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Journal articles on the topic 'Sports stadiums'
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1
Chen, Jinao, Aming Lu, and Feng Zhai. "Regional Layout and Planning of Large-Scale Sports Stadiums and Gymnasiums in Cities." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0019.
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In order to ensure the high-quality completion of the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums and the smooth holding of the Fourteenth National Games, through on-the-spot investigation and collation of relevant literature at home and abroad, lessons are drawn from the experience of the planning and construction of the stadiums and gymnasiums of the recent three National Games. According to the investigation of the stadiums and gymnasiums in Shaanxi Province, the number, characteristics, overall layout and construction methods of the required stadiums are specifically analyzed. Taking Xi'an Sports Center as an example, from the point of view of the construction requirements of the main stadium of the National Games and the sports construction technology, the functional orientation and construction standards of the competition facilities and training base facilities are put forward. Especially for the planning and design of sports construction facilities including “one stadium, two gymnasiums”, Tennis Center and outdoor sports stadium, the specific index analysis is made. The index analysis provides suggestions for the compilation of the planning and design task sheet of Xi'an Sports Center, and provides reference for the planning and construction of other stadiums and gymnasiums for the Fourteenth National Games.
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Zhu, Li-Cai, Zhi Gao, Jia-Ming Zhu, and Di Zhang. "Construction of the Evaluation System of Sustainable Utilization of Large Stadiums Based on the AHP Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 9, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9396276.
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Large-scale sports stadiums are an important part of China’s sports stadium system and an important material basis and prerequisite for China’s basic public sports service system. This paper aims to establish the evaluation index system by exploring the utilization of large stadiums and gymnasiums under the background of sustainable development and to provide important reference for the construction and utilization of stadiums and gymnasiums in the future. Using literature methods, quantitative statistics, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and other methods, focusing on sustainable use, this study develops a postgame utilization evaluation system for large stadiums, considering the design, construction, operation, and management of the stadium. This paper identifies 5 first-level indicators, 13 second-level indicators, and 38 third-level indicators, which mainly included five aspects of comprehensive performance, service level, environmental performance, economic performance, and venue maintenance. The AHP method was used to determine the index weight coefficient, thus forming a sustainable use evaluation index system for the large stadiums. Finally, taking Bengbu Sports Center in Anhui province as an example, this paper makes an empirical analysis.
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Alakshendra, Abhinav. "How are we funding professional sports stadiums? An overview." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-03-2016-0076.
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Purpose American taxpayers heavily subsidize professional sports leagues and teams through direct and indirect public funding to build professional sports stadiums. Today, the proportion of public funding to build professional sports stadiums is greater than private contribution. In last 20 years, almost all of the 100 professional stadiums opened have received some form of direct or indirect financial assistance from local, state and federal government. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates and documents most often used methods of stadium financing in recent years along with the historical shift from privately built stadiums to public funded stadiums in the span of 65 years. This paper also briefly reviews the literature evaluating the impacts of public spending for professional sports stadiums. The vast literature on the topic reveals that economists and city planners agree that public subsidy to build expensive professional sports stadiums cannot be justified on the grounds of perceived economic development. Findings Over the years, funding mix to build professional sports facilities has changed dramatically. Local government has been coming up with various financing strategies involving new and old instruments. Originality/value The findings also suggest that share of local and state government has gone up in recent years compare to federal government share.
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Verner, Martin. "THE OCCURRENCE OF SYNCHRONIZED JUMPING CROWD AT SPORTS STADIUMS." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0152.
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Since the age of the Rome Empire, people have been going for fun at the stadiums. Today, important reasons for visiting the stadium are sport games or cultural performances. The text is about occurrence of specific types of behaviour during sport games. The experiment was realized at four different sports stadiums and during three kinds of sports. The worst case of loads for the grandstand is the synchronized jumping of a crowd. This is type of behaviour, which can cause over limit vibration, visitors discomfort on the tribune, in the extreme case collapse of the grandstand. In any country today, the standards or references or math models are not for application of dynamic load to grandstand. Only the British standards are making recommendation how the designer should work with dynamic loads.
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Geliot, Steve, Jacqueline Coesfeld, and Christopher C. M. Kyba. "Scale and Impact of Sports Stadium Grow Lighting Systems In England." International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 24, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v24i1.125.
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Recently, many sports stadiums have begun using high power lighting systems to help the grass grow on the playing surfaces. These lights supplement winter sunlight, which is sometimes insufficient due to the low elevation of the sun and shading from the surrounding walls. In many stadiums, grow lights are operated at night, and the waste light emissions from these stadiums are extraordinary in comparison to most other areas in the cities in which they are located. Here we present space-based observations of the radiance of fourteen stadiums located in towns and cities of varying sizes and in varying geographical locations across England which each have a Premier League football stadium. We show that stadiums have dramatically brightened (typically by factors of 2-5) in recent years compared to the situation in 2012. We also show that stadiums are often responsible for an important fraction of the total light emission of the cities they are in (often 10% or more, and in one case up to 30%). Because the light emissions from many English towns have been reducing in recent years, the overall fraction of light due to the stadiums is increasing. In some cases, total city emissions have actually increased due to the stadiums, undermining the environmental impact of reductions in radiance in the rest of the community. We believe that stadium grow lights are an excellent target for sustainable lighting initiatives, both because of their considerable environmental impact (especially when located near sensitive areas) and the possibility of high profile and successful waste light mitigation projects.
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Potter, Joel M. "Publicly subsidized sports events and stadiums." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-03-2016-0075.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the economics literature of publicly subsidized sports stadiums and mega-events. Let it be noted, however, that the author was unable to find any substantial economics literature in terms of how publicly funded stadiums and events affect income and wealth inequality. Design/methodology/approach This paper was designed for coherent legibility with the intention of reviewing economic literature on the effects of publicly funded sports stadiums and events. However, upon investigation it was found that there is a surprising dearth of relevant literature pertaining to the implications of publicly funded stadiums and sports events and their effects on income and wealth inequality. Findings Although the author discovered research performed by non-economists, they were unable to find research wherein economists explicitly investigate the impact of stadium subsidies on income and wealth inequality. Social implications The social implications of publicly funded sports-related constructions and events, though surprisingly under-reported by economists, can be startlingly extensive in terms of sheer numbers. In all, 1.5 million individuals were purportedly displaced in order to make room for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In total, 250,000 people were likewise forced to move in order to accommodate the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. These numbers warrant further investigation by economists. Originality/value The author was unable to find any literature pertaining to the effects on income or wealth inequality of publicly funded sports stadiums and mega-events. This review would therefore appear to be unique.
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Pritchard, Adrian, David Cook, Andrew Jones, Tom Bason, Paul Salisbury, and Ellie Hickman. "Professional sports teams: going beyond the core." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 20, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-05-2018-0056.
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Purpose The addition of products to the core of matches by professional sports teams (PSTs) has received much coverage. However, there has been limited work as to how their stadiums are used to stage non-sporting events. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how clubs in the English Football League (EFL) use their venues to diversify into other markets. Design/methodology/approach Secondary sources were used to categorise the teams who played in the EFL by: average division turnover, stadium capacity and stadium age. Semi-structured interviews were held with a member of the commercial teams of 21 clubs. Findings Clubs use their stadiums to supply a range of products and working with partners is commonplace. These products are targeted at a range of stakeholders, such as supporters, the local community and regionally based organisations. In addition to their own efforts, increased geographical coverage for clubs usually develops in three ways: via internal marketing by local organisations who use the facilities, agents who market the stadium for the club and the EFL who market the league/clubs holistically. Research limitations/implications The use of a stadium allows PSTs to diversify by providing new products for new markets. In this instance it has led to the development of capabilities in areas such as conferencing, funerals and weddings. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to examine the capabilities developed by PSTs that lie outside the staging of matches.
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Cavaiani, Anthony C. "Rhetoric, Materiality, and the Disruption of Meaning: The Stadium as a Place of Protest." Communication & Sport 8, no. 4-5 (January 21, 2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479519900161.
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Recently, athlete protests about social injustice have garnered much attention from fans and the media. An element frequently overlooked is the role of place in sports protests. Stadiums are iconic markers of identity for communities and play a significant role in the media’s representation of sports games. Informed by Endres and Senda-Cook’s research about place-in-protest, I argue how the Botham Jean and O’Shae Terry protests outside AT&T Stadium in Dallas functioned as place-as-rhetoric to build on the intended purpose of the stadium while temporarily reconstructing its meaning. This material enactment is achieved by the stadium serving as a performative space that authorizes new meaning onto the stadium and surrounding space while heralding it as a champion marker of social justice. I position my analysis within a framework that understands how sports stadiums deploy material rhetoric in ways that produce embodied rhetoric and ephemeral rhetoric that legitimize the Jean and Terry protests as social justice protests. I argue that the stadium functions as place-in-rhetoric to capitalize on its mobilization of fandom in order to amplify social justice messages to a wider audience.
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Glebova, Ekaterina, Michel Desbordes, and Gabor Geczi. "Changes in Stadium Sports Spectators Customer Experiences." Testnevelés, Sport, Tudomány 4, no. 3-4 (2019): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21846/tst.2019.3-4.6.
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Over the centuries, in most countries of the world, stadiums have changed and evolved, and with it, the behaviour and ways of experience of their visitors and spectators have certainly transformed. With improvements in-home entertainment systems and internet connectivity occurring all the time, sports fans have a greater capacity to build themselves a viewing experience that fits their preferred specifications, right in the comfort wherever they are: airplane, hotel, office, or their own room. Subsequently, sports stadiums are in the process of challenge and technological evolution, including implementation of various innovations. It attempts to create smooth, strong impressive experience and appeals to attract spectators out of their mediatory watching and to bring them into the stadium, wherever it is situated. In the current paper we investigate and review the critical areas and identify the phenomena of transformations addresses to deliver a next-generation stadium experience that is affective enough to compete with the cost, comfort, impressions benefits of “mobile” spectatorship (Thomson, Potter, 2017). A multidimensional content analysis (Tharenou, 2010) of collected data let us outline the key area of stadium technological transformation, referring to the customer-centric approach (McAlexander et al., 2002; Zaky & Neely, 2018). We define and outline the key areas of changes in SSCX in order to better predict their nature, courses and impact, projecting future perspective research directions.
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Anderson, Bill. "What Gramsci Can Tell Sport Communication Scholars About How Civic Leaders Sell Sports to Their Communities: A Look at the Braves’ Move to Atlanta." International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 3 (September 2016): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0033.
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Antonio Gramsci argued that ruling classes stayed in power as much through cultural hegemony as through economic hegemony or brute force. Gramsci maintained that the dominant class established and maintained this cultural hegemony through negotiation and persuasion. Gramsci’s theory offers much to sport communication scholars who try to ascertain why certain communities (especially their civic leaders) build stadiums to attract major-league sports teams and events despite mounting economic evidence that these ventures often fail to yield the financial benefits touted by their advocates. This paper uses Gramsci’s theory to examine how the civic leaders of Atlanta enticed the populace and sporting press to use public funds to build a new sports stadium in the mid-1960s. Atlanta’s leaders used the sports stadium not only to lure a Major League Baseball team to the city but also to persuade the city’s populace that this move made the metropolis “big league.”
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Kozma, Gábor, Klára Czimre, Bence András Bács, Alexandru Ilieş, Christa Sára Pfau, Gheorghe Codruț Bulz, and Zoltán Bács. "A Special Type of Multifunctional Stadiums: Great Forest Stadium in Debrecen (Hungary)." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122261.
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As a result of the stadium construction wave recently observed in North America and Europe, the question of the cost-effective operation of these facilities entered the foreground. Formerly, researchers advocated that these sports facilities had no significant positive economic impact, and no considerable increasing effect can be observed in terms of workplaces, personal incomes, or local tax revenues. In recent years, however, many researchers attribute a serious economic impact to particular facilities, including the so-called multifunctional stadiums, which are used for purposes other than one particular sports activity. The aim of our study, after summarising the factors leading to the establishment of multifunctional stadiums and the most important characteristics of the completed facilities, is to demonstrate the various utilization possibilities through the case study of the Great Forest Stadium in Debrecen. As an outcome of the research, it may be concluded that the facility has all features (conference room, catering unit, own shop, etc.) that are typical for medium-sized stadiums. Besides, the services related to health sciences constitute unique elements that can be explained by the activities of the higher education institution of the city, the University of Debrecen, which considers the Third Mission activities as particularly important.
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Łuć, Bartłomiej. "Large sports and recreation facilities in the tourism space of Łódź." Studia Periegetica 33, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.8876.
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With the growing number of sports and other types of cultural events held in Łódź, there is a demand for new sports and recreational facilities, such as football stadiums and sports and entertainment halls. The aim of this article is to show the importance of the largest sports and recreational facilities located in the tourism space of Łódź. The analysis is mainly based on an inventory of stadiums and multi-purpose arenas in Łódź. In addition, the article provides a review of the literature related to sport tourism in cities, with emphasis on definitions of sport tourism and tourism space. Another category of information used by the author includes data compiled by institutions managing the facilities and bodies responsible for the organization of sports events in the city. The sport facilities of interest are also classified according to selected criteria. Finally, the discussion is supported by statistics about tourist traffic during sports and cultural events associated with the analysed sport and recreation facilities. The analysis indicates that the largest sports and recreation facilities play a role in the tourism space of Łódź but it is not as significant played by Piotrkowska Street or the Manufaktura shopping and service center.
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Kian, Mohammadsaeid, and leila Shahbazpour. "Analyzing the Challenges of Female Audience Participation in Iranian Stadiums." International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/sportmed.3206.
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Background and Aim: The purpose of this article is to examine the barriers and challenges for female spectators in Iranian stadiums and to provide facilitating strategies. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study with an overview of the prevailing conditions of society as well as reviewing Iranian law and referring to sports legal and legal texts. The researcher examines the fatwas of Shia authorities and the historical background of Iranian sports from 1970 to 2019, and the presence of women in stadiums in the past, and examines the conditions for collecting relevant material in this field. Results: Women were free to attend Iranian stadiums in the pre-revolutionary years, and Iranian women could freely watch national and club games, but in the post-revolutionary years, in line with the Islamic Republic's policies on the separation of women and men and the views of authorities. Shi'a imitation and religious rulings and religious issues were limited. As part of the country's overall policies on women, sport was also affected by these policies, and it seems that removing these barriers should be seen in a broader theoretical framework. Conclusion: By examining the current state of the country and examining Iranian law and referring to Iranian history from 1970 to 2019, the researcher has concluded that we do not have a law prohibiting women from entering the stadium, which is a public place. They are there to watch the matches and cheer on their favorite teamn
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van Holm, Eric Joseph. "Left on Base: Minor League Baseball Stadiums and Gentrification." Urban Affairs Review 54, no. 3 (August 11, 2016): 632–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416663003.
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Researchers have analyzed stadiums as an urban redevelopment tool for two decades but little work has studied what effect sports facilities have on gentrification. This article attempts to fill that void in the literature, using a multicity panel study to understand how minor league baseball stadiums affect the immediately surrounding areas on measures of redevelopment and gentrification. Regression results show that census tracts near a new minor league baseball stadium saw significant increases in the median income and slower growth in the share of minorities, but no change in the median rent or the overall rate of residential turnover. These findings indicate that minor league baseball stadiums create elements of both economic growth and demographic change, an outcome that deserves consideration when planning similar projects in the future.
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Mohammad Al.khaldi, Hasan. "In shade of arabic motionless, Reasons behind football stadiums rebellion in Jordan from faculty members perspective in faculties of sport education in Jordanian universities." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 3 (November 6, 2014): 820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i3.3404.
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The study aimed to know the reasons behind football stadiums rebellion in Jordan From faculty members perspective in faculties of sport education in Jordanian universities. Study sample were 94 member from the faculties of sports education in Jordanian universities, researcher used a questionnaire to collect the data. The results indicated that reasons behind football stadiums rebellion, descending listed : reasons related to Audience, reasons related to players, reasons related to security, related To Referees, reasons related to managers and reasons related to coaches, furthermore there is no difference with Statistically significant in reasons behind stadiums rebellion in Jordan to members of faculty in sports faculties in Jordanian universities strengthening the Variable sensory and Academic Rank. The researcher recommended that the need for all Sports Leadership at all levels of sports management, especially in football and through security leadership and the Association of the masses and the multi-media, through the Committee of referees and coaches, and select suitable members for the administrative bodies down to the players to Provide multiple plans and programs integrated with each other to improve the Athlete behaviour.
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Li, Lei, Yixiong Xu, Tengda Li, and Yang Liu. "Research on Performance Management Evaluation of Public Sports Venues Based on GFAHP." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (June 23, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2317397.
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The importance of public stadiums has become increasingly prominent, but the efficiency of its performance management operation mechanism is low, which affects the overall operation efficiency of the whole stadium. However, due to the diversity and incompleteness of its data types, the traditional analytic hierarchy process is difficult to construct its index system. This article introduces the grey fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. Based on the analysis of its performance management problems, this article constructs the index system and makes an application case analysis. The results show that the GFAHP method (group fuzzy analytic hierarchy process) can ensure the integrity of information data. In data classification, the highest accuracy of sample classification is 40.13%, and the relative error rate is basically less than 6%. The performance effect is much higher than other classification algorithms. At the same time, the total score of the evaluation index system constructed by GFAHP is more than 3, the overall operation is good, and the risk evaluation effect of each influencing index factor is also good. Using the grey analytic hierarchy process to evaluate the operation and performance management of public stadiums and gymnasiums will help managers do a good job in risk control and quality dynamic adjustment, so as to improve the operation efficiency and benefit of stadiums and gymnasiums.
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Kaczmarska, A. "Pro-ecological aspects of the functioning of sports and tourist facilities with an example of stadiums." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 1, no. 43 (October 19, 2013): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.43.1617.
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Sports events attract thousands of people to stadiums and often give fans and tourists many positive emotions. Stadiums play a major role during sports events, along with players, fans and tourist destinations. They are facilities which over the last two thousand years have transformed into multifunctional venues where you can do the shopping, have a business meeting or visit a museum. However, their ultimate purpose have not been changed. They still provide fans and numerous visitors, who are on that occasion “event” tourists, with unforgettable emotions during sports events. Key vocabulary: modern stadiums, ecological functioning and usage of stadiums.
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Chen, Yan. "Research on Planning and Management of Large-Scale Sports Venues in Chinese Cities." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0020.
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To improve the operational management benefits of large-scale sports venues, the literature data method, questionnaire survey method, and comparative analysis method were used to study the planning and management of large-scale sports stadiums in China. From the macro external environment, the micro external environment and the internal management of the venue, the opportunities and challenges of China's large stadiums were analyzed. Corresponding countermeasures to improve the efficiency of venue operation management were proposed. The results show that the proportion of business structure of large-scale sports stadiums in China was unreasonable, and the ontology management was in a polarized development trend. The venue utilization rate was generally low. In addition, the operational management benefits of large-scale sports stadiums in China were affected by the micro-external environment and the internal conditions of the venues. Therefore, this research has important reference significance for the operation and management of stadiums.
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Lu, Shi Liang, and Kai Xing. "The Research of the Tendency of Architectural Morphological Formation of Large-Scale Sports Stadiums in Contemporary China." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1926.
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The motivation and new tendency hidden in the representation of the large-scale sports stadiums is thoroughly dug from form representation, structure representation, architectural symbolization and other aspcets through the analyses of the large-scale sports stadiums. Also, the contingency and inevitablity of the tendency is revealed through the discussion of the modern aesthetic trends in order to provide a source of reference to the creation of sports stadiums in contemporary China.
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Johnson, Candon, and Joshua Hall. "The Public Choice of Public Stadium Financing: Evidence from San Diego Referenda." Economies 7, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7010022.
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Local politicians and team owners frequently argue that the public financing of stadiums is important for local economic development. The sports economics literature, however, has largely found that new professional sport facilities do not generate any new net economic activity. We provide context to this literature by exploring the public choice in the public financing of stadiums. In 2016, San Diego had two ballot measures related to the San Diego Chargers. Measure C would allow officials to raise hotel taxes to pay for a new downtown stadium for the Chargers. Measure D would also raise hotel taxes, but explicitly prevented any money being spent on the Chargers. Both measures failed to receive 50% of the votes cast. We find that zip codes with a higher voter turnout were more likely to vote against both measures, highlighting the importance of the timing of referenda in limiting the ability of clearly defined groups, such as Chargers fans, to have a large influence on the voting outcome. Meanwhile, areas with more Trump voters were more likely to support higher taxes for the purpose of building the Chargers a new stadium.
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Scholz, Petr, and Ivan Růžička. "Female Spectatorship and Unsportsmanlike Conduct at Football Stadiums: Case Study from the Czech Republic." Studia sportiva 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2022-1-9.
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Football is the most popular team sport in the world. It is entertainment, primarily for men, but nowadays, it can be said that the number of women at football stadiums is steadily increasing. Given the long history of spectator sports events consumption, it is not a surprising fact that there have also been serious manifestations of spectator aggression. The paper aims to analyze the relationship between women visitors’ verbal and other expression and their violent behavior on an example of SK Slavia Prague football club. Primary data were collected by a questionnaire survey mainly at the Eden stadium and other selected Czech football stadiums in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons. A total of 120 respondents (aged 25.01 ± 10.20 years old) participated in this research, and all of the respondents were attending the matches in a stand of home team supporters. We state that there are correlations between women visitors’ verbal and other expression and their violent behavior; e.g., the surveyed respondents had no experience with demolishing stadiums and other riots. The respondents also consider it to be the most serious activity at 82.58%. The racism display noted similar results. We state that the results are adequate for women visitors.
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Reid, W. M., and J. Travers. "Wind tunnel testing of sports stadiums." Construction and Building Materials 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(91)90061-o.
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Trimble, Lauren. "Eminent Domain a Decade After Kelo." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 3 (April 2019): 1101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i3.11.
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This Comment addresses the controversial Kelo v. City of New London decision and focuses on the state of Texas’ response to Kelo through its enactment of section 2206.001 of the Texas Government Code. This Comment discusses the implications of this statute in the realm of professional and college sports stadiums in Texas. Additionally, this Comment provides a background in the evolution of the eminent domain doctrine and prominent Supreme Court decisions expanding an authorized entity’s eminent domain power under a broadened definition of the entity providing a “public use.” The arguments are analyzed for whether Texas college and professional stadiums provide a public use, concluding that land takings from private landowners for the purpose of building sports stadiums constitutes a permissible public use under the Kelo standard. Land takings to build a sports stadium likely constitute a public use because it provides access to public participation, national prominence, revenue, tax benefits, and hurricane shelter for its citizens. Finally, this Comment proposes legislative amendment to section 2206.001(c) of the Texas Government Code that would raise the threshold for landowner’s compensation from 100% of the fair market value to 150%—250% of the fair market value of the property. A higher compensation would reimburse the landowner for the equity value of the property and would help prevent potential holdouts.
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Palik, M., and K. Abdi. "The relationship between watching sport events and spectators’ engagement in physical activities." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 22, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2018.0607.
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Background and Study Aim: The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between watching sport events in stadiums and spectators’ physical activities. Materials and Methods: The population included spectators of basketball, volleyball, and handball in Tehran stadiums, which is estimated to be more than a hundred thousand people. The sample consisted of 384 spectators who were chosen using the Morgan Table in the simple random method, and they filled the questionnaire before the games started. The instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by sports management and communication experts. The reliability was obtained to be 0.86 using Cronbach's alpha test. The collected data was analyzed using K-S test, chi-square test, Spearman correlation coefficient (using SPSS software), and confirmatory factor analysis (using LISREL 8.8 software). Results: The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between watching sport events in stadiums and spectators’ intention to do physical activities. Also, there was a significant positive relation between effective factors on spectator during watching sport events and doing physical activities. These factors are related to the stadiums, sport events and social interrelation. Conclusions : It seems that watching sport events and the encouraging factors in sporting environment and stadiums promotes physical activity and health. Since the present research focuses on an important social effect of sport events, it can be a start point for researchers to discover if encouraging people to watch sport events is a way to maintain social health.
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Uhrich, Sebastian, and Martin Benkenstein. "Sport Stadium Atmosphere: Formative and Reflective Indicators for Operationalizing the Construct." Journal of Sport Management 24, no. 2 (March 2010): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.211.
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This article reports the findings of an investigation into the atmosphere in stadiums during live team sports. Experiencing this special atmosphere represents an essential part of the total service provided by the organizers of sport events. However, existing research into the concept of atmosphere focuses on the retail environment. Our first step was therefore to define sport stadium atmosphere as a theoretical construct, drawing on theories from environmental psychology. We then developed a mimic (multiple indicator-multiple cause) model to measure the construct. To specify the mimic model, we generated and selected formative measures by means of a delphi study (N= 20), qualitative expert interviews (N= 44), and an indicator sort task (N= 34). The results indicate that various physical and social aspects of the stadium environment are causal indicators of sport stadium atmosphere. Following this, we conducted phenomenological interviews with spectators at sport events (N= 5) to identify typical affective responses to stadium environment (representing the reflective indicators of the mimic model). These interviews revealed that fans’ experience of stadium environment is characterized by high levels of arousal and pleasure. In addition to our findings, the mimic model developed in this study represents a useful tool for future research into sport stadium atmosphere.
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Silveira, Marcelo Paciello, Marcos Vinicius Cardoso, and Filipe Quevedo-Silva. "Factors influencing attendance at stadiums and arenas." Marketing Intelligence & Planning 37, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mip-02-2018-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to evaluate the factors that influence soccer attendance at stadiums and arenas. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative method based on a structural equation modeling using partial least squares. Findings The results validated the proposed model. The results also showed that the greater the identification of the sports consumer with his team, the greater the impact on his satisfaction, increasing his loyalty to the team and his intention to buy tickets for a soccer match. It was also detected that the higher the risk perception, the lower the purchase intention of tickets. In addition, the study showed that the greater the involvement of sports consumers with soccer, the greater their intention to buy tickets. Originality/value One of the academic implications was to prove that team identification can be a predictor of satisfaction, and that the interrelationship between identification with the team, satisfaction at attending soccer matches at the stadium and loyalty to the team constructs has a high impact on the purchase decision of the sports consumer. In addition, the study tests a model that aggregates several constructs with empirical data for other researchers to better understand the phenomenon of attendance in stadiums and arenas.
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Usydus, Szymon. "SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEHELNE POLÉ NATIONAL STADIUM FOR BRATISLAVA AND FOOTBALL DEVELOPMENT IN SLOVAKIA." Space&FORM 2021, no. 47 (September 9, 2021): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2021.47.c-05.
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The Tehelné Pole football stadium in Bratislava is the largest and the most prestigious sports arena in Slovakia. In this paper the author characterises the specific features that distinguish this facility from other modern football stadiums. He analysed its significance to the popularisation of football in this country, using an original sports facility evaluation methodology. The author assessed the functioning of the stadium and distinguished the components influencing the effectiveness of its regionand state-wide operation, as well as on the district and city scale—in the macro and micro scales. The study demonstrates the development potential of the Slovak’s football infrastructure compared to Central Europe.
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Mayer, Martin, and Adam R. Cocco. "Pandemic and Sport: The Challenges and Implications of Publicly Financed Sporting Venues in an Era of No Fans." Public Works Management & Policy 26, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x20969161.
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Professional sport leagues suspended their seasons as Covid-19 became a part of daily life in March 2020, leaving stadiums and arenas across the country empty. Lost in the hysteria of the global pandemic has been the consequences that a lack of sports may have on many state and local government budgets in their efforts to fund their share of sport-related infrastructure expenditures. This commentary examines the history of public sector stadium financing in the U.S. and focuses on two current examples in Arlington, Texas and Las Vegas, Nevada. The discussion highlights innovative measures and risk-mitigation strategies implemented after the Great Recession. Public sector finance challenges due to Covid-19 are discussed, before offering recommendations on strategies to limit public infrastructure risk surrounding sport facilities moving forward.
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Nie, Lu, and Qi Nie. "Post-Games Use of Large and Medium-Sized Stadiums On Multifunctional Mode of Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.612.
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In view of inadequate post-games use of large and medium-sized stadiums both internationally and domestically, this thesis introduces several modes that represent the flexibility and multi-functionality of sports building design in our country. It aims to improve the availability of sports facilities and show wider adaptability of stadiums as well as to accelerate the development of nationwide fitness campaign and sports undertakings.
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Dong, Honggang, Brian Yim, and James J. Zhang. "Organizational Structure, Public-Private Relationships, and Operational Performance of Large-Scale Stadiums: Evidence from Local Governments in China." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 8002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198002.
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The financial sustainability of large-scale sport stadiums has become a challenging issue for sport organizations in China due to increasing market competition, lack of professional sport franchises to tenant the facilities, and gradual slow-down in Chinese GDP growth. Previous findings about operational performance of sport organizations identify organizational structure and public-private partnership (PPP) as important predictors. The aim of the current study was (a) to propose a predictive model for operational performance of large-scale stadiums in China and (b) to examine the relationships among organizational structure, PPP, and operational performance. We conducted a literature review to establish a theoretical framework for the proposed model, selected Yangzhou Sports Park and Xuzhou Olympic Sports Center to examine the relationships, and conducted expert interviews to examine the research questions. We found that Xuzhou’s operational performance was more effective due to several mechanisms related to both organizational structure and PPP: incentive, supervision, and assessment. Notably, using built-in benchmark monitoring procedures, Xuzhou managers identified a variety of constraints early on to address onsite problems while maintaining efficient communication among key PPP stakeholders.
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Li, Li. "Configuration of Public Sports Venues in China's Counties Under the Background of Urbanization." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0023.
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To promote the effective allocation of public sports venues in the county and promote the construction of new urbanization, the allocation of public stadiums in the county was studied under the background of new urbanization. Interviews and literature research methods were adopted. The differences between the new urbanization and the traditional urbanization of the county's public stadiums were discussed. Under the background of new urbanization, the status quo of the allocation of public stadiums in China's counties was studied. Under the background of new urbanization, the problems and influencing factors of the allocation of public stadiums in China's counties were analyzed. The corresponding proposal was put forward. The results showed that the number of county venues in China was greatly improved, but the total amount was still insufficient. The configuration structure was improved, but the structural imbalance was still significant. The way of configuration was innovative, but the government dominated the main position. The configuration policy was constantly improving. The legalization was not perfect. Therefore, the balance between supply and demand, the balance of urban and rural settings, the optimization of public sports venues, and the establishment of public stadiums under new urbanization are important. This will help to promote the study of the allocation of public sports venues in China's counties under the background of new urbanization.
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Gaffney, Christopher. "From culture to spectacle, the new logics of Brazilian football." TERRITORIO, no. 64 (February 2013): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2013-064008.
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Twelve large size stadiums are currently under construction in Brazil to host the 2014 World Cup for a total cost of around Euro 20 billion of which 97% met by public funding. This is taking place in urban contexts that are lacking in basic sports facilities for public use. The paper holds that the construction of these new stadiums constitutes the culmination of a project lasting several decades, the objective of which is to change the socio-economic profile of Brazilian football. The changes in progress relating to the mega sports events to be held in the next few years are not compatible with the cultural environment of this sport; an outline is given of its nature and history. It is shown that the projects underway do not adequately meet the needs of the city after the events, but rather support processes to further commercialise the sport and its culture from a show business viewpoint.
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CAO, Shengmin. "Intelligent Lighting Control System in Large-Scale Sports Competition Venues." Volume 26, Number 4, 2018, no. 04-2018 (December 2018): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2018-127.
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This paper mainly studies the application of intelligent lighting control system in different sports events in large sports competition venues. We take the Xiantao Stadium, a largescale sports competition venue in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province as an example, to study its intelligent lighting control system. In this paper, the PID (proportion – integral – derivative) incremental control model and the Karatsuba multiplication model are used, and the intelligent lighting control system is designed and implemented by multilevel fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model. Finally, the paper evaluates the actual effect of the intelligent lighting control system. The research shows that the intelligent lighting control system designed in this paper can accurately control the lighting of different sports in large stadiums. The research in this paper has important practical significance for the planning and design of largescale sports competition venues.
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Sjöblom, Max, Joseph Macey, and Juho Hamari. "Digital athletics in analogue stadiums." Internet Research 30, no. 3 (January 7, 2020): 713–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-07-2018-0304.
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Purpose Esports (electronic sports) are watched by hundreds of millions of people every year and many esports have overtaken large traditional sports in spectator numbers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate spectating differences between online spectating of esports and live attendance of esports events. This is done in order to further understand attendance behaviour for a cultural phenomenon that is primarily mediated through internet technologies, and to be able to predict behavioural patterns. Design/methodology/approach This study employs the Motivation Scale for Sports Consumption to investigate the gratifications spectators derive from esports, both from attending tournaments physically and spectating online, in order to explore which factors may explain the esports spectating behaviour. The authors investigate how these gratifications lead into continued spectatorship online and offline, as well as the likelihood of recommending esports to others. The authors employ two data sets, one collected from online spectators (n=888), the other from live attendees (n=221). Findings The results indicate that online spectators rate drama, acquisition of knowledge, appreciation of skill, novelty, aesthetics and enjoyment of aggression higher than live attendees. Correspondingly, social interaction and physical attractiveness were rated higher by live attendees. Vicarious achievement and physical attractiveness positively predicted intention to attend live sports events while vicarious achievement and novelty positively predicted future online consumption of esports. Finally, vicarious achievement and novelty positively predicted recommending esports to others. Originality/value During the past years, esports has emerged as a new form of culture and entertainment, that is unique in comparison to other forms of entertainment, as it is almost fully reliant on computer-human interaction and the internet. This study offers one of the first attempts to compare online spectating and live attendance, in order to better understand the phenomenon and the consumers involved. As the growth of esports is predicted to continue in the coming years, further understanding of this phenomenon is pivotal for multiple stakeholder groups.
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Gong, Zhi Gang. "Nanotechnology Application in Sports." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.186.
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Nanotechnology have wildly been applied in sports engineering, such as sports stadiums, field turf, racks, sports-wear, equipments and supplement. This may greatly change the present situation of sports and promote the advance of athletic sports, creating a lot of opportunity for the increase of the record of athletic sports.
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Hollanda, Bernardo Borges Buarque de. "Spectator Violence in Stadiums." FuLiA/UFMG 6, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2526-4494.2021.20274.
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The study revisits the work of the Leicester School, highlighting the prominent figure of Eric Dunning, disciple of Norbert Elias and systematizer of the ideas of the German sociologist in England, leader in the process of constituting a sociology of modern sports in that country. In the poorly drawn lines that the freedom of the essayistic genre entails, we suggest that Dunning's position as Elias' apprentice soon becomes even and turns into a fruitful partnership. More: as a partner, he rises to the status of master himself, able to train new scholars and organize a series of collections together with his disciples. The broad theme provided by the focus of sports studies is restricted here to a specific agenda for analysis, namely the so-called phenomenon of hooliganism, to which Eric Dunning and his team devoted much of the analytical efforts of interpretation, reviewing assumptions of the first authors dedicated to the theme and carrying out a range of institutional collective research. These, in turn, led to the creation of theoretical and empirical references throughout the 1970s to 2000, with international repercussions among researchers focused on understanding not only British hooligans, but European ultras, Latin American barras, and Brazilian torcidas organizadas. If Dunning's theory and empiricism are not immune to criticism – as in the limit no scientific paradigm is –, in this text, the sociological, anthropological and historiographic contributions made by this admirable English intellectual are reiterated.
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Ke, Yi. "Research on energy-saving strategies of college stadiums and sports venues under the concept of low carbon development." E3S Web of Conferences 275 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127502007.
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More than half of the stadiums and sports venues in China are concentrated in the education system, and a large proportion of them are distributed in various colleges and universities across the country. Therefore, the planning, design, construction, operation and management of stadiums and sports venues of college and university are also getting more and more attention from the society and the educators. The author believes that under the concept of low carbon development, colleges and universities should focus on introducing ideas of energy conservation and put the concepts of low carbon economy development throughout the whole process and all aspects of operational management of stadiums and sports venues, so as to achieve the effects of sustainable development while fulfilling social responsibility of environmental protection, promoting green lifestyle among the students and contributing to green development model.
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Yang, Xinghua. "Energy-Saving Benefits of Air-Source Heat Pump-Assisted Solar Water Heating Systems in Large Stadiums." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4593271.
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With the rising trend of national sports, sports events are more and more favored by people and many large stadiums have emerged as the times require. Due to the particularity of sports, large stadiums are often equipped with independent hot water preparation systems for the convenience of sports enthusiasts. However, the traditional hot water preparation process not only consumes a lot of energy but also brings a lot of potential environmental pollution, which seriously violates the original intention of hot water preparation. Solar energy is clean energy that can be recycled and has a promising market prospect, but its heat production is greatly affected by the weather. Based on this, the paper has proposed a new solar water heating system (SWHS) that relies on the assistance of an air source heat pump (ASHP), aiming to solve the problem of hot water preparation in large sports stadiums from both economic and stability aspects. Taking the Xi’an Olympic Sports Center as an example, the article established the ASHP-aided SWHS and analyzed the differences between the system and other hot water preparation methods in terms of energy efficiency and benefits in terms of economy and environment. The results of the study showed that the energy replacement factor of the ASHP-aided SWHS reached 0.91, which was equivalent to replacing 91% of the annual conventional energy use in one year with this system, with significant energy-saving benefits. This demonstrates the high applicability and energy efficiency of the ASHP-aided SWHS in large sports stadiums.
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Wang, Yiche, Hai Li, Yong Shi, and Qian Yao. "A Study on Spatial Accessibility of the Urban Stadium Emergency Response under the Flood Disaster Scenario." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 17041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142417041.
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In the context of global climate change and the rapid development of the sports industry, increasingly frequent flooding has become a significant challenge for Chinese cities today and one of the hot issues in risk management for sports events. In order to reveal the impact of flooding on the spatial accessibility of emergency response to stadiums in the central urban area within the outer ring of Shanghai, this article evaluates the accessibility of medical emergency services in the central urban area under the impact of flooding based on flood scenario simulations and GIS network analysis. Results show that under the different flooding scenarios, as the intensity of flooding increases, urban road traffic in flood-prone areas is blocked by ponding, and some stadiums are inaccessible to emergency vehicles. The scope of emergency response services for some medical institutions along the Huangpu River is significantly reduced, while emergency response times for stadiums in the riverside area are delayed considerably. Some stadiums are unable to access emergency medical services. The study’s results can offer a case reference for upgrading the level of emergency management of stadiums under urban-scale flooding and optimizing the quality of regional medical emergency services.
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Bouchet, Patrick, Philippe Castel, and Marie-Francoise Lacassagne. "Comment analyser les relations déviantes potentiellement violentes ou discriminatoires dans le spectacle sportif au stade?" Sport Science Review 20, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2011): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0051-6.
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Comment analyser les relations déviantes potentiellement violentes ou discriminatoires dans le spectacle sportif au stade? Since ten years, we are witnessing a globalization and diversification of the sport event consumption as well as stadiums dedicated to their event or retransmission. Social contexts associated with this consumption have also become places of constructions and expressions of identity that arise from belonging to groups more or less organized. Although, this situation is not unique, it seems to have assumed considerable proportions in some European countries and in some sports with the emergence of violence (symbolic, verbal, physical) and discrimination (area, race, gender). However, these emergence of deviance seem linked to fans called "traditional" (mainly football) and viewers of a new genre that does not necessarily move to the stadium to support and encourage a team. Faced with these changing phenomena of deviance, based on the work on hooliganism, we wish to propose an innovative framework to study relationships between groups of spectators who travel to these stadiums and can potentially lead to reactions violent or discriminatory. Deriving the communication situation model of Brown and Fraser (1979), this framework allows the study of deviant behaviors, so viewers who sign in a scene that has its frame: "the available spaces in stands", his time "playing time", its observers: "the media and security forces", its goals: "to entertain or support a team or an athlete" and its participants: "individuals or groups interact". This framework can also consider options for a more ethical and responsible consumption of sports entertainment.
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Baade, Robert A., and Richard F. Dye. "Sports Stadiums and Area Development: A Critical Review." Economic Development Quarterly 2, no. 3 (August 1988): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124248800200306.
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Matheson, Victor. "IS THERE A CASE FOR SUBSIDIZING SPORTS STADIUMS?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 38, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pam.22096.
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Novikova, Olha, and Zhao Bingxu. "The Improvement of the Management Model of University Stadiums and Gymnasiums in Henan Province, China." Modern Economics 26, no. 1 (June 20, 2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v26(2021)-16.
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Introduction. The opening of university stadiums and gymnasiums to public can alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of mass fitness service and improve the allocation of university sports resources. It also has the function of promoting the reform of college physical education and improving its popularity. Purpose. The current management model of university stadiums and gymnasiums in Henan province is relatively backward, and the lack of management talents and management funds restricts the scale and efficiency of the opening of stadiums. The purpose of the article is to outline general problems in the management mode of university stadiums and gymnasiums in Henan province and provide possible solutions. Results. To meet the needs of daily teaching, it is also necessary to meet the needs of marketization of sports venues with the opening of college sports venues. This puts forward higher requirements for the construction, reconstruction, expansion, maintenance, security and service of the stadiums. This requires a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and will greatly increase the operation and management costs of college sports venues. However, the current provincial financial support is the main source of capital investment required for the operation and management of college sports venues in Henan Province, in addition to the school's self-raised funds. Due to the relatively low proportion of college sports funds in the provincial education funds, the investment in the construction and maintenance of stadiums is insufficient. The income-generating ability of universities is also limited, so the sports funds of most universities cannot meet the financial needs. The management mode of university stadiums and gymnasiums mainly includes four categories: independent university management mode, contract management mode, entrusted management mode and corporate management mode. Independent university management mode lacks management flexibility. Contract management mode can improve the utilization rate of stadiums; however, the cost of venue maintenance will increase. Under this mode, ownership and management are separated. Entrusted management mode had smaller degree of separation between ownership and management. Corporate management mode requires higher management level. At present, many universities in Henan Province mainly adopt the self-management model which has certain limitations. Therefore, it should be supplemented by the introduction of the other three models and be further compatible with modern Internet technology. As a result, a completely new model of opening up management is developed. Conclusions. To diversify current management models and establish a "people-oriented" management concept universities in Henan Province should appropriately introduce market models such as entrusted operation, contracted operation and corporate operation on the basis of independent management. More professional service concepts will be introduced to improve service awareness and adapt to changing market requirements through cooperation with society and enterprises. Appropriate market research on and off campus should be conducted before the venue is open.. On the basis of fully considering the needs of consumers, combined with the actual situation of universities, reasonable opening methods, opening facilities, opening hours, opening prices, and number of exercisers of sports venues can be determined. Finally, service-oriented modern management concept will be established. In this way, the dual goal of improving the quality of physical education in schools and taking into account long-term benefits can be achieved.
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Kai, Yang. "Study of Biosafety of Nanomaterials in Sports Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.348.
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Nanomaterials have widely been applied in sports engineering, such as sports stadiums, field turf, tracks, sports-wears, equipments and supplements. Inevitably, nanomaterials may cause some potential adverse effects on the cells, lung, liver, kidney, and brain, respectively. Nanmaterials have been fully used in sports fields, and its biosafety should also be focused.
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Martynenko, Stanislav. "Historical forms of implementation of sports events in the system of public diplomacy." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 03 (March 1, 2021): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202103statyi32.
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In the political lexicon, the following expressions are traditionally used “sport is an ambassador, a symbol of peace, friendship and unity throughout the world”, “athletes are people’s diplomats”, “athletes, sports teams have done much more for their country with their success than politicians and diplomats”. A feature of modern diplomacy is the democratization of protocol, the frequent organization of meetings at the highest level at sports stadiums, and the constant replenishment of diplomatic terminology with new concepts. The purpose of the study is to trace the characteristic features of sports and diplomacy in sports diplomacy. The main objectives of the research are to find out what is common and different in sports and diplomacy, to identify the features of the development of modern sports diplomacy.
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Staudohar, Paul D., Roger G. Noll, and Andrew Zimbalist. "Sports, Jobs, and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 51, no. 4 (July 1998): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2525021.
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문상일. "Suggestions to Maximize Post-Utilization of Sports Stadiums after Mega-Sports Event." Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 17, no. 4 (November 2014): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19051/kasel.2014.17.4.11.
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Gaputra, Agara Dama. "TIPOLOGI STADION SEPAK BOLA KONTEMPORER (OBJEK STUDI: GELORA BANDUNG LAUTAN API)." Jurnal Arsitektur ARCADE 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.31848/arcade.v3i3.254.
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Abstract: The development of sports, especially football, began to articulate as an industry and cultural statement. The stadium, as a place for football matches and as a form of architectural work, continues to develop along with the times. The architectural development of stadiums in the modern era, led them not to act only as a building, these stadiums often transformed as an icon of a city or even the country where they located. This research was conducted to identify the factors that shape the typology of contemporary stadiums, with Gelora Bandung Lautan Api as the object of study. Based on interviews, observations and literature studies, various kinds of factors determine the typology of contemporary football stadiums. Although the standards issued by FIFA are the main influences, the concepts and approaches taken by the designer also gives considerable contribution. Thus, the application of standards applied to the design should be balanced by appropriate design approach, which resulting functional stadium architectures while still in accordance with its identitiy as a part of a city or country where it located.Keyword: contemporer, football stadium, typologyAbstrak: Perkembangan olah raga, terutama sepak bola mulai berartikulasi sebagai sebuah industri dan pernyataan budaya. Stadion, sebagai tempat berlangsungnya pertandingan sepak bola dan sebagai suatu bentuk karya arsitektur, terus berkembang seiring perkembangan zaman. Perkembangan arsitektur stadion di era modern ini kemudian menggiring stadion tidak hanya menjadi bangunan fungsional saja, sering kali stadion menjelma sebagai icon sebuah kota atau bahkan negara tempatnya berdiri. Penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang membentuk tipologi dari stadion kontemporer ini menetapkan Gelora Bandung Lautan Api sebagai objek studi. Berdasarkan wawancara, observasi dan studi literatur, ditemukan berbagai macam faktor yang menentukan tipologi stadion sepak bola yang kontemporer. Meskipun standar yang dikeluarkan oleh FIFA menjadi pengaruh utama, konsep serta pendekatan yang dilakukan oleh perancang juga memiliki andil yang cukup besar. Dengan demikian, pengaplikasian standar yang diberlakukan pada rancangan hendaknya diimbangi oleh pendekatan perancangan yang tepat agar arsitektur stadion yang tercipta dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya tetapi tetap sesuai dengan identitasnya sebagai bagian dari suatu kota atau negara tempatnya berdiri.Kata Kunci: kontemporer, stadion sepak bola, tipologi
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Jiang, Pei. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION SYSTEM OF REGIONAL PUBLIC SPORTS SERVICE SUPPLY IN CHINA BASED ON RECIPIENT SATISFACTION INDEX MODEL." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, spe (March 2021): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0118.
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ABSTRACT The comprehensive performance evaluation system of public sports service is an important part of public sports service system in China. How to objectively and comprehensively evaluate the present situation of public sports service performance in our country has always been a difficult problem in the development of public sports service. Based on the five principles of constructing the recipient satisfaction index, the PCSSI model of the comprehensive evaluation system of public sports service supply was constructed using scale design. Large-scale stadiums in seven districts of Shenyang were selected for investigation. The recipient satisfaction index model was established to compare the satisfaction index of the 7 regions, and analyze the influencing factors of the satisfaction index of public sports service supply, and put forward some suggestions for improving the service level of large stadiums and gymnasiums in Shenyang. Practice has proved that the application of the PCSSI model has a positive effect on improving the performance level of public sports service supply in China.
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Li, Bao Feng. "Design of Sports Field Based on Nanometer Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.366.
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Nanomaterials have many special features; sports field provides a showcase for its excellent performance of the platform for the nanomaterial. This paper summarizes the application of building and ancillary facilities of nanometer materials in stadiums and sports apparel, nanometer materials more widely applied to the field of sports to provide certain reference.