Academic literature on the topic 'Sprayer boom angle'

Abstract.Pesticide application is an integral part of crop production, and ground-based agricultural boom sprayers are used extensively to apply pesticides to the crop canopy or soil surface across millions of acres in the United States. Efficient application is necessary to minimize costs and limit adverse environmental impacts. The goals of this study were to provide quantified measurements on the effects of nozzle setup errors on spray pattern uniformity and evaluate how laboratory patternator-based simulations would compare to measurements on a full spray boom. More specific objectives were to determine the effects of factors such as nozzle lateral angle, nozzle spacing, nozzle replacement, and nozzle pitch angle on spray pattern distribution and evaluate a simulation approach to predict the effects of single nozzle boom setup errors on full boom system pattern uniformity. Laboratory and sprayer-based tests were devised to quantify the impact of nozzle setup and operational errors on spray pattern uniformity, boom pressure, and nozzle flow rates. Results indicated that small variations in boom setup or nozzle operation (i.e., pressure or flow) can cause significant errors in spray nozzle distribution which may not be completely detectable by measuring spray pattern alone. Simulations using laboratory data from setup or operational errors reflected similar changes (differences less than 2.6%) in spray pattern CV as full boom data with similar setup errors. These findings were significant in that it may be possible to model errors within full boom spray distributions based on smaller laboratory-collected datasets. Keywords: Equipment, Equipment for crop protection, Patternator, Spray pattern distribution, Spraying.

The European Standard ISO 16122-2:2015 requires that the coefficient of variation for sprayed liquid fall should not exceed 10%. Field sprayers generate a stream of liquid sprayed at an angle that depends on the design of the nozzles. Among field boom sprayers, previous methods for selecting the shape of the opening of a single-slotted spray nozzle have been based on the following rectangular, triangular, normal, beta, and truncated normal distributions; distribution obtained from a nozzle with a stream in the form of an empty cone; and glued square functions. These methods, however, have provided a limited range of uniformity. Consequently, the initial assumption that the monotonicity of the function corresponds to the shape of a quarter of the symmetrical oval nozzle opening allows for a full computerized optimization of nozzle shape with a spray angle of α = 110° (or α = 120°). In this case, the spray uniformity parameter is controlled and freely declines almost to zero. In this study, based on the nonlinear shape obtained, we developed the shape of the nozzle outlet opening with a coefficient of variation of 0.388% using spline linear functions. Further applications of the symmetry of the developed model would allow for multiple modifications of the shape of this opening, and therefore, without changing the spray uniformity parameter, nozzles with slightly different characteristics could be obtained.

Within the Brazilian agricultural scene, the potato crop plays a significant economic role. Modern equipment and the development of improved chemical product application techniques contribute toward the constant search for improved revenue from the potato as a crop. Field experiments were carried out in a random block design of a potato crop of the "Ágata" variety. The aim was to evaluate the effect of air assistance combined to different angles of spray application on the chemical deposition on the potato plant, as well as to assess spray losses to the soil. For this a sprayer with and without boom air assistance was used in the experiments. Boom angles of 0º, +30º and -30º were directed to a vertical position as well as forward and backward movements. The trial plants were sprayed at a volume rate of 400 L ha-1 using JA-4 hollow cone nozzles at 633 kPa and copper oxychloride as a tracer for the deposit evaluation. Trace deposits on both surfaces of leaflets were removed by washing with destilled water and were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Spray losses were measured by placing plastic measuring collectors between rows. The deposit levels at different positions in the plant were analyzed by the Hotelling T² statistical test. Larger deposits were detected at both upper and lower positions of the plant when the spray boom was positioned at 0º and +30º in the presence of air assistance. The presence of air, in addition to the increasing spray deposits in the lower parts of the plant, helped to create greater distribution uniformity. Spray loss was below 4%.

Aerosol is a multiphase system, created as a result of the dispersion of a liquid in a gaseous medium. The atomized liquids are most often water and fuel; however, they can be any other substance. Even a small addition of a substance that changes the rheological properties (i.e., the nature of the flow) can change the properties of the resulting aerosol. The most important parameters that characterize the aerosol are the outflow rate, the droplet diameter, the spray spectrum, and the spray angle. The latter is important when selecting atomizers, especially those working in groups on the sprayer boom. The spray angle is an important parameter of the atomization process, providing a great deal of information about the quality of the spray. This study presents the results of rheological tests and the atomization of aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC). We found that the spray angle decreased with increasing Na-CMC concentration in the solution, which is attributable to an increase in shear viscosity. The design of the atomizer is also important. The largest spray angles were obtained for an atomizer with a diameter of 0.02 m and with the inlet port being placed at an angle to the atomizer axis. Based on the experimental results for various liquids and atomizer designs, a correlation equation describing the spray angle is proposed.

The great variety of plant protection equipment, the shape, length and slope of the cultivated area, the type of sprayers used and the professional skills of the operator require an individual approach to each sprayer and cultivated area. The aim of this study was to compare the area of the double-treated sections when working with ordinary and electromagnetic nozzles at different slopes of the treated area. For the analysis, actual field coverage data were used when working with the Amazone self-propelled sprayer - Pantera 4502, with a boom width of 24 m, half of which is equipped with electromagnetic nozzles and the other half - with ordinary nozzles. It was found that when working with ordinary nozzles, the area of overlap increases with increasing degree of overlap and the angle of inclination of the section boundary. The area of overlap when using ordinary nozzles is almost 3 times larger than when using electromagnetic at 100% overlap of the treated areas. Regression models, surfaces and lines were obtained, with the help of which the area of overlap in each section of the treated field can be determined.

Annual grasses constitute a major weed problem in winter annual crops in Northern Europe and especially in cropping systems where ploughing is omitted. At the optimum growth stage for control with POST herbicides, grasses have a predominantly vertical leaf orientation. This represents a very difficult spray target using the standard technique where nozzles are mounted more or less vertically downward. In this study, efficacy of the foliar-acting herbicide, haloxyfop, on perennial ryegrass at the two- to three-leaf stage was investigated in field experiments using some alternative configurations of nozzle mounting on the sprayer. Angling the spray either forward or backward relative to the direction of travel increased herbicide efficacy using standard commercially available flat-fan and pre-orifice nozzles. Efficacy increased generally with increasing angling relative to vertically downward and the forward-angled spray improved efficacy most. The largest improvement in efficacy was obtained using a 60° forward-angled spray in combination with a reduced boom height. Using this configuration, herbicide dose could be reduced by approximately 30% without loss of efficacy in comparison with the standard vertical mounting of nozzles. There was no advantage of using combinations of forward- and backward-angled nozzles.

Abstract Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 3 IA locations in 1994. Soil types were: Ames (Chapin), silty clay loam; Nashua, loam; and Sutherland, silty clay. Plots were planted 9, 2 and 3 May, respectively, on areas that had been planted to trap crop (late-planted corn, high plant population) the previous year. A RCBD with 4 replications for the experimental and cultivation tests and 8 replications for the yield trials was used. All treatments were applied to single 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a 4-row John Deere 7100 planter. Planting-time liquid formulations were applied with a compressed-air delivery system built directly into the planter; 8003E nozzles delivered 13 gpa at 23 psi. Liquid cultivation-time insecticides were applied with a small-plot bicycle sprayer. Two 8002E nozzles, 1 on each side of the corn row, were positioned to deliver either a 7 or 15-inch band width around the base of the plants; 13 gpa at 25 psi. Broadcast (30-inch band) applications of Furadan 4F were applied to single rows. A boom containing three 8002 nozzles (19-inch centers) delivered 13 gpa at 32 psi. One untreated buffer row was left on each side of a “broadcasted” row. Granular cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically-driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes, positioned directly in front of the cultivator sweeps, directed the insecticide granules to both sides of the corn row for basal treatments. Chemical phytotoxicity was checked in early Jun by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre and measuring extended leaf heights on 10 consecutive plants (experimental tests only). Rootworm larval feeding was evaluated in Jul by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating them on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was 45° or less. Stand counts were taken in the yield plots at harvest time. Yields were measured by hand harvesting 1/1000 acre from each treatment at Nashua and Chapin, and machine harvesting 25 row-ft at Sutherland. To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with Ryan’s Q test (REGWQ).

Six trials were conducted during 2014/15 and 2015/16 growing seasons in Brazil to determine the effect of 2,4-D formulations and spray nozzles on 2,4-D spray drift under conventional field conditions. An experimental 2,4-D choline formulation with Colex-D® Technology (GF-3073) and a 2,4-D dimethylamine (DMA) formulation were applied with either XR and AIXR flat-fan spray nozzles. Each plot was 30 m wide by 24 m long (720 m2) with 60 glyphosate-resistant soybean rows spaced 50 cm apart and also 35 potted tomato plants distributed on a grid across the plot 5-m apart. Applications were performed one meter away from the plot edge perpendicular to the soybean rows when wind direction was parallel to the rows with less than 30 degrees of angle deviation. Spray drift treatments were applied in 100 L ha−1 with tractor sprayers at 276 kPa equipped with a 7-m wide boom at 50 cm above the canopy of the soybean plant, operating at 6.8 km h−1. The distance from the plot edge to the farthest plant with 2,4-D symptoms was assessed for every four soybean rows at 10 and 20 days after treatment (DAT) and potted tomatoes at 10 DAT. GF-3073 reduced the distance of the farthest injured plant with 2,4-D symptoms compared to the 2,4-D DMA formulation regardless of the spray nozzle, assessment date and sensitive species. GF-3073 applied through the AIXR nozzle reduced the relative drift affected area to the standard by 68% at 10 DAT and 67% at 20 DAT for soybean and 60% at 10 DAT for potted tomatoes.

ABSTRACT Scarlet Morning Glory is considered to be an infesting weed that affects several crops and causes serious damage. The application of chemical herbicides, which is the primary control method, requires a broad knowledge of the various characteristics of the solution and application technology for a more efficient phytosanitary treatment. Therefore this study aimed to characterize the effect of rainfall incidence on the control of Ipomoea hederifolia, considering droplet size, surface tension, contact angle of droplets formed by herbicides liquid on vegetal and artificial surfaces, associated to adjuvants and the volumetric distribution profile of the spray jet. The addition of the adjuvants to the herbicide spraying liquid improved the application quality, as it influenced the angle formed by the spray by broadening the deposition band of the spray nozzle and thus the possible distance between the nozzles on spray boom and due the changes at droplet size, which contribute to a safety application. The rainfall occurrence affected negatively the weed control with the different spraying liquids and also the dry matter weight, suggesting that the phytosanitary product applied was washed off.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência de controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o presente trabalho avaliou diferentes técnicas de pulverização sobre os depósitos, e parâmetros de produção: classificação dos grãos por peneiras e peso de 1000 sementes e a produtividade da cultura. Seis experimentos foram conduzidos em área experimental da FCA/UNESP – Campus de Botucatu, na cultura da soja (var. Conquista), quatro na safra 2006/07 e dois na safra de 2007/08. O experimento 1 foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 32 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro níveis de ar 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1 combinados a dois ângulos de aplicação 0˚ e 30˚) com pontas de jato plano AXI 110015. As parcelas foram dimensionadas em 8,0 x 10,0 m (largura x comprimento). De cada parcela foram selecionadas, ao acaso, dez plantas para a amostragem dos depósitos da pulverização. À cada planta foram fixados alvos artificiais (papel filtro na dimensão 3 x 3 cm), dois na parte superior e dois na parte inferior das plantas e, em cada parte da planta um na superfície abaxial e outro na superfície adaxial do mesmo folíolo. Para avaliação dos depósitos, foi utilizada uma substância cúprica marcadora e a quantificação dos depósitos foi por espectrofotometria. O experimento 2 foi conduzido no mesmo local e os tratamentos distribuídos no mesmo delineamento do experimento anterior, acrescido da testemunha (plantas não tratadas). No estádio de desenvolvimento R 2 e R 5.2, foram realizadas pulverizações com um fungicida triazol à 142 L ha-1. As avaliações do número de pústulas/cm² em folíolos retirados da parte inferior da planta foram realizadas semanalmente. Nos experimentos 3 e 4 foram comparadas quatro tecnologias de aplicação: pulverização convencional (sem ar); pulverização com...
In order to improve control efficiency of Phakopsora pachyrhizi the present research evaluated different spraying techniques on spray deposits and yield parameters: classification of the seeds by sieving and the weight of 1000 seeds and the productivity of the crops. Six experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCA/UNESP – Botucatu, SP, on soybean crop (Conquista variety). Four of these experiments on the 2006/07 crop and two in the 2007/08 crop were carried out. The first experiment was set in blocks at random design with 8 treatments and four repetitions, totalysing 32 parcels. The treatments were distributed in the squeme 4 x 2 (four air levels 0, 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 combined at two application angles, 0˚ and 30˚) using flat fan nozzles AXI 110015 type. The dimensions of the parcels were 8,0 x 10,0 m (length x width). In each parcel were selected, at random, ten plants to samplify the spray deposits. Artficial targets (filter paper with 3 x 3 cm) were fixed on each plant, two in the upper part and two at the bottom part of the plants and, in each part there was one target the abaxial and another one in the adaxial surface of the same leaflet. For deposits evaluation a tracer cupric substance was used and the spray deposits were quantified by spectrophotometry. The second experiment was carried out in the same place and the treatments were distributed in the same experimental design, more check plot (non treated plants). In R 2 and R 5.2 growth stages it was sprayed a triazol fungicide at 142 L ha-1. Evaluations of the number of pustules cm-2 on leaflets that were removed from the lower part of the plants were realized weekly. On the third and fourth experiments four application technologies were compared: conventional spraying (whitout air) and spraying with the help of air in boom spray at 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 of the air speed on spray deposits and to control... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Gilberto Raetano
Banca: Dagoberto Martins
Banca: Marcelo da Costa Ferreira
Resumo: Com o intuito de melhorar a eficiência de controle de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, o presente trabalho avaliou diferentes técnicas de pulverização sobre os depósitos, e parâmetros de produção: classificação dos grãos por peneiras e peso de 1000 sementes e a produtividade da cultura. Seis experimentos foram conduzidos em área experimental da FCA/UNESP - Campus de Botucatu, na cultura da soja (var. Conquista), quatro na safra 2006/07 e dois na safra de 2007/08. O experimento 1 foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 32 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro níveis de ar 0, 9, 11 e 29 km h-1 combinados a dois ângulos de aplicação 0˚ e 30˚) com pontas de jato plano AXI 110015. As parcelas foram dimensionadas em 8,0 x 10,0 m (largura x comprimento). De cada parcela foram selecionadas, ao acaso, dez plantas para a amostragem dos depósitos da pulverização. À cada planta foram fixados alvos artificiais (papel filtro na dimensão 3 x 3 cm), dois na parte superior e dois na parte inferior das plantas e, em cada parte da planta um na superfície abaxial e outro na superfície adaxial do mesmo folíolo. Para avaliação dos depósitos, foi utilizada uma substância cúprica marcadora e a quantificação dos depósitos foi por espectrofotometria. O experimento 2 foi conduzido no mesmo local e os tratamentos distribuídos no mesmo delineamento do experimento anterior, acrescido da testemunha (plantas não tratadas). No estádio de desenvolvimento R 2 e R 5.2, foram realizadas pulverizações com um fungicida triazol à 142 L ha-1. As avaliações do número de pústulas/cm² em folíolos retirados da parte inferior da planta foram realizadas semanalmente. Nos experimentos 3 e 4 foram comparadas quatro tecnologias de aplicação: pulverização convencional (sem ar); pulverização com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In order to improve control efficiency of Phakopsora pachyrhizi the present research evaluated different spraying techniques on spray deposits and yield parameters: classification of the seeds by sieving and the weight of 1000 seeds and the productivity of the crops. Six experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, on soybean crop (Conquista variety). Four of these experiments on the 2006/07 crop and two in the 2007/08 crop were carried out. The first experiment was set in blocks at random design with 8 treatments and four repetitions, totalysing 32 parcels. The treatments were distributed in the squeme 4 x 2 (four air levels 0, 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 combined at two application angles, 0˚ and 30˚) using flat fan nozzles AXI 110015 type. The dimensions of the parcels were 8,0 x 10,0 m (length x width). In each parcel were selected, at random, ten plants to samplify the spray deposits. Artficial targets (filter paper with 3 x 3 cm) were fixed on each plant, two in the upper part and two at the bottom part of the plants and, in each part there was one target the abaxial and another one in the adaxial surface of the same leaflet. For deposits evaluation a tracer cupric substance was used and the spray deposits were quantified by spectrophotometry. The second experiment was carried out in the same place and the treatments were distributed in the same experimental design, more check plot (non treated plants). In R 2 and R 5.2 growth stages it was sprayed a triazol fungicide at 142 L ha-1. Evaluations of the number of pustules cm-2 on leaflets that were removed from the lower part of the plants were realized weekly. On the third and fourth experiments four application technologies were compared: conventional spraying (whitout air) and spraying with the help of air in boom spray at 9, 11 and 29 km h-1 of the air speed on spray deposits and to control... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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