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Seidu, Iddrisu. "Analytical and Numerical Validation of Nozzle Spray Measurement Data Obtained from a Newly Developed Production System." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1446504762.
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Mead, Ryan M. "Analysis of Flow in a Spray Nozzle With Emphasis on Exiting Jet Free Surface." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000138.
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Sawant, Namita Ajay. "Deposition patterns of nasal sprays in children." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6636.
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Nasal sprays used for the treatment of cold and allergy symptoms use same device and formulation in children and adults. Owing to the obvious differences in nasal cavity dimensions between adults and children, the performance of nasal sprays products in children needs to be critically assessed.
In an effort to evaluate the deposition patterns of nasal sprays administered to children, a nasal cast based on MRI images obtained from a 12-year-old child’s nasal cavity was developed using 3D printing technology. Glycerin-water mixtures providing sprays with a range of plume angles (26° - 62°), along with three additional commercial nasal sprays, were investigated by actuating the device into the cast under controlled conditions. Following spray administration, the cast was disassembled and subjected to image analysis followed by quantification of formulation deposition in each section of the cast using both chemical and image analysis. The results showed that nasal sprays impacted entirely in the anterior region of the 12-year-old child’s nasal cavity and limited amount of spray entered the turbinate region – the effect site for most topical drugs.
Additional experiments were conducted to measure the deposition patterns of nasal sprays in the presence of a mucus layer on the surface of the nasal cast. In an effort to make the nasal deposition studies more relevant to human nasal conditions, the mucus coated nasal cast was tilted in order to induce a physical movement of the mucus layer from the anterior region to the nasopharynx. The presence of mucus did not result in a significant increase in the turbinate region deposition but tilting of the mucus coated nasal cast resulted in 20% - 40% deposition in the turbinate region, improving the posterior region deposition of sprays. Even with the enhanced posterior movement nearly 60% of the spray formulations remained in the anterior region, a site with poor absorption characteristics.
The computational fluid dynamic simulations evaluated the impact of multiple parameters including plume angle, droplet diameter and administration conditions on the deposition of nasal sprays in the 12-year-old child’s nasal cavity. The simulations showed significant anterior deposition for all plume angles (10° – 50°) and droplet diameters (30 µm – 400 µm) tested, similar to the observations from the in vitro experiments. An additional parameter, the direction of nasal spray actuation in the nasal cavity, was identified as a critical factor improving the turbinate region deposition of sprays in the 12-year-old child’s nasal cavity in spite of the narrow nasal valve region.
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Vulgarakis, Minov Sofija. "Integration of imaging techniques for the quantitative characterization of pesticide sprays." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS068/document.
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Dans les 50 dernières années, les avancées dans le domaine de la protection des plantes ont contribué à augmenter les rendements et à assurer une large production. Facile à utiliser et plutôt bon marché à l’époque, les pesticides ont prouvé leur efficacité. Cependant, quand ils sont appliqués aux cultures, une partie du produit n’atteint pas sa cible et est perdu dans l’air ou au sol. Par conséquent, des efforts ont été consentis pour améliorer leur efficacité et leur innocuité sanitaire, souvent grâce à des lois environnementales internationales. Les produits sont appliqués à partir de matériels combinant type de buse/pression induisant des gammes de vitesses et de tailles de gouttelettes très diverses (Chapitre 2). Une mesure simultanée de ces vitesses et tailles est ainsi d’une grande importance dans le processus de pulvérisation. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes pour la mesure des caractéristiques des gouttelettes qui peuvent être divisées en trois catégories: mécaniques, électriques et optiques. Ces dernières apparaissent comme les plus pertinentes puisqu’étant non invasives et en perturbant donc pas le processus de pulvérisation. Les améliorations récentes dans le domaine du traitement des images et la réduction du coût des systèmes d’imagerie ont ainsi accru l’intérêt des techniques d’imagerie rapide pour les applications agricoles telles que la pulvérisation de pesticides. Cette thèse s’est donc focalisée sur le développement d’une telle technique pour la caractérisation des sprays (micro et macro). Les travaux effectués ont permis de démontrer que les caractéristiques d’un jet de pesticides peuvent être correctement et précisément mesurées par des techniques d’imagerie non-invasives couplées à des traitements spécifiques. Les travaux à venir consisteraient notamment en l’amélioration de la précision des mesures effectuées: précision sub-pixellique, calcul des profondeurs de champ, mesure de particules non sphériquesIn recent years, advances in plant protection have contributed considerably to increasing crop yields in a sustainable way. Easy to apply and rather inexpensive, pesticides have proven to be very efficient. However, when pesticides are applied to crops some of the spray may not reach the target, but move outside the intended spray area. This can cause serious economic and environmental problems. Most of the pesticides are applied using agricultural sprayers. These sprayers use hydraulic nozzles which break the liquid into droplets with a wide range of droplet sizes and velocities and determine the spray pattern. Small droplets are prone to wind drift, while large droplets can runoff from the target surface and deposit on the soil. Therefore, efforts are being undertaken to come to a more sustainable use of pesticides which is more and more regulated by international environmental laws. One of the main challenges is to reduce spray losses and maximize spray deposition and efficacy by improving the spray characteristics and the spray application process. Because mechanisms of droplets leaving a hydraulic spray nozzle are very complex and difficult to quantify or model, there is a need for accurate quantification techniques. The recent improvements in digital image processing, sensitivity of imaging systems and cost reduction have increased the interest in high-speed (HS) imaging techniques for agricultural applications in general and for pesticide applications in specific. This thesis focused on the development and application of high speed imaging techniques to measure micro (droplet size and velocity) and macro (spray angle and shape, liquid sheet length) spray characteristics.The general aim was to show that the spray characteristics from agricultural spray nozzles can be measured correctly with the developed imaging techniques in a non-intrusive way. After a review of the spray application process and techniques for spray characterization (Chapter 2), two image acquisition systems were developed in Chapter 3 based on single droplet experiments using a high speed camera and a piezoelectric droplet generator. 58 combinations of lenses, light sources, diffusers, and exposure times were tested using shadowgraph (background) imaging and evaluated based on image quality parameters (signal to noise rate, entropy ratio and contrast ratio), light stability and overexposure ratio and the accuracy of the droplet size measurement. These resulted into development of two image acquisition systems for measuring the macro and micro spray characteristics. The HS camera with a macro video zoom lens at a working distance of 143 mm with a larger field of view (FOV) of 88 mm x 110 mm in combination with a halogen spotlight and a diffuser was selected for measuring the macro spray characteristics (spray angle, spray shape and liquid sheet length). The optimal set-up for measuring micro spray characteristics (droplet size and velocity) consisted of a high speed camera with a 6 μs exposure time, a microscope lens at a working distance of 430 mm resulting in a FOV of 10.5 mm x 8.4 mm, and a xenon light source used as a backlight without diffuser. In Chapter 4 image analysis and processing algorithms were developed for measuring single droplet characteristics (size and velocity) and different approaches for image segmentation were presented. With the set-up for micro spray characterization and using these dedicated image analysis algorithms (Chapter 4), measurements using a single droplet generator in droplet on demand (DOD) and continuous mode were performed in Chapter 5. The effects of the operating parameters, including voltage pulse width and pulse amplitude with 4 nozzle orifice sizes (261 μm, 123 μm, 87 μm and 67 μm) on droplet diameter and droplet velocity have been characterized (...)
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Hong, Chin Tung. "Analysis of flow in a 3D chamber and a 2D spray nozzle to approximate the exiting jet free surface." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000560.
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Iost, Cristina Abi Rached [UNESP]. "Efeito de adjuvantes nas propriedades físico-químicas da água e na redução de deriva em pulverizações sobre diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97153.
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iost_car_me_botfca.pdf: 1768880 bytes, checksum: 15165f8112f914fcc04feae599644f1d (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de adjuvantes sobre algumas propriedades de soluções aquosas, como tamanho de gotas, tensão superficial dinâmica e ângulo de contato das gotas em diferentes superfícies, natural e artificial, bem como avaliar o efeito desses produtos sobre a deposição e a deriva utilizando como alvo três espécies de plantas daninhas (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). Seis formulações de adjuvantes (Antideriva®, Uno®, Pronto 3®, Li-700®, Supersil® e Silwet L-77®) foram avaliadas em soluções aquosas contendo a dose recomendada do produto comercial e o dobro dela. As avaliações de tamanho de gotas foram feitas com três diferentes pontas de pulverização (AXI 110 015, 110 02 e 110 03) por um equipamento a laser (Mastersizer, Malvern) na pressão de trabalho de 414 kPa. Os ângulos de contato formados pelas gotas em duas superfícies, uma hidrofílica (vidro) e outra hidrofóbica (óxido de alumínio), foram obtidos por análise de imagens capturadas por uma câmera digital. As avaliações de deposição e deriva das soluções aquosas associadas ou não aos adjuvantes e contendo o traçador azul brilhante (0,15% v/v), foram feitas sobre diferentes espécies vegetais, e com o auxílio de coletores laterais (placas de Petri). A quantificação do traçador foi por feita espectrofotometria. A tensão superficial dinâmica e o ângulo de contato formado sobre as superfícies adaxiais das folhas foram medidos por um tensiômetro. Em relação ao tamanho de gotas, o adjuvante Antideriva, com dobro da dose recomendada, foi o que apresentou os menores valores percentuais de volume de gotas com diâmetro menor que 100 µm e os maiores DMV, para todas as pontas em teste. As soluções que proporcionaram as maiores...
The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of adjuvants on droplet size, dynamic surface tension and contact angle formed by the water drops in different surfaces, as well as evaluating the adjuvants effect on the deposit and the spray drift using three species of plants (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). We studied six adjuvants formulations (Antideriva , Uno , Pronto 3 , Li- 700 , Supersil and Silwet L-77 ) in water solution using the dosage recommended by the manufacturer and twice that dose. The droplet size of three different nozzles (AXI 110 015, 110 02 and 110 03), for a constant pressure of 414 kPa, were evaluated by a laser system. The contact angles of the drops in two surfaces (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) were obtained by the analysis of images captured by a digital camera. The evaluation of deposition and spray drift deposition of the solutions containing brilliant-blue dye (0.15 % v/v) were carried out in different plant species. The solutions were collected laterally using Petri dishes, and the brilliant-blue dye content quantified by absorption spectroscopy. The dynamic surface tension and the angle formed on the surfaces of the leaves were measured by a tensiometer. Regarding the droplet size, for all the nozzles tested the adjuvant Antideriva with twice the recommended dose presented the lowest percentage of spray volume in droplets with diameters smaller than 100µm, and highest VMD. The solutions that provided the highest reductions in the dynamic surface tension and the smallest contact angle were the ones with the adjuvants Silwet L-77 and Supersil for both appraised doses. The largest deposit average for I. grandifolia was obtained by using Uno with double of the dose; for B. ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Mandal, Anirban. "Computational Modeling of Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in Simplex Atomizer." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1202997834.
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Huang, Tianxiao. "Hydrophobic Coating on Cellulosic Textile Material by Betulin and a Betulin Based Polymer." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53446.
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Betulin is a naturally abundant compound in the outer bark of birch and can be easily obtained by solvent extraction. Herein, solutions of betulin were used to treat cellulosic textile fibers and improve their water repellency. Cotton fabrics impregnated in a 7.5 g L-1 solution of betulin in ethanol showed the highest water contact angle of about 153° while the impregnation in a 3.75 g L-1 solution resulted in a close effect. A terephthaloyl chloride-betulin copolymer was synthesized and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to afford a solution with a concentration of 3.75 g L-1. The cotton fabric impregnated in this solution showed a water contact angle of 150°. Changes in morphology of the cellulose fibers before and after the treatment were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the water repellency was measured by a standard spray test. The marketing strategy of the potential product, which will be developed based on this technique, was discussed.
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Adams, Ellen M. "Spectroscopic Studies of Atmospherically- and Biologically-Relevant Interfaces: Lipids, Ions, and Interfacial Water Structure." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480608026126993.
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Iost, Cristina Abi Rached 1982. "Efeito de adjuvantes nas propriedades físico-químicas da água e na redução de deriva em pulverizações sobre diferentes espécies de plantas daninhas /." Botucatu : [s.d. ], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97153.
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Orientador: Carlos Gilberto RaetanoBanca: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi
Banca: Cristina Gonçalves de Mendonça
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de adjuvantes sobre algumas propriedades de soluções aquosas, como tamanho de gotas, tensão superficial dinâmica e ângulo de contato das gotas em diferentes superfícies, natural e artificial, bem como avaliar o efeito desses produtos sobre a deposição e a deriva utilizando como alvo três espécies de plantas daninhas (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). Seis formulações de adjuvantes (Antideriva®, Uno®, Pronto 3®, Li-700®, Supersil® e Silwet L-77®) foram avaliadas em soluções aquosas contendo a dose recomendada do produto comercial e o dobro dela. As avaliações de tamanho de gotas foram feitas com três diferentes pontas de pulverização (AXI 110 015, 110 02 e 110 03) por um equipamento a laser (Mastersizer, Malvern) na pressão de trabalho de 414 kPa. Os ângulos de contato formados pelas gotas em duas superfícies, uma hidrofílica (vidro) e outra hidrofóbica (óxido de alumínio), foram obtidos por análise de imagens capturadas por uma câmera digital. As avaliações de deposição e deriva das soluções aquosas associadas ou não aos adjuvantes e contendo o traçador azul brilhante (0,15% v/v), foram feitas sobre diferentes espécies vegetais, e com o auxílio de coletores laterais (placas de Petri). A quantificação do traçador foi por feita espectrofotometria. A tensão superficial dinâmica e o ângulo de contato formado sobre as superfícies adaxiais das folhas foram medidos por um tensiômetro. Em relação ao tamanho de gotas, o adjuvante Antideriva, com dobro da dose recomendada, foi o que apresentou os menores valores percentuais de volume de gotas com diâmetro menor que 100 µm e os maiores DMV, para todas as pontas em teste. As soluções que proporcionaram as maiores ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of adjuvants on droplet size, dynamic surface tension and contact angle formed by the water drops in different surfaces, as well as evaluating the adjuvants effect on the deposit and the spray drift using three species of plants (Euphorbia heterophylla, Ipomoea grandifolia e Brachiaria plantaginea). We studied six adjuvants formulations (Antideriva, Uno, Pronto 3, Li- 700, Supersil and Silwet L-77) in water solution using the dosage recommended by the manufacturer and twice that dose. The droplet size of three different nozzles (AXI 110 015, 110 02 and 110 03), for a constant pressure of 414 kPa, were evaluated by a laser system. The contact angles of the drops in two surfaces (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) were obtained by the analysis of images captured by a digital camera. The evaluation of deposition and spray drift deposition of the solutions containing brilliant-blue dye (0.15 % v/v) were carried out in different plant species. The solutions were collected laterally using Petri dishes, and the brilliant-blue dye content quantified by absorption spectroscopy. The dynamic surface tension and the angle formed on the surfaces of the leaves were measured by a tensiometer. Regarding the droplet size, for all the nozzles tested the adjuvant Antideriva with twice the recommended dose presented the lowest percentage of spray volume in droplets with diameters smaller than 100µm, and highest VMD. The solutions that provided the highest reductions in the dynamic surface tension and the smallest contact angle were the ones with the adjuvants Silwet L-77 and Supersil for both appraised doses. The largest deposit average for I. grandifolia was obtained by using Uno with double of the dose; for B. ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Bueche, Blaine. "The Effect of PEG-Insulin and Insulin Hexamer Assembly on Stability in Solution and Dry Powders. Hexamer Assembly of PEGylated-Insulin and Insulin Studied by Multi-Angle Light Scattering to Rationally Choose the pH and Zinc Content for Analytical Methods and Formulations of Dry Powders." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5688.
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The objective of this research is to further define the relationship between the charge state of insulin, and the self assembly properties of insulin and PEGylated insulin in solution. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were covalently attached to insulin in order to evaluate their impact on insulin's systemic duration of action after pulmonary dosing. This thesis will focus on the assembly properties of the PEG-insulin and insulin, and also demonstrate how the charge state, which was modified by the covalent attachment of PEG, relates to different modes of behavior by anion and cation exchange chromatography. In addition, explain how modifying the assembly state extends to improving formulation properties of spray-dried insulin powders. This thesis is an investigation into the relationship of insulin's charge state controlled by pH and how the charge state affects the self assembly of insulin, especially when the zinc ion is removed. Ionic interaction is one of the major forces affecting insulin assembly. The theory that a change in the charge state of insulin could modulate the ionic interaction and reduce hexamer formation at alkaline conditions was investigated. Experiments were designed to measure the level of hexamer with light scattering, and the amount of hexamer was then correlated with the pH and zinc content of the solutions. The importance of the charge state of the monomer and its behavior extends to chromatography and purification modes as well. Specifically, the purification of various species of PEGylated insulin presents a challenge. By varying mobile phase pH which induces the charge to insulin, an ion exchange method demonstrated very high resolution and controllable interaction between the ion exchange media and the insulin derivatives. A highly accurate method for determining molecular weight and thus the average associated state of insulin in solution has been developed using the MALS (Multi-Angle Light Scattering). Insulin concentration, pH, and metal ion concentrations, were in pharmaceutically relevant ranges. The MALS method was developed to evaluate how the parameters above affect the self-assembly properties of insulin, and use the assembly properties to improve formulations of insulin or PEGylated insulin. To use the light scattering technique the dn/dc (change in refractive index with change in concentration) is required. During the method development, the dn/dc of insulin was measured at 690 nm, and a value of 0.185 mL/g based on theory was confirmed. A novel approach for preparing insulin powders with improved chemical stability, based on maintaining the dissociation of hexamers in solution during the spray drying process was developed. The mode presented here is to remove the zinc ions from solution, increase the pH from 6.6 to 7.8, and maintain a low concentration of insulin approximately 2 to 15 mg/mL. Each of these factors alone decreases the hexamer population in solution, but by combining all three factors, hexamers are driven to very low levels of equilibrium. The increased stability of the powders is predominately related to the decrease in covalent insulin dimer (CID). The data presented correlates a reduced hexamer population in the solution with lower levels of CID's in the dry powder compared to controls. The CID formation rate was reduced by 40% compared to a control.
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Leong, Chuen Shiong. "Repair/strengthening of steel angles using thermal spray metallizing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0013/MQ53172.pdf.
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Carter-Fenk, Kimberly Anne. "Structure, Adsorption Mechanisms, and Vibrational Exciton Formation at Proxy Marine Interfaces." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1617809603306859.
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Mojtabi, Mehdi. "Optical analysis of multi-stream GDI sprays under various engine operating conditions." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8503.
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The design and optimisation of a modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine requires a thorough understanding of the fuel sprays characteristics and atomisation process.Therefore this thesis presents a detailed optical analysis of atomisation, penetration and interaction of multi-stream GDI sprays under engine relevant pressures and temperatures. The characteristics of the fuel spray in a GDI engine have a great influence on the fuel-air mixing and combustion processes as fuel injectors must provide adequate atomisation for vaporisation of the fuel to take place before combustion is initiated, whilst also avoiding spray impingement on the cylinder walls or piston crown. In this study multi-stream injectors, to be used within GDI engines, are quantified using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) on an atmospheric bench. This process allowed for highly detailed spray analysis of droplet velocities and diameter at precise locations, using a three dimensional traverse, within the injector spray. The aim of the study was to analyse plume interaction between separate plumes of multi-stream injectors. Three multi-stream injectors were subjected to testing; two six-hole injectors and one three-hole injector. The injectors differed by having different distances between the plumes. The effect of fuel type on the liquid break-up and atomisation was investigated using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and Mie imaging. Mie imaging was also performed to capture images of fuel from a multi-stream injector as it was sprayed into a pressure chamber which was used to recreate the conditions found in an engine likely to cause flash boiling. In total, five variables were investigated: fuel pressure, ambient pressure, ambient temperature, fuel composition and injector geometry. Once processed, the recorded images allowed measurement of spray tip penetration and cone angle. Qualitative data on the change in shape of the spray was also available. The results showed that flash boiling has potential to reduce droplet diameters and improve fuel vaporisation, however, the associated change in spray shape must be taken into account to avoid problems with spray impingement. Keywords: Gasoline Direct Injection, multi-stream injector, atomisation, penetration, cone angle, Mie imaging, Phase Doppler Anemometry, flash boiling.
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Lüttich, Franziska. "Elektrische und morphologische Charakterisierung organischer Feldeffekttransistoren mit aufgedampften, gesprühten sowie aufgeschleuderten organischen Halbleitern." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-158832.
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In dieser Arbeit werden organische Feldeffekttransistoren (OFETs) aus den verschiedenen Materialien Manganphthalocyanin (MnPc), [6,6]Phenyl-C61-butansäuremethylester (PCBM), 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilyethinyl)pentacen (TIPS-Pentacen) und N,N’-
Bis(n-octyl)-1,6-Dicyanoperylen-3,4:9,10-Bis(Dicarboximid) (PDI8-CN2) hergestellt. Dabei finden unterschiedliche Abscheidemethoden wie die Molekularstrahlabscheidung, die Ultraschallsprühbeschichtung und die Drehbeschichtung Anwendung. Die Morphologie sowie die Funktionsweise der Transistoren werden in Abhängigkeit von den Herstellungsparametern und bezüglich ihrer Stabilität gegenüber Lufteinfluss und elektrischer Belastung charakterisiert.
Durch Aufdampfen von MnPc konnten so zum ersten Mal ambipolare MnPc-OFETs hergestellt und charakterisiert werden. Die bestimmten Löcher- und Elektronenbeweglichkeiten bestätigen die Eignung von MnPc für die Anwendung in Spintronik-Bauelementen.
Desweiteren wird anhand gesprühter PCBM- und TIPS-Pentacen-OFETs gezeigt, dass die Ultraschallsprühbeschichtung eine geeignete Technik ist, um organische Halbleiter aus Lösung für die Verwendung in OFETs abzuscheiden. Die Abscheidung organischer Filme lässt sich mit einer Vielzahl an Parametern beeinflussen und die Funktionsweise von OFETs optimieren. In Verbindung mit den Untersuchungen aufgeschleuderter PDI8-CN2-OFETs konnte ein erheblicher Einfluss der Oberflächenenergie des verwendeten SiO2-Gateisolators auf die Korngröße im organischen Film festgestellt werden.
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Li, Qi. "Acoustic noise emitted from overhead line conductors." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/acoustic-noise-emitted-from-overhead-line-conductors(90a5c23c-a7fc-4230-bbab-16b8737b2af2).html.
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The developments of new types of conductors and increase of voltage level have driven the need to carry out research on evaluating overhead line acoustic noise. The surface potential gradient of a conductor is a critical design parameter for planning overhead lines, as it determines the level of corona loss (CL), radio interference (RI), and audible noise (AN). The majority of existing models for surface gradient calculation are based on analytical methods which restrict their application in simulating complex surface geometries. This thesis proposes a novel method which utilizes both analytical and numerical procedures to predict the surface gradient. Stranding shape, proximity of tower, protrusions and bundle arrangements are considered within this model. One of UK National Grid's transmission line configurations has been selected as an example to compare the results for different methods. The different stranding shapes are a key variable in determining dry surface fields. The dynamic behaviour of water droplets subject to AC electric fields is investigated by experiment and finite element modelling. The motion of a water droplet is considered on the surface of a metallic sphere. To understand the consequences of vibration, the FEA model is introduced to study the dynamics of a single droplet in terms of phase shift between vibration and exciting voltage. Moreover, the evolution of electric field within the whole cycle of vibration is investigated. The profile of the electric field and the characteristics of mechanical vibration are evaluated. Surprisingly the phase shift between these characteristics results in the maximum field occurring when the droplet is in a flattened profile rather than when it is ‘pointed’.Research work on audible noise emitted from overhead line conductors is reviewed, and a unique experimental set up employing a semi-anechoic chamber and corona cage is described. Acoustically, this facility isolates undesirable background noise and provides a free-field test space inside the anechoic chamber. Electrically, the corona cage simulates a 3 m section of 400 kV overhead line conductors by achieving the equivalent surface gradient. UV imaging, acoustic measurements and a partial discharge detection system are employed as instrumentation. The acoustic and electrical performance is demonstrated through a series of experiments. Results are discussed, and the mechanisms for acoustic noise are considered. A strategy for evaluating the noise emission level for overhead line conductors is developed. Comments are made on predicting acoustic noise from overhead lines. The technical achievements of this thesis are summarized in three aspects. First of all, an FEA model is developed to calculate the surface electric field for overhead line conductors and this has been demonstrated as an efficient tool for power utilities in computing surface electric field especially for dry condition. The second achievement is the droplet vibration study which describes the droplets' behaviour under rain conditions, such as the phase shift between the voltage and the vibration magnitude, the ejection phenomena and the electric field enhancement due to the shape change of droplets. The third contribution is the development of a standardized procedure in assessing noise emission level and the characteristics of noise emissions for various types of existing conductors in National Grid.
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Agudelo, Zambrano William Mauricio. "Imagerie sismique quantitative de la marge convergente d'Equateur-Colombie : application des méthodes tomographiques aux données de sismique réflexion multitrace et réfraction-réflexion grand-angle des campagnes SISTEUR et SALIERI." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010415.
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Moniz, Arianne. "Cobertura das folhas de soja utilizando diferentes pontas de pulverização /." Botucatu, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192223.
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Orientador: Ulisses Rocha AntuniassiResumo: Para uma aplicação de pesticidas com qualidade e segurança, é necessário a escolha adequada da ponta de pulverização, espectro de gotas e volume de calda. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar a interação entre os formatos dos jatos de pulverização, com espectro de gotas similares e volumes de calda na cobertura nas folhas de soja. A pesquisa foi realizada na Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas – UNESP/Botucatu e na Fazenda Fiorelli, Tejupá/SP. Para verificar se as pontas de pulverização utilizadas no ensaio possuíam o espectro de gotas similares, foi realizado um pré-ensaio, através da análise do espectro de gotas no analisador de partículas por imagem e em tempo real VisiSize Portable (Oxford Lasers Ltd/UK). A avaliação de cobertura das folhas foi conduzida em dois esquemas fatoriais 3x2, sendo um esquema fatorial utilizando as folhas do extrato superior da planta e outro no extrato médio/inferior e o delineamento em blocos casualisados, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por três pontas de pulverização com formato do jato plano, jato plano duplo e jato plano angulado e dois volumes de caldas (100 e 200 L ha-1), na pressão de trabalho de 200 kPa. As caldas de pulverização foram preparadas utilizando o fungicida Sphere Max®, Aureo® e o corante Luxcor LRM 100. Para a avaliação da cobertura das folhas foram realizadas as aplicações no estádio R1 da soja, utilizando o pulverizador Columbia AD18, com velocidade de deslocamento de 7,8 e 3,9 km h-1 para os volumes ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: For a pesticide application with quality and safety, it is necessary to choose the correctly spray nozzle, droplet spectrum and volume of spray solution. The aim of this research was to evaluate interaction between the spray nozzles shaped, with a similar droplet spectrum and volume of spray solution in the coverage in soybean leaves. The research was perform in the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP/Botucatu and at Fazenda Fiorelli, Tejupá/SP. To verify if the nozzles used in the experiment had a similar droplet spectrum was carry out a pre-test, through the analysis of the droplet spectrum using the VisiSize Portable real-time particle analyzer. The evaluation of leaves coverage was conducted in two 3x2 factorial schemes, one factorial scheme using the leaves of the upper portion of a plant canopy and another in the medium/lower portion of a plant canopy and was use randomized block design, with five replications. The treatments consisted of three spray nozzles with different shaped: pre-orifice low drift flat fan, pre-orifice low drift double flat fan and angled flat fan and two volume of spray solution (100 and 200 L ha-1), at a working pressure of 200 kPa. The spray solutions were prepared using the mixture with Sphere Max® fungicide, Aureo® and Luxcor LRM 100 dye. For the evaluation of the leaves coverage, the applications were perform at the soybean R1 stage, using the Columbia AD18 sprayer, with the spray velocity of 7.8 and 3.9 km h-1 for the volume of spray s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Agudelo, William. "Imagerie sismique quantitative de la marge convergente d'Equateur-Colombie : Application des mèthodes tomographiques aux données de sismique réflexion multitrace et réfraction-réflexion grand-angle des campagnes SISTEUR et SALIERI." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010415.
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Mon travail de thèse se propose d'étudier la structure, les propriétés physiques et les processus géodynamiques de la zone de subduction d'Equateur-Colombie grâce à l'adaptation et le développement d'outils d'imagerie sismique (inversion de formes d'ondes 'alias' tomographie en diffraction) et à leur application aux données de sismique marine multitrace (MCS) et grand-angle OBS (WA) acquises en Equateur-Colombie pendant les campagnes SISTEUR et SALIERI. Ces outils m'ont permis de réaliser une imagerie fine et quantitative à trois niveaux : l'imagerie superficielle (~ 0-3 km), l'imagerie à profondeur intermédiaire (~ 3-10 km) et l'imagerie profonde (~ 10-30 km). Dans le domaine superficiel, j'ai effectué une cartographie fine et quantitative des propriétés physiques des sédiments au voisinage du BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector), interpreté comme la base de stabilité des hydrates de gaz. Sur le profil SIS-40 situé sur la marge sud de la Colombie, j'ai pu identifier la présence de failles qui perturbent localement le BSR. Les résultats présentés sous la forme d' une série de logs adjacents de l'image migrée en profondeur, montrent que certaines régions du BSR sont caractérisées par une augmentation de la vitesse (1470-1650 m/s), indiquant la présence d'une faible quantité d'hydrates de gaz au dessus du BSR; d'autres zones situées immédiatement sous le BSR sont caractérisées par une diminution de la vitesse (~1200 m/s), liée à la présence de gaz libres piégés sous la couche d'hydrate de gaz. A des profondeurs moyennes j'ai étudié la structure du chenal de subduction (profil SIS-72). Le chenal constitue la limite mécanique entre la plaque chevauchante et la plaque plongeante. Il est délimité à son toit par un fort réflecteur interprété comme le décollement interplaque et à sa base par le toit très réflectif de la croûte océanique en subduction. L'imagerie fine et quantitative des propriétés physiques du décollement interplaque permet de mieux comprendre le rôle de la circulation des fluides et des variations lithologiques et physiques, sur le couplage mécanique inter-plaque. En raison de la sensibilité de la méthode de tomographie en diffraction au macro-modèle de vitesse, un code de correction de ce modèle a été implémenté, afin d'obtenir des images tomographiques fiables (i.e. géométrie et amplitudes correctes). Du fait de la bande passante limitée de la source et de la longueur du dispositif d'acquisition limitée à 4.5 km, les images tomographiques ont une résolution spatiale limitée : l'image tomographique présente un déficit des petits et grands nombre d'onde (fréquences spatiales) limitant ainsi l' interprétation géologique des paramètres physiques cartographiés. Un traitement spécifique basé sur la modélisation des traces sismiques a été implémenté. L'image tomographique, traitée comme une série de traces verticales, constitue la donnée observée. L'espace des modèles est constitué par un ensemble de modèles impulsionnels et unidimensionnels de Terre construits aléatoirement. Ces modèles sont dégradés par convolution avec une estimation de l'ondelette source afin de fournir une représentation synthétique de l'image tomographique « observée ». La minimisation de la fonction coût entre les traces migrées et les traces synthétiques est effectuée dans le cadre d'une inversion globale par recuit simulé (VFSA= « Very Fast Simulated Annealing »). Le modèle moyen issu de cette procédure fournit un modèle 2D fin de vitesse, fonction de la profondeur et comparable à la limite de la résolution théorique de la source. A l'issue de ce traitement, des perturbations de vitesse positives sont mises en évidence au toit de la croûte, et d'autres négatives accompagnent certains segments du niveau du décollement. Ces dernières sont probablement associées à la présence de fluides. Le domaine plus profond a été étudié à partir des données MCS et WA dans le double but (1) d'améliorer la résolution spatiale des images sismiques du Moho et du contact interplaque en relation avec la zone sismogène, et (2) de détecter la présence d'anomalies crustales de vitesse et d'analyser leur relation avec les zones d'aspérité sismologiques. L'utilisation conjointe des données de sismique MCS et WA a été mise en oeuvre pour prolonger vers le bas les images de sismique verticale et tenter ainsi d'établir une relation entre les processus profonds et les manifestations en surface. L'application de la chaîne de traitement au profil SIS-44 a permis d'obtenir un modèle de vitesse bien contraint jusqu'à 25 km de profondeur. Ce modèle met en évidence des réflecteurs profonds (Moho et contact interplaque ) et des réflecteurs plus superficiels (splay fault), dont l'interprétation était initialement incertaine sur les images migrées en temps.
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Huang, Hsiang-Po, and 黃祥柏. "Automatic Spray Nozzle Angle Control System Using Image Identification Techniques." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97708186634277200027.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
電子工程系
99
The high speed process technology already forms one tendency tidal current in the machine. How carry off the heat which produces by cutting action in the job, improve tool life, and enhance the processing surface roughness is a kernel topic. The traditional machine set up the refrigerant spray nozzle in its high speed spindle side for cool down the temperature. Due to amount the cutting tool need according the tool length to adjust the angle of the refrigerant spray nozzle, it is very inconvenience. Thus in our research, a reduction gear the spray nozzle is mounted in the side of the spindle, a CCD image identification system, and a control system used to create a Automatic Spray Nozzle Angle Control System. The system can automatic adjust the spray nozzle angle and achieve the goal fully automated production.
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Liang, Jhih-Jhang, and 梁智彰. "The Effects of spray inclination angle on the heat transfer performance for a square-pitch shell-and-tube interior spray evaporator." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61323292876911824489.
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碩士南台科技大學
機械工程系
97
This investigation focuses on different heat transfer performances resulting from various spray angles in a square-pitch shell-tube evaporator. A subsequent comparison of the heat transfer performances between the experimental results of pool-boiling and spray-boiling is also made and investigated. Most of the related previous studies show a negative influence on the heat transfer performance as erratic fluxes are created and a central non-affected area forms as a result of the spraying force applied to the surface of heat. This investigation is conducted by changing the spray angle to 30°, 45∘,60∘,75∘, respectively. What is achieved through repeated experiments is that loss of heat transfer emerges because of the decreasing amount of flux when the spray angles are set at30°,45∘and 60∘while the heat transfer performance is heightened when the spray is set at 75∘as a result of the disappearance of the central non-affected area, which is again the result of a better flux that expels what liquid is previously left in the evaporator.
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Nivlouei, Sahar Jafari. "Droplet deformation simulation due to flow field during droplet fall in the air." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/89449.
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Documentos apresentados no âmbito do reconhecimento de graus e diplomas estrangeirosThis work is devoted to investigation of free-surface flow associated with drop fall. The main goal of the work is the computational and the theoretical study of the flow generated by drop falling and drop impact onto different surfaces, with relevance for spray impingement. The considered flow configurations include drop impact onto a shallow liquid layer, binary drop collision, drop impact onto a dry wall, nonisothermal drop impact onto a heated wall with the accompanying simultaneous heat transfer within the wall, and drop impact onto a porous substrate. The potential of the new interface capturing methodology developed by OpenCFD Ltd and based on the volume-of-fluid (VOF) model within the framework of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is evaluated by contrasting the results of numerical simulations to the in-house experimental results and the existing experimental and numerical result databases. The flows studied are treated as being laminar and computed in the framework of the finite-volume numerical method. In general, the numerical model and the computational procedure demonstrate good predictive capabilities by reproducing correctly the studied flows mentioned above, both qualitatively and quantitatively. All important effects observed in the experiments are reproduced and particularly some distinctive features of the flow are properly captured. The numerical simulations of the different flow configurations pertinent to spray impact provide a detailed insight into the dynamics of the flow and enable analytical modeling using simplified theoretical approaches. In particular the computational results provide all the flow details which are inaccessible by present experimental techniques, they are used to prove the theoretical assumptions and yield the required database for defining new flow patterns and their analytical modeling.
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Li, Ming-Jhe, and 李明哲. "The Influence of Modification of the Port Fuel Injection Angle and the Injection Pressure on the Spray Characteristics and the Engine Performance." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40028432187874641769.
Full textAbstract:
碩士雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
96
This study is performed on a KYMCO SJ25BA 125c.c. 4-strokes air-cooled EFI engine. The spray phenomena inside the intake manifold are acquired by using high speed flash-assisted images taking technology. The spray velocity, penetration, spray angle, and the spray droplet diameter are measured. Two spray angle nozzle adaptor and two spray fuel injection pressure are performed on a handmade 2-D intake manifold channel and the real engine to study these parameters on the engine performance and the exhaust emissions. The study shows the fuel spray has a helical liquid jet pattern. The helical liquid jet then breakup into smaller jet and the droplets near the liquid jet also breakup into smaller ones. The spray velocity appears as a decaying helical shape. By increasing the spray angle 10o the spray impinged on the intake valve stem and breaks up into smaller droplets. By decreasing the spray angle 5o the spray impinged on the intake valve skirt and left wetted fuel film on the intake manifold wall. The spray is carried on in a open space to observe its characteristics. The engine is then controlled under various engine speeds, various injection pressures, and various spray angles with fixed engine throttle position and air fuel ratio. The engine performance and the exhaust emissions are then compared to the spray atomization analysis to interpolate these results. Results show that if the injection pressure is increased the NO is reduced and the CO is increased. The engine torque is increased and fuel consumption is saved by 2% if the spray angle is increased. If the fuel injection pressure is also increased the engine torque can be promoted by 16.77% and the fuel consumption rate is saved by 13.66%.
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Boyarski, Nicholas James. "Experimental investigation of the effects of piston bowl geometry, nozzle spray angle, and engine control parameters on early injection premixed compression ignition (PCI) combustion in a HSDI diesel engine." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58538823.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-127).
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Doudou, Abdelkader. "ETUDE MACRO/MICROSCOPIQUE DES SPRAYS DIESEL INJECTES PAR LE SYSTEME COMMON RAIL AVEC LA TECHNIQUE D'OMBROSCOPIE ET L'ANÉMOMÈTRE PHASE DOPPLER." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629877.
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Le présent travail a pour objet, l'étude macro et microscopique des sprays diesel injectés à hautes pressions par le système d'injection Common-Rail à travers un injecteur mono trou de petit diamètre dans un environnement inerte isotherme, évitant l'évaporation du combustible à pression de gaz élevée. L'étude effectuée est une contribution aux recherches, menées sur les sprays diesel complètement atomisés dès la sortie de l'injecteur, et présente une base de données solide pouvant servir entre autres à la validation des codes de calcul de simulation (computational fluid dynamics: CFD). Deux techniques sont utilisées: D'une part, la technique d'ombroscopie qui permet l'étude macroscopique du spray diesel (pénétration, angle du cône et volume du spray), et d'autre part, la technique de l'anémométrie phase Doppler (PDPA) (mesures de la vitesse et du diamètre des gouttes), utilisée pour l'étude microscopique. La combinaison des deux techniques permet une quantification de la concentration du combustible. La corrélation des paramètres macroscopiques s'ajuste parfaitement aux mesures de la pénétration après le temps de transition sans la prise en compte de l'angle du cône du spray. Cette corrélation semi-empirique ressemble à l'expression obtenue par l'analyse dimensionnelle se basant sur une forme du débit massique rectangulaire. La pénétration durant la phase de transition est modélisée par une loi linéaire en fonction du temps. La prise en compte de l'angle du cône du spray dans la corrélation améliore l'ajustement. L'angle du cône du spray est dépendant de la masse volumique du gaz. La valeur de l'angle du cône est de 36° pour le cas d'une masse volumique du gaz égale à 30 kg/m3. Pour l'étude microscopique, le spray est divisé en trois parties; le bord d'attaque "BA", la partie centrale "PC" et le bord de fuite "BF". La durée d'injection dans ce cas est ramenée à 3ms au lieu de 1.5ms pour allonger la PC du spray. Les évolutions temporelles de la vitesse moyenne et de la rms de la vitesse longitudinale des gouttes montrent des pics. Les pics de la rms de la vitesse longitudinale dans le BA sont une indication de la forte dispersion, due aux phénomènes de rattrapage de gouttes freinées par les rapides ou d'atomisation secondaire. Le pic de vitesse s'explique par un apport d'énergie de l'air entraîné par les vortex frontaux aux gouttes les plus petites. La décroissance de la vitesse longitudinale sur l'axe dans la PC du spray ressemble à celle des jets gazeux. Cependant, la décroissance de la rms de la vitesse longitudinale est plus rapide que celle des jets gazeux libres. La coalescence est effective dans toutes les parties du spray pour les pressions d'injection faibles très près de l'injecteur. Par contre, pour les pressions de l'injection élevées, la coalescence dans le BA ne se manifeste que loin de l'injecteur. La vitesse longitudinale et la concentration des gouttes ont des profils radiaux homothétiques et le coefficient de Schmidt effective est <1. Cependant, près de l'axe du spray, les vitesses sont parfois trop élevées. La distribution radiale de l'intensité de turbulence est homothétique, mais elle est similaire à celle d'un jet gazeux libre dans la zone r/r0,5<1 et élevée audelà. L'intensité de turbulence dans le BA est plus élevée que dans la PC et le BF; et elle prend des valeurs de l'ordre de 40-60%. Les pdfs de vitesse sont asymétriques (Su>0 ou Su<0) et étroites (Fu>3) ou élargies (Fu<3) dans le BA, mais elles deviennent Gaussiennes dans le reste. Cependant, les pdfs du diamètre des gouttes sont aplatis (Fd>3) et quasi-symétriques (Sd≈0) dans toutes les parties du spray. L'origine virtuelle du spray au début de l'injection est variable et se stabilise après dans l'intervalle 11-15 mm. Dans cette zone, le spray est dense et les mesures par le système PDA sont impossibles. L'angle dynamique du cône du spray est d'environ 32°. L'origine virtuelle et l'angle du cône sont indépendants de la pression d'injection.
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Yang, Sheng-Yu, and 楊勝宇. "Effects of Swirl Numbers and Spray Angles on Combustion Characteristic and Concentration of Pollutants in a Boiler." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36666891037367496677.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
機械工程學系研究所
88
Abstract The combustion characteristics and the pollution of the exhausting products under various designing and operating conditions are studied in this research. In our experiments, the furnace fuel is diesel oil. By adjusting the flow rate of both axial air and tangential air the different equivalence ratios and swirl numbers can be obtained. The controlling ranges of the various experimental parameters include equivalence ratio from 0.8 to 1.1, swirl number from 0 to 1.0, recirculated flue gas from 0% to 12%, and jet spray angle 45?and 80? The effect of the controlling variables on the combustion characteristics and pollutant formations within combustion chamber are studied in this reseacher. A photographic technology is used to study the flame structures to help us understanding the behaviors of the flame under various operating condition. Form the experimental results, we find that the recirculation generated by swirl influence the produce temperature and its distribution with combustion chamber. The swirl is useful for flame expanding, and increases the mixing of fuel and air, so that the complete reaction can achieve near the burner. When the jet spray angle is 80? and swirl number is 0.6, the exhaust rate of NOx in the exhaust duct is the lowest, and the combustion in combustion chamber is the best. At equivalence ratio 0.9, the effects of the flow rate of the recirculating flue gason the flame structure and the exhaust emission is not too much. Our experiments display that the optimized operating condition is jet spray angle 80? swirl number 0.6 and flue gas recirculation 8%. NO can be reduced about 15~20% in this condition. When no swirl occurs, the color of flame displays white-yellow due to the burning of soot in this region. For the condition with swirl, the color of the outside flame displays orange-yellow. In primary combustion zone, the flame exhibits the red color which is due to the radiation of CO2 and water vapor.
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Wang, Ming Hung, and 王銘鴻. "Effects of Foliar Spray with Cytokinin and Calcium Nitrate on Growth and Inflorescence Development and Quality of Oncidiums Honey Angel." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06055569177509458499.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
103
Abstract Student ID：N10211009 Title of thesis：Effects of Foliar Spray with Cytokinin and Calcium Nitrate on Growth and Inflorescence Development and Quality of Oncidiums Honey Angel. Total page：65 Name of Institute：Department of Plant Industry Graduate date：2015.5 Degree Conferred：Master Name of student：Ming- Hung Wang Adviser：Chung - Ruey Yen Ph.D. The contents of abstract in this thesis： Effects of foliar spray cytokinins (kinetin and BA) and calcium on growth and flowering in Oncidium Onc. “Honey Angel” were studied to promote off-season and improve inflorescences quality. The applications of cytokinins in warm Pingtung summer did not improve flower growth and quality. However, the treatments significantly increased vegetative bud number and shortened the days of pseudobulbs bud emergence. Foliar kinetin (150-200ppm) spray promoted vegetative bud emergence 9 days earlier than control. The growth of vegetative buds (1.9) of 0.6-0.8Mm 6-benzyladeninepurine (BA) was 5.8 days before cut flower, and 27 days earlier than control. The treatment of 300ppm Ca(NO3)2 increased plant growth and flower quality. The width and thickness of the pseudobulbs and length of flower stalks and number of branch and florets were significantly better than control. However, the number of vegetative buds and the days of bud emergence were not different. Key words：Oncidium、Regulation of Flowering、Cytokinin、Calcium
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Hsu, Ming-Chieh, and 徐明杰. "Effects of Swirl Numbers、 Flow Rates of Flue Gas and Jet Spray Angles on Combustion Efficiency and Formation of Pollutants in a Boiler." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96687759252948192354.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
機械工程學系
87
In this research a modified commerical boiler, which burns diesel oil, is used to study the combustion characteristics and pollution of the exhausting products under various operating conditions. In our experiments, the oil-burner designs are modified, and the different equivalence ratios and swirl numbers can be controlled by adjusting fuel-air ratio. The controlling rangesof the various experimental parameters include equivalence ratio from 0.8 to 1.1, swirl number from 0 to 1.0, recirculated flue gas from 0 to 12 %, and jet spray angle including45°、60° and 80°. These controlling variables are used to study effects of the combustion efficiency and pollutant formations; eventually, we certain hope that optimized operating conditions can be found. A photographic technology is used to study the flame structures to help us understand- ing the behaviors of the flame under various operating condition. From the experimental results, we find when the strength of swirl increases, the temperatures along the injection direction of burner increases, but the temperature along the radius direction decreases. At the same time, NO concentration increases near the main combustion region, and decreases in the other region. The temperature in the flue is much lower than in combustiob zoon. The radius distribution of product concentration in flue is quite uniform due to the mixing effect in up- stream. At equivalence ratio0.9, the temperature distribution in combustion zone decrease, when the flow rate of recirculated flue gas increase. When the flow rate of recirculated flue gas increases, the temperature in the flue increase; however, the over- all concentration in any region decreases obviously. Through a series of experimental works, the certain best combinations with higher combustion efficiency and lower NO emission can be found. One of the combination is equivalence ratio at 0.9, the flow rate of recirculated flue gas at 8 %, swirl number at 0.4 and spray angle at 80 degree. The deduction rate of NO is 20~25 %. Flame structures display that when the flow rates of the recirculated flue gas increase, the flame colors in primary com- bustion region changed gradually from white-yellow to orange-red. The flame outside of the primary combustion region exhibits the red color which is due to the formation of CO2 and water vapor. On the other hands, with the increase of swirl, the streamlines of the flame changed gradually from smooth to strongly disturbance
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Lüttich, Franziska. "Elektrische und morphologische Charakterisierung organischer Feldeffekttransistoren mit aufgedampften, gesprühten sowie aufgeschleuderten organischen Halbleitern." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20174.
Full textAbstract:
In dieser Arbeit werden organische Feldeffekttransistoren (OFETs) aus den verschiedenen Materialien Manganphthalocyanin (MnPc), [6,6]Phenyl-C61-butansäuremethylester (PCBM), 6,13-Bis(triisopropylsilyethinyl)pentacen (TIPS-Pentacen) und N,N’-
Bis(n-octyl)-1,6-Dicyanoperylen-3,4:9,10-Bis(Dicarboximid) (PDI8-CN2) hergestellt. Dabei finden unterschiedliche Abscheidemethoden wie die Molekularstrahlabscheidung, die Ultraschallsprühbeschichtung und die Drehbeschichtung Anwendung. Die Morphologie sowie die Funktionsweise der Transistoren werden in Abhängigkeit von den Herstellungsparametern und bezüglich ihrer Stabilität gegenüber Lufteinfluss und elektrischer Belastung charakterisiert.
Durch Aufdampfen von MnPc konnten so zum ersten Mal ambipolare MnPc-OFETs hergestellt und charakterisiert werden. Die bestimmten Löcher- und Elektronenbeweglichkeiten bestätigen die Eignung von MnPc für die Anwendung in Spintronik-Bauelementen.
Desweiteren wird anhand gesprühter PCBM- und TIPS-Pentacen-OFETs gezeigt, dass die Ultraschallsprühbeschichtung eine geeignete Technik ist, um organische Halbleiter aus Lösung für die Verwendung in OFETs abzuscheiden. Die Abscheidung organischer Filme lässt sich mit einer Vielzahl an Parametern beeinflussen und die Funktionsweise von OFETs optimieren. In Verbindung mit den Untersuchungen aufgeschleuderter PDI8-CN2-OFETs konnte ein erheblicher Einfluss der Oberflächenenergie des verwendeten SiO2-Gateisolators auf die Korngröße im organischen Film festgestellt werden.