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1
Ghaffar, Zulkifli Abdul, Salmiah Kasolang, and Ahmad Hussein Abdul Hamid. "Characteristics of Swirl Effervescent Atomizer Spray Angle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.108.
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In the application of sprays produced by an atomizer, spray angle is one of key performance parameters. A larger spray angle is often required in providing a better spray dispersion. Swirl effervescent atomizer is one of the existing atomizers with the capability to produce a large spray angle. The formation of spray angle from this atomizer however is hardly understood. A newly-designed swirl effervescent atomizer was developed and tested with different swirl-generating vane angle in order to understand the swirl intensity effect on the spray angle. Experiments were carried out based on a cold flow test approach using water as the working fluid and nitrogen gas as the atomizing agent. High-speed shadowgraph technique was deployed to record the resultant sprays produced. Video recordings, acquired using a high-speed video camera, were converted to a sequence of images for further analysis using an image processing software. It was found that the spray angle increases with the swirl-generating vane angle. Specifically, the spray angle shows an abrupt increase for the case of swirl-generating vane angle changing from 30° to 45° but visualizes only a gradual increase in the case of swirl-generating vane angle changing from 45° to 60°.
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Visaria, Milan, and Issam Mudawar. "A Systematic Approach to Predicting Critical Heat Flux for Inclined Sprays." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 4 (March 26, 2007): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804095.
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This study provides a new systematic approach to predicting the effects of spray inclination on critical heat flux (CHF). Experiments were performed with three pressure spray nozzles over a broad range of inclination angles at five flow rates and subcoolings of 15°C and 25°C. These experiments also included high-speed video analysis of spray formation, impact, and recoil for a 1.0×1.0cm2 test surface. Inclined sprays produced elliptical impact areas, distorted by lateral liquid flow that provided partial resistance to dryout along the downstream edge of the impact ellipse. These observations are used to determine the locations of CHF commencement along the test surface. A new theoretical model shows that increasing inclination angle away from normal decreases both the spray impact area and the volumetric flux. These trends explain the observed trend of decreasing CHF with increasing inclination angle. Combining the new model with a previous point-based CHF correlation shows great success in predicting the effects of spray inclination on CHF.
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Raghu, P., N. Nallusamy, and Pitchandi Kasivisvanathan. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Various Injection Timings under Non Evaporating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.682.
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Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play a vital role in the performance of internal combustion engines. Petroleum fuels are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative fuels that are economically viable to replace the petroleum fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work spray characteristics such as spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray area were investigated for Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel fuel. The KOME and JOME sprays were characterized and compared with diesel sprays at different injection timings. The macroscopic spray properties were acquired from the images captured by a high speed video camera employing shadowgraphic and image processing techniques in a spray chamber. The experimental results showed that biodiesel fuels had different features compared with diesel fuel after start of injection (ASOI). Longer spray tip penetration, larger spray area and smaller spray cone angle were observed for biodiesel (JOME, KOME) due to its higher density and viscosity than that of diesel fuel.
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Chen, S. K., A. H. Lefebvre, and J. Rollbuhler. "Factors Influencing the Effective Spray Cone Angle of Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906313.
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The spray cone angles produced by several simplex pressure-swirl nozzles are examined using three liquids whose viscosities range from 0.001 to 0.012 kg/ms (1 to 12 cp). Measurements of both the visible spray cone angle and the effective spray cone angle are carried out over wide ranges of injection pressure and for five different values of the discharge orifice length/diameter ratio. The influence of the number of swirl chamber feed slots on spray cone angle is also examined. The results show that the spray cone angle widens with increase in injection pressure but is reduced by increases in liquid viscosity and/or discharge orifice length/diameter ratio. Variation in the number of swirl chamber feed slots between one and three has little effect on the effective spray cone angle.
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Xie, Kai, Jie Zhang, Changlin Qin, Xiufeng Tan, and Yunjing Cui. "Numerical study on flame and emission characteristics of a small flue gas self-circulation diesel burner with different spray cone angles." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci201229150x.
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The problems of long flame and high pollution emissions in low-power burners are of wide concern in small heating devices. To solve this problem, a small diesel burner with self-circulation flue gas was designed herein. In order to obtain a deeper scientific understanding of the flame and emission characteristics of the burner with different spray cone angles, a numerical calculation method was used to investigate them. Reasonable flow, heat transfer, and combustion models were selected, and periodic boundary conditions were used to verify the feasibility of the numerical model. The results indicate that the flame length increases with increasing spray cone angle, and then the flame length basically stabilizes at 410 mm. The maximum flame temperature decreases slightly with increasing spray cone angle. Besides this, the NO emission of this small flue gas self-circulation burner decreases with increasing spray cone angle and is as low as 10 ppm at an 80? spray cone angle. In addition, the influence mechanism of the spray cone angle on the flue gas self-circulation ratio was analyzed from the physical aspect of the spray area and the chemical aspect of combustion. This study is of great significance to research on the flame morphology of small flue gas self-circulation burners and the selection of different spray cone angles.
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Bottega and Dongiovanni. "Diesel Spray Macroscopic Parameter Estimation Using a Synthetic Shapes Database." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 5248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235248.
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The paper presents a method for the macroscopic characterization of diesel sprays starting from digital images. Macroscopic spray characterization mainly consists in the definition of two parameters, namely penetration and cone angle. The latter can be evaluated according to many possible definitions, all based on the spray contour that is obtained by means of image thresholding. Therefore, the obtained cone angle value depends on the adopted angle definition and on the used thresholding algorithm. In order to avoid this double dependence, an alternative method has hence been proposed. The algorithm does not require the image thresholding and has an intrinsic cone angle definition. The algorithm takes advantage of principal component analysis technique and allows for a direct estimation of spray penetration and cone angle by comparing the original image with a database made of artificial spray images. In the present work, images coming from two different experiments are analyzed with the proposed method and results are compared with those obtained with a traditional procedure based on the Otsu’s image thresholding and four cone angle definitions.
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Park, Y. K., S. Y. Moon, and C. W. Lee. "Design and development of a new gasoline direct swirl injector." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095440700221600106.
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Numerical and experimental analyses were carried out to design and develop the optimum geometry of a gasoline direct swirl injector. In the numerical analysis, the needle cone angle, swirler inclined angle and needle lift were changed with mass flowrate as design parameters to determine the optimum sizes. The critical sizes of the needle cone angle, swirler inclined angle and needle lift are 140°, 120° and 100 μm respectively. Thus, the optimum sizes may be 130°, 110° and 80 °m respectively. Experiments were performed to observe spray phenomena and to measure the dynamic flowrate, penetration of the spray tip and mainstream, spray angle and the mean drop diameter using an image processing method. The formation of a counter-rotating vortex appears in the steady state as a feature of the high pressure swirl injector spray. The calculated needle cone and swirl inclined angles as well as the cone-type needle reduce the non-swirl and sac volumes of the non-swirl region such that the reduced volumes restrict the penetration of the spray tip. The sizes of the mean drop diameter range from 20μm to 23μm and the spray angles range from 64° to 66°, which satisfy the requirements of a gasoline direct injection engine.
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Chen, Yan, Wen Zhuo Chen, Ken Chen, Jun Yi Shao, and Wei Ming Zhang. "The Influence of Spraying Angle on Robotic Trajectory Planning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.225.
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The influence of roll angle on coating uniformity is analyzed by establishing the formula between the average film thickness and it. The functional relations of coating uniformity to yaw angle and roll angle are obtained by measuring the average film thickness under the diferrent angles. The minor changes of spray angle have little influence on coating uniformity, and the tracking error of robotic spray gun is very small, therefore it can be ignored when studying robotic trajectory planning. The alteration of spraying angle, spraying distance and moving speed of spray gun can lead to the change of coating thickness, so optimized combination of them can improve coating uniformity.
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Majhool, Ahmed Abed Al-Kadhem, and Noor Mohsin Jasim. "Prediction of the Initial Drop Size and Velocity Distribution in the Cold Cryogenic Spray." International Journal of Heat and Technology 38, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.380307.
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The polydispersed nature of the spray is captured through the use of probability density functions based on the maximum entropy method to stand for the complete atomization characteristics of spray dynamics. The droplet and velocity size distributions are practical tools for the analysis of sprays cooling. The special benefit of the model is a Eulerian based which is less computationally intensive when compared to models that are based on the Lagrangian approach that tracks droplet parcel. The accuracy of using Lagrangian approach in polydispersed phase is always accurately less than Eulerian approach because it depends on the number of parcels while in Eulerian approach it depends on the proposed continuous distribution function. The main intent of the current work is to evaluate the capability of using the model for the initial predictions of the droplet size and velocity distribution for liquid nitrogen spray of solid-cone pressure swirl nozzle. The use of liquid injection pressure cases of up to 0.6MPa and spray cone angles of just 30◦ from three different sets of experimental data. The results being characterized are spray drop size distribution, liquid volume fraction and spray cone angle values. The unsteady analyses of the effect of injection pressure are studied on the cryogenic liquid nitrogen. The numerical results show that the maximum entropy method applies to liquid cryogenic spray and indicates that the model reacts correctly to changes in different injection pressures. Comparisons are also made with measured drop size distribution data that are reasonably captured and the spray cone angle is found to be in good agreement during initial and far-field spray angles.
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Gaskin, R. E., K. D. Steele, and W. A. Forster. "Characterising plant surfaces for spray adhesion and retention." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4244.
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A simple measurement of static contact angle of aqueous acetone droplets on surfaces has been developed for characterising leaf surfaces It allows leaves to be compared and grouped by their surface roughness factor and it differentiates between easy difficult and very difficulttowet species This paper describes how the method has been used to survey a large number of plant species including weeds and crops fruit and foliage High contact angles indicate difficulttowet surfaces The quantitative measure of contact angle is a useful tool to predict spray droplet adhesion and rank plant surfaces for retention properties It can also indicate whether surfactant addition is likely to be beneficial for agrochemical sprays targeted at fruit or foliage on different crops Surfactants were most useful for improving spray droplet adhesion and retention on difficulttowet surfaces but results varied with surface wettability surfactant type and concentration and with plant architecture
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Ding, Hong Yuan, Peng Deng, Xu Yao Mao, and Chao Wu. "Flash Boiling Spray Simulation Based on Void Fraction and Superheat Controlling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.289.
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A new flash boiling spray model whose atomization criterion based on the void fraction and superheat while evaporation model based on the dual-zone method is established to simulate the flashing sprays. The model function is implemented in KIVA program. Flash boiling spray model predicts spray penetration and spray cone angle and its development trend, in good agreement with the experimental results. The model has a good capability in simulating flash sprays at low superheat conditions, which breakup is controlled by void fraction, as well as high superheat transition process. It can also predict flare flashing sprays to some extent at higher superheat conditions.
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Jo, Jae Geun, and Chi Young Lee. "Examination on Effects of Spray Characteristics of Water Mist on Thermal Radiation Attenuation Using Fire Dynamics Simulator." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.d59cca98.
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In this study, numerical simulations to investigate the effects of the spray characteristics of water mist on thermal radiation attenuation were performed using fire dynamics simulator (FDS). The droplet size, flow rate, and spray angle of the water mist were 100-300 µm, 1-3 L/min, and 60-180°, respectively. As the droplet size decreased and flow rate increased, the thermal radiation attenuation increased. When the spray angles decreased and increased behind the near nozzle center and behind a certain remote distance from the nozzle center, respectively, the thermal radiation attenuation increased. The peak thermal radiation attenuation increased with decreases in droplet size and spray angle and an increase in flow rate, whereas the average thermal radiation attenuation increased with a decrease in droplet size and increases in flow rate and spray angle. Under the numerical simulation conditions of this study, the peak and average thermal radiation attenuations were significantly altered by the ratios of droplet size and flow rate and by that of flow rate, respectively. However, their variations with the ratio of spray angle were the smallest.
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Li, Da Guang, Zhang Ying, and Xiu Qing Zhu. "Numerical Simulation of Effects of Spray Angle on Flow, Combustion and Emissions of Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1064.
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Previous papers which researched the effects of spray angle were mainly focused on the influence of spray angle on the performance and emissions of diesel engine. Few papers clarified the effect of spray angle on the airflow in detail. Airflow and turbulence have a significant influence on the combustion and distribution of emissions.The effects of spray angle on the flow, combustion and emissions of diesel engine were studied in this paper by a numerical simulation method. The results indicated that the spray angle had an obvious impact on the vortex and turbulence. The distribution of high temperature areas and emissions depend on the vortex and turbulence. With the increase of spray angle, the maximum cylinder pressure and temperature increase gradually. The heat release rate increases with the increase of spray angle. The CO and soot emissions were the lowest when the spray angle is 155°, however, the NOx emissions was the highest at that spray angle.
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Leng, Xian Yin, Kun Peng Qi, Wu Qiang Long, and Sheng Li Wei. "Macro Characteristics of the Spray from Intersecting Hole Nozzles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.343.
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The formation method of the intersecting hole nozzle, each hole is formed by the converging of two or more child holes, is proposed, for the purpose of accelerating the fuel-air mixing process of direct injection internal combustion engines. In order to examine the macro characteristics of intersecting hole nozzles, three single-orifice intersecting hole nozzles, with the intersecting point of the axes of child holes locating inside, outside, and right at the exit surface, were manufactured. And high speed photography was employed to visualize, thus to quantify the angle and penetration of, the spray from these intersecting hole nozzles in a vessel under ambient room temperature and pressure of 0.1 to 2.0 MPa. The experimental results showed that the spray from intersecting hole nozzles were fan-shaped, which were beneficial for prompting the fuel-air mixing. Particularly, when the intersecting points of the axes of child holes locate right at the exit surface, the longest spray penetration was obtained, and the spray front angle is slightly smaller than side angle. While the intersecting points of the axes of child holes locate inside or outside the exit surface, the spray penetration is shorter, and the spray front angles are extremely larger than side angles under pressure of 0.1 to 2.0 MPa. With the rising of ambient pressure, the differences between front angle and side angle of all the three intersecting hole nozzles become smaller in different degrees.
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Prakash, Vaibhav, B. Praveen Ramanujam, C. Sanjeev Nivedan, N. Nallusamy, and P. Raghu. "Effect of Various Injection Pressures on Spray Characteristics of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) and Diesel in a DI Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.815.
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The performance and emissions from diesel engines are greatly influenced by the degree of atomization of the fuel spray. The characteristics of the spray affect the physics of formation of the air-fuel mixture. They depend on density and viscosity of fuel, injection pressure, pressure and temperature of fuel. The spray structure is primarily dependent on the fuel injection pressure. This study involves the carrying out of experimental investigations on biodiesel and diesel fuel sprays in a DI diesel engine for different injection pressures. The spray cone angle and spray tip penetration length are studied experimentally. Using spray visualization system and image processing techniques, the experimental data is obtained. The fuels used are Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and diesel. The experimental results show that, as the injection pressure increases, the spray cone angle decreases for KOME and similar trends are observed with diesel. In addition, spray penetration length increases with increase in injection pressure and the value of the same was slightly higher for KOME than that of diesel. The results also reveal similarities in spray characteristics of both the test fuels.
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Czernek, Krystian, Marek Ochowiak, and Sylwia Włodarczak. "Effect of Rheological Properties of Aqueous Solution of Na-CMC on Spray Angle for Conical Pressure-Swirl Atomizers." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236309.
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Aerosol is a multiphase system, created as a result of the dispersion of a liquid in a gaseous medium. The atomized liquids are most often water and fuel; however, they can be any other substance. Even a small addition of a substance that changes the rheological properties (i.e., the nature of the flow) can change the properties of the resulting aerosol. The most important parameters that characterize the aerosol are the outflow rate, the droplet diameter, the spray spectrum, and the spray angle. The latter is important when selecting atomizers, especially those working in groups on the sprayer boom. The spray angle is an important parameter of the atomization process, providing a great deal of information about the quality of the spray. This study presents the results of rheological tests and the atomization of aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC). We found that the spray angle decreased with increasing Na-CMC concentration in the solution, which is attributable to an increase in shear viscosity. The design of the atomizer is also important. The largest spray angles were obtained for an atomizer with a diameter of 0.02 m and with the inlet port being placed at an angle to the atomizer axis. Based on the experimental results for various liquids and atomizer designs, a correlation equation describing the spray angle is proposed.
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Ghate, Kushal, and Thirumalachari Sundararajan. "Effects of orifice divergence on hollow cone spray at low injection pressures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 11 (November 26, 2018): 4091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018813432.
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In this work, the effects of orifice divergence on spray characteristics have been reported. Parameters such as spray cone angle, liquid sheet thickness, coefficient of discharge, break-up length, and Sauter mean diameter are greatly affected by the half divergence angle [Formula: see text] at orifice exit. An experimental investigation is carried out in which water sprays from five atomizers having half divergence angle values of 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° are studied at different injection pressures. Image processing techniques are used to measure spray cone angle and break-up length from spray images, whereas the sheet thickness outside the orifice exit is obtained using the scattered light from a thin Nd-YAG Laser beam. Phase Doppler interferometry is also used to obtain the Sauter mean diameter at different axial locations. A few numerical simulations based on the volume of fluid method are included to obtain physical insight of the liquid film development and air core flow inside the atomizer. It is observed that the liquid sheet thickness as well as tangential and radial components of velocity at orifice exit are modified drastically with a change in half divergence angle. As a consequence, the droplet size distribution is also altered by variation in the nozzle divergence angle. The mechanism responsible for such variations in the spray behavior is identified as the formation of an air core or air cone inside the liquid injector as a result of the swirl imparted to the liquid flow.
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A. Ghaffar, Z., S. Kasolang, and Ahmad H. A. Hamid. "Spray Characteristics and Internal Flow Structures of Swirl Effervescent Atomizer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.11 (July 21, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11.15930.
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Spray characteristics and internal flow structures of an atomizer are important parameters in indicating their performances. Both parameters are affected by the operating conditions and atomizer geometries. This study investigates the effect of operating parameters and atomizer geometries on spray angle, breakup length and gas core diameter of swirl effervescent atomizer. This work is conducted specifically to find the most critical parameters that will produce the required spray characteristics and internal flow structure. The atomizer performance tests were carried out using water as the working fluid and nitrogen gas as the atomizing agent. High-speed shadowgraph technique was utilized to record the videos of the spray and internal flow structures. The video recordings were converted to image sequences and analyzed using image processing software. Geometrical parameters were found to be more dominant for characterizing the resultant sprays, but operating conditions was more critical in affecting the internal flow structures. The widest spray angle (~25°) and shortest breakup length (~10mm) were observed at the high level of swirl-generating vane angle and discharge orifice diameter. Gas core diameter expanded up to 1.13mm at the high level of GLR.
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Mantari, M. H. A. R., Y. A. Eldrainy, and Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar. "Spray Characterization of Palm Olein/Diesel Blends under Various Injection Pressures." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.645.
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The Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and spray cone angle are two important parameters that characterize spray performance. The objective of this study is to characterize palm olein/diesel blends spray in terms of spray angle and SMD under different injection pressures using a hollow cone pressure swirl atomizer. The physical properties of five diesel/palm olein blends, namely B5, B10, B15, B20 and B25 were measured and their spray characteristics were tested at injection pressures of 0.8MPa, 1.0MPa, and 1.2MPa under ambient atmospheric condition. The results were compared to spray established using petroleum diesel fuel. The SMD was measured using a phase Doppler analyzer (PDA). The spray cone angle was visualized using a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. The results indicated that petroleum diesel fuel had the widest cone angle followed by B5, B10, B15, B20 and B25 under the same injection pressure. Additionally, when the injection pressure increases from 0.8MPa to 1.2MPa, the spray cone angle widen accordingly. It is concluded that high content of palm olein in the palm biofuel blends increases viscosity and surface tension and hence higher value of SMD and narrower spray cone angle was generated. An increase in injection pressure resulted in smaller droplet SMD and wider spray cone angle.
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Shojae, Kianoosh, and Majid Mahdavian. "Influences of spray angle and bowl center depth on power and exhaust emissions in a dual fuel direct injection engine." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 6 (August 30, 2017): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417727425.
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Injection strategy and piston bowl geometry play a very effective role in engine design. Hydrogen fuel in liquid or gaseous form is high in energy, and engine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost no exhaust emissions. In this article, influences of spray angle and bowl center depth on engine performance (indicated power and efficiency), fuel economy, and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, NO, soot, and hydrocarbon) are investigated for a hydrogen (6%) + diesel dual fuel engine under 1500, 2000, and 3000 r/min speeds. Numerical simulation was performed using computational fluid dynamics code. To ensure validity of simulation, calculated in-cylinder mean pressure and rate of heat release were compared to experimental data, and the results specified a good accordance (for 1200 r/min and 70% load). The results of studies show that 160° spray angle is the best to achieve balanced emissions and more power and efficiency in comparison to other spray angles (120°, 130°, 140°, and 180° spray angles). It is found that taking into account the 160° spray angle in comparison to 120° spray angle, indicated power and efficiency increase by 25%, and the amount of exhaust CO, soot, and hydrocarbon reduces approximately by 76%, 71%, and 95%, respectively. It is determined that a deep bowl center depth leads to higher temperature (further NO emissions) and lower brake-specific fuel consumption. Three bowl center depths (5, 10, and 20 mm) were chosen for further investigation, and the 10-mm depth showed a suitable balance between exhaust emissions and power generated.
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Si, Xiuhua April, Muhammad Sami, and Jinxiang Xi. "Liquid Film Translocation Significantly Enhances Nasal Spray Delivery to Olfactory Region: A Numerical Simulation Study." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060903.
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Previous in vivo and ex vivo studies have tested nasal sprays with varying head positions to enhance the olfactory delivery; however, such studies often suffered from a lack of quantitative dosimetry in the target region, which relied on the observer’s subjective perception of color changes in the endoscopy images. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of gravitationally driven droplet translocation numerically to enhance the nasal spray dosages in the olfactory region and quantify the intranasal dose distribution in the regions of interest. A computational nasal spray testing platform was developed that included a nasal spray releasing model, an airflow-droplet transport model, and an Eulerian wall film formation/translocation model. The effects of both device-related and administration-related variables on the initial olfactory deposition were studied, including droplet size, velocity, plume angle, spray release position, and orientation. The liquid film formation and translocation after nasal spray applications were simulated for both a standard and a newly proposed delivery system. Results show that the initial droplet deposition in the olfactory region is highly sensitive to the spray plume angle. For the given nasal cavity with a vertex-to-floor head position, a plume angle of 10° with a device orientation of 45° to the nostril delivered the optimal dose to the olfactory region. Liquid wall film translocation enhanced the olfactory dosage by ninefold, compared to the initial olfactory dose, for both the baseline and optimized delivery systems. The optimized delivery system delivered 6.2% of applied sprays to the olfactory region and significantly reduced drug losses in the vestibule. Rheological properties of spray formulations can be explored to harness further the benefits of liquid film translocation in targeted intranasal deliveries.
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Ko, Gwon Hyun. "Numerical Study on the Attenuation Effect of Water Mist on Thermal Radiation." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.67dab4d2.
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A numerical study was conducted to investigate the effects of the spray characteristics of water mist on the attenuation of thermal radiation. The attenuation process of the thermal radiation, generated from a hot surface panel, passing through the water mist was calculated via Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), and the effects of the flow rate, droplet mean diameter, and spray injecting angle of the water mist were analyzed. The results indicated that the increase in flowrate and decrease in droplet size led to an increase in the attenuation of thermal radiation. As the thermal radiation passed through the spray droplets, the effect of the spatial distribution of spray droplets was verified by calculating the thermal radiation attenuation at different spray injecting angles. The results indicated that the radiation attenuation increases as the spray angle increases. This implies that a wider distribution of spray droplets, irrespective of the droplet size and flowrate, increases the attenuation effect on thermal radiation.
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Leigh, S. H., and C. C. Berndt. "Evaluation of off-angle thermal spray." Surface and Coatings Technology 89, no. 3 (March 1997): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(96)02897-6.
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Ruiz-Rodriguez, Irene, Radboud Pos, Thanos Megaritis, and Lionel Christopher Ganippa. "Investigation of Spray Angle Measurement Techniques." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 22276–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2899214.
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Treat, S., C. E. Ebert Jr., Z. Farzal, S. Basu, A. M. Zanation, B. D. Thorp, J. S. Kimbell, B. A. Senior, and A. J. Kimple. "Intranasal corticosteroids: patient administration angles and impact of education." Rhinology Online 3, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhinol/20.070.
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INTRODUCTION: Intranasal corticosteroids sprays (INCS) are first line treatment for allergic rhinitis and are frequently used for chronic rhinosinusitis. Improperly aiming INCS increases the risk of epistaxis and may decrease the efficacy of the medication. The goal of this study was to determine how patients position INCS for drug delivery and if verbal or written instructions improve their positioning. METHODS: Patients in rhinology clinics were photographed while administering a generic spray bottle. The angle of the spray bot- tle relative to the patients’ head and a fixed background was determined. RESULTS: A total of 46 participants were included. The average spray angle for the right naris was 10.1o towards the septum and 67.2o below the Frankfurt Horizontal plane. The average spray angle for the left naris was 4.5o towards the septum and 62.2o below the Frankfurt horizontal plane. The angle of the spray bottle ranged from 50o toward the septum to 43o away from the sep- tum. Only 8 patients aimed away from the septum for both nares. Patients who recalled receiving verbal and written instructions aimed the INCS bottle at the lateral wall and inferior turbinate in contrast to patients who only received one form of instruction or no instructions. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients (83%) incorrectly aim INCS when compared to current guidelines. There was statistically significant improvement in the positioning of patients who reported receiving both verbal and written instruction; however, this study high- lights a greater need for patient education.
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Guo, Zhengyan, Yi Jin, Kai Zhang, Kanghong Yao, Yunbiao Wang, Di Wu, Xiaomin He, and Mei Zheng. "Effect of Low Ambient Pressure on Spray Cone Angle of Pressure Swirl Atomizer." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (June 23, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539231.
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Pressure swirl atomizers are widely used in gas turbine combustor; this paper is aimed at researching the effect of low ambient pressure (0.1 MPa to 0.01 MPa, lower than an atmosphere) on the spray cone angle of pressure swirl atomizer. The spray angle is captured by high-speed photography; then, an image post program is used to process the spray angle magnitude. A mathematical model of a single droplet’s movement and trajectory based on force analysis is proposed to validate the spray angle variation. The maximum variation of the spray cone angle, which is observed when fuel supply pressure drop through the atomizer is 1 MPa as the ambient pressure decreases from 0.1 MPa to 0.01 MPa, is found to be 23.9%. The experimental results show that the spray cone angle is expected to increase with the ambient pressure decrease; meanwhile, mathematical results agree well with this trend.
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Wu, Jian, Li Li Zhu, Zhan Cheng Wang, Bin Xu, and Hong Ming Wang. "Experimental Study of the Spray Characteristics of n-Butanol/Diesel Blends." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1394.
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we studied the spray characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends using a high-speed camera and schlieren system, and analyzed the effect of different fuels, ambient pressure and injection pressure conditions on the spray penetration, spray cone angle, spray area, et al. The results showed that, at the same injection pressure, as the increase of ambient pressure, the spray cone angle of the same volume of fuel increases gradually, the spray penetration and the spray area decreases; under the same ambient pressure, the spray penetration, spray cone angle and spray area increase gradually with the increasing injection pressure, but when the injection pressure increases enough, the parameters are roughly the same; and the parameters basically all increase with the adding of n-butanol.
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Rudoff, R. C., M. J. Houser, and W. D. Bachalo. "Experiments on Spray Interactions in the Wake of a Bluff Body." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240091.
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The dynamics of spray drop interaction within the turbulent wake of a bluff body were investigated using the Aerometrics Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer, which determines both drop size and velocity. Detailed measurements obtained included spray drop size, axial and radial velocity, angle of trajectory, and size-velocity correlations. The gas-phase flow field was also ascertained via the behavior of the smallest drops. Results showed dramatic differences in drop behavior when interacting with turbulence for the various size classes. Small drops were recirculated in a pair of toroidal vortices located behind the bluff body, whereas the larger drops followed the general direction of the spray cone angle. This was documented via backlit photography. Local changes in number density were produced as a result of lateral convection and streamwise accelerations and decelerations of various drop size classes. The spray field interaction illustrated by these data effectively reveals the complexity associated with the development of the spray and casts some doubts toward attempting to describe sprays via simple integral quantities such as the Sauter mean diameter.
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Deng, Wei, Chunjiang Zhao, Liping Chen, and Xiu Wang. "Constant pressure control for variable-rate spray using closed-loop proportion integration differentiation regulation." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.512.
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Traditional sprayers adopt large-area uniform pesticide application, resulting in a low effective utilisation of pesticide and a harmful effect to the natural environment. Variable-rate spray is the key point to precision chemical application. However, it is inevitable that the spray pressure sharply fluctuates during variable-rate spray, which will definitely influence the spray characteristics, such as spray droplet sizes, spray angles, spray droplet velocities, etc., and reduce the efficiency of pesticide applications. Therefore, the research on how to keep the spray pressure constant during the process of variable- rate spray has practical significance to precision pesticide applications. In order to achieve the stability of spray pressure for variable- rate spray, a sprayer with constant-pressure control was set up using a closed-loop proportion integration differentiation (PID) controller of constant-pressure water-supply, which employed the techniques of single-phase alternating current (AC) chopper variablevoltage control and PID feedback regulation. Using hollow-cone nozzles, the spray volume was changed by adjusting spray pressure, frequency, and duty cycle of electromagnetic valve switching. The spray features concerning the spray angle and the spray volume distribution were studied in laboratory. The conclusions are as follows: i) for a given input spray pressure, the closed-loop controller with AC chopper and PID feedback regulation can effectively control the pressure fluctuations during the variable-rate spray through varying the frequency and the duty cycle; ii) the spray angle was slightly affected by the flow-rate change through adjusting the frequency and the duty cycle of electromagnetic valves or changing the number of open nozzles. The spray angle changes were controlled within the range of the maximum deviation 0.87° from mean value and the minimum deviation 0.03° from mean value; iii) when the spray pressure was set as 0.3 Mpa, the peak radial position of the spray volume distribution basically unchanged and the spray volume and the peak values of the spray distribution gradually increased with the increasing duty cycle. When the setting pressure was increased, the spray volume increased and the peak radial position of the spray distribution gradually expanded toward outside, however the peak value of the spray distribution decreased a little.
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Chen, Chen, Yang Yang, Xiaorong Wang, and Wenxian Tang. "Effect of geometric and operating parameters on the spray characteristics of an open-end swirl injector." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 233, no. 12 (January 13, 2019): 4457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410018824519.
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To study the influence of geometric and operating parameters on the spray characteristics of an open-end swirl injector, seven injectors with different tangential inlet diameters ( D p) and injector length to injector orifice diameter ( L/D) ratios were tested and simulated. Using high-speed backlight, the evolution laws of liquid film thickness, discharge coefficient, spray cone angle, breakup length, and velocity distribution in the swirl chamber under different geometric and operating parameters were captured after unified image processing. Low-injection pressure drop is directly proportional to the discharge coefficient and the spray cone angle. When the injection pressure drop approaches or reaches a critical value of 0.4 MPa, the discharge coefficient and spray cone angle remain nearly constant with maximum fluctuations of 1% and 5%, respectively. With an increase in the geometric characteristic constant A, the liquid film thickness, discharge coefficient, breakup length, and velocity in the swirl chamber decrease, whereas the spray cone angle increases. As the viscous effect increases for increasing L/D, the discharge coefficient and breakup length increase, whereas the spray cone angle decreases. Based on experiment results, empirical formulas for the discharge coefficient, spray angle, and breakup length were put forward as reference for engineering applications, including the effect of the geometric and operating parameters.
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Xia, Hua. "Research on the internal flow and macroscopic characteristics of a diesel fuel injection process." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 27, 2021): e0255874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255874.
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The internal flow and macroscopic spray behaviors of a fuel injection process were studied with schlieren spray techniques and simulations. The injection pressures(Pin)and ambient pressures(Pout)were applied in a wide range. The results showed that increasing the Pin is likely to decrease the flow performance of the nozzle. Furthermore, increasing the Pin can increase the spray tip penetration. However, the effect of Pin on the spray cone angle was not evident. The spray cone angle at an injection pressure of 160MPa was 21.7% greater than at a pressure of 100MPa during the initial spraying stage. Additionally, the discharge coefficient increased under high Pout, and the decrease in Pout can promote the formation of cavitation. Finally, increasing the Pout can decrease the penetration, while the spray angle becomes wider, especially at the initial spray stage, and high Pout will enhance the interaction of the spray and the air, which can enhance the spray quality.
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Li, Shougen, Chongchong Chen, Yaxiong Wang, Feng Kang, and Wenbin Li. "Study on the Atomization Characteristics of Flat Fan Nozzles for Pesticide Application at Low Pressures." Agriculture 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040309.
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Spraying is the most widely used means of pesticide application for pest control in agriculture and forestry. The atomization characteristics of the nozzles are directly related to the spray drift, rebound, and deposition. Previous research studies have mainly focused on the change pattern of atomization characteristics. Mathematical descriptions of the atomization characteristics of flat fan nozzles are rare, and pesticide application theories are also insufficient. Atomization characteristics mainly include droplet size and velocity. This study analyzes the influence of the spray parameters (spray angle, pressure, and equivalent orifice diameter of nozzles) and the spatial position in the flow field. To obtain the atomization characteristics of flat fan nozzles, the phase Doppler particle analyzer (PDPA) was selected for the accurate measurement of the droplet sizes and velocities at distances 0.30–0.60 m, using low spray pressures (0.15–0.35 MPa). The droplet size and velocity models were then established and validated. The results revealed that the average absolute error of the droplet size model was 23.74 µm and the average relative error was 8.23%. The average absolute and relative errors of the droplet velocity model were 0.37 m/s and 7.86%, respectively. At a constant spray pressure and angle, there was a positive correlation between the droplet size and the equivalent orifice diameter of the nozzles. The test also verified that the spray angle and distance had a negative correlation with the droplet velocity at a given pressure. The spray distance had no effect on the spray axial droplet size at constant spray pressure. In addition, the spray angle greatly affected the droplet velocity along the X-axis; similarly, the spray parameters, especially spray angle, greatly affected the droplet size.
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Zhang, Qinglin, Zhaoping Xu, Shuangshuang Liu, and Liang Liu. "Effects of Injector Spray Angle on Performance of an Opposed-Piston Free-Piston Engine." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143735.
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A free-piston engine is a novel internal combustion engine which has the advantages of a variable compression ratio and multi-fuel adaptability. This paper focuses on numerical simulation for combustion process and spray angle optimization of an opposed-piston free-piston engine. The working principle and spray-guided central combustor structure of the engine are discussed. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model with moving mesh is presented based on the tested piston motion of the prototype. Calculation conditions, spray models, and combustion models were set-up according to the same prototype. The effects of spray angle on fuel evaporation rate, mixture distribution, heat release rate, in-cylinder pressure, in-cylinder temperature, and emissions were simulated and analyzed in detail. The research results indicate that the performance of the engine was very sensitive to the spray angle. The combustion efficiency and the indicated thermal efficiencies of 97.5% and 39.7% were obtained as the spray angle reached 40°.
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Yi, Bolun, Wei Fu, Lanbo Song, Fengyu Li, Tao Liu, and Qizhao Lin. "Experimental study of the effect of n-butanol additive on spray characteristics of biodiesel in a high-pressure common-rail injection system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 233, no. 2 (June 28, 2018): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918784694.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the spray characteristics of biodiesel and n-butanol/biodiesel blended fuel. The spray tip penetration and the spray cone angle were tested and analyzed. A constant volume chamber and high-speed camera were used to observe the spray evolution and a common-rail system was employed to change the injection pressure. The results show that the spray tip penetration and the spray cone angle of biodiesel are larger than those of blended fuel in most cases. n-Butanol additive changes the relationship between angle and density ratio to a certain degree. The experimental trend lines support the penetration model proposed by Hiroyasu and Arai in terms of similar proportional relation on time after start of injection, and the empirical equations provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data of the spray tip penetration.
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Shen, Yi Jun, Tien Chu Lin, and Muh Ron Wang. "Production of Carbon Dioxide Snow by Flash-Atomization for Material Cleaning Process." Advanced Materials Research 569 (September 2012): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.569.282.
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This paper investigates the production of CO2 snow by flash-atomization of liquid carbon dioxide for material cleaning process. The evolution of flash-atomization processes was recorded by means of high-speed shadowgraph. Results shows that the degree of superheat condition of liquid CO2 greatly influence the atomization modes, bobbles growth rate and concentration, and thus result in difference spray angle, spray pattern, and the structure of liquid jet which is suitable for different material cleaning applications. It is found that the spray angle first slowly increases with increase in the degree of superheat (ΔT) under external flash atomization processes. It is increased drastically as the spray transform from external-flashing to internal-flashing mode. Finally the spray angle is decreased again because of the decrease of mass flowrate due to the internal flashing processes . Moreover, the spray angle is increased as the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) is increased. This is due to the higher bobble growth rate in terms of different pressure distribution and bobble growth time. It is also found that the external-flashing disappears at higher L/D because of the heat transfer to the liquid carbon dioxide. It is concluded that the superheated condition is useful in the control of the spray angle for material cleaning processes.
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Wu, Jian, Yang Hua, Zhan Cheng Wang, Li Li Zhu, and Wei Wei Shang. "Experimental Study on Spray Characteristics of N-Butanol/Acidic Oil/Diesel Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.1001.
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In order to better research on the spray characteristics of biodiesel and n-butanol blends, an experimental study of spray characteristics of different fuel mixtures was investigated in a constant volume vessel using high speed photograph method, and analyzed the influence of different proportions of acidic oil biodiesel and n-butanol on the macroscopic parameters of spray penetration, spray cone angle and so on. The results show that with the increase of acidic oil biodiesel ratio, the air entrainment is weakened, spray penetration gradually increases and spray cone angle decreases under the same injection pressure and back pressure. After adding n-butanol in acidic oil biodiesel and diesel mixture fuel, the surrounding air entrainment is enhanced, and spray front end widen. With the increase of mixing ratio, spray penetration increases first, then decreases. The spray cone angle increases after adding n-butanol, and decreases with the increase of mixing ratio. The results show that adding n-butanol can be used as one of the methods to improve biodiesel spray characteristics.
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Li, Fengyu, Bolun Yi, Lanbo Song, Wei Fu, Tao Liu, Hongwei Hu, and Qizhao Lin. "Macroscopic spray characteristics of long-chain alcohol-biodiesel fuels in a constant volume chamber." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917721336.
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In this research, three basic macroscopic spray characteristics (spray tip penetration, spray cone angle, and spray area) of long-chain alcohol-biodiesel blends were studied to investigate the differences of macroscopic spray characteristics of long-chain alcohol-biodiesel blends with different mixing ratios and to further investigate the effects of blending long-chain alcohols into biodiesel on the spray characteristics. Two kinds of long-chain alcohols, n-butanol, and n-pentanol, were selected to study effects of difference kinds of long-chain alcohols on macroscopic spray characteristics of long-chain alcohol-biodiesel blends. Results show that with the increase of proportion of n-butanol or n-pentanol in blends, spray tip penetration decreased while spray cone angle and spray area increased; in terms of the effects brought by different long-chain alcohols, n-pentanol-biodiesel blends showed slightly longer spray tip penetration, smaller spray cone angle and smaller spray area compared to n-butanol-biodiesel blends in the same mixing ratios, and the difference trends between those two kinds blends could easily be opposite due to the very similar properties of n-butanol and n-pentanol. Furthermore, a modified spray tip penetration model was proposed based on previous model and showed good agreement with experimental results.
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Mobasheri, Raouf. "Influence of narrow fuel spray angle and split injection strategies on combustion efficiency and engine performance in a common rail direct injection diesel engine." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 9, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827716651514.
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Direct injection diesel engines have been widely used in transportation and stationary power systems because of their inherent high thermal efficiency. On the other hand, emission regulations such as NOx and particulates have become more stringent from the standpoint of preserving the environment in recent years. In this study, previous results of multiple injection strategies have been further investigated to analyze the effects of narrow fuel spray angle on optimum multiple injection schemes in a heavy duty common rail direct injection diesel engine. An advanced computational fluid dynamics simulation has been carried out on a Caterpillar 3401 diesel engine for a conventional part load condition in 1600 r/min at two exhaust gas recirculation rates. A good agreement of calculated and measured in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and pollutant formation trends was obtained under various operating points. Three different included spray angles have been studied in comparison with the traditional spray injection angle. The results show that spray targeting is very effective for controlling the in-cylinder mixture distributions especially when it accompanied with various injection strategies. It was found that the optimum engine performance for simultaneous reduction of soot and NOx emissions was achieved with 105° included spray angle along with an optimized split injection strategy. The results show, in this case, the fuel spray impinges at the edge of the piston bowl and a counterclockwise flow motion is generated that pushes mixture toward the center of the piston bowl.
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Uczak de Goes, Wellington, Nicolaie Markocsan, and Mohit Gupta. "Microstructural Changes in Suspension Plasma-Sprayed TBCs Deposited on Complex Geometry Substrates." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070699.
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Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are considered a promising solution for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines. Among the thermal spray processes, the relatively newly developed suspension plasma spray (SPS) is an attractive candidate due to its unique microstructural features that have already demonstrated increased performance in gas turbine applications. To achieve these features, thermal spray conditions play an essential role. In specific uses, such as piston of diesel engines, parameters as spray angle and spray distance pose challenges to keep them constant during the whole spray process due to the complex geometry of the piston. To understand the effect of the spray distance and spray angle, a comprehensive investigation of the produced thermal spray microstructure on the piston geometry was conducted. Flat and complex geometry surfaces were coated using the same plasma parameters while the spray angle and distance were changed. Characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the image analysis technique to perceive the variation of the thickness and microstructures features such as pores, cracks, column density, and column orientation. The results showed that the changes in spray angles and spray distances due to the complex shape of the substrate have a significant influence on the microstructure and thermal properties (thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity) of the coatings. The thermal conductivity and thermal effusivity were calculated by modeling for the different regions of the piston and measured by laser flash analysis combined with modeling for the flat-surfaced coupon. It was shown that the modeling approach is an effective tool to predict the thermal properties and thus to understand the influence of the parameters on the coating properties. Connecting the observations of the work on the microstructural and thermal properties, the complex geometry’s influence on the produced coatings could be diminished by tailoring the process and generating the most desirable TBC for the internal combustion engines in future applications.
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Zulkifli Abdul Ghaffar, Salmiah Kasolang, and Ahmad Hussein Abdul Hamid. "Characteristics of Spray Angle and Discharge Coefficient of Pressure-Swirl Atomizer." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 85, no. 2 (August 9, 2021): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.85.2.107114.
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A widely distributed spray is an important feature for an atomizer which is required in various applications such as gas cooling, gas turbine combustion, and fluidized bed granulator. Pressure-swirl atomizer is an example of atomizer which provides a wide spray angle through the swirling effect inside the atomizer. One of the important parameters affecting spray angle is atomizer geometrical constant, K. Another important parameter of pressure-swirl atomizer is discharge coefficient, Cd. Discharge coefficient describes the throughput of the liquid flow. An experimental test-rig was constructed to conduct the performance test of the atomizer. Acquired images were analysed using image-processing software. It was found that K has inverse relation with spray angle and direct relation with Cd. Prediction of spray angle and Cd using existing correlations also yields similar trends with the experimental results, but some parameters still need to be considered to perform an accurate prediction.
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Xie, Yingchun, Chaoyue Chen, Marie-Pierre Planche, Sihao Deng, and Hanlin Liao. "Effect of spray angle on Ni particle deposition behaviour in cold spray." Surface Engineering 34, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2017.1312221.
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Varde, K. S. "Spray cone angle and its correlation in a high pressure fuel spray." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 63, no. 2 (April 1985): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450630202.
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Yang, Haibo, Xinchun Cao, and Xuewen Sun. "Effects of Spray Angle on Spray Cooling of Extruded Aluminum Alloy Plate." AASRI Procedia 3 (2012): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasri.2012.11.100.
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Martínez-Galván, Eduardo, Raúl Antón, Juan Carlos Ramos, and Rahmatollah Khodabandeh. "Effect of the spray cone angle in the spray cooling with R134a." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 50 (October 2013): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.05.012.
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Zheng, Huilong, Zhaomiao Liu, Kaifeng Wang, Jiayuan Lin, and Zexuan Li. "Influence of orifice geometry on atomization characteristics of pressure swirl atomizer." Science Progress 103, no. 3 (July 2020): 003685042095018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850420950182.
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The spray characteristics of the pressure swirl nozzle are experimentally studied using particle dynamics analysis (PDA) and high-speed photography system in this paper, specifically focusing on the dependence of geometrical dimensions of orifice on the spray SMD, velocity magnitude and droplet distribution, and the spray cone angle. It is indicated that the increase of orifice diameter makes the initial swirling velocity lower and the spray liquid film thicker. When the spray cone is fully expanded, the flow rate of 900 μm orifice diameter nozzle increases by 30–40% and the SMD of 900 μm orifice diameter nozzle increases by 8.5% compared with that of 700 μm orifice diameter nozzle. According to the experimental conditions, the relationship between Re and spray angle was calculated as θ = 29.97*Re0.087, ignoring the factors that had little influence on spray angle. The decrease of the orifice length makes the distance of gas-medium shearing action shorten so that thinner oil film near wall cannot be formed by the extrusion of air core, leading to the swirling intensity reducing and the suction effect weakened. The spray cone angle of the 450 μm orifice length atomizer is about 5° smaller than the nozzle of 500 μm orifice length, and more small SMD droplets are not sucked, resulting in the distribution range of spray SMD declining.
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Bao, An Hong, Ming Jin Yang, Xing Dai, Zhen Yu Qiu, and Shou Yong Xie. "Research on Swirl-Core Nozzle with Adjustable Spray Angle Based on Vortex Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 1082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.1082.
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According to Vortex Theory, the fluid flow in a swirl-core nozzle was analyzed, and an equation of spray angle was presented. The fluid in this nozzle was simulated by Volume of Fluid Model through CFD. The fluid dynamic simulation results show that diameters of nozzle opening and swirl chamber, area of spiral groove, and helix angle of the spiral groove affect the spray angle. There are optimum structural parameters for a swirl-core nozzle, and the spray angle can be adjusted by changing the depth of the swirl chamber with fixed structural parameters of the nozzle.
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Wu, Shuo, Jizhan Liu, Jiangshan Wang, Dianhe Hao, and Rongkai Wang. "The Motion of Strawberry Leaves in an Air-Assisted Spray Field and its Influence on Droplet Deposition." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14143.
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HighlightsA visualization method for the motion of strawberry leaves in an air-assisted spray field is proposed.Strawberry leaves showed two motion states in different critical velocity ranges of the sprayer airflow.The airflow instability and the turbulence effect are considered important factors for the leaf vibrations.A strawberry leaf azimuth angle in the range of 90° to 270° can provide good deposition with smaller droplets.Abstract. The reasonable motion of crop plants in an air-assisted spray field can improve droplet deposition. Therefore, this study focuses on the motion of strawberry leaves and the droplet deposition mechanism in an air-assisted spray field. First, this study proposes a descriptive method for strawberry leaf motion in an air-assisted spray field and clarifies the important influence of strawberry leaf motion on droplet deposition. Second, an experiment was performed on the motion and droplet capture of single strawberry leaves in multi-position postures in an air-assisted spray field. The results showed that the leaves had two motion states (i.e., low amplitude with low frequency and high amplitude with high frequency) at different airflow velocities and inclination angles, and the critical airflow velocity corresponding to the two motion states was determined to be 8.7 m s-1. When the azimuth angle of the strawberry leaves is in the range of 90° to 270°, a reasonable inclination angle of the airflow and the high frequency and high amplitude vibration state of the leaves driven by the airflow will provide good deposition and canopy penetration of droplets with smaller diameters. Keywords: Air-assisted spray field, Droplet deposition, Motion, Spray, Strawberry leaves.
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Uhlenwinkel, Volker, and N. Ellendt. "Porosity in Spray-Formed Materials." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.429.
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Porosity in spray-formed materials is an important issue, but the formation of porosity is not completely understood. Many experimental results and some theoretical models have been presented in the past. Nevertheless, the prediction of porosity in a deposit is still not possible today. The paper will give some examples picked from literature, which show some general correlations between process parameters and porosity. These correlations can be helpful to form a basic understanding of the process. Finally it is necessary to know more about the conditions of the droplets and the deposit at the point of impingement. These impacting conditions have to be correlated to the porosity to improve the understanding of the process and to make a prediction possible. Determining the impact conditions is a challenge because usually they are not constant with time and some values are difficult to measure. Our experiments show a strong correlation between the surface temperature of the deposit and the porosity. For IN718 and U720 as-sprayed porosities below 1 vol.% were achieved if the deposit surface temperature is app. 1250 °C. The average impact angle weighted by the local particle mass flux is also an important parameter. The probability of low as-sprayed porosity is high if the average weighted impact angle is below 25° but decreases dramatically for higher impact angles.
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Jeong, Youn Seung, Yong Wook Shin, and Tae Il Seo. "Characterization of Spray Angle and Velocity in Water-Mist Nozzle by Using Response Surface Approximation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.293.
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This paper presented characterization of spray velocity and angle of spray nozzle systems for cosmetic products. Diameter and length of nozzle orifice were chosen as shape factors of the spray system. Combinations of the factors were determined by using Central Composite Design. Fluid analysis was conducted by using Fluent to obtain spray angle and velocity. RSM (Response Surface Method) was used to approximate the relationship between these 2 factors and spray characteristics. To evaluate the proposed method, experimental work with existing was conducted and good agreement between simulation and experimental results.
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Wu, Ji Liang, De Yuan Zhang, Xing Gang Jiang, and Jian Lu Lv. "Single Inlet Pressure Swirl Nozzle Stationary Wave Pattern and Quality Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.143.
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A kind of single inlet swirl atomizer is set to adjust the inlet location and the length of the outlet for an optimization spray angle and uniformity in this literature.Stationary wave theory is used to describe the results of spray quality.Experimental and theoretical analysis show that using property machining process size, single inlet swirl nozzles can achieve the optimized quality of atomization (spray cone angle of 55 °and more, skewness of spray cone center below 5 ° ).