Academic literature on the topic 'Sports Sports administration Corporate sponsorship'

Abstract Marketing developed close relation with sponsorship since the beginnings of the industrial era of sports. The relation has transformed in a stable relation, the two forces - the sponsor and the sponsored - transforming into two companions of journey. The effort undertaken in this work was focused on analyzing the modern aspects of the partnership generated through sports sponsorship.The current issue and sport sponsorship has come a long way since the first action of its kind until now. Based on the presentation of new concepts on the development efforts in sport sponsorship, content provides a detailed analysis of the actual specifics of this type of activity. Analysis of influence vectors sponsorship process gives us a picture of the forces that can act on this. At the end of our research we focused attention on elements that empowers sports portfolio in terms of corporate interest, the potentiation commercial message and image association. This technique of promotional community for and through sports is maybe the one that manifests the most “laic” status among the promotional forms. This epithet implies a metaphorical approach given by the possibility of accomplishing some objectives that can have some more obvious “corporality” than in the case of the other forms of promotion used in the sports industry. Sports sponsorship has been an early ally of sports, and has remained a basic communicational technique. This fact is due to some determination in double sense: on the one hand, sport has adapted permanently to the dynamics of the range of sponsorship techniques and, on the other hand, the sponsorship tried to use the chameleon-like offer of the sports potential.

Purpose Sponsorship is a major contributor to income in the South African sports arena, and is a critical component allowing sports unions to remain financially viable and sustainable. Sports sponsoring companies, however, have long questioned the financial returns generated from these ventures. The purpose of this paper is to understand whether financial returns of companies with sports sponsorship in South Africa are significantly different to those without. This research was conducted on Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed companies that sponsored sport consistently between 2000 and 2015 for a period of two years. A quantitative methodology was employed whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did. Design/methodology/approach A quantitative methodology was employed, whereby share price, revenue and earnings growth were analysed, comparing firms that did not adopt strategies involving sports sponsorships to those that did. South Africa is an emerging market and a member of the BRICS Forum ranked 14th in the sport sponsorship market globally (Sport Marketing Frontiers, 2011), becoming increasingly dominant in the global sports industry (Goldman, 2011). The population consisted of JSE-listed Main Board and alternative exchange companies that participated in any form of consistent sports sponsorship in the given time frame: 2000-2015, where the company’s share price, revenue and earnings per share (EPS) data for the period were available from the INET BFA database. The JSE is ranked 17th in terms of market capitalisation (over $1 trillion) in the world, being the largest stock exchange on the African continent with over $30bn being traded on average monthly. Multiple journals today publish research done on the JSE, for example the International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, Investment Analysts Journal and the South African Journal of Accounting Research. This stock exchange is 125 years old and has over 400 listed companies of which 358 are domestic (Kruger et al., 2014). Findings Results show that companies involved in sports sponsorship during the period analysed did not experience enhanced share price or revenue growth in excess of those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. As a whole, sports sponsoring companies did however experience greater income growth (EPS) than those companies not involved in sports sponsorship. Enhanced revenue growth was found in the consumer services sector, indicating that sport sponsorship in this sector drives brand image and recall resulting in enhanced revenues. These results though indicate that a multitude of differing objectives may exist for companies engaging with sports sponsorship, with increased sales not the singular objective. In general it is concluded that sports sponsorship is considered to achieve a broad spectrum of outcomes that are likely to contribute to increased profitability. Research limitations/implications The relatively small size of 40 firms on the JSE in the South African sports sponsorship market is a limitation for this research. The purely quantitative approach limited the ability to gain the required level of insight into those sectors with small samples, which a qualitative study would reveal. SABMiller as example could not be analysed against its sector peers, given that it is one of the most prominent and consistent sports sponsors in South Africa across all major sporting codes. The telecommunications sector was represented entirely by companies that were involved in sports sponsorship and, hence, no in-depth comparison could be conducted within this sector. Vodacom, a major sponsor of sport in South Africa, could not be compared with its peers utilising purely financial and statistical methods. Cell C is one of the most prominent sponsors of rugby in South Africa, through its title sponsorship of the Cell C Sharks, and was not included in this study as it is not listed on the JSE. It is suggested that such companies should be included in a qualitative study approach. Practical implications The results of the Mann-Whitney U test for the consumer services and financial sectors confirm no significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix to those that do not. The consumer services sector has seen above-average revenue growth from sports sponsorship compared with its sector peers; however, the sector was unable to convert this increased revenue growth into increased profits, suggesting that the cost of sponsoring, as well as the operating costs associated with sports sponsorship, counteract any growth in revenue. Social implications The sample of sports-sponsoring companies experienced a larger annual mean EPS growth rate of 30.6 per cent compared to the remaining JSE Main Board companies which grew EPS annually at 27.4 per cent. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test confirm a significant difference in EPS growth for companies utilising consistent sports sponsorship as part of their marketing mix. From a practical interpretive perspective, this result reveals that those companies in South Africa involved in sports sponsorship consistently attain greater than market-related profit growth. This poses some interesting points for discussion, given that revenue growth was not statistically different, which suggests that many sponsors are utilising the sponsorships for purposes other than sales growths that result in a profitable outcome. The potential range of options is large but would likely comprise the creation of stronger supplier relationships, resulting in optimised business inputs. Sponsors might be utilising sponsorships to improve corporate social status, which assists them in creating regulatory compliance, in some instances. Additionally, these sponsorships may be utilised to maintain key client relationships that provide the highest levels of profitability, and whilst this might not grow revenue through new business acquisition, it may result in higher profitability as a result of a loyal and stable customer base. Originality/value Much of the available research focusses on the sponsorship of specific sporting events and the share price impact thereof at specific occasions like the announcement, renewal and termination. Where research is conducted across a multitude of sporting events and codes, this predominantly focusses on share price performance only, with varying and somewhat inconclusive results. There is little research focussing on wider, more comprehensive sets of sponsored events and sporting codes, and that seeks to provide an understanding of financial returns for sponsoring properties. In a study of more than 50 US-based corporations it was found that, as a group, corporations which consistently invested in sports sponsorships outperformed market averages, and that those with higher sponsorship spend achieved higher returns (Jensen and Hsu, 2011). The study utilised descriptive statistics. More analysis, utilising detailed statistical analysis, is required to better understand the effects of sponsorship on the wider set of variables analysed. In this case, a five-year compound annual growth rate was calculated for stock price appreciation, total revenue, net income and EPS, and analysed descriptively with only means and standard deviation. Measurement of such variables assists with an understanding of the materialized results of sponsorship as opposed to much of the work in this field, which analyses market reactions to sponsorship announcements.

The purpose of this article is to analyse and understand sports sponsorship based on a study of corporate sponsorship and its strategies. The paper adopts the survey method to present the power of sports sponsorship, examine enterprise-sponsored sports and the purpose of sponsorship. This research will rely on the literature and case-study data drawn from specific instances of sports sponsorship.
 Methodology – This research study takes advantage of the survey method, questionnaires, SPSS software, comparative analysis, literature review, contrastive analysis, descriptive statistics, comparison, inference and conclusion.
 Findings – Attempt to find a relation between television broadcast, corporate logo, and the correlation of cumulative audience, the level of competition, athletes; determine the significance of individual factors; determine the degree of correlation between the impact of a sports event on the image of the sponsor.

Despite the popularity of sponsorship-linked marketing programs, we know little about how firms form sponsorship policies. This article describes a corporate identity-sponsorship policy link and offers empirical support for it via a mixed method research design. Content analysis of 146 Fortune 500 companies’ online sponsorship policies and mission statements is followed by cluster, factor and multinomial regression techniques. Results show that corporate identity, as reflected in mission statements, matters to sponsorship policy. Specifically, companies emphasizing financial success in their mission statements prefer to sponsor individual athletes, education, the environment and health-related activities. Alternatively, companies stressing the importance of employees demonstrate a propensity to sponsor team sports, entertainment, religious, community, charity and business related activities. Reasons for these strategic differences are discussed.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 78 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact corporate stadium naming rights. In particular, this project will assess consumer perceptions of stadium naming rights as a means for determining its effectiveness as a marketing approach. A survey of CSUSB students was conducted in order to obtain their perceptions of the relative marketing attractiveness of naming rights for a local minor league baseball stadium.

The purpose of this study was to explore issues of ethics as they relate to corporate sponsorship within Division IA college athletics. The research was conducted as a case study of a private Division IA college athletic department. Data were collected through a series of semi-structured interviews with areas of inquiry including corporate sponsorships, allocation of funding, and related budgetary concerns. Twenty individuals were interviewed. These included coaches, athletic administrators, and marketing representatives. All interviews were taped, subsequently transcribed, and analyzed for content and themes. Quotes were examined in terms of content and grouped according to similarity of themes. A number of themes were identified and categorized in line with "ethical phenomena" as discussed in the literature. The results revealed eleven categories and subcategories. These included Gender Inequity, Financial Elitism, Corporate Sponsorship Ethics, Corporate Sponsorship Advancement, Coach's Roles, Winning is Everything, Budget Inequities, Marketing Responsibility, Organizational Concerns, Sponsorability and Fundraising Necessity. Similarities existed between the groups of respondents. Specifically, the coaches responded similarly to questions relating to gender inequity. Additionally, the athletic administrators differed in their views from the coaches in matters of funding and marketing. In conclusion, analysis suggests an inequality of financing between revenue producing sports and non-revenue producing sports. Conflicting views existed between administration and coaches in regards to the organizational structure of the athletic department. Corporate sponsorships were found to be an essential part of an athletic department for the present and future. Gender discrepancies appeared when marketing corporate sponsorships within an athletic department. Further discussion focuses on the need for corporate sponsorships.

Supporters and spectators of sports club matches are often exposed to advertising of sponsors of the respective club. The most common exposure is to billboard ads, such as, e.g. LED screens on the side of the football pitch, the logo of sponsors embedded in the ice of an ice hockey rink or the logo of the sponsor on the athletes' jerseys. However, exposure does not mean engagement and engagement is what sponsors seek as it can increase the purchase intention of the supporters and spectators engaging with the company. With classical sponsorship approaches, it is hard to measure the number of supporters that actually engage with and eventually purchase from the sponsoring companies. Furthermore, the engagement approach that companies choose besides classical offline sponsorship is limited to occasional news updates or - at the most - highlights of matches. Therefore, the distance between sponsors and supporters is perceived as very wide by the latter. Digital communication channels and especially social media generally poses a good way to engage with supporters, but many companies fail to implement a strategic approach to social media communication.This study is aimed at analysing sports sponsorship in the light of digitalisation and wants to contribute to the scarce literature in the field. Sponsorship is a generally widely investigated and researched topic, and so is digital marketing. In current literature, these topics rarely appear closely linked to each other. Although many companies recognise the importance of digital communication tools for their sponsorship agreements, many fail to integrate it properly. Also, sports clubs often neglect the strategic implementation of digital communication. To fill this research gap, the study at hand wants to answer the following research question.“How is sports sponsorship effectiveness enhanced by the use of digital communication channels and by restructuring the relationships among all three stakeholders within the respective agreement?”An exploratory mixed methods study, which includes 115 questionnaire respondents as well as six expert interviews, was conducted to address this research question as well as the novelty of the research topic. The research was undertaken with a focus on Swedish football and ice hockey teams in professional divisions as well as their sponsors. The study yielded several results which contribute to the literature and show relevance for practice. Firstly, the study showed that all the stakeholders lack the knowledge of the aspiration of each other as well as structured communication strategies in digital channels. Secondly, the communication between clubs and sponsors is insufficient, and wishes, ideas and assumptions concerning a sponsorship agreement remain hidden to the other parties. Thirdly, the clubs, as well as the sponsors, fail to integrate the supporters' wishes and needs into the sponsorship approach, which impedes the effectiveness and the success of this agreement. Fourthly, clubs and sponsors fail to implement precise indicators for the success of a sponsorship deal.

Thesis (M.S.E.S.S.)--University of Florida, 2004.<br>Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 129 pages. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Sports sponsorship is a common marketing strategy for many commercial organisations. There has been an interest in examining the effectiveness of this strategy particularly in terms of the recall rate of sponsored brands. In recent years, eye trackers have been employed to provide deeper insights in sports sponsorship research. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the potential contributions and methodological challenges in the use of eye trackers in sports sponsorship research. The paper will conclude with a discussion on the future directions of sports sponsorship research.

This chapter introduces the role of sports marketing in the global marketplace, thus explaining the understanding of the concept of sports marketing, internalization of sports, entrepreneurship in sports, branding in sports, sponsorship and sports, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sports, tourism and sports, regional development and sports, marketing and sports, and action sports. Practitioners in the sports management area need to take advantage of the international marketplace for both their business activities and marketing strategies. This chapter focuses on the various different practical and research avenues for international sports marketing. As the world continues to globalize, it is vital that more practical and research inquiry is focused on how to combine both the sport marketing and international business literature in order to establish a research agenda for future international researchers from around the world to focus on international sporting developments. Understanding the role of sports marketing in the global marketplace will significantly enhance the organizational performance and achieve business goals.

This chapter introduces the role of sports marketing in the global marketplace, thus explaining the understanding of the concept of sports marketing, internalization of sports, entrepreneurship in sports, branding in sports, sponsorship and sports, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sports, tourism and sports, regional development and sports, marketing and sports, and action sports. Practitioners in the sports management area need to take advantage of the international marketplace for both their business activities and marketing strategies. This chapter focuses on the various different practical and research avenues for international sports marketing. As the world continues to globalize, it is vital that more practical and research inquiry is focused on how to combine both the sport marketing and international business literature in order to establish a research agenda for future international researchers from around the world to focus on international sporting developments. Understanding the role of sports marketing in the global marketplace will significantly enhance the organizational performance and achieve business goals.

After successfully implementing the concept with individual universities, Host approached NCAA president Ced Dempsey about a “bundled rights” package for all NCAA media rights and marketing. Host met with CBS executive Sean McManus and offered more than $5 billion for an eleven-year NCAA tournament deal. Host would publish the print programs for the tournament, operate the radio network, and sell corporate sponsorships. A long saga ensued. The NCAA originally balked at the proposal, and then CBS decided to shut Host out of the deal in favor of International Sport and Leisure (ISL). Even so, Host agreed to give up the remaining contractual rights for the NCAA basketball tournament. When CBS’s deal with ISL fell through, Host brokered a new contract with the network. Host’s team then worked closely with Coca-Cola executives (including Don Keough, Chuck Fruit, Scott McCune, and Steve Heyer) to create a record-setting sponsorship. When completed, the $500 million deal made Coca-Cola the NCAA’s first “corporate champion” and set a new standard for college sports marketing.