Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spread F

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Spread F'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023
Last updated: 19 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Spread F"

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MacDougall, J. W., M. A. Abdu, P. T. Jayachandran, J. F. Cecile, and I. S. Batista. "Presunrise spread F at Fortaleza." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 103, A10 (1998): 23415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98ja01949.

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Carrasco, A. J., I. S. Batista, J. H. A. Sobral, and M. A. Abdu. "Spread F modeling over Brazil." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 161 (August 2017): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.06.015.

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From, W. R., and D. H. Meehan. "Mid-latitude spread-F structure." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 50, no. 7 (1988): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(88)90061-x.

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Tozer, T. C. "Spread-Spectrum Systems." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 133, no. 1 (1986): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1986.0020.

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de Boorder, J. "Spread of F gigantica in Tanzania." Veterinary Record 131, no. 8 (1992): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.131.8.180.

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Wright, J. W. "Quantifying spread F by digital ionosondes." Advances in Space Research 31, no. 3 (2003): 729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0273-1177(03)00046-2.

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Becker-Guedes, F., Y. Sahai, P. R. Fagundes, et al. "Geomagnetic storm and equatorial spread-F." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 9 (2004): 3231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3231-2004.

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Abstract. In August 2000, a new ionospheric sounding station was established at Sao Jose dos Campos (23.2° S, 45.9° W; dip latitude 17.6° S), Brazil, by the University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP). Another ionospheric sounding station was established at Palmas (10.2° S, 48.2° W; dip latitude 5.5° S), Brazil, in April 2002, by UNIVAP in collaboration with the Lutheran University Center of Palmas (CEULP), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA). Both the stations are equipped with digital ionosonde of the type known as Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI). In order to study the effects of geomagnetic storms on equatorial spread-F, we present and discuss three case studies, two from the ionospheric sounding observations at Sao Jose dos Campos (September and November 2000) and one from the simultaneous ionospheric sounding observations at Sao Jose dos Campos and Palmas (July 2003). Salient features from these ionospheric observations are presented and discussed in this paper. It has been observed that sometimes (e.g. 4-5 November 2000) the geomagnetic storm acts as an inhibitor (high strong spread-F season), whereas at other times (e.g. 11-12 July 2003) they act as an initiator (low strong spread-F season), possibly due to corresponding changes in the quiet and disturbed drift patterns during different seasons.
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Alex, S., P. V. Koparkar, and R. G. Rastogi. "Spread-F and ionization anomaly belt." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 51, no. 5 (1989): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(89)90119-0.

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Chandra, H., G. D. Vyas, H. S. S. Sinha, S. Prakash, and R. N. Misra. "Equatorial spread-F campaign over SHAR." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59, no. 2 (1997): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1364-6826(95)00199-9.

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Seran, Adrianus Marselus, Ali Warsito, and Jehunias L. Tanesib. "ANALISIS KEMUNCULAN SPREAD F DI ATAS KUPANG." Jurnal Fisika : Fisika Sains dan Aplikasinya 4, no. 1 (2019): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/fisa.v4i1.1430.

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Abstrak
 Telah dilakukan dilakukan penelitian tentang kemunculan spread F di atas Kupang dengan menggunakan data hasil scalling ionogram pada tahun 2013 hingga 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerakteristik kejadian spread F dan variasi tipe kemunculan spread F berdasarkan klimatologi kemunculannya yang berdampak pada perambatan gelombang radio High Frequency (HF;3-30 MHz) dan sistem navigasi berbasis satelit yang dikenal Global Navigation Satelit System (GNSS). Kemunculan spread F mempunyai korelasi dengan kejadian sintilasi yang bersumber dari aktivitas matahari dan gelombang gravitasi yang umunya terjadi pada malam hari (18.00-06.00) LST. Hasil analisis kemunculan Spread F pada periode tahun 2013-2015 menunjukan bahwa kemunculan spead F tertinggi di tahun 2014 dengan tipe spread F frekuensi karena pada periode tahun 2014 masih merupakan puncak siklus matahari ke 24 meskipun dikatakan siklus terlemah atau aktivitas mataharinya sangat minimum namun gangguan aktivitas matahari seperti flare dan CME awal bulan pertengahan bulan tahun 2014 sangat tinggi intensiasnya yang menimbulkan gangguan geomagnet pada lapisan ionosfer sangat besar dimana tipe spread F frekuensi disebabkan oleh gangguan geomagnet. Intensitas kejadian spread F terjadi di pertengahan tahun yakni bulan Juni dibandingkan dengan bulan-bulan awal dan akhir tahun yang tingkat kemunculannya rendah terutama pada fase ekuinoks. Jumlah kemunculan spread F maksimum terjadi pada tengah malam (22.00-03.00) LST dan minimum di awal dan di akhir malam. Analisis dalam domain frekuensi dengan menggunakan metode Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), menunjukan bahwa adanya kemunculan spread F selama 3 tahun (36 bulan) terjadi rentang waktu 200 hingga 600 hari. Frekuensi kemunculan spread F untuk tiap tahunnya adalah 0,1 sampai 0,2 perhari. Informasi ini menunjukan bahwa intensitas kemunculan spread F yang dapat mengganggu perambatang pelombang radio pada lapisan ionosfer di atas wilayah Kupang masih rendah dengan periode kejadian yaitu 365 hari atau 1 tahun selama 3 tahun (2013-2015) dan dapat digunakan sebagai indicator peluang kejadian spread F setiap tahunnya.
 Kata kunci: Spread F; FFT; Kupang
 Abstract
 Research has been conducted on the emergence of the distribution of F above Kupang by using scaling ionogram data from 2013 to 2015. This study aims to study the characteristics of F distribution events and variations in the type of occurrence of F distribution based on their climatology appearance used in High Frequency radio wave moorings (HF ; 3-30 MHz) and a satellite-based navigation system called the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The appearance of spread F has an interaction with the scintillation event that originates from the activity of the sun and the wave of release that occurs at night (18.00-06.00) LST. The results of the analysis of the emergence of the F spread in the period 2013-2015 indicate that the appearance of the highest F spead in 2014 with the type of spread F frequency in the period of 2014 is still the peak of the 24th solar cycle which is expected to be protected or used by the minimum sun to be used to monitor solar activity such as flares and CME at the beginning of the middle of 2014 is very high, which causes geomagnetic disturbances in the ionospheric layer to be very large where the frequency F type spread is related to geomagnetic interference. The intensity of diffuse F events occurs in the middle of the year in June compared to the initial and end of the year with a low rate of occurrence in the equinox phase. The maximum number of occurrences of the F spread occurs at midnight (10:00 p.m.: 00: 00) LST and minimum at the beginning and end of the night. Analysis in the domain using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method, showed that there were occurrences that spread F for 3 years (36 months) occurring in the range 200 to 600 days. The frequency of occurrence of spread F for each semester is 0.1 to 0.2 per day. This information shows that the intensity of the spread of occurrence of F that can be carried out by radio waves in the ionospheric layer above the Kupang region is still low with an event period of 365 days or 1 year for 3 years (2013-2015) and can be used as an Annual indicator.
 Keywords: Spread F; FFT; Kupang
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spread F"

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Sreekumar, Sreeba. "A study on the characteristics of the equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities and their variabilities." Thesis, IIG, 2010. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1589.

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Chapagain, Narayan P. "Dynamics of Equatorial Spread F Using Ground-Based Optical and Radar Measurements." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/897.

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The Earth's equatorial ionosphere most often shows the occurrence of large plasma density and velocity fluctuations with a broad range of scale sizes and amplitudes. These night time ionospheric irregularities in the F-region are commonly referred to as equatorial spread F (ESF) or plasma bubbles (EPBs). This dissertation focuses on analysis of ground-based optical and radar measurements to investigate the development and dynamics of ESF, which can significantly disrupt radio communication and GPS navigation systems. OI (630.0 nm) airglow image data were obtained by the Utah State University all-sky CCD camera, primarily during the equinox period, from three different longitudinal sectors under similar solar flux conditions: Christmas Island in the Central Pacific Ocean, Ascension Island in South Atlantic, and Brasilia and Cariri in Brazil. Well-defined magnetic field-aligned depletions were observed from each of these sites enabling detailed measurements of their morphology and dynamics. These data have also been used to investigate day-to-day and longitudinal variations in the evolution and distribution of the plasma bubbles, and their nocturnal zonal drift velocities. In particular, comparative optical measurements at different longitudinal sectors illustrated interesting findings. During the post midnight period, the data from Christmas Island consistently showed nearly constant eastward bubble velocity at a much higher value (~80 m/s) than expected, while data from Ascension Island exhibited a most unusual shear motion of the bubble structure, up to 55 m/s, on one occasion with westward drift at low latitude and eastward at higher latitudes, evident within the field of view of the camera. In addition, long-term radar observations during 1996-2006 from Jicamarca, Peru have been used to study the climatology of post-sunset ESF irregularities. Results showed that the spread F onset times did not change much with solar flux and that their onset heights increased linearly from solar minimum to solar maximum. On average, radar plume onset occurred earlier with increasing solar flux, and plume onset and peak altitudes increased with solar activity. The F-region upward drift velocities that precede spread F onset increased from solar minimum to solar maximum, and were approximately proportional to the maximum prereversal drift peak velocities.
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Pelon, Floriane. "Fibroblastic heterogeneity and metastatic spread in breast cancers Fibroblast heterogeneity drives metastatic spread in breast cancer through distinct mechanisms." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2392&f=17330.

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Les cancers du sein, premiers cancers féminins et causes aujourd’hui encore de nombreux décès, sont classés en 3 sous-types moléculaires : luminaux –les plus répandus, HER2 et triple-négatifs (TN) –les plus agressifs. Lors du diagnostic, l’envahissement des ganglions lymphatiques axillaires par les cellules tumorales est établi. Il s’agit, en plus de la classification moléculaire, d’un marqueur pronostique utilisé en clinique pour stratifier les patientes, car il informe sur le risque de développement ultérieur de métastases, cause majeure des décès à l’heure actuelle. Les tumeurs solides, et notamment les cancers du sein, sont des écosystèmes complexes comprenant de nombreux types cellulaires qui interagissent avec les cellules cancéreuses. Parmi eux, les fibroblastes associés au cancer (CAF) sont les plus abondants et participent activement à de nombreux aspects de la tumorigenèse dont la croissance, l’invasion, l’angiogenèse, l’immunosuppression. Cependant, ils constituent une population hétérogène et à ce jour, très peu d’études ont analysé cette hétérogénéité tout en la liant aux diverses fonctions décrites des CAF. Dans ce projet, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle de cette hétérogénéité fibroblastique dans la dissémination métastatique des cancers du sein. En combinant l’étude de plusieurs marqueurs de CAF, nous avons montré que les ganglions lymphatiques envahis par les cellules tumorales sont constitués de 4 sous-populations de CAF (CAF-S1, S2, S3 et S4), similaires à celles identifiées dans les tumeurs primaires appariées. De façon intéressante, ce sont les deux sous-types de CAF myofibroblastiques (αSMA+), CAF-S1 et particulièrement CAF-S4, qui s’accumulent préférentiellement dans les ganglions métastatiques. Ils présentent les mêmes signatures transcriptomiques entre les deux localisations tissulaires (ganglions envahis et tumeurs primaires correspondantes). Or, ces deux populations CAF-S1 et CAF-S4 augmentent le phénotype invasif des cellules tumorales, en régulant des fonctions complémentaires. D’un côté, les CAF-S1 sont hautement motiles, et stimulent la prolifération, la migration, l’invasion et l’initiation d’une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse des cellules de cancer du sein. De l’autre, les CAF-S4 sont très contractiles, capables de remodeler la matrice extracellulaire et promeuvent ainsi l’invasion et la motilité des cellules tumorales dans des systèmes en 3 dimensions. Des expériences fonctionnelles suggèrent que l’action des CAF-S1 implique CXCL12 et TGFβ tandis que celle des CAF-S4 dépend de la voie NOTCH. En accord avec ces résultats, l’accumulation des CAF et leur identité dans les ganglions envahis constituent deux nouveaux facteurs pronostics dans les cancers du sein, indépendants du sous-type de cancers du sein et de l’envahissement ganglionnaire. En effet, un fort contenu en CAF-S4 y est associé avec un développement ultérieur de métastases à longue distance. Ainsi, analyser le contenu fibroblastique des ganglions axillaires au diagnostic pourrait constituer une information nouvelle et utile à la prise en charge des patientes<br>Breast cancers are the most common cancers in women and despite great improvements in treatments, they are still responsible for many deaths worldwide. They are classified into 3 main molecular subtypes: Luminal cancers are the most frequent ones, while HER2 and TN are the most aggressive. At diagnostic, lymph node involvement is also assessed as it constitutes, in addition to molecular classification, a strong prognostic marker. Indeed, it informs on the risk to develop further distant metastases, which is the main cause of death by cancer. Solid tumors, including breast cancers, are complex ecologies comprising numerous different cell types that interact with cancer cells. Among them, cancer-associated-fibroblasts (CAF) are the most abundant and actively participate in many tumor hallmarks such as tumor growth, invasion, immunosuppression and angiogenesis. However, they do not constitute a homogeneous population but so far, only few studies have characterized this heterogeneity and linked it to CAF previously described functions. In this project, we focused on the potential involvement of CAF heterogeneity in breast cancer metastatic spread. Combining the analysis of several CAF markers, we showed that invaded LN comprise 4 CAF subsets (CAF-S1, S2, S3 and S4), similar to those found in primary tumors. Interestingly, the two myofibroblastic subsets (αSMA+) CAF-S1 and especially CAF-S4 preferentially accumulate in metastatic LN and present the same transcriptomic profiles in both tumors and LN. Importantly, both CAF-S1 and CAF-S4 display pro-invasive properties, by acting at different levels on tumor cells. On the one hand, highly motile CAF-S1 stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and EMT initiation. On the other hand, CAF-S4 exhibit an important contractility and by remodeling the matrix they are able to promote tumor cell invasion in 3D. Functional studies highlight a CXCL12/TGFβ involvement in CAF-S1 functions while CAF-S4 pro-invasive phenotype appears to be Notch-dependent. In agreement with these data, we found that CAF accumulation and subset enrichment in involved LN were two new prognostic factors, independent of breast cancer molecular subtypes and LN status at diagnosis. Indeed, stromal rich LN with a predominance of CAF-S4 are associated with long distance metastases development and poor overall survival. Thus, we propose that analyzing LN fibroblastic content at diagnosis could constitute new and useful information to breast cancer patients’ care
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Paradza, Masimba Wellington. "Development of a neural network based model for predicting the occurrence of spread F within the Brazilian sector." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005245.

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Spread F is a phenomenon of the ionosphere in which the pulses returned from the ionosphere are of a much greater duration than the transmitted ones. The occurrence of spread F can be predicted using the technique of Neural Networks (NNs). This thesis presents the development and evaluation of NN based models (two single station models and a regional model) for predicting the occurrence of spread F over selected stations within the Brazilian sector. The input space for the NNs included the day number (seasonal variation), hour (diurnal variation), sunspot number (measure of the solar activity), magnetic index (measure of the magnetic activity) and magnetic position (latitude, magnetic declination and inclination). Twelve years of spread F data measured during 1978 to 1989 inclusively at the equatorial site Fortaleza and low latitude site Cachoeira Paulista are used in the development of an input space and NN architecture for the NN models. Spread F data that is believed to be related to plasma bubble developments (range spread F) were used in the development of the models while those associated with narrow spectrum irregularities that occur near the F layer (frequency spread F) were excluded. The results of the models show the dependency of the probability of spread F as a function of local time, season and latitude. The models also illustrate some characteristics of spread F such as the onset and peak occurrence of spread F as a function of distance from the equator. Results from these models are presented in this thesis and compared to measured data and to modelled data obtained with an empirical model developed for the same purpose.
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Küsgen, Jörg. "Entwicklung von Kreditrisikopreisen und externen Ratings : eine systematische Überblicksanalyse /." Hamburg : Diplomica Verl, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015791521&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Wolff, Jürgen. "Eine Intermarket-Analyse der Komponenten der Geld-Brief-Spanne : am Beispiel des deutschen Aktienmarktes /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2003. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016960607&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Küster-Simić, André. "Orderbuchtransparenz, Bietverhalten und Liquidität /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2001. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009498556&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Thompson, G. "The Effects of Navel Orange Prorate Suspension on F. O. B. to Retail Price Spreads." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215711.

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The effects of the navel orange prorate suspension on packinghouse to retail price spreads are analyzed When compared with price spreads for the 1986 season, F.o.b.-retail price spreads declined for Atlanta and San Francisco, but increased for Dallas.
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Hjertberg, Jenny. ""Ja fast fler sanningar kontra att försöka sprida ett budskap det är ju två olika saker tycker jag" : En studie om lågstadielärares historieförståelse." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Pedagogiskt arbete, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-24019.

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Syftet med den här studien var att synliggöra F-3 lärares historieförståelse. Ambitionen med detta synliggörande var att bidra med en fördjupad insikt om potentialen av F-3 lärares historieförståelse vad gäller möjligheter att främja elevers tolerans och kritiska förmåga. Studiens syfte och frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer med F-3 lärare som undervisar i historia. Data analyserades med inspiration av en fenomenografisk ansats och med teorier om en historieförståelse utifrån perspektivets och sammanhangets betydelse och Rüsens typologi om olika funktioner av berättande. Resultatet tyder på att hälften av de studerade lärarna har en traditionell historieförståelse, vilket betyder att historia framställs som något faktiskt och statiskt. Resterande lärare kan relateras till en genetisk historieförståelse, vilket betyder att historia betraktas utifrån flera perspektiv och sammanhang. Med en sådan historieförståelse är det möjligt att främja elevers tolerans och kritiska tänkande då flera förståelser framhävs. Detta talar för att låta elever möta historia som utgår från en genetisk förståelse redan i lågstadiet, eftersom det är i grundskolans tidigare år som grunden för all utveckling läggs.<br><p>SO</p>
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Costa, Juliana Nascimento da. "Estudo da estabilidade de maracujà (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa degener) em pÃ, proveniente de cultivo orgÃnico." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8523.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>O maracujà à um fruto originÃrio da AmÃrica Tropical, sendo cultivado em paÃses de climas tropical e subtropical, pertencente à famÃlia Passifloraceae, gÃnero Passiflora. O Brasil à o maior produtor mundial de maracujÃ, sendo o maracujÃ-amarelo ou azedo, o mais cultivado, tendo sua produÃÃo voltada ao consumo in natura e à industrializaÃÃo. Dentre os mÃtodos de cultivo do maracujÃ, tem-se a produÃÃo pelo sistema orgÃnico, ainda incipiente no Brasil, no entanto, jà existe grande demanda, principalmente no mercado Europeu, se tornando uma prÃtica cada vez mais comum, visando aliar qualidade de produtos alimentÃcios com a preservaÃÃo ambiental. O MaracujÃ-amarelo à muito apreciado na alimentaÃÃo humana pelo seu sabor intenso e aroma exÃtico, no entanto, a sua elevada perecibilidade dificulta o aumento da vida pÃs-colheita e armazenamento in natura dos frutos. Considerando as tendÃncias atuais por alimentos nutritivos e de rÃpido preparo, a sua utilizaÃÃo sob a forma desidratada, consiste em uma interessante alternativa para a reduÃÃo de perdas, agregar valor ao produto e proporcionar outras maneiras de consumo da fruta. Com base nessas informaÃÃes, o objetivo do trabalho à avaliar a estabilidade do pà de maracujà amarelo, proveniente de cultivo orgÃnico, obtido por spray drying, durante armazenamento por 360 dias, sob temperatura ambiente (Â25ÂC), caracterizando-o quanto aos aspectos fÃsico-quÃmicos, quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos, acompanhando assim a qualidade desse produto ao longo de sua vida de prateleira. O produto em pà orgÃnico foi cedido por uma empresa processadora de frutos, localizada em Ubajara/CE. ApÃs o processamento as amostras foram levadas para o LaboratÃrio de Frutos e HortaliÃas e Microbiologia de Alimentos do DTA/CCA/UFC em Fortaleza, CE, onde foram mantidas à temperatura ambiente (Â25ÂC) durante os procedimentos analÃticos. Os pÃs de maracujà foram avaliados a cada 30 dias, durante 360 dias de armazenamento, quanto aos seguintes parÃmetros: pH, sÃlidos solÃveis, acidez titulÃvel, SS/AT, atividade de Ãgua, umidade, cinzas, higroscopicidade, solubilidade, aÃÃcares solÃveis totais, aÃÃcares redutores, coordenadas de cor L* a*, b*, croma (c*) e hue ( h*), flavonÃides-amarelos, polifenÃis extraÃveis totais, clorofila total, Ãcido ascÃrbico e &#946;-caroteno. O pà de maracujà orgÃnico manteve-se praticamente estÃvel durante os 360 dias de armazenamento, sob temperatura ambiente (Â25ÂC), oferecendo um grande potencial de utilizaÃÃo, por apresentar adequada retenÃÃo de Ãcido ascÃrbico, higroscopicidade desejada, baixa atividade de Ãgua, pH Ãcido estÃvel, altos teores de cinzas, aÃÃcares, polifenÃis extraÃveis totais e resultados microbiolÃgicos satisfatÃrios, estando o produto sob Ãtimas condiÃÃes higiÃnico-sanitÃrias, apto para o consumo humano.<br>Passion fruit is a fruit which originates from Tropical America, is cultivated in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, and belongs to the Passifloracea family and Passiflora genus. Brazil is the largest producer of passion fruit in the world, and yellow or sour passion fruit is the most cultivated. Its production has focused on in natura consumption and industrialization. Among the methods of cultivation of passion fruit, the organic production system stands out. It is still incipient in Brazil, but there is great demand, especially in the European market, as it is becoming a common practice in order to combine food quality with environmental preservation. The yellow passion fruit is highly appreciated for the intense flavor and exotic aroma of this fruit, but it has high perishability which makes it difficult to increase the postharvest life and storage of in natura fruits. Considering the current trends in nutritional foods, which canbe prepared quickly their use in dehydrated form is an interesting alternative to reduce losses, add value to the product and provide other ways consume the fruit. Based on this information, the study aims to evaluate the stability of the passion fruit powder from organic cultivation, obtained by spray drying, during 360 days of storage at room temperature (Â25ÂC), characterizing it as to the physical-chemical, chemical and microbiological aspects, monitoring the quality of the product throughout its shelf life. The organic powder product was obtained from a fruit processing company, located in Ubajara, Ceara, north-east Brazil. After processing, the samples were taken to the Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory and to Food Microbiology Laboratory of DTA/CCA/UFC in Fortaleza, where they were kept at room temperature (Â25ÂC) during the analytical procedures. The passion fruit powder was evaluated every 30 days during 360 days of storage, for the following parameters: pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, SS/AT, water activity, moisture, ash, hygroscopicity, solubility, soluble sugars, reducers sugars, color coordinates L*, a*, b*, chroma (c*) and Hue (H*), total anthocyanins, yellow flavonoids, total extractable polyphenols, total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and &#946;-carotene. The passion fruit powder remained stable during 360 days of storage at room temperature (Â25ÂC), offering a great potential for use. It presented adequate retention of ascorbic acid, hygroscopicity desired, low water activity, acid pH stable, high levels of ash, sugars, total extractable polyphenols and satisfactory microbiological result so that the product was in optimum hygienic and sanitary condition, fit for human consumption.
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Books on the topic "Spread F"

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1890-1969, Spreng Robert, ed. Robert Spreng und seine Fotodokumentation zu O.R. Salvisbergs Verwaltungsgebäude der F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel: Robert Spreng and his photographs of O.R. Salvisberg's executive office building for F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd in Basel. Editiones Roche, 2001.

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Calvert, Wynne. Equatorial Spread F; NBS Technical Note 145. Hassell Street Press, 2021.

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Glover, F. N. Survey of Spread-F; NBS Technical Note 82. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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Golf, John. F*cking Spread of Disease: Swear Words Coloring and Activity Book for Teens and Adults with 30 Pictures of Foul Mouths of VIRUS in Size 8. 5x11 Inches Page Each. Independently Published, 2020.

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Press, What The Fork, and What The Fork Press Weekly Meal Plans. What the Fork Should I Make for Dinner Weekly Meal Planner for 52 Weeks: Funny What the F**k Menu Planner 2 Full Page Spread for each Week, Breakfast, ... Notes, Funny & Practical Gag Gift , 8 x 10. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

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Spitzer, Hugh D., and Robert F. Utter. The Washington State Constitution. Greenwood, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216192992.

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Providing a useful starting point for practitioners and others interested in working with Washington's basic legal document, this original reference work describes each article and each section of the State Constitution in turn, outlining the historical background of the section, its predecessors or relatives in the U.S. or other state constitutions, and key interpretive cases. The Introduction, written by retired State Supreme Court Justice Robert F. Utter, describes the increasing interest in state constitutions during the past quarter-century and outlines how federal courts have come to rely on Washington State's constitution as an independent source of rights protections. The article of the Constitution described at greatest length is Article I, the declaration of Rights. It contains 35 sections covering religious freedom, protection of speech and privacy, the right to bear arms, rights of the accused, a prohibition of a standing army, and many other provisions. Of the remaining 31 articles, many have their origins in other state constitutions, particularly those of western states, while a few sections are unique in their language. The paramount duty clause of the education article is an example of language that originated first in Washington, although it has cousins in other state constitutions that entrench the concept of common schools that spread throughout the nation after 1830.
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Parkinson, Michael, John P. Dalton, and Sandra M. O’Neill. Fasciolosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0079.

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Liver fluke disease, or fasciolosis, of livestock and humans is caused by endoparasitic trematodes of the genus Fasciola. Fasciola hepatica is responsible for the disease in temperate climates whereas F. gigantica is found in tropical zones. Recently, hybrids between F. hepatica and F. gigantica have been described (Le et al. 2008, Periago et al. 2008). Fasciolosis is a true zoonoses as it is predominantly a disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans at a specific stage of the parasite’s complex life cycle. There are a number of definitive hosts which includes sheep, cattle, and humans but this parasite has evolved to infect many other mammalian hosts including pigs, dogs, alpacas, llamas, rats, and goats (Apt et al. 1993; Chen and Mott 1990; Esteban et al. 1998). While prevalence of infection in humans may be relatively low in relation to animals, in specific geographic locations, for example in Bolivia, the prevalence of fasciolosis is so high in the human populations (hyperendemic) that it contributes to the spread of disease in animals (Esteban et al. 1999; Mas-Coma et al. 1999).Archeological studies showing Fasciola eggs in ancient mummies in Egypt demonstrate that fasciolosis is an ancient human disease (David 1997). Sporadic cases of fasciolosis were reported in Egypt in 1958 (Kuntz et al. 1958). The first to carry out an extensive review on human fasciolosis were Chen and Mott (1990). They reported 2,595 cases in over 40 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the western Pacifi c from 1970 – 1990. This review raised awareness of fasciolosis in humans and triggered a growth in epidemiological studies and a consequential dramatic increase in reporting of cases in the literature. Now human fasciolosis is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an important disease in humans with an estimated 2.4 million people infected annually and 180 million at risk to infection in over 61 countries (Haseeb et al. 2002). There have been several cases of large scale epidemics in France (Dauchy et al. 2007), Egypt (Curtale et al. 2007) and Iran (Rokni et al. 2002).However, the only extensive epidemiological studies to determine the rate of infection have been carried out in Egypt and Bolivia (Curtale et al. 2003, 2007; Esteban et al. 2002; Parkinson et al. 2007). These studies have shown that co-infection with other diseases is a common occurrence and this may lead to under-reporting of the incidence of fasciolosis (Esteban et al. 2003; Maiga et al. 1991). In many countries, the overall rates of infection are extrapolated from sporadic reports of the disease and, consequently, worldwide disease prevalence is uncertain. In this chapter we will review the cause and effect of human fasciolosis, and particularly highlight important considerations in designing control strategies to reduce infection in at-risk communities.
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Journale, Papierschule Planer. Planer 2020 Januar - Dezember: Ein Monats- und Wochenplaner Ab Dem 1. Januar Bis 31. Dezember 2020, der Die Kalender F�r 2019, 2020, 2021, 12 Monatskalender Spreads und 53 Wochen Spreads Umfasst. Independently Published, 2019.

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Journale, Papierschule Planer. Planer 2020 Januar - Dezember: Ein Monats- und Wochenplaner Ab Dem 1. Januar Bis 31. Dezember 2020, der Die Kalender F�r 2019, 2020, 2021, 12 Monatskalender Spreads und 53 Wochen Spreads Umfasst. Independently Published, 2019.

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Journale, Papierschule Planer. Planer 2020 Januar - Dezember: Ein Monats- und Wochenplaner Ab Dem 1. Januar Bis 31. Dezember 2020, der Die Kalender F�r 2019, 2020, 2021, 12 Monatskalender Spreads und 53 Wochen Spreads Umfasst. Independently Published, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Spread F"

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Novak, Robert, and Witold A. Krzymień. "Packet Re-Transmission Options for the SS-OFDM-F/TA System." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0502-8_11.

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Huba, J. D., G. Joyce, and J. Krall. "Three-Dimensional Modeling of Equatorial Spread F." In Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_15.

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Novak, R., and W. A. Krzymien. "A Downlink SS-OFDM-F/TA Packet Data System Employing Multi-User Diversity." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum & Related Topics. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3569-7_19.

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Abdu, Mangalathayil Ali, and E. Alam Kherani. "Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Spread F/Plasma Bubble Irregularity Development." In Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_16.

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Biasetton, Silvia, and Noemi Biasetton. "For F☆ck’s Sake. The Political Narrative of Sex Toys in the Communication of MySecretCase." In Springer Series in Design and Innovation. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49811-4_10.

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AbstractIn the last 20 years, the industry of sex toys has grown exponentially within the Western online market, giving life to new forms of communication regarding topics such as sex and sexuality. However, if on one hand the online sale of sex toys and its related communication allow (once again) the spread of political narratives, on the other they seem to reinforce an individual and self-determining conception of sex and sexuality which preclude its broader understanding within societal norms and omit forms of collective and shared practices related to such topics.To understand the consequences of this paradox, the paper will focus on sex toys as carriers of political narratives related to sex and sexuality, reflecting especially on the role of that online communication might have on their diffusion. To achieve this, the paper will take into consideration the visual communication of MySecretCase as a case study and analyze it through the visual methodology proposed by Gillian Rose [1, 2]. Through the analysis of the communication design strategies adopted by MySecretCase, we aim at interrogating whether—if confined in the virtual space—sex toys can still be considered as carriers of political and collective values, reflecting on the role of communication design in shaping the symbolic narrative around these objects.
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Sekar, R., and D. Chakrabarty. "A Review of the Recent Advances in the Investigation of Equatorial Spread F and Space Weather Effects over Indian Sector Using Optical and Other Techniques." In Aeronomy of the Earth's Atmosphere and Ionosphere. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0326-1_18.

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Bussmann, Rainer W., Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge. "Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng. Verbenaceae." In Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77086-4_102-1.

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Bussmann, Rainer W., Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, and Grace N. Njoroge. "Lippia javanica (Burm. f.) Spreng. Verbenaceae." In Ethnobotany of the Mountain Regions of Africa. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38386-2_102.

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Ikhmayies, Shadia J. "Characterization of Nanocrystalline SnO2:F Thin Films Prepared by the Spray Pyrolysis Technique." In T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364833.ch46.

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Ikhmayies, Shadia J. "Thickness Dependence of the Optical Parameters of Spray-Deposited SnO2: F Thin Films." In TMS2015 Supplemental Proceedings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093466.ch74.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spread F"

1

Rayapati, Phanindra Sampath, Edmund Spencer, Purbi Adhya, and Piyas Chowdhury. "Investigating Ionospheric Spread-F Growth Rates using Ion-neutral and Electron-neutral Collision Frequencies." In SoutheastCon 2025. IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon56624.2025.10971543.

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Drost, Brian, Bruce Thompson, and Mike Mastrianni. "Aircraft Wire Fault Detection and Isolation using Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9539.

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The electrical wire harness system on a modern aircraft is one of the most complex, integral, and hardest to troubleshoot. One of the goals of the COST-A electrical system effort is to develop an approach to monitor wiring at the aircraft level in flight. A number of sensor technologies were studied as well as existing aircraft data that might be used to assess wire integrity and minimize the number of sensors required. The sensor technology selected for further evaluation and validation during the program was the spread spectrum time domain reflectometer (SSTDR). It would be impractical to add a sensor to every wire path. Therefore, sensor data is leveraged with existing electrical health data such as built in test (BIT), and constraint based logic is used to render a comprehensive view of the wiring health of the aircraft. During flight and BIT collection intervals, shorts, opens and intermittents are detected for analysis. After the aircraft lands, this data is processed in the aircraft ground station to provide fault isolation and troubleshooting guidance to the maintainer.
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Bhaneja, P., T. Bullett, and J. Klenzing. "Statistical Analysis and Detection of Spread-F and foF2 Values Using Digisonde and VIPIR Instruments." In 2025 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.23919/usnc-ursinrsm66067.2025.10907109.

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Ba, Djiby, Vincent Vignal, Olivier Heintz, Frédéric Herbst, and Sandra Le Manchet. "Role of the Grain Orientation Spread in the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4028.

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Abstract Duplex Stainless Steels (DSS) are highly important engineering materials due to their generally high corrosion resistance combined with high strength and moderate alloy cost (lower nickel and molybdenum content) compared to standard austenitic grades. They are widely used in various industrial sectors, such as oil &amp; gas (pipes and storage tanks), desalination (evaporators and pumps) and pulp and paper (digester and bleaching reactors) industries. In this paper, the influence of the Grain Orientation Spread (GOS) on the corrosion resistance of DSS was investigated in sodium chloride solution. Corrosion measurements were carried out at the microscale by combining the Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) method, the electrochemical microcell technique and a Peltier heating microstage (temperature range from -20 to 120°C ie -4 to 248°F). Sites were previously selected according to their GOS value. This value was calculated from the crystallographic orientation map derived from Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) measurements. The GOS gives a quantitative description of the crystallographic orientation gradients in individual grains. CPT measurements were carried out in various sites at the specimen surface: in austenite grains, in ferrite grains, at the austenite/ferrite interface with a ratio of 50/50 and in austenite grains containing extremely small ferrite grains. It has been shown that extremely small ferrite grains with a GOS value greater than 1.3° were systematically precursor sit es for pitting. The CPT range was 45–90°C (113–194°F). It was also found that other grains remaine d passive up to 100°C (212°F).
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Swift, Mark. "Assessing the Impact of Insulation Choice on Corrosion in a High Humidity, Dual Temperature Environment Cycling between +5 °C and +80 °C (41 °F and 176 °F)." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10862.

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Abstract The benefits of closed cell, flexible elastomeric foam (FEF) insulation materials have long been appreciated by its users for application in challenging environments, such as marine and offshore. Despite their successful history, it is only recently that efforts have been made to qualify the benefits of FEF systems with respect to mitigating corrosion under insulation (CUI). The work began in 2014 with an assessment of the long-term performance of damaged insulation systems subjected to a continuous salt water spray environment and temperature conditions conducive to the development and spread of CUI. This paper describes the details of a second procedure developed by the testing centre INNCOA to assess the performance of several insulation systems with respect to the ingress of water vapour through a damaged section of the covering layer. The insulation systems were subjected to a continuous cycling within the cold/intermediate temperature regime in order to create favourable conditions for water vapour penetration into the insulation system and consequential CUI development. The results of this evaluation demonstrate that a systems approach to testing better represents real-life conditions for the initiation of CUI caused solely by water vapour ingress. While long term corrosion cannot be prevented, the independent assessment concludes that: ‘Insulation systems operating over a longer period with risk of condensation penetrating the insulation, Flexible Elastomeric Systems are recommended to mitigate corrosion under insulation’.
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Licata, Roberto, and Isaac Benzaquen. "Adoption Of Virtual Twin Technologies For eVTOL Manufacturers, Infrastructure Providers, And Operators." In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1134.

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Developing and operating an advanced air mobility service is challenging in many ways. The technical complexity of the task, the lack of available supporting infrastructure, the regulatory environment, and the necessity of collaboration among all stakeholders are barriers to a wide-spread implementation. Digital tools are now available to the whole industry to tackle those challenges, one of them being the virtual twin experience technology. The virtual twin experience is generated by the digital twin technology applied to a certain domain of application. It is a system of systems designed to provide users with a unique and immersive experience of reality, without physically being present in the real-world environment. It offers capabilities that go beyond traditional means, enabling organizations and users to achieve tasks and insights that were previously not possible. This paper describes how the virtual twin experience is adopted within the advanced air mobility ecosystem, that is comprised of the aircraft manufacturer, the vertiport provider and the operator. It reviews the different business processes on electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicle design and manufacturing, vertiport design, and operations, and highlights the associated benefits of such approach. Through these processes, we will see how the virtual twin experiences shape the future of product design, manufacturing, and operations. It changes the way in which stakeholders collaborate in a complex system of systems context. The paper concludes on the ways that the virtual twin experience provides organizations enhanced visualization and understanding, expanded trade-space exploration, and improved decision-making, and how it enables innovators and enterprises alike with greater visibility, efficiency, flexibility, and compliance.
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Gaska, Thomas, Doug Summerville, Marilyn Gaska, and Yu Chen. "Model Based Engineering for Advanced Integrated Modular Avionics - Focus and Challenges." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12031.

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Advanced Integrated Modular Avionics (A-IMA) will drive new focus and challenges for Model Based Engineering (MBE). First, there is the need to bridge MBE to legacy system elements that were developed without MBE along with the need to handle hybrid Open System Architecture / Integrated Modular Avionics (OSA/IMA) based architectures. Second, there is the need for MBE to be reusable and interoperable across product development cycles as technology insertions occur. Third, there is the need for integration of MBE into synthesizable descriptions that can also be effectively validated for mixed general purpose, safety, and secure computing and networking environments. Fourth is the need for effective application of MBE in hybrid waterfall and agile development environments where target infrastructure is scalable in capability and cost. Fifth is the need for MBE to support partitioned roles across companies, government, and universities where one entity does requirements, one does architecture, one develops components, one provides formal test, and another provides system sustainment. There are a number of industry and university efforts underway to address these focus items and challenges spread across these adjacent MBE complex system domains. This paper is focused on the current state of each of these areas relative to use in A-IMA systems based on industry initiatives and academic research. It uses the driverless car for comparison as an emerging "Advanced Integrated Modular Architecture" and identifies its parallel approaches to address these focused items and challenges. This work is being built on the authors' work exploring dual use technologies being developed for the driverless car domain that will lead to a market of 10 Million autonomous cars operating in 2020. Previous papers have addressed identification of potential advanced automotive dual use transformational hardware and software technologies including many core processing, advanced software autonomy and data fusion components, unified mixed criticality networking, and integrated cyber security for A-IMA. A testbed has also been recently proposed as a mechanism to evaluate these dual use technologies in an A-IMA context. This paper extends the dual use view to include understanding of the best-of-breed avionics MBE environment and how it can be complementary to leveraging a testbed environment in addressing affordable, scalable, and open solutions.
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Julius, William H. "High Temperature Resistant Phenolic for Air Handling Systems." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90342.

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Abstract There are hundreds of different materials of construction currently used for air handling systems. These are selected on the basis of their chemical and physical properties. Whenever non-metallics are specified for hoods and ducts, the major concern has been the fire and smoke. Various regulatory agencies have continually placed new demands on the non-metallic industry. Smoke levels have been reduced to the point where only costly metals can be used due to the corrosive environment. A new high performance phenolic resin has been developed for usage in fiberglass reinforced plastics. This product offers a flame spread and smoke rating of 10 without the usage of any additives. The product offers outstanding heat stability and aging properties to the point where continuously operating temperatures of 450°F can be maintained in many corrosive gases. Its' corrosion resistance in numerous corrosive environments is excellent at elevated temperatures. The product is safe and easy to use in both the shop and in the field. With the development of this new type of phenolic resin, a more cost effective approach to materials might be possible.
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Gysbers, A. C. "Chemistry Considerations of P1 Base Materials to Mitigate Hydrogen Embrittlement Exposure." In CORROSION 2006. NACE International, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2006-06575.

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Abstract The coarse grain heat affected zone of welded structures made of P1 Group 1 and 2 carbon manganese (C-Mn) steels of which ASTM A516 is a common plate specification is subject to formation of high hardness microstructures. This hardenability is a function primarily of the chemistry of the base metal and the t8/5 (800 to 500°C (1472 to 932°F)) cooling rates. This hard zone is subject to hydrogen embrittlement either during fabrication or during service exposure to corrosive environments. This paper reviews the various chemistry prediction tools for heat affected zone (HAZ) hardenability to determine if a rationale could be put forward to define a specific chemistry limit that could be defined by users such as a carbon equivalent (CE) to achieve an HVmax of 248 required by industry standards when exposed to service hydrogen embrittlement. A literature review of the evolution of weldability and hardenability models from 1940 to the present day reveals that there probably is too much spread in the models to readily identify a practical chemistry limit specification alone. The models though do help in understanding the combination of chemistry, post weld heat treatment and weld procedure control implications. Chemistry limits alone would not appear to be sufficient to ensure maximum hardness HAZ’s and supplemental post weld heat treatment and/or rigorous welding procedure controls should be specified. It is suggested that NACE RP0472 consider the concept of t8/5 cooling rate found in BS EN1011-2. Implications of chemistry on the postweld heat treatment (PWHT) and weld procedure controls are identified and suggestions made to consider for these HAZ hardness control options.
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Bock, Peter, та James Reynolds. "Polysiloxane Based Spray-on Insulative Coating for Higher Operating Temperatures, and Better λ Value than Acrylic Spray-on or Spray-applied Foam Insulations". У CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11419.

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Abstract Polysiloxane is an inorganic polymer chemistry with superior properties including temperature tolerance and UV resistance in comparison to organic type polymer chemistries. New R&amp;D efforts in ambient cure, third generation, polysiloxane technology eliminate existing issues of post cure polysiloxane coatings, including low film hardness, anti-corrosion properties &amp; weathering resistance prior to post curing &amp;gt;300 °F. Recent R&amp;D efforts in polysiloxane matrix spray-on insulation have resulted in ultra-high-build and higher temperature capabilities to 400 mils DFT per coat and 750 °F respectively, producing results which exceed limitations of current spray-on insulation materials. Laboratory testing of these polysiloxane based materials confirms much higher temperature tolerances than acrylic spray-on products and insulation performance nearly equal to traditional block, batt and mat-type insulation materials.
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Reports on the topic "Spread F"

1

Kelley, Michael C. Prediction of Equatorial Spread F Based on Assimilation of Daytime GPS Data. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada613105.

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Kelley, Michael C. Prediction of Equatorial Spread F Based on Assimilation of Daytime GPS Data. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628801.

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Kelly, Michael C. Prediction of Equatorial Spread F Based on Assimilation of Daytime GPS Data. Defense Technical Information Center, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573169.

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Oppenheim, Meers, Yann Tambouret, and Yakov Dimant. First Kinetic Simulations of Equatorial Spread-F - Analysis of Kilometer-to-Meter Scale Irregularities. Defense Technical Information Center, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada567574.

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Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228451.

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Bactrocera dorsalis, also known as the Oriental fruit fly, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest originating from tropical south east Asia. It has invaded over 50 countries, causing significant economic damage to a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops through oviposition and larval development. The species thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, with potential to spread to warm temperate regions under irrigation or climate change. Classical biological control efforts against B. dorsalis have primarily involved the introduction of parasitic wasps, such as Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. F. arisanus has shown high effectiveness, with significant reductions in B. dorsalis populations in Hawaii, French Polynesia, and parts of Africa, while D. longicaudata has been less successful. F. arisanus is considered the most promising biological control agent due to its high parasitism rates and adaptability, though it has not established in all regions. Other natural enemies, including various hymenopteran parasitoids and the predatory ant Oecophylla longinoda, have shown limited effectiveness and potential ecological drawbacks. Combining F. arisanus with other biological control agents targeting different life stages of B. dorsalis could enhance overall control efforts.
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Eberle, Caitlyn, Oscar Higuera Roa, and Edward Sparkes. Technical Report: British Columbia heatwave. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/gzuq8513.

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In summer 2021, air temperatures in Canada broke records multiple days in a row as a powerful heatwave spread over the Pacific Northwest, registering over 600 heat-related deaths and setting an all-time high-temperature record for the country at 49.6°C (121.3°F). An insufficient preparedness for such high temperatures meant that emergency response capacity was overwhelmed while the general public was unequipped to deal with anomalous temperatures. As climate change continues to make heat events such as this one more frequent and intense, the lessons learned during this disaster are critical to prepare for the next. This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the British Columbia heatwave through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Shannon. L51584 Effect of Water Chemistry on Internal Corrosion Rates in Offshore Pipelines.pdf. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010643.

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This work is an extension of a program reported in 1984 to establish factors which control corrosion of API line pipe in gas containing carbon dioxide and water. In this phase of the program, there were four objectives. One was to establish the temperature of maximum corrosion in the range of 75�, 100� and 175�F at 1000 psi in water saturated with carbon dioxide at partial pressures of 15 and 50 psia. The next was to explore the role of carbon content and microstructure in the steel, iron carbonate film formation, and resulting corrosion rates. The third was to examine the role of pre-existing mill scale and corrosion films on accelerating pitting attack. The final objective was to extend a spread sheet computer model to calculate corrosion rates from field data. Tests were run in a refreshed, recirculating autoclave at a total pressure of 1000 psi in water saturated with CO2 at partial pressures of 15 and 50 psia, and containing bicarbonate ion to adjust the pH either to 5 or 6. Six materials were tested: ASTM-A53B, two lots of API5LX-X52 and three lots of API5LX-X60. Samples were pulled at intervals for weight loss corrosion and to examine the surface films by electron microscope and metallography. After plotting the weight loss results, corrosion rates in mils per year (MPY) were calculated. The microstructure of the metal, the corrosion films of iron carbonate, and the weight loss results were then examined. The corrosion data were incorporated into a spread sheet computer model for users to calculate their own pipe line corrosion rates.
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8

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, et al. Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228454.

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Bactrocera zonata, commonly known as the peach fruit fly, is a polyphagous pest native to tropical Asia, causing significant damage to various fruit crops, especially guava, mango and peach. It has spread to Southern and south east Asia, Egypt and other North African countries. The introduction of the pest to new areas is primarily driven by international tourism and trade of infested fruit. Its ability to establish in new regions is influenced by temperature and humidity, with potential for expansion under climate change. Despite its severity, few biological control efforts have been documented due to limited knowledge of potential natural enemies. Efforts in Africa have included releasing parasitoids, such as Aganaspis daci, Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and Psyttalia incisi, with partial success. F. arisanus shows promise as a biological control agent, capable of parasitizing B. zonata in laboratory conditions, but may face climatic challenges in North Africa. Other natural enemies have been identified, but their low parasitism rates make them less viable for biological control. Further research is needed to assess the potential of various parasitoids for controlling B. zonata effectively.
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9

Ullman, Diane E., Benjamin Raccah, John Sherwood, Meir Klein, Yehezkiel Antignus, and Abed Gera. Tomato Spotted Wilt Tosporvirus and its Thrips Vectors: Epidemiology, Insect/Virus Interactions and Control. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573062.bard.

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Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to study thrips-TSWV relationships and their role in the epidemiology of the virus with the aim of using this knowledge to reduce crop losses occurring due to epidemics. Our specific objectives were: To determine the major factors involved in virus outbreaks, including: a) identifying the thrips species involved in virus dissemination and their relative role in virus spread; b) determining the virus sources among wild and cultivated plants throughout the season and their role in virus spread, and, c) determining how temperature and molecular variations in isolates impact virus replication in plants and insects and impact the transmission cycle. Background to the topic. Tospoviruses are among the most important emerging plant viruses that impact production of agricultural and ornamental crops. Evolution of tospoviruses and their relationships with thrips vector species have been of great interest because of crop damage caused world wide and the complete absence of suitable methods of control. Tospoviruses threaten crops in Israel and the United States. By understanding the factors contributing to epidemics and the specific relationships between thrips species and particular tospoviruses we hope that new strategies for control can be developed that will benefit agriculture in both Israel and the United States. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We determined that at least three tospoviruses were involved in epidemics in Israel and the United States, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV). We detected and characterized INSV for the first time in Israel and, through our efforts, IYSV was detected and characterized for the first time in both countries. We demonstrated that many thrips species were present in commercial production areas and trap color influenced thrips catch. Frankliniella occidentalis was the major vector species of INSV and TSWV and populations varied in transmission efficiency. Thrips tabaci is the sole known vector of IYSV and experiments in both countries indicated that F. occidentalis is not a vector of this new tospovirus. Alternate plant hosts were identified for each virus. A new monitoring system combining sticky cards and petunia indicator plants was developed to identify sources of infective thrips. This system has been highly successful in the U.S. and was used to demonstrate to growers that removal of plant sources of infective thrips has a dramatic impact on virus incidence. Finally, a putative thrips receptor mediating acquisition of TSWV was discovered. Implications, scientific and agricultural. Our findings have contributed to new control measures that will benefit agriculture. Identification of a putative thrips receptor for TSWV and our findings relative to thrips/tospovirus specificity have implications for development of innovative new control strategies.
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10

พงษ์สามารถ, สุนันท์. การศึกษาสารสกัดคาร์โบฮัยเดรตจากเปลือกทุเรียนเพื่อใช้เป็นสารแขวนตะกอน. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 1989. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.1989.7.

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สกัดสารคาร์โบไฮเดรตจากเปลือกทุเรียน (Durio zibethinus Linn.) เป็น 2 fraction คือ crude fraction (F I) ได้จากการตกตะกอย aqueous extract จากเปลือกทุเรียนสดด้วย 60% alcohol และ purified fraction (F II) ได้จากการทำ crude extract ซึ่งเตรียมจากการตกตะกอน acid-alcohol ของ aqueous extract จากเปลือกทุเรียนสดมาทำให้บริสุทธิ์โดยตกตะกอนซ้ำด้วย alcohol การสกัดตามวิธีทั้งสองจะให้ F I 2.18% และ F II 1.03% ตามลำดับ สารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนมีลักษณะเป็นของแข็ง ผงของสารมีรูปร่างไม่แน่นอน พบมีรูปร่างเป็นก้อนกลมและเป็นไฟเบอร์จากการดูด้วยกล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอนแบบ scanning F I เป็นผงสีน้ำตาลอ่อน F II เป็นผงสีขาวนวล มีกลิ่นเฉพาะ มีรสเปรี้ยวอมขม จากการทำ spray dried ของ F II จะได้เป็นผงละเอียดสีขาด ไม่มีรสขม เมื่อดูด้วยกล้อมจุลทรรศน์อิเลกตรอนแบบ scanning จะเห็นรูปร่างคล้ายฟองอากาศกลมกลวง ผงของสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนจะพองตัวได้ในน้ำให้เป็นของเหลวข้นหนืด สารละลาย 3% ในน้ำของ F I ค่อนข้างขุ่นสีน้ำตาลอ่อน มีความหนืด 130.6 cps และมี pH 5.8 ส่วน F II จะค้อนข้างใสไม่มีสี มีความหนืด 207.6 cps และมี pH 2.8 สารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนมีจุดสลาย (decompose) ที่ 174-176 องศาเซลเซียส F I ประกอบด้วยสารคาร์โบฮัยเดรต 9.20% เทียบกับกลูโคส มีความชื้น 9.10% และมีเถ้า 54.76% ส่วน F II ประกอบด้วยสารคาร์โบฮัยเดรต 9.49% เทียบกับกลูโคส มีความชื้น 12.00% และมีเถ้า 41.45% ไม่พบมีเส้ยใยอาหาร (crude fiber) ในสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียน การวิเคราะห์ธาตุในสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนพบมี carbon (C) 19.33% มี hydrogen (H) 2.72% ใน F I และพบมี carbon 22.89% และ hydrogen 3.24% ใน F II ไม่มี nitrogen (N) พบอยู่ในสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนเลย การวิเคราะห์คุณสมบัติทางเคมีของสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนได้ทำการทดลองพบว่าแสดงคุณสมบัติเป็นสารคาร์โบฮัยเดรตกับ Molisch's test และ Anthrone test แสดงปฏิกิริยาเป็นสาร glycuronate กับ Tollen's napthoresorcinol แสดงคุณสมบัติเป็นสาร polysaccharide กับน้ำยา iodine โดยให้สารสีม่วง-แดง ไม่พบสารreducing sugar เมื่อทำปฏิกิริยา Fehling's test พบว่าสารละลายที่ได้จากการทำ acid hydrolysis ของสารสกัด F I และ F II เท่านั้นที่จะแสดงคุณสมบัติเป็นสาร reducing sugar ได้แต่จะสูญเสียคุณสมบัติการเกิดสีกับน้ำยา iodine ไป สารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนแสดงคุณสมบัติของสาร polyuronide โดยการเกิดเป็นเจลกับสารละลายเกลือของโลหะหนักและแอลกอฮอล์ สายยาว polysaccharide ของสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนจะถูกย่อยได้ด้วยเอนไซม์ amylase จากน้ำลายได้เป็นโมเลกุลสานสั้นลงจนไม่เกิดสีกับ iodine อย่างไรก็ดีการย่อยด้วย amylase จะไม่ย่อยได้หมดอย่างสมบูรณ์จนเป็นน้ำตาลโมเลกุลเดี่ยว ส่วนประกอบของน้ำตาลใน polysaccharide ของสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนได้ตรวจสอบด้วยเครื่อง HPLC สารสกัด F I ประกอบด้วยน้ำตาย 4 ชนิด ที่พบว่าตรงกับ standard rhamnose arabinos fructose และ glucose ในสัดส่วน 2:2:1:18 ในขณะที่ F II ประกอบด้วยน้ำตาล 3 ชนิด ที่พบว่าตรงกับ standard rhamnose arabinose และ glucose ในสัดส่วน 1:1:3 การวิเคราะห์เกลือแร่ในสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนพบมี K 5.64 %ใน F I และ 2.21% ใน F II มี Ca 0.70% ใน F I และ 1.02% ใน F II พบมี Na และ Mg อยู่ใน F I มากกว่าใน F II แร่ธาตุอื่น ๆ ที่พบได้แก่ Al Fe Mn Si Zn และ Cu มีในปริมาณเล็กน้อย พบ Pb น้อยกว่า 0.08 cps ไม่พบมี As ในสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียน การศึกษาการใช้สารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนเป็นสารแขวนตะกอนในยาน้ำแขวนตะกอน พบว่าสารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนสามารถใช้เตรียมยาน้ำแขวนตะกอน Kaolin Mixture with Pectin ได้ผลที่น่าพอใจ ยาเตรียมมีความคงตัวดีและผงยากลับกระจายตัวได้ดี หลังจากตั้งทิ้งไว้นาน 60 วัน สารสกัดเปลือกทุเรียนไม่สามารถใช้แทนสาร CMC ในตำรับยา Calamine Lotion พบมีการเกิดเจลขึ้นหลังจากตั้งทิ้งไว้ 30 วัน และไม่กลับกระจายตัวเมื่อเขย่าอย่างแรง
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