of external training load measures during T20 cricket competition. MEMS data were collected from eight fast bowlers in 17 matches of domestic T20 competition, spanning two seasons. MEMS variables were categorised into total distance (TD), low- (≤ 14.4 km.h-1) and high- (≥ 14.4 km.h-1) speed running distance, total sprint distance (≥18 km.h-1), number of sprint efforts and PlayerLoadTM ([PL] arbitrary units; AU). Data were log-transformed to provide the coefficient of variation (CV; expressed as percentages). The between-match variability was greatest in high-speed running distance (32.9% CV), total sprint distance (49.0% CV) and number of sprint efforts (48.0% CV). Similarly, within-match between-over high-speed running distance (12.8% CV), total sprint distance (17.1% CV) and number of sprint efforts (12.3% CV) elicited the greatest variability, yet, this was markedly reduced compared to between-match observations. However, TD and PL were found to be relatively stable measures of external training load (range; 5.5–13.3% CV), both between-match and within-match between-over. Experimental study two (Chapter 6) investigated short-term neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of fast bowlers and relationships to match performance during a typical season of professional academy OD limited overs cricket. Baseline measures of lower body NMF were assessed via flight time (ms) from a countermovement jump (CMJ). These measures were repeated every morning of competition; NMF was additionally assessed within 30-min after the cessation of the bowling innings (CMJ-FIRST or CMJ-SECOND). MEMS data were collected from six fast bowlers, with supplementary descriptive fast bowling workloads classifications (LOW, MODERATE and HIGH). There were significant reductions in flight time pre to post bowling innings (Δ 19 ms; P = 0.008). Moreover, similar reductions in flight time were found in LOW – MODERATE (Δ 30 ms; P = 0.03) and LOW – HIGH bowling workload groups (Δ 43 ms; P = 0.003), respectively. Finally, experimental study three (Chapter 7) investigated neuromuscular, biochemical and endocrine markers of fatigue after four spells of simulated fast bowling. Eleven fast bowlers completed differing spells of simulated fast bowling based on the Cricket Australia-Australian Institute of Sport (CA-AIS) fast bowling skills test. NMF were assessed via flight-time from a CMJ; pre (-0.5-h) and post (+0.5 and +24-h) simulation, with blood (Creatine kinase; CK) and saliva (Cortisol; sCort) samples collected in parallel. During each simulated fast bowling trial (4-, 6-, RANDOM- & 10-overs), internal (heart rate exertion index [HREI]) and external (PL) training load was quantified using MEMS. There were small, significant reductions in CMJ flight time pre to post (Δ 21 ms; P < 0.01) and pre to 24-h post (Δ 8 ms; P = 0.001) simulation, respectively. Overs bowled appeared to significantly affect NMF for up to 24-h post simulation. Furthermore, changes in CK were found to best correlate with estimated TD (r = 0.48; P = 0.002) rating of perceived exertion (RPE r = 0.47; P = 0.002) session-RPE (r = 0.48; P = 0.002), HREI (r = 0.45; P = 0.003) and PL (r = 0.41; P = 0.009) 24-h post simulation, respectively. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that during limited overs cricket, high-speed locomotive activity is highly variable amongst fast bowlers. Furthermore, fast bowlers are shown to experience short-term NMF, which appears to be magnified based on descriptive fast bowling workload characteristics. Collectively, these findings have importance for practitioners, who seek to facilitate performance by informed training prescription based on replicating match and training demands.

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Swan, Justin. "Training load and athlete well-being in university female hockey players during a congested tournament." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78624.

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The monitoring of athlete workload is common practice within field-based team sports. Athlete monitoring is performed using both objective and subjective monitoring tools. Results from previous research investigating the relationships between measures of well-being and external workload in the form of match running performance, have been described as uncertain. A lack of research exists in quantifying the workload and well-being of student-athletes during congested periods of competition. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify the match running performance and well-being demands experienced, and understand the relationships between subjective and objective workload measures, in female student field hockey players during a congested period of competition. The cohort investigated comprised 16 female student field hockey players (age: 20 ± 2 y) in a South African university team. The reporting of player well-being (fatigue, soreness, stress, energy levels, motivation, sleep quality, total well-being), and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was performed using a smartphone application before and after match-play on each of the five days of the tournament, and on Day 6. External workload variables during match play were recorded using global positioning system (GPS) wearable technology (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele City, Finland). Descriptive statistics, expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR), were calculated for all outcome variables for each day, and overall. To determine the strength and significance of the relationships between the three categories of variables (well-being, internal workload and external workload), Pearson correlation coefficients and Spearman rank order correlation coefficients were calculated. Overall match running performance scores for the competition included total distance (TD): 4,545 (3,834 - 5,305) m; average work rate: 116.8 (104.0 - 123.1) m·min-1; high intensity (>16 km·h-1) running distance (HID): 383 (257 - 538) m; and average high-intensity work rate: 11.1 (5.8 - 14.9) m·min-1. Overall player total well-being, internal workload (sRPE x player match time) and match time for the competition were 15.0 (13.0 - 18.0) AU, 287 (214 – 355) AU and 39.1 (32.9 - 47.6) min, respectively. External workload demands were lower than those reported in previous literature on elite female field hockey players. Even though scores in well-being in the current study demonstrated trends of increasing (worsening) over the duration of the competition, changes observed were trivial to small and non-significant. Analysis showed inconsistent and non-significant relationships between pre-game well-being and same-day match external workload. Furthermore, several significant (p < 0.05) relationships were demonstrated between external workload on the preceding day to well-being subscales on the subsequent day. Findings suggest that subscales (stress, fatigue, soreness) rather than total well-being score may be a more sensitive reflection of the workload experienced during congested tournaments. Furthermore, the current study supports the use of the sRPE-method of internal workload monitoring during field hockey match-play as a non-invasive and cost-effective means of reflecting player external workload. Prior to returning to sports training or academic commitments, due to the physical and psychosocial demands of such competitions, recovery should be prioritised within a student-athlete population. Key words: Congested competition, external workload, field hockey, GPS, internal workload, team sport, well-being.
Dissertation (MSc (Sports Science))--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Physiology
MSc (Sports Science)
Unrestricted

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Kubukeli, Zuko N. "Training techniques to improve cycling performance in well-trained cyclists." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2756.

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Smith, J. "The role of haemodynamic stimulus in isometric exercise training : implications for cardiovascular adaptations." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2014. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13758/.

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The purpose of this thesis was to explore the role of exercise induced blood flow haemodynamics in the cardiovascular adaptations associated with isometric exercise training, with focus on resting blood pressure adjustment in normotensive participants. Using a cross-sectional study, it was identified that significant relationships were present between (i) blood flow, (ii) shear stress, and (iii) shear pattern responses (measured in the femoral artery), during and immediately following isometric bilateral leg extension exercise of increasing intensity. Based on these findings, it was feasible to suggest that the haemodynamic response to high intensities of acute isometric exercise might provide a physiological challenge to the cardiovascular system, that upon repeated exposure via isometric exercise training, may induce cardiovascular adaptation and resting blood pressure reductions. Subsequent to this, a randomised controlled trial established that performing isometric exercise training to a ‘high haemodynamic stimulus’ did not induce significantly greater adaptation in resting blood pressure than when performing isometric exercise training to a ‘low haemodynamic stimulus’ or control. When the training group (high and low combined) were compared to the control, significant reductions in resting blood pressure were observed. Furthermore, non-invasive cardiovascular variables that were considered as possible physiological mechanisms for resting blood pressure adaptation following isometric exercise training did not correlate with within group resting blood pressure changes. Whilst these findings suggest that a haemodynamic challenge may not be the primary stimulus responsible for inducing resting blood pressure adaptation following isometric exercise training, these results do demonstrate the effectiveness of isometric exercise training for potential health gains via reductions in resting blood pressure in normotensives. Importantly, these findings have progressed the current understanding surrounding isometric exercise training induced resting blood pressure reductions and will allow future research to narrow their focus upon other physiological variables that may be the stimuli for blood pressure adaptation.

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Billew, Barrett Slade. "Flow-Acting: Modern Sports Science and the Preparation of Actors." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/775.

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Theatre artists and acting teachers throughout history have sought to find and create presence. By combining modern sports science with an understanding of systems of actor training I have suggested an approach that makes presence a trainable skill. My coach Dr. Scott Sonnon, developer of the Circular Strength Training System, has refined modern sports science to emphasize the development and maintenance of flow-state. This state allows the athlete to respond openly and freely within a constantly changing situation.By combining my life long study of acting with my eight years of work with Coach Sonnon I am developing a system to teach actors the skill of cultivating flow. This work will enhance the actor's presence and ability to handle the stress of performance while developing a strong, supple, and coordinated psychophysical instrument. Video of examples of the exercises can be found in the accompanying materials.This work was created in Microsoft Word 2004 for Mac.

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De, Villiers Nico. "Optimal training load for the hang clean and squat jump in u-21 rugby players." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17976.

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Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the optimal training load required for peak-power production in two types of exercises, namely an Olympic-type and a ballistic exercise. The hang clean and the squat jump were selected to represent these two types of exercise. It was ascertained whether a change in strength levels and training status will have an effect on the optimal loads for peak-power production of rugby players. In addition, the influence that different playing positions have on power production was also investigated. Fifty-nine under-21 male rugby players (Mean Age 19.3yrs; SD ± 0.7yr) from two rugby academies, performed a maximal-strength test in the hang clean and squat, followed by a power test in the hang clean and squat jump with loads ranging from 30 to 90% of maximal strength (1RM). Testing was conducted in the pre-season phase and repeated during the inseason phase. Peak power for the hang clean was achieved at 90% 1RM in the pre-season and at 80% 1RM during the in-season. Peak power for the squat jump was achieved at 90% 1RM in the pre-season. However, this location of the optimal loading was not significantly higher than that of the other loadings (60, 70 and 80% 1RM). During the in-season, peak power for the squat jump was reached at 90% 1RM. Here again, the optimal-loading location was not significantly higher than that of the other loadings (50, 60, 70 and 80% 1RM). It was concluded that the optimal load for power production is 90% 1RM for the hang clean and 60-90% for the squat jump. It was found that an improvement in strength levels of the subjects affected both peak-power production and the optimal load in both exercises. During the in-season peak power in the hang clean was reached at 80% 1RM, and at 50% 1RM for the squat jump. There were no significant differences in the performances of subjects from different playing positions (forwards versus backline players). In the hang clean, peak-power production seems to be reliant on increased strength and results in peak-power output at high loads. The squat jump, on the other hand, is more reliant on velocity due to its ballistic nature and is possibly better suited to developing power at lighter loadings. Because it produces peak power at a lower percentage load than the hang clean, the squat jump could be more effective in power development for players who are inexperienced in power training. Long-term exercise periodisation in power training can therefore be employed progressively from simpler exercises (e.g., squat jump) using only the legs, to more complex exercises (e.g., Olympic-lifting) that involve the whole body. This study confirmed that the specific requirements of different sport codes should be considered meticulously before selecting and prescribing exercises and loads for power-training programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hooffokus van hierdie studie was op die optimale oefenlading wat vereis word vir die produsering van piek-profkrag tydens die uitvoering van twee tipes oefening, naamlik ’n Olimpiese- en ’n ballistiese oefening. Die hang clean en die squat jump is geselekteer om bogenoemde twee tipes oefening te verteenwoordig. Daar is bepaal of ’n verbetering van die krag-vlakke en oefenstatus van rugbyspelers ’n invloed het op die optimale ladings vir piek-plofkrag ontwikkeling. Verder is die moontlike rol van verskillende speelposisies ondersoek. Nege-en-vyftig onder-21 mans-rugbyspelers (M-ouderdom 19.3jr; SD ± 0.7jr) vanuit twee rugbyakademies het ’n maksimale-krag toets in die hang clean en squat uitgevoer. Dit is opgevolg deur ’n plofkrag-toets in die hang clean en squat jump met ladings wat gewissel het van tussen 30 en 90% van maksimale werkverrigting (1RM). Toetsing het plaasgevind in die voor-seisoen fase en is herhaal tydens die daaropvolgende speelseisoen. Piek-plofkrag vir die hang clean is bereik tydens ’n oefenlading van 90% 1RM in die voor-seisoen en by 80% 1RM later in die speelseisoen. Piek-plofkrag vir die squat jump is behaal by 90% 1RM in die voor-seisoen fase. Hierdie optimale lading-lokasie was egter nie beduidend hoër as by die ander ladings van 60, 70 en 80% 1RM nie. Tydens die speelseisoen is piek-plofkrag bereik in die squat jump by 90% 1RM. Die optimale lading-lokasie was weereens nie beduidend hoër as by die ander ladings van 50, 60, 70 en 80% 1RM nie. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die optimale oefenlading vir die ontwikkeling van piek-plofkrag vir die hang clean 90% 1RM is, en 60% vir die squat jump. Daar is ook gevind dat ’n verbetering in kragvlakke van die toetslinge, beide piek-plofkrag-produksie en die optimale oefenbelading in albei oefeninge beïnvloed. Tydens die speelseisoen is piek-plofkrag behaal in die hang clean by 80% 1RM, en by 50% 1RM in die squat jump. Geen beduidende verskille in werkverrigting is gevind tussen toetslinge uit verskillende speelposisies (voorspelers versus agterlyn-spelers) nie. Dit blyk dat in die hang clean, die produksie van plofkrag beïnvloed word deur ’n verbetering in krag en dat dit tot hoër optimale ladings vir piek-plofkrag produksie lei. Die squat jump, in teenstelling, is meer afhanklik van snelheid en is moontlik beter geskik vir die produsering van plofkrag teen ligter oefenladings. Omdat die squat jump piek-plofkrag genereer teen laer ladings as die hang clean, kan dit meer effektief wees vir spelers met gebrekkige ervaring in krag-oefening. Lang-termyn oefen-periodisering in plofkrag-oefening kan gevolglik progressief aangewend word vanaf eenvoudiger oefeninge (bv. squat jump), waar slegs die bene gebruik word, tot meer komplekse oefeninge (bv. Olimpiese-gewigoptel) waar die hele liggaam betrek word. Hierdie studie bevestig dat die spesifieke vereistes van verskillende sportkodes deeglik oorweeg moet word alvorens oefeninge en ladings geselekteer en voorgeskryf word vir plofkrag-programme.

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Stuart, Charles A., Michelle L. Lee, Mark A. South, Mary E. A. Howell, and Michael H. Stone. "Muscle Hypertrophy in Prediabetic Men After 16 Wk of Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4651.

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Resistance training of healthy young men typically results in muscle hypertrophy and a shift in vastus lateralis composition away from type IIx fibers to an increase in IIa fiber content. Our previous studies of 8 wk of resistance training found that many metabolic syndrome men and women paradoxically increased IIx fibers with a decrease in IIa fibers. To confirm the hypothesis that obese subjects might have muscle remodeling after resistance training very different from healthy lean subjects, we subjected a group of nine obese male volunteers to progressive resistance training for a total of 16 wk. In these studies, weight loss was discouraged so that muscle changes would be attributed to the training alone. Detailed assessments included comparisons of histological examinations of needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle pretraining and at 8 and 16 wk. Prolonging the training from 8 to 16 wk resulted in increased strength, improved body composition, and more muscle fiber hypertrophy, but euglycemic clamp-quantified insulin responsiveness did not improve. Similar to prior studies, muscle fiber composition shifted toward more fast-twitch type IIx fibers (23 to 42%). Eight weeks of resistance training increased the muscle expression of phosphorylated Akt2 and mTOR. Muscle GLUT4 expression increased, although insulin receptor and IRS-1 expression did not change. We conclude that resistance training of prediabetic obese subjects is effective at changing muscle, resulting in fiber hypertrophy and increased type IIx fiber content, and these changes continue up to 16 wk of training.

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Warrington, Giles D. "Selected physiological characteristics of elite rowers in Great Britain and their relationship with performance in the laboratory and field." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264216.

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Clark, David Rodney. "A 12 week pre-season fitnes training programme for senior male high school rugby players : the effect of supervision on anthropometric, physiological and physical performance variables." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26975.

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The study comprises of two sections; i) a survey to determine the attitude towards fitness training for rugby and the current fitness training habits of elite high school rugby players in their penultimate year at school, ii) a training study on a sample of the same population group, to measure the effect of a 12 week fitness training programme, based on scientific principles, on anthropometric, physiological and performance variables. The training study also measured the efficacy of training supervision compared no supervision on these variables.

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Smith, Tanya. "Injury risk assessment and the incidence of musculo-skeletal injuries in recreational long-distance runners over a 3-month training period." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27235.

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Background: Long distance road running is continually growing as competitive and recreational sport, globally. Despite its popularity, a high burden of incidence of injury exists among runners. Previous research has focussed on specific injuries, whereas others have investigated isolated risk factors that may contribute to running related injuries. The purpose of the study is to determine possible internal and external screening variables that may predict the incidence of running-related injuries in general. Methods: Forty one recreational runners participated in an observational study over the course of 12 weeks. Screening assessments consisted of injury history, training history, and anthropometric measurements. Functional and performance assessments included the Foot Posture Index (FPI), the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), vertical jump, single leg hop and sit-and-reach tests. Participants were monitored over a period of 12 weeks by completing a weekly online logbook regarding their training and possible incidence of injury. Monitoring was terminated after 12 weeks of observation. Differences between injured and non-injured runners were determined using Independent -T-tests for mean differences, or Mann-Whitney U Test for distributional differences (non-parametric data). Binomial Logistic regression models were used to determine the influence of internal, external functional and external behavioural factors on the risk for running injury, respectively. Results: The total group revealed a cumulative incidence of injury of 63% over the 12 weeks of observation. There was no gender difference between incidences of injuries over the 12 week observation training period (OTP). Injured runners achieved a higher total FMS score (median = 16, Interquartile Range = 3) compared to uninjured runners (median = 15, Interquartile range = 3; p = 0.006). Binomial logistic regression models of external functional (FMS, Vertical Jump, Sit-and-Reach scores) factors [X² (3) = 9.764, p = 0.021] were statistically significant. Only the FMS score contributed significantly to the incidence of injury (p = 0.013) of the three external functional factors in the Regression Model. Discussion and Conclusion: The study adds to current evidence that the assessment of the Functional Movement Screen is important in predicting injury, however, the present study shows that a higher score obtained during the FMS increase your odds to sustain an injury. The study is in contrast with the body of evidence that the incidence of previous injury is the strongest predictor of the incidence of a current injury. The study concluded that the Functional Movement Screen is a useful screening tool to determine a long distance runner's risk for running-related injuries and should be included in health-injury risk assessments of recreational runners.

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Bruintjies, Dianthea. "The application of sport psychology principles in the work place." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/987.

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Sarembock, Martin. "Knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of top-level junior (under-19) rugby union coaches towards training the tackle." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13291.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Background: The tackle in rugby union is a dynamic and high impact contact situation that occurs frequently during matches and exposes players to high risk of injury and muscle damage. The inability to tackle will result in opposition players gaining territory and possibly scoring points. Indeed, the ability to effectively engage in tackle contact has been associated with team success. While the risk of injury may always be present during these physical contests between the ball-carrier and tackler, coaching of proper techniques and skills may reduce the risk of injury, and at the same time improve performance. With that said, little is known about the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of rugby union coaches towards coaching the tackle. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess coaches’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards coaching the tackle. Methods: The top 8 rugby-playing schools (Premier A Division) in the Western Province Rugby Union participated in the study (representing 100% of the entire population of top-level junior schools in the region). A questionnaire was used to assess coaches’ knowledge, attitude and reported behaviour. Tackle training behaviour was also observed over a period of 4 weeks at the start of the season. Results: Sixty-two percent of coaches rated proper tackle technique to reduce the risk of injury as very important and 75% of coaches rated proper tackle technique as very important for improving performance. The tackle was practiced in 16% (n=15) of the total practice sessions (n=96). Coaches did not emphasise safety during the tackle sessions. Tackle training was over-reported by 75% (n=5) of coaches during the 4-week observational period. Discussion/Conclusion: Majority of coaches are aware of the high risk of injury associated with the tackle. Most coaches believe that tackle technique can improve tackle performance and safety during the tackle event. Coaches develop new 2 methods mostly through resources such as coaching colleagues and watching televised and live rugby matches. During the observed training period however, only 15 tackle training sessions were observed. It may be important to identify how much tackle training should occur during the pre-season and competition phase of the season to adequately prepare players for competition without increasing the risk of injury. The latest research on ways to reduce the risk of injury and improve performance in the tackle should also be disseminated through the appropriate channels that coaches are known to use. Tackle training guidelines should be based on scientific evidence, and these guidelines should outline how coaches need to design their training to meet their team requirements. Further research should identify which coaching behaviours can be used to effectively train tackle safety and tackle performance during training sessions. Keywords: Rugby union, tackling, coaching, injury prevention, attitude, knowledge, behaviour

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Carroll, Kevin. "Comparison of Muscle Physiology and Performance Outcomes from Either Relative Intensity or Repetition Maximum Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3369.

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The main purpose of this dissertation was to compare performance and physiological outcomes of between a repetition maximum (RM) and a relative intensity using sets-and-repetitions (RISR) resistance training (RT) program in well-trained lifters. Fifteen subjects underwent RT 3 d·wk-1 for 10-weeks in either a RM group (n=8) or RISR group (n=7). The RM group achieved a relative maximum each day while the RISR group trained based on percentages. Testing included percutaneous needle biopsies of the vastus lateralis, ultrasonography, unweighted (g to assess within and between-group alterations. RISR from pre-to-post yielded statistically significant increases in Type I CSA (p=0.018), Type II CSA (p=0.012), ACSA (p=0.002), unweighted (p=0.009) and 20 kg SJ JH (p=0.012), unweighted (p=0.003) and 20kg SJ PPa (p=0.026), IPF (ppSR increased in unweighted (p=0.023) and 20kg SJ JH (p=0.014), and 20kg SJ PPa (p=0.026) from pre-to-post taper. RM yielded statistically significant increases from only pre-to-post taper for 20kg SJ JH (p=0.003) and CMJ JH (p=0.031). Additionally, RM had a statistically significant pre-to-post decrease in RFD from 0-50ms (p=0.018) and 0-100ms (p=0.014). Between-group effect sizes supported RISR for Type I CSA (g=0.48), Type II CSA (g=0.50), ACSA (g=1.03), all MYH isoforms (g=0.31-0.87), all SJ variables (g=0.64-1.07), unweighted and 20kg CMJ JH (g=0.76-0.97), unweighted CMJ PPa (g=0.35), IPFa (g=0.20), and all RFD (g=0.31-1.25) time-points except 0-200ms; with all other effects being of trivial magnitude (gSR training yielded greater improvements in vertical jump, RFD and maximal strength compared RM training. These performances results may, in part, be explained mechanistically by the superior physiological adaptations observed in the RISR group within the skeletal muscle. Taken together, these data support the use of RISR training in well-trained populations.

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Cunanan, Aaron J., W. Guy Hornsby, Mark A. South, Alex Perkins, Kyle C. Pierce, Kimitake Sato, and Michael H. Stone. "Training Implications of Peak Barbell Velocity Differences among Elite Men and Women Weightlifters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5095.

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Peak barbell velocity is an important determinant of weightlifting performance 2 . However, direct comparisons of this measure between elite men and women weightlifters is limited 7,8 . Therefore, the present study sought to establish a reference of the current status and trajectory of sexbased peak barbell velocity differences among elite weightlifters. This study examined performances of men and women in the 69 kg weight class in order to obviate the influence of body mass on performance. The purpose of this investigation was to help practitioners identify training needs of elite men and women weightlifters to improve weightlifting performance based upon between-group differences in peak barbell velocity.

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South, Mark A., Andrew S. Layne, N. Travis Triplett, William A. Sands, Satoshi Mizuguchi, W. Guy Hornsby, Ashley Kavanaugh, and Michael H. Stone. "Effects of Short‐Term Free‐Weight and Semi‐block Periodization Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5094.

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The effects of short-term resistance training on performance and health variables associated with prolonged sedentary lifestyle and metabolic syndrome (MS) were investigated. Resistance training may alter a number of health-related, physiological, and performance variables. As a result, resistance training can be used as a valuable tool in ameliorating the effects of a sedentary lifestyle including those associated with MS. Nineteen previously sedentary subjects (10 with MS and 9 with nonmetabolic syndrome [NMS]) underwent 8 weeks of supervised resistance training. Maximum strength was measured using an isometric midthigh pull and resulting force-time curve. Vertical jump height (JH) and power were measured using a force plate. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and type were examined using muscle biopsy and standard analysis techniques. Aerobic power was measured on a cycle ergometer using a ParvoMedics 2400 Metabolic system. Endurance was measured as time to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. After training, maximum isometric strength, JH, jump power, and V_ O2peak increased by approximately 10% (or more) in both the metabolic and NMS groups (both male and female subjects). Over 8 weeks of training, body mass did not change statistically, but percent body fat decreased in subjects with the MS and in women, and lean body mass increased in all groups (p # 0.05). Few alterations were noted in the fiber type. Men had larger CSAs compared those of with women, and there was a fiber-specific trend toward hypertrophy over time. In summary, 8 weeks of semiblock free-weight resistance training improved several performance variables and some cardiovascular factors associated with MS

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Wilcox, Derek. "The Training of a Para Powerlifter: A Case Study of Adaptive Monitoring, Training and Overcoming." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3665.

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Paralympic athletes (PA) appear to be more prone to chronic overuse injuries from daily wheelchair or crutch use. Over half of these injuries are shoulder related which can deleteriously impact quality of life. Adaptive powerlifters (AP) are a subdivision of Paralympic athletes and are at a higher risk for catastrophic injuries as compared to their counterparts, due to the compound of fatigue and lifting of maximal weights. For this reason, it is vital to have well-designed training plans for these athletes in order to preserve quality of life and maximize performance in competition. Unfortunately, there is a lack of literature on training adaptive athletes for performance. The purpose of this dissertation is to collect and analyze monitoring data of a para-powerlifter preparing for competition over the course of a six-month macrocycle. Specifically, the intention is to 1) explore options in adaptive monitoring measures for the adaptive athlete community via para-powerlifting 2) analyze trends in the training process with such monitoring methods in fatigue and performance and 3) examine efficient and safe training methods and practices for para-powerlifting. The major findings of this dissertation are 1.) Hand grip dynamometry may be a valid monitoring tool used to gain clarity on neuromuscular fatigue within para-powerlifters. 2.) Barbell velocities may reveal trends in fatigue and recovery over the course of a training cycle for para-powerlifters. 3.) Para-powerlifters and para-athletes training for upper-body power development should likely perform bench press using a strap to secure them to the bench for enhanced stability. The significant and consistently increased force outputs the added stability enables the athlete to utilize may bring more pronounced training adaptations towards their goals. This dissertation is exploratory in nature and much more research needs to be done to give the adaptive athlete population adequate information and tools for their long-term success and safety.

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Svensson, Daniel. "Scientizing performance in endurance sports : The emergence of ‘rational training’ in cross-country skiing, 1930-1980." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Historiska studier av teknik, vetenskap och miljö, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195830.

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Elite athletes of today use specialized, scientific training methods and the increasing role of science in sports is undeniable. Scientific methods and equipment has even found its way into the practice of everyday exercisers, a testament to the impact of sport science. From the experiential, personal training regimes of the first half of the 20th century to the scientific training theories of the 1970s, the ideas about training and the athletic body shifted. The rationalization process started in endurance sports in the 1940s. It was part of a struggle between two models of training; natural training and rational training. Physiologists wanted to rid training of individual and local variations and create a universal model of rational, scientific training. The rationalization of training and training landscapes is here understood as an aspect of sportification, a theory commonly used to describe similar developments in sports where increasing regimentation, specialization and rationalization are among the main criteria. This dissertation adds the concept of technologies of sportification to explain the role that micro-technologies and practices (such as training logs, training camps and scientific tests) have in the scientization of training. This thesis thus sets out to analyze the role that science has played in training during the 20th century. It is a history about the rationalization of training, but also about larger issues regarding the role of personal, experiential knowledge and scientific knowledge. The main conclusions are that the process of scientization never managed to rid training of components from natural, experiential training, and that the effort by Swedish physiologists to introduce rational training was part of the larger rationalization movement at the time. In the end, training knowledge was a co-production between practitioners and theoreticians, skiers and scientists.

QC 20161114

Rationell träning: vetenskapliggörandet äv träning för längdskidåkning

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Michael W. Ramsey, Mark South, Keith B. Painter, Ronald C. Hamdy, G. Gregory Haff, Margaret E. Stone, M. M. Byrne, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship of Training Volume to Bone Mineral Density in NCAA Division in Cross-Country Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4519.

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White, Melody L., Matthew S. Renfrow, Richards S. Farley, Dana K. Fuller, Brandi M. Eveland-Sayers, and Jennifer L. Caputo. "A Cross-Training Program Does Not Alter Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels in Elementary School Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3970.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a school-based cross-training program on body mass index (BMI), attitudes toward physical activity (ATPA), and physical activity (PA) levels of children in the 4th and 5th grades. Children (N = 118) were divided into control (n = 60) and experimental (n = 58) groups based on class availability. While the control group continued academic classes as usual, the experimental group participated in cross-training involving resistance training (RT), calisthenics, and stretching twice a week for 10 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention measures included height, mass, ATPA, and PA. BMI was calculated and ATPA and PA levels were assessed via questionnaire. The groups did not differ significantly (p > .05) for either pre- or post-intervention regarding BMI, ATPA, and PA. However, BMI and PA levels significantly increased over time for both groups (p ≤ .05). Overall, cross-training in a school setting may be a safe and enjoyable option for physical activity participation. BMI and PA increases were likely the result of the natural growth process and seasonal weather pattern changes, respectively. Nevertheless, the cross-training did not detract from PA levels and may have led to an overall increase in PA levels. As subdomain analyses revealed decreased attitude toward health and fitness in the experimental group, shorter programs involving RT with various protocols are recommended.

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Tallent, Jamie. "Corticospinal and spinal responses and adaptations from shortening and lengthening resistance training and subsequent detraining." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2014. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/21429/.

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Maximising strength and neurological adaptations to resistance training has long been sought to improve athletic performance and enhance clinical rehabilitation functional outcomes. In recent years, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) have been applied to investigate changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Conventional resistance training programmes consist of shortening and lengthening muscle contractions and have been shown to have uniquely different motor control strategies; how this neurological control is modified during specific muscle contraction resistance training is unknown. Additionally, understanding the detraining process will assist in designing tapers for elite athletes and improve our knowledge of detraining and inactivity in other populations. The overall aim of the thesis was to determine the TMS and PNS responses to, and following, shortening and lengthening resistance exercise and subsequent detraining.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Mark A. South, K. Painter, Michael E. Stone, M. M. Byrne, Ronald C. Hamdy, G. G. Haff, Michael H. Stone, and Michael W. Ramsey. "Relationship of Training Volume to Bone Mineral Density In NCAA Division I Cross‐Country Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5098.

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Westlake, Steven James. "The effects of two weight training modes on selected flexibility measures in college age students." Scholarly Commons, 1990. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2195.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different strength training modes on joint range of motion. The problem of the study was to compare Nautilus to free-weight training modes in terms of selected joints' ranges of motion before and after an eight-week strength training program. The hypothesis asserted was that there was no difference between pre-test and post-test scores when comparing Nautilus to free-weight training modes. Subjects were thirty college-age students enrolled in beginning weight-training classes at the University of the Pacific. The subjects were acquired from intact classes and comprised two groups of 9 males and 6 females each. Pre-test and post-test flexibility measures were acquired by use of a Leighton Flex-o-meter and sit-and-reach protocols. Single joint measures of shoulder flexion, extension and abduction, hip flexion, extension and abduction, elbow flexion, knee flexion, and low back flexion were acquired. For eight weeks, two times per week, each class completed an 8 to 12 repetitions per each exercise protocol following the principles of training asserted by Nautilus. Pre-test data for all bilateral joints were statistically analyzed with paired t-tests in order to determine any differences. No significant bilateral differences were found; consequently, these data were converted to eight single measures of average range of motion of the joints respectively. Pretest data then were analyzed with two-factor ANOV A (group x gender) in order to determine if the two intact classes initially represented the same population. The only measure in which a group difference was found was shoulder extension (p

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Lang, Henry. "The Relationship Between Cell-Free DNA and Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3808.

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The primary purposes of this dissertation were to explore relationship between cell free DNA (cf-DNA), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), vertical jump testing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in response to a high-volume resistance training protocol, and to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads. The secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between cf-DNA and relative strength. Study 1 was an exploratory attempt to discover relationships between cf-DNA, CK, CRP, delayed onset muscle soreness, and performance variables. Seventeen resistance trained males were recruited, 9 were randomly assigned to receive BCAAs while 8 received a placebo. Participants performed a high-volume resistance training session consisting of the back squat and bench press. Blood was drawn to measure serum cf-DNA, CK, and CRP levels prior to the training session, with cf-DNA collected immediately post, and CK and CRP at 24hr and 48hrs post. Self-reported DOMS on a scale of 1 to 10 was collected prior to training on day 2, day 3, and day 4. SJH, CMJH, and BOSCO were collected on day 1, day 3, and day 4. Fifty-seven correlations were run to explore the relationships between variables. Only the correlation between %Δ DOMS 48hr and %Δ CRP 48hr in the non-supplement group was significant (p = 0.02). The second study, designed to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads, consisted of a high-volume resistance training protocol. Blood was drawn immediately before the resistance training session (T1), immediately after the third lifting set (T2), and immediately after the sixth lifting set (T3). cf-DNA increased significantly from T1 to T2 (p < 0.01) and T1 to T3 (p < 0.01). The linear regression model used to examine the capabilities of relative strength to predict %Δ cf-DNA from T1 to T3 was significant (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrate the short response time of cf-DNA in relation to variations in resistance training volume-load, suggesting it may be a valuable marker in monitoring the immune response to volume-load. Results also demonstrated the positive relationship between relative strength and %Δ cf-DNA.

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Lang, Henry. "The Relationship Between Cell-Free DNA and Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3808.

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The primary purposes of this dissertation were to explore relationship between cell free DNA (cf-DNA), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), vertical jump testing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in response to a high-volume resistance training protocol, and to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads. The secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between cf-DNA and relative strength. Study 1 was an exploratory attempt to discover relationships between cf-DNA, CK, CRP, delayed onset muscle soreness, and performance variables. Seventeen resistance trained males were recruited, 9 were randomly assigned to receive BCAAs while 8 received a placebo. Participants performed a high-volume resistance training session consisting of the back squat and bench press. Blood was drawn to measure serum cf-DNA, CK, and CRP levels prior to the training session, with cf-DNA collected immediately post, and CK and CRP at 24hr and 48hrs post. Self-reported DOMS on a scale of 1 to 10 was collected prior to training on day 2, day 3, and day 4. SJH, CMJH, and BOSCO were collected on day 1, day 3, and day 4. Fifty-seven correlations were run to explore the relationships between variables. Only the correlation between %Δ DOMS 48hr and %Δ CRP 48hr in the non-supplement group was significant (p = 0.02). The second study, designed to assess the sensitivity of cf-DNA to different resistance training volume loads, consisted of a high-volume resistance training protocol. Blood was drawn immediately before the resistance training session (T1), immediately after the third lifting set (T2), and immediately after the sixth lifting set (T3). cf-DNA increased significantly from T1 to T2 (p < 0.01) and T1 to T3 (p < 0.01). The linear regression model used to examine the capabilities of relative strength to predict %Δ cf-DNA from T1 to T3 was significant (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrate the short response time of cf-DNA in relation to variations in resistance training volume-load, suggesting it may be a valuable marker in monitoring the immune response to volume-load. Results also demonstrated the positive relationship between relative strength and %Δ cf-DNA.

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Carpenter, Tegan Laura. "Uneasy bedfellows : amateurism and coaching traditions in twentieth century British sport." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2012. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/337080/.

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Amateurism acted as the guiding principle for the many sporting clubs and governing bodies that were created and developed by the late Victorian middle-classes. While some forms of coaching and training were tolerated, many organisations, such as the Amateur Rowing Association, expressed a preference for amateur honorary coaches rather than professionals. Through the use of archival material, oral history interviews, and ongoing case studies in athletics and swimming, this thesis traces the trajectory of the less than harmonious relationship between amateurism and professional coaching in Britain throughout the twentieth century. In the pre and interwar period, a number of proposals for coaching schemes emerged, especially after poor Olympic performances, but continuing resistance within the amateur establishment meant that these initiatives were uncoordinated and experienced short life-spans. Even in the post-war period, characterised by an increasing number of centralised coaching schemes and the appointment of national coaches, amateur officials sought to maintain strict control over their appointments. A reluctance to accept advice from professional coaches, coupled with a struggling economy and a government determined to remain distant from sport, contributed to a further decline in international sporting performance. British athletes had long proved unable to compete with the Americans and the emergence of another sporting superpower at the 1952 Olympics, the Soviet Union, finally prompted a number of responses, including the 1960 Wolfenden Report. The government subsequently took a more active role in sport, resulting in an inevitable shift towards greater specialisation as centralised funding became inextricably linked with targets and results. Although this encouraged a more widespread utilisation of professional coaches and improved the integration of sports science, the ethos of amateurism proved farreaching, even at elite levels. The evidence suggests that, while it is no longer considered a guiding principle, its legacy continues to impact on the working lives of many British coaches.

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Howland, Lucinda Jayne. "The effect of isometric exercise training on resting blood pressure, with specific reference to peripheral vascular function and structure." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16256/.

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Isometric exercise training has been shown to bring about beneficial reductions in resting blood pressure, however the physiological mechanism responsible remain equivocal. It is currently unknown whether isometric exercise training-induced reductions in resting blood pressure are associated with improvements in vascular endothelial function and structure. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of an 8-week isometric exercise training intervention on resting blood pressure, conduit artery vascular endothelial function, artery diameter and blood flow patterns at rest. Fourteen healthy young males (mean age: 23 ± 4 years; body mass: 80.7 ± 11.0kg; height: 178.8 ± 6.2cm) completed 8-weeks of isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training at high intensity (105.4% 2-min torquepeak). Three exercise sessions were performed each week and each session consisted of four 2-minute isometric muscular contractions each separated by a 3-minute recovery period. Resting blood pressure was measured using brachial artery oscillometric methods at pre, mid and post intervention. Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation and resting artery diameter and blood flow were assessed at pre, week 2, mid, week 6 and post intervention using high-resolution duplex Doppler ultrasound. Total peripheral resistance and cardiac output were determined at pre and post intervention using high-resolution echocardiography. A generalised estimating equation analysis was used to estimate the effect of exercise versus non-exercise intervention over time on resting blood pressure, brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation, artery diameter and blood flow, total peripheral resistance and cardiac output. Isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training reduced resting systolic blood pressure (training: 117 vs. control: 121 mmHg) (P=0.002) and resting mean arterial pressure (training: 88 vs. control: 91 mmHg) (P=0.001) following 4 weeks of exercise training compared to the control condition. Brachial artery flowmediated vasodilatation was increased (mid training: 8.65 ± 1.02% vs. mid control: 6.38 ± 1.14%) (P=0.011). Superficial femoral artery diameter, antegrade blood flow and antegrade shear rate were increased (all P≤0.05), whilst superficial femoral retrograde shear rate was decreased (P=0.013) following 2 weeks of exercise training compared to the control condition. There were no significant condition by time interactions observed in resting blood pressure, vascular endothelial function, artery diameter or blood flow patterns following 8 weeks of exercise training (all P≥0.05). Cardiac output was not significantly different following 8 weeks of exercise training (P=0.148). Total peripheral resistance was increased following 8 weeks of exercise training compared to the non-exercising control condition (P=0.054). Isometric bilateral leg extension exercise training can effectively lower resting blood pressure and increase conduit artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in healthy young men after 4 weeks with a concomitant reduction in resting blood pressure. These beneficial adaptations were no longer evident from mid to post exercise training in healthy normotensive young men.

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Clayton, BethAnne C. "The Implications of Different Types of Diet and Exercise on Human Health." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1617.

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There is need for enhanced prevention and treatment methods to combat sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and chronic disease by investigating the impact of specific exercise modalities and dietary factors on human health. The purposes of this study were: 1) to assess self-selected and perceived exercise intensity during High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) between males and females and to determine variables that predict self-selected exercise intensity (%VO2max) and/or perceived intensity (RPE) and 2) to investigate the impact of obesity on skeletal muscle metabolism in response to lipid oversupply by analyzing the responses of genes linked with fatty acid oxidation and inflammation in lean and obese subjects. Males and females were recruited to complete a 15min HIFT circuit wearing a metabolic analyzer, reporting RPE during and after the exercise bout. Obese and lean females were recruited to provide skeletal muscle cell biopsies for harvesting cell cultures from which to measure change in gene expression after exposure to a high lipid treatment. The first study results demonstrate that females exercised at a significantly higher self-selected exercise intensity while also reporting a lower RPE (p < 0.05). The second study revealed differential gene expression response and pathway activation related to lipid metabolism and inflammation between the lean and obese. In conclusion, gender plays a significant role in the intensity self-selected and the RPE reported during HIFT, suggesting HIFT may be an optimal home-based modality for female clients. Additionally, the skeletal muscle metabolic and inflammatory gene expression of the lean and obese respond differently to a high fat exposure and may provide further evidence of mechanisms linking obesity to metabolic disease.

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Dotterweich, Andy R., Anna Swisher, Sterlynn Clendenin, Mauro Palmero, Amanda E. Greene, and Joseph T. Walker. "Creation of a Sport Performance Enhancement Group Using a Benefits-Based Programming Model." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.1.76.

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The application of sport science is crucial to athlete performance development. However, the frequent disconnection among sport scientists, coaches, and athletes often leads to miscommunication and increased potential for performance barriers. The creation of sport performance enhancement groups (SPEGs) can help with the professional integration and communication among all personnel involved in the training process. However, SPEG formation faces a number of barriers in the current coaching landscape. The application of a benefits-based programming (BBP) model may aid in the formation of an SPEG and the dissemination of education for coaches, athletes, and administrators. A field experience involving the BBP model and SPEG creation in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II school is presented with multiple model iterations

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Morris, Christopher W. "The Effect of Fluid Periodization on Athletic Performance Outcomes in American Football Players." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/24.

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For decades strength and conditioning professionals have been seeking optimal training volumes and intensities to yield maximum performance outcomes without the onset of injury. Unfortunately, current studies apply experimental training techniques without considering the individuals’ response to the imposed training load. Due to the vast genetic variability and extraneous environmental factors that affect one’s ability to recover, results from such studies are controversial and inconclusive. Athlete monitoring systems offer an objective assessment that is purported to evaluate an individual’s physiological readiness to adapt to an overload stimulus and thus allow for daily manipulations in training loads (i.e., fluid periodization). However, little is known about the efficacy of this technology to enhance training outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fluid periodization on performance outcomes in American football players. Sixty-one Division 1 collegiate American football players (Age: 19.7 ± 0.9 yr; Height: 1.88 ± 0.3 m; Mass: 107.3 ± 11.1 kg) participated in this study and were stratified into experimental (n=33) and control (n=28) groups. Performance outcomes were measured prior to and following the summer training program. Physiological readiness parameters (heart rate variability and direct current brain wave potential outcomes) were measured daily in the experimental group only with Omegawave technology prior to training sessions and adjustments in training volumes or intensity were made based upon physiological readiness outcomes. The control group trained according to the daily prescribed workout. The findings from this study indicate that the experimental group significantly improved in vertical jump, vertical power, aerobic efficiency and broad jump (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. Additionally, significant improvements and effect sizes between groups were noted for fat-free mass (relative improvement: 54%, effect size: 0.30), vertical jump (relative improvement: 157%, effect size: 1.02), vertical power (relative improvement: 94%, effect size: 0.86), broad jump (relative improvement: effect size: 592%, 0.81), triple broad jump (relative improvement: 338%, effect size: 0.63), aerobic efficiency (relative improvement: 154%, effect size: 1.02), and medicine ball overhead throw (relative improvement: 50%, effect size: 0.26). In addition, the experimental group achieved these improvements with less core (-9.5%) and accessory (-13.2%) training volume (P < 0.01). In conclusion, fluid periodization produced greater improvements in performance outcomes at a reduced training load compared to a similar unmodified periodization scheme. These findings highlight the importance of modifying training parameters based upon the daily physiological state of the athlete.

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Yallamelli, Pavankalyan. "A Power Iteration Based Co-Training Approach to Achieve Convergence for Multi-View Clustering." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright151605107018487.

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Kuntzsch, Erik C. "Eye and Head Movements in Novice Baseball Players versus Intercollegiate Baseball Players." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492647251309525.

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Dent, Jessica. "The physiological and molecular response to repeated sprints in male and female team-sport athletes : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1034.

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Background: Due to the unique demands of the sport, athletes playing football perform a variety of differing training methods to improve physiological performance. These include strength, endurance and sprint training. While the effects of strength and endurance training have been well researched, the effects of repeated-sprint training on blood and muscle variables in well trained males and females are not well known. An understanding of changes to the blood and muscle during and following an exercise bout are important, so to gain an understanding of the type of stress and resulting adaptations that may occur. Also, while a large volume of research in training adaptations has been performed on males; little has been done on females. To date, some research indicates metabolism during moderateintensity exercise may differ between males and females; however, no study has compared repeated-sprint exercise. Therefore, it is unclear as to whether males and females would have a differing physiological response to repeated-sprint training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a repeated-sprint bout on molecular signalling in muscle and blood measures and heart rate in well-trained footballers. Additionally, we compared running times and sprint decrement (%). Research Design: Eight female senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 1 y, VO ? 2peak 53.0 ± 5.1 ml·kg-1min-1) and seven male senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 3 y, VO ? 2peak 59.0 ± 6.6 ml·kg-1min-1) volunteered to participate in this study. Participants performed four bouts of 6 x 30 m maximal sprints spread equally over a 40 min period. Sprint time was measured (at 30 m) for each sprint and sprint decrement was also calculated for all bouts. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle at rest, 15 min following exercise and 2 h into recovery. Venous blood samples were taken at the same time points as the biopsies while capillary blood lactate was measured at rest and 3 min following each sprint bout. Repeated measures ANOVA and Post hoc t-tests were performed to determine significant differences between the two groups (male vs. female) and time points. Findings: Both groups had a significant (P<0.05) increase in blood lactate (mM) after the first bout of repeated sprints, with no differences between females (pre 0.9 ± 0.4 mM – post 10.0 ± 1.6 mM) and males (pre 0.8 ± 0.3 mM – post 10.0 ± 3.5 mM). Blood lactate remained elevated compared to rest (P<0.05) following bouts 2, 3 and 4 for both females (12.0 ± 3.6, 12.0 ± 3.3, 12.2 ± 3.8 mM respectively) and males (11.9 ± 2.9, 11.6 ± 2.3, 11.5 ± 4.0 mM respectively), with no differences between groups or time points (P>0.05). There were no differences (P>0.05) between the female and male athletes in mean heart rate attained at the end of each bout of repeated sprints (187 ± 2 v 190 ± 2 bpm respectively) or during recovery between sprints (140 ± 2 v 130 ± 2 bpm respectively). There were no differences between groups or time points in blood insulin (P>0.05). Fastest 30 m sprint time and mean 30 m sprint time during the repeated-sprint bout was faster for the males than females (4.58 ± 0.12 v 5.26 ± 0.27 s respectively; (P>0.05)). However, there were no differences in running velocity during the sprints between the males and females (165 ± 0.4 % vs. 155 ± 0.05 %; P>0.05) when expressed relative to velocity at VO ? 2peak (vVO ? 2peak). Also, mean % decrement during the repeated-sprint bout was lower in the males then females (4.9 ± 1.3 v 7.1 ± 1.9 % respectively; P<0.05). No changes were observed in total or phosphorylated Akt at any time-point or between genders. However, while total 4E-BP1 was lower, the ratio of total to phosphoryalated 4E-BP1 at rest was greater in males than females (P<0.05). Finally, there was also a significant decrease in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation post-exercise in males (P<0.05), but not females. Conclusions: There were no sex differences in blood lactate or heart rate throughout the repeated-sprint bout. These findings suggest that there were no cardio respiratory or lactate production/clearance differences in the response to a repeated-sprint-training bout between sexes. However, while males were faster than their female counterparts, the average relative speed was similar between sexes, suggesting a similar relative volume of work was performed during the sprint bouts. However, the females did have a greater decrement in sprint performance indicating a greater ability to recover sprint performance in the males. Sex differences in resting total and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 may indicate greater potential for muscle growth in the male athletes during basal conditions. However, differences could be due to factors other than sex, including previous training history. There was a lack of change in plasma insulin or Akt, but, similar to resistance exercise, a significant decrease in post-exercise 4E-BP1 phosphorylation for the males, but not females. The sex differences in the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation response post-exercise could be due to differences in the metabolic disturbance in the muscle during and following maximal sprints. Keywords: blood lactate, heart rate, muscle

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Stuart, Charles A., Andrew S. Layne, Mark A. South, S. Nasrallah, Mary E. A. Howell, Melanie P. McCurry, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Lack Of Improvement In Insulin Responsiveness In The Metabolic Syndrome After Resistance Training Only May Be Due To Fewer Muscle Slow‐Twitch Fibers And Decreased Activation Of AMPK." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5097.

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Lack of Improvement in Insulin Responsiveness in the Metabolic Syndrome after Resistance Training Only May Be Due to Fewer Muscle Slow-Twitch Fibers and Decreased Activation of AMPK Ten non-diabetic subjects (fi Ten non-diabetic subjects (five males, five females) with the Metabolic Syndrome underwent eight weeks of supervised strength training. Training consisted of five weekly sessions. A brief orientation period was followed by two blocks of progressively increasing intensity training. Nine control subjects were trained at the same time following the same protocols. At the completion of training, strength and VO[sub]2[/sub]max increased by 10% in both groups, but body composition and body weight had not changed. Insulin responsiveness, quantified using a three hour euglycemic clamp procedure, did not improve in the insulin resistant Metabolic Syndrome subjects, but increased significantly (13%) in the control group. Control subjects had significantly more slow-twitch muscle fibers at baseline (50% vs. 36%). The fiber composition was not changed in either group by training. Expression of GLUT4, the principle insulin-responsive glucose transporter, increased significantly in both groups (39% in Metabolic Syndrome subjects, 76% in the control group). The muscle mitochondrial biogenesis pathway reflected by AMPK total expression and activation, and the muscle hypertrophy pathway as indicated by mTOR expression and activation were increased in both groups. Even though total AMPK and total mTOR increased about 40% in both groups, the change in activated phospho-AMPK was greater in the control group (38% vs. 8%), and the activated phospho-mTOR increased more in the Metabolic Syndrome group (50% vs. 25%). Since AMPK is predominantly expressed in slow-twitch muscle fibers and mTOR is expressed at higher levels in fast-twitch fibers, these data may reflect the difference in fiber composition between the two groups. Strength training resulted in qualitatively similar effects on muscle remodeling in persons at low risk or high risk for diabetes, but greater activation of AMPK was associated with increased insulin responsiveness. In Metabolic Syndrome subjects, resistance training alone activated muscle hypertrophy pathways and increased muscle GLUT4 expression, but did not improve insulin responsiveness.

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Schafer, Carol Linda. "Development of a functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) muscle training program to prepare paraplegics for standing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25845.

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Wheelchair-bound paraplegics are in an unnatural, almost all-day sitting position. This is physiologically disadvantageous as it may cause increased abdominal pressure, renal dysfunction, pressure sores, muscle atrophy and osteoporosis. Thus it would be beneficial, physiologically and psychologically, for a paraplegic to be able to stand for temporary periods of time. As a result of the muscle atrophy and functional degeneration that follows a spinal cord injury, it is essential for paraplegics to undergo a muscle restrengthening program, using Functional Neuromuscular Stimulation (FNS), before standing up under FNS control can be attempted. Six healthy spinal cord injured subjects with spinal lesions between CS and T9 (two tetraplegics and four paraplegics) exercised their quadriceps muscles at home using a portable two-channel FNS muscle stimulator. The muscles were exercised against an increasing load to maximise the training effect. Inclined standing exercise, under FNS control, was performed in the Inclistand. The subjects' general state of health and fitness were assessed, namely their responses during a maximal arm ergometry exercise test, arm muscle function, lung function, blood biochemistry and their dietary habits. Subjects have shown improvement in quadriceps muscle strength, fatigue resistance and muscle bulk to varying degrees - according to their individual circumstances. The tetraplegics responded in a different manner to that of the paraplegics. The muscle strength increased significantly by a mean (+SD) of 97,8 + 59,6% and 171,2 + 118,1% for the four paraplegics, left and right leg respectively. There was a mean improvement of 16% in fatigue resistance in the left leg (p=0,08), while the mean response of the right leg varied. Quadriceps muscle bulk increased by 4,43 + 3,4% (left) and 2,7 + 2,1% (right) (0,05<p<0,l). The amount of subcutaneous fat around the mid-thigh decreased significantly by 4,73 + 1,4% (left) and 3,43 + 1,1% (right leg). The group was in a state of general well-being, with the exception of one subject whose serum cholesterol concentration fell within the high risk category. This study therefore showed that the FNS was sucessful in improving the quadriceps muscle strength, bulk and fatigue response of the SCI people in our research group. The valuable experience gained from this FNS study will be used to improve the present program.

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HARNISH, CHRISTOPHER R. "Comparison of Two Different Sprint Interval Training Work-to-Rest Ratios on Acute Metabolic and Inflammatory Responses." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3565.

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High intensity exercise is believed to yield greater results on health and human performance than moderate intensity exercise. Extensive research indicates that not only do high-intensity interval training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) produce significant improvements in cardiovascular fitness and disease, they may be more effective at improving long-term metabolic function, including insulin sensitivity (Si), by producing more mitochondria. Moreover, compliance rates for HIT and SIT participation are reported to be the same or better than traditional moderate intensity exercise. Because lack of time is often cited as major hindrance to exercise participation, SIT is also seen as a time efficient option to improve health and performance. It does appear, however, that repeated sessions of SIT are needed before overall improvements can be measured. SIT protocols employing maximal 30 sec sprints with ~5 min rest [a 1:9 work-to-rest ratio (W:R)], have garnered much of the research focus, while those using minimal rest periods, like Tabata which uses 20 sec sprints and 10 sec rest (2:1 W:R), have been ignored. This may omit a possible SIT option that could influence acute and chronic adaptations. The role of inflammatory cytokines on Si remains an area of continued research. While endurance exercise is thought to create an overall anti-inflammatory environment that stimulates improvement in Si, SIT is often viewed as pro-inflammatory. However, few studies have provided significant insight into cytokine release following SIT, and none haveexplored its impact on Si. In addition, the impact of W:R on cytokine remains speculative at best. Therefore, the examination of the effect of different sprint protocols of similar total work (kJ) on performance, metabolic function, and inflammatory response may provide valuable insight into these adaptive processes.

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Stone, Michael H., Jeremy A. Gentles, and William G. Hornsby. "Application to Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://www.amzn.com/0415789389.

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Book Summary: It is an essential skill for any strength and conditioning coach to be able to reliably assess the physical performance of their athletes and communicate the results and their implications to performers and coaches, alike. Performance Assessment in Strength and Conditioning is the first textbook to clearly and coherently suggest the most appropriate and reliable methods for assessing and monitoring athletes’ performance, as well as including detailed sections on testing considerations and the interpretation and application of results. The book explores the full range of considerations required to reliably assess performance, including questions of ethics and safety, reliability and validity, and standardised testing, before going on to recommend (through a comparison of field- and laboratory-based techniques) the optimal methods for testing all aspects of physical performance.

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Stone, Michael H. "Training Principles." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4554.

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Stone, Michael H. "Strength Training for Endurance Sports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4499.

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Ramsey, Michael W. "Resistance Training for Aerobic Sports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4082.

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Engström, Jennifer, and Madeleine Mandlbauer. "En litteraturstudie om Coreträning, smärta och cobb angle hos tonåringar med idiopatisk skolios." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21767.

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Bakgrund: Skolios är en åkomma som förekommer hos två till fyra procent av alla barn och ungdomar i en ålder på 10-20 år. Skolios innebär att personen har en snedställning av ryggraden som mäts och definieras med metoden cobb angle. Detta kan ge upphov till smärta men även andra typer av problem som exempelvis längre livskvalitet. Ungdomarna kan uppleva att det besvärar dem i deras vardag både fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt. Vid andra allmänna former av ryggproblem har studier påvisat goda resultat för minskad smärta vid fysisk aktivitet av bålen. Syftet: med studien är att utvärdera om coreträning kan minska ryggsmärtor och cobb angle hos tonåringar med idiopatisk skolios. Metod: Metoden som användes är en deskriptiv litteraturstudie. För att hitta relevanta studier användes databaserna pubmed och cinahl. Studiernas evidensgranskades utifrån ett granskningsprotokoll (GRADE). Resultatet: inkluderade 14 artiklar som redovisades i fyra olika teman: Coreträning som reducerar smärta & cobb angle, Coreträning utan inverkan på smärta och cobb angle, muskelstyrka & träningskapacitet och samband mellan bålstabilitet & livskvalité. Resultatet påvisade lite delade meningar om huruvida coreträning kan hjälpa till att minska smärta och cobb angle. Merparten av artiklarna visade att specifikt utformad coreträning kan hjälpa till att reducera smärta och cobb angle, men däremot sågs ingen större skillnad mellan generella- och specifika träningsprogram på reducering av smärta och cobb angle. Slutsats: I denna studie framkom samband mellan ökad bålstabilitet och minskad smärta/cobb angle. Detta kan tyda på att specificerad coreträning skulle kunna agera som behandling för att minska smärta och cobb angle hos tonåringar med idiopatisk skolios.

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Stone, Michael H. "Resistance Training: Setting the Load." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4524.

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Stone, Michael H. "The Basics of Planning the Training Process– an Introduction (Workshop)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4513.

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Stone, Michael H. "Strength Training and Endurance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4576.

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Pierce, Kyle R., Clive Brewer, Michael W. Ramsey, Ronald Byrd, William A. Sands, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Youth Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4140.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sports science : training'

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