Academic literature on the topic 'Spreader colonies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Spreader colonies"
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Spiers, Andrew J., Sophie G. Kahn, John Bohannon, Michael Travisano, and Paul B. Rainey. "Adaptive Divergence in Experimental Populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. I. Genetic and Phenotypic Bases of Wrinkly Spreader Fitness." Genetics 161, no. 1 (2002): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.33.
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Abstract A central feature of all adaptive radiations is morphological divergence, but the phenotypic innovations that are responsible are rarely known. When selected in a spatially structured environment, populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens rapidly diverge. Among the divergent morphs is a mutant type termed “wrinkly spreader” (WS) that colonizes a new niche through the formation of self-supporting biofilms. Loci contributing to the primary phenotypic innovation were sought by screening a WS transposon library for niche-defective (WS-) mutants. Detailed analysis of one group of mutants revealed an operon of 10 genes encoding enzymes necessary to produce a cellulose-like polymer (CLP). WS genotypes overproduce CLP and overproduction of the polymer is necessary for the distinctive morphology of WS colonies; it is also required for biofilm formation and to maximize fitness in spatially structured microcosms, but overproduction of CLP alone is not sufficient to cause WS. A working model predicts that modification of cell cycle control of CLP production is an important determinant of the phenotypic innovation. Analysis of >30 kb of DNA encoding traits required for expression of the WS phenotype, including a regulatory locus, has not revealed the mutational causes, indicating a complex genotype-phenotype map.
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Feng, Guoping, Amanda Hew, Ramesh Manoharan, and Siva Subramanian. "Impact of Mannanase-Producing Bacillus spp. on the Accuracy of the 3M Petrifilm Aerobic Count Method." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 7 (2017): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-473.
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ABSTRACTConsistent deviations of the 3M Petrifilm aerobic counts (AC) from the standard pour plate aerobic plate count (APC) were observed with dehydrated onion and garlic products. A large study was designed to determine the relationship of these two methods and the root cause for the deviations. A total of 3,800 dehydrated onion and garlic samples were analyzed by both the Petrifilm AC and the standard pour plate APC method. Large spreader-like liquefied areas were observed on numerous Petrifilm plates. These liquefied areas made enumeration inaccurate. “Liquefier” microorganisms from Petrifilm plates were isolated and identified to species level by 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing. Enzyme diffusion assay was performed to determine potential enzymatic degradation of guar gum, the gelling agent used in Petrifilm plates. The results indicated that the correlation between Petrifilm AC and standard APC is relatively low. Paired t test results suggested that the Petrifilm AC method produced significantly different results compared with standard APC. The discrepancies were attributable at least partly to a liquefier organism that hydrolyzed guar gum, leading to liquefaction. Liquefaction of Petrifilm plates seems to have two effects on accuracy: (i) liquefied areas may allow motile organisms to move and multiply in the liquefied area during the incubation period, yielding more than one colony from one cell and, as a result, leading to overestimation of the microbial load and (ii) the blurred areas obscure other colonies, leading to potential underestimation. The liquefier organism was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a potent mannanase producer and heat-resistant spore former. Enzyme diffusion assay confirmed that mannanase contained in the cell-free supernatant of B. amyloliquefaciens can hydrolyze the 1,4-β-mannopyranosyl bond, the backbone of guar gum. This is the first report of the role of B. amyloliquefaciens in the liquefaction of Petrifilm plates and its negative impact on accuracy.
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Teramura, Hajime, Aya Ogura, Linda Everis, and Gail Betts. "MC-Media Pad CC for Enumeration of Total Coliforms in a Variety of Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (2019): 1492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1492.
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Abstract Background: Standard coliform count methods require the preparation of agar, the use of the pour-plate technique, the overlay of agar, and in some cases, the transfer of suspect colonies to broth medium for confirmation. The MC-Media Pad CC for the enumeration of coliforms is a ready-to-use dehydrated sheet medium with no agar preparation, no spreader, and no confirmation step required. Objective: Using a paired study design, the MC-Media Pad CC was compared to standard method ISO 4832:2006 for 10 matrixes including raw ground pork, raw chicken, cream, cream cheese, ready-to-cook vegetable mix, vegetable juice, cooked prawns, crab pâté, ham sandwiches, and cooked rice. Methods: Each matrix was tested at three levels of coliform contamination (approximately 102, 104, and 106 CFU/g). Five replicate 10 g test portions per level were tested in a paired comparison by the MC-Media Pad CC and ISO 4832:2006 methods. In addition, inclusivity/exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results: The candidate and reference methods demonstrated SDs ranging from 0.027 to 0.264 and 0.025 to 0.157, respectively. The difference of means ranged from –0.015 to 0.381, showing no practical difference between the methods. The MC-Media Pad CC detected 58/62 inclusivity strains and correctly excluded 26/31 exclusivity organisms, similar to the reference method. Robustness testing demonstrated no significant change in results when small changes were made to sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1.5 year shelf life. Conclusions: The results support the conclusions that the MC-Media Pad CC is a suitable alternative to the ISO 4832:2006 reference method for the matrixes examined and the data support AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification.
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Jeppesen, Jennie. "Great Grievance: Benjamin Franklin and Anti-Convict Sentiment." Journal of Early American History 11, no. 1 (2021): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-11010007.
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Abstract Perhaps the best known argument that the early American colonies despised convict labour was the Rattlesnake newspaper article penned by Benjamin Franklin. And yet, was there actually a wide-spread anti-convict sentiment? Or was Franklin a lone voice railing against perceived British insults? Framed around the claims made by Franklin, this article is an investigation of primary evidence from the colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, in an attempt to better contextualize Franklins writing against colonial law and other colonial writers and correct the prevailing historical narrative that there was an anti-convict movement.
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Saito, Sho, and Hanako Kurai. "Thin-spread Colonies." Internal Medicine 55, no. 16 (2016): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6926.
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Studer, Nina S. "It Is Only Gazouz: Muslims and Champagne in the Colonial Maghreb." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 73, no. 3 (2020): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2019-0004.
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AbstractFrench authors in the nineteenth century assumed that before the colonial conquest of the Maghreb, all Muslims in the region had abstained from alcohol. As a consequence, they were both surprised at and fascinated by the alcohol consumption of the colonised Muslims in the Maghreb, which they interpreted as an irreversible break with Islam (i.e. turning drinkers into apostates) and a necessary consequence of the spread of French colonialism. Some French authors even tentatively interpreted alcohol-drinking Muslims as showing signs of assimilating French culture and thus – in the colonial worldview – advancing in civilisation, while others regretted both their loss of abstinence as well as their alleged taste for particularly strong forms of alcohol, such as absinthe.This article will focus on the consumption of champagne. The French discourse on Muslim champagne drinkers focused on often ridiculed “justifications”, allegedly reported to French settlers and travellers in the Maghreb, through which Muslims “explained” why the consumption of champagne – as it was only “gazouz”, i.e. lemonade – did not constitute a transgression of one of the most visible of Islamic laws. These colonial descriptions of wine-abstaining, champagne-consuming Muslims offers an insight into how differences were created between coloniser and colonised, between civilised and primitive, and how the consumption of the same drink did not necessarily lead to a shared experience.
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Petrukhina, Daria, Irina Polyakova, and Sergei Gorbatov. "Biocide Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 51, no. 1 (2021): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-1-86-97.
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Introduction. New methods of sterilization with non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma remain an extremely relevant field of food science. The present research estimated the effect of non-thermal argon plasma on lactic acid bacteria obtained from walnuts.
 Study objects and method. The non-thermal argon plasma was generated by electrode discharge induced by a coaxial microwave plasmatron at atmospheric pressure. The discharge was generated in a special electrode construction. Its stability was achieved via low gas flow through the discharge gap. Argon consumption was 10 L/min. The study involved Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus mali in their natural association and vegetative form. Endo’s medium (Endo agar) was inoculated with lactobacilli. 100 μl of the suspension were added into a Petri dish with nutrient medium and carefully rubbed with a spreader. The plates with Endo agar inoculated with lactobacilli were placed under plasma radiation at a distance of 45 mm. The biocidal effect of plasma radiation was estimated by the diameter of the affected areas. After the plasma treatment, the Petri dishes were incubated in an incubator for 24–48 h at 37°C, after which the diameters of the affected areas were measured again.
 Results and discussion. The paper introduces experimental data on the effect of argon plasma on lactobacilli isolated from food. After treating the surface of inoculated Petri dishes with non-thermal plasma for five minutes, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached the diameter of a Petri dish (80 mm) and exceeded the diameter of the spark gap of the plasma generator (36 mm). The temperature on the surface of the nutrient medium during plasma treatment was within the optimal temperature for lactobacillus growth, i.e. 37.3 ± 0.6°C, which excluded thermal effects. Only a few colonies survived a five-minute treatment. After one-minute treatment, the number of survived colony-forming units was considerably higher. 
 Conclusion. Non-thermal argon plasma treatment proved effective in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus isolated from walnuts) on solid surfaces (agar plates). After five minutes of plasma treatment, the inactivated area (80 mm) exceeded the anode electrode cross section (36 mm) of the plasma generator.
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Teramura, Hajime, Aya Ogura, Linda Everis, and Gail Betts. "MC-Media Pad EC for Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliforms in a Variety of Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (2019): 1502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1502.
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Abstract Background: Standard coliform count methods require preparation of agar, the use of pour-plate technique, the overlay of agar, and in some cases, the transfer of suspect colonies to broth medium for confirmation. The MC-Media Pad EC for enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms is a ready-to-use dehydrated sheet medium with no agar preparation, no spreader, and no confirmation step required. Objective: Using a paired study design, the MC-Media Pad EC was compared with standard method ISO 4832:2006. Ten matrixes including raw ground pork, raw chicken, cream, cream cheese, ready-to-cook vegetable mix, vegetable juice, cooked prawns, crab pâté, ham sandwiches, and cooked rice were evaluated in the study. Methods: Each matrix was tested at three levels of contamination (approximately 102, 104, and 106 CFU/g). Five replicate 10 g test portions per level were tested in a paired comparison by the MC-Media Pad EC, ISO 4832:2006, and ISO 16649-2:2001 (Part 2) methods. In addition, inclusivity/exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results: The candidate and reference methods demonstrated standard deviations ranging from 0.034 to 0.188 and 0.028 to 0.181, respectively, for E. coli counts and 0.047–0.188 and 0.025–0.157, respectively, for total coliforms. The difference of means ranged from –0.025 to 0.331 for E. coli and from –0.037 to 0.372 for total coliforms, showing no practical difference between the methods. The MC-Media Pad EC detected 49/50 E. coli and 60/63 coliform inclusivity strains and correctly excluded 30/32 exclusivity organisms for E. coli and 24/31 exclusivity organisms for total coliforms, which was similar to the reference method. Robustness testing demonstrated no significant change in results when small changes were made to sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1.5 year shelf life. Conclusions: The results support the conclusions that the MC-Media Pad EC is a suitable alternative to the ISO 4832:2006 and ISO 16649-2:2001 reference methods for the matrixes examined and the data support AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification. Highlights: The MC-Media Pad EC was approved for Performance Tested Method certification No. 011901.
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Polezzi, Loredana. "Imperial reproductions: the circulation of colonial images across popular genres and media in the 1920s and 1930s." Modern Italy 8, no. 1 (2003): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000074061.
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SummaryThe Fascist phase of the Italian colonial experience was characterized by the diffusion of colonial discourses and imagery across Italian culture. Significantly, it was frequent for the same people to produce texts belonging to diverse genres, often cutting across different media and irrespective of distinctions between elite and popular audiences. Concentrating on representations of the East African territories which were eventually to constitute the Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI), the article analyses the way in which a selected number of images of the colonies spread across different genres and media, arguing in favour of an interdisciplinary approach to colonial processes of representation. Textual and visual mappings of Africa inscribed its territories with European symbols, value systems and signifiers. Geographers and travel writers, in particular, had a fundamental role in creating not only the physical but also the mental space for colonization. They enacted the transformation of East Africa from the dangerous and unmapped setting of the heroic acts of individual explorers to the stage for a collective colonial effort. In their footsteps there followed the discourse of tourism and the tourist industry, which was meant to integrate the image of the colonies with that of the peninsula.
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Coles, Amanda Jo. "Roman Colonies in Republic and Empire." Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340007.
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Abstract The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spreader colonies"
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Lee, Hyewon. "The cult of Rodin words, photographs, and colonial history in the spread of Auguste Rodin's reputation in northeast Asia /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4417.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 31, 2007) Vita. Leaves 196-242 are blank. No reproduction of photographs available due to copyright issues. Includes bibliographical references.
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Casaca, Figueira Carla Sofia. "Languages at war in Lusophone Africa : external language spread policies in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau at the turn of the 21st century." Thesis, City, University of London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17563/.
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This study explores the argument that Postcolonial Africa has been the setting for competing external language spread policies (LSPs) by ex-colonial European countries at the turn of the 21st Century. To explore the topic I examine the case studies of Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, in the time frame of the 1990s to the present. In both case studies is visible the pervasiveness of international European languages that has been fostered by the history, structure and functioning of the international system. African languages mostly remain circumscribed to non-official domains. This linguistic inequality reflects the power relations enacted in society and internationally. It further raises issues of linguistic/cultural human rights and the defence of language and cultural diversity that this study argues for. Associated with the European languages are foreign governments’ policies that support language spread in different measures and, in some cases, are at the origin of the internal language spread policy of the African countries. In Mozambique, my research identified overt external language spread policies undertaken by the governments of Portugal, Brazil, France, UK and Germany. In Guinea-Bissau, research identified external language spread policies undertaken by the government of Portugal, Brazil, France and Germany. Languages are dynamic and the linguistic situation in Africa should not be read as a simple dichotomy of European versus African languages in a positive/negative balance. As it has been deployed, the process of spread of official languages in Africa leads to their de facto supremacy and can be read as a ‘glottophagic’/language cannabalism process (Breton 1991, Calvet 2002b). It is thus imperative that a strong political will supports policies for African languages allowing the maxium participation of the people in the governing process and promoting socio-cultural independence from the outside world (Heine 1992). This study is based on transdisciplinary analysis using elements of sociology of language, sociolinguistics and international relations. Research for this study focused on the qualitative analysis of extensive documentary data and a series of elite interviews.
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Evans, Stephen John. "The introduction and spread of English-language education in Hong Kong (1842-1913): a study of language policies and practices in British colonial education." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493970.
Full textBooks on the topic "Spreader colonies"
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The other Zulus: The spread of Zulu ethnicity in colonial South Africa. Duke University Press, 2012.
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Daley, Bryon A. An integrated assessment of the continued spread and potential impacts of the colonial ascidian, didemnum sp. A, in U.S. waters. U.S. Dept, of Commervce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, 2008.
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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to prevent the spread of Canada thistles in Upper Canada. Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.
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Foster, Douglas A. Restorationists and New Movements in North America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0012.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, Dissent had gained a global presence, with churches from the Dissenting traditions scattered across the British Empire and beyond. This chapter traces the spread of Dissenting denominations during this period, through the establishment of both settler churches and indigenous Christian communities. In the settler colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and the Cape Colony, colonists formed churches that identified with and often kept formal ties with the British Dissenting denominations. The particular conditions of colonial society, especially the relatively weak place of the Church of England, meant that many of the Dissenting denominations thrived. At the same time, these conditions forced Dissenting churches to adapt and take on new characteristics unique to their colonial context. Settler churches in the Dissenting tradition were part of a society that dispossessed indigenous peoples and some members of these churches engaged in humanitarian and missionary work among indigenous communities. By the end of the century, many colonial Dissenting churches had also begun their own missionary ventures overseas. Beyond the settler colonies, Dissenting traditions spread during the nineteenth century through the efforts of missionaries, both indigenous and non-indigenous. Examples from Dissenting churches in the Pacific and southern and western Africa show how indigenous Christian communities developed their own identities, sometimes in tension with or opposition to the traditions from which they had emerged, such as Ethiopianism. Around the world, the nineteenth century saw the formation of new churches within the Dissenting traditions that would give rise, in the twentieth century, to the truly global expansion of Dissent.
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Noorlander, D. Heaven's Wrath. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801453632.001.0001.
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Heaven’s Wrath explores the religious thought and religious rites of the early Dutch Atlantic world. The book argues that the Reformed Church and the West India Company forged and maintained a close union, with considerable consequences. Merchants, officers, sailors, and soldiers found in their faith an ideology and justification for mercantile, martial activities. The company, on the other hand, supported the church financially in Europe and helped spread Calvinism to other continents. Calvinist employees and colonists both benefitted from the familiar, comforting aspects of religious instruction and public worship. But the church-company union had a destructive side, too: Calvinists became the instruments of divine wrath in fighting Catholic enemies and punishing sinners and non-conformers in colonial courts, all of which imposed costs that the small Dutch Republic and its people-strapped colonies could not afford. At the same time, the Reformed Church in the Netherlands contributed to problems later blamed on the West India Company because the church kept an iron grip on colonial hires, publications, and organization. Heaven’s Wrath shows that the expense of the Calvinist-backed war and the church’s meticulous, worried management of colonial affairs hampered the mission and reduced the size and import of the Dutch Atlantic world.
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Trudgill, Peter. The Spread of English. Edited by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.013.002.
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English descends from a set of Germanic dialects spoken 4,000 years or so ago in a small area of the far south of Scandinavia. The arrival of Germanic speakers on the island of Britain a millennium and a half ago led to the growth of the language we now call English. This language remained confined to this island for most of its history and, indeed, was not spoken in all parts of the island until extremely recently. During the last five centuries native-speaker English also spread to the Western Hemisphere and then to the Southern Hemisphere, leading to the development of new varieties of the language in the colonised areas, but also to the massive loss of indigenous languages in the Americas and Australia.
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Mahoney, Michael R. Other Zulus: The Spread of Zulu Ethnicity in Colonial South Africa. Duke University Press, 2012.
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Plank, Geoffrey. Atlantic Wars. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860455.001.0001.
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Atlantic Wars explores how warfare shaped human experience around the Atlantic from the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. Military concerns and initiatives drove the development of technologies like ships, port facilities, fortresses, and roads that made crossing the ocean possible and reshaped the landscape on widely separated coasts. Forced migrations made land available for colonization, and the transportation of war captives provided labor in the colonies. Some wars spread to engulf widely scattered places, and even small-scale, localized conflicts had effects beyond the combat zone. Wars in Africa had consequences in the colonies where captives were sold. Europeans and their descendants held the upper hand in combat on the ocean, but in the early modern period they never dominated warfare in Africa or the Americas. New ways of fighting developed as diverse groups fought alongside as well as against each other. In the Age of Revolution enslaved Africans, indigenous Americans, and colonists in various places rejected cross-cultural alliances and the prevailing pattern of Atlantic warfare. New military ethics were developed with important implications for the governance of the European empires, the security of the new American nation-states, the legal status of indigenous peoples, the future of slavery, and the development of Atlantic economy. The pervasive influence of warfare on life around the ocean becomes apparent only by examining the Atlantic world as a whole.
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Gotman, Kélina. Ecstasy-Belonging in Madagascar and Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190840419.003.0009.
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Choreomania became distinctly political. Missionary physicians and neuroscientists stationed in Madagascar and Brazil compared trance-like revolutionary uprisings to the literature on choreomania. Unlike earlier cases, however, these ‘movement disorders’, large-scale anti-colonial demonstrations characterized by shaking, frothing, falling, and visions—as well as, in Madagascar, ancestor worship—tipped ‘choreomania’ (and ‘epidemic chorea’) into the realm of government administration. Worried that uprisings could take place in other colonies, physicians argued that choreomania spread by pathological sympathy; it migrated. Demonstrators angered at the missionaries’ black hats, gathering at sacred sites, convulsing, and ultimately unseating a pro-European king represent, following Giorgio Agamben, a form of ecstasy-belonging: a state of exception characterized by spirit possession and repossession, through which they take back what is rightly theirs. The disorder of ‘choreomania’ represents a choreopolitics of revolt. Similarly, in Brazil, revolutionary underclasses gathered together in what was dismissed as a ‘choreomaniacal’ epidemic of delusion—a religious psychosis.
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Covey, Alan. The Spread of Inca Power in the Cuzco Region. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.13.
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Colonial documents demonstrate that the Incas thought about and described their origins in different ways: as the invention of a unique imperial ruling title, as the genealogy of royal households descended from previous rulers, and as the unification of many Cuzco area groups to create an imperial heartland. These distinct approaches to the spread of Inca power can be tested archaeologically in different ways, and several models can be dismissed using the material evidence. Archaeological surveys and excavations in the Cuzco region indicate an early growth of Inca power, with a period of expansion and consolidation that preceded the rapid century of imperial campaigns beginning around 1400 ce. Recasting the spread of Inca power as a long-term process that involved men and women from multiple groups helps us see that the Inca project was not complete when Spaniards took control of the Cuzco region.
Book chapters on the topic "Spreader colonies"
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Yasuda, Toshiaki. "Japanese language spread in the colonies and occupied territories." In Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315213378-22.
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Turok, Ivan, Justin Visagie, and Andreas Scheba. "Social Inequality and Spatial Segregation in Cape Town." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_4.
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AbstractCape Town is widely considered to be South Africa’s most segregated city. The chapter outlines the history of social stratification and spatial segregation, including the coercion of colonial and apartheid governments to divide the population by race. Since 1994, the democratic government has lacked the same resolve and capacity to reverse this legacy and integrate the city. The chapter also analyses the changing socio-economic and residential patterns between 2001 and 2011 in more detail. It shows that the extent of segregation diminished between 2001 and 2011, contrary to expectations. It appears that affluent neighbourhoods became slightly more mixed and people in high-status occupations spread into surrounding areas. Some low-income neighbourhoods also became slightly more mixed by accommodating middle class residents. Further research is required to verify and explain these findings.
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Jones, Brad A. "Liberty Triumphant." In Resisting Independence. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754012.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the Stamp Act Crisis, which features prominently in the history of the American Revolution. It raised important questions about ideas of consent and representation, and ultimately the very sovereignty of Parliament in Britain's Atlantic colonies — questions that grew in significance over the following decade. Additionally, the loosely formed methods of resistance adopted by colonists, which included calls for boycotts, violent rioting, and the use of the press to spread ideas and create unity, played a decisive role in colonial opposition to imperial policies in the years to come. For some, the dispute also led to a crisis of identity. The arbitrary actions of Parliament began to cast doubt on the very meaning of British loyalty in the American colonies, which some colonists were ultimately able to resolve only by declaring their independence. For many historians, popular opposition to the Stamp Act was the opening act in a political debate that ultimately ended in rebellion.
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Stasavage, David. "The Spread of Modern Democracy." In The Decline and Rise of Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177465.003.0011.
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This chapter reviews modern democracy that spread first to other lands inhabited by Europeans then into further areas as people freed themselves from European colonial rule. It focuses on the global spread of democracy. It also analyzes modern democracy that has been more likely to take root in places where there is a legacy of state weakness and where rulers need their people. The chapter clarifies the broader definition of democracy, which concludes that the initial share of people living under some form of democracy actually started out quite high. It recounts how democracy fell subsequently as a result of colonization, only to rise again as colonies became independent.
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Severo, Cristine G., and Sinfree B. Makoni. "Using lusitanization and creolization as frameworks to analyse historical and contemporary Cape Verde language policy and planning." In Colonial and Decolonial Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793205.003.0004.
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This chapter analyses the status and spread of Portuguese in Cape Verde, using Lusitanization and Creolization as analytical frameworks. Lusitanization is a colonial and postcolonial political dispositif that led to the spread of Portuguese discourses and institutions in former Portuguese colonies. Lusitanization weaves together slavery, religion, bureaucracy, and race, and establishes Portuguese as a core to these discourses. Creolization is the product of colonial encounters between the Portuguese and Cape Verdeans. Cape Verde played a central role in the Atlantic slave trade, connecting Africa with America, and Angola with Brazil. Sociolinguistically, Lusitanization manifests itself through the production of a form of Portuguese whose origins can be traced back to Christianization; at the same time, Indigenous languages were invented, and old words given new meanings. The interplay between sociolinguistics and history had the effect of racializing Portuguese: mother-tongue Portuguese speakers were assumed to be white, and nationals of Portugal.
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Stasavage, David. "Democracy—and Slavery—in America." In The Decline and Rise of Democracy. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177465.003.0010.
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This chapter explores how Americans, as a result of an intellectual effervescence, created a modern democratic state that spread to the rest of the European world. It highlights the democracy in America that emerged from earlier British ideas transplanted into a new environment. It also shows how the same underlying conditions that produced democracy for white colonists also encouraged the invention and expansion of chattel slavery. The chapter charts the development of popular assemblies in colonial America and looks into alternative interpretations of why colonial American institutions resembled early democracy. It talks about Bernard Bailyn who observed that colonial assemblies were a British practice that refracted to reflect North American conditions.
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Robinson, D. H. "‘The Temper of the People’." In The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862925.003.0004.
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This chapter provides a cultural context for the political debate in eighteenth-century British North America. It charts the emergence and describes the contours of a colonial public sphere, which paralleled similar transformations in European politics during the same period. It explores the media of colonial politics, from newspapers to public oratory, as well as the social settings in which news was spread and debated, from tavern halls to tea gardens, and the codes of conduct that accompanied them, from commerce to refinement. It shows how the colonial public sphere connected with a wider British and European republic of letters, from the circulation of news and opinion around the Atlantic world to the participation of colonists in the Grand Tour. And finally, it discusses the problems and methods of interpreting public utterances.
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Sorkin, David. "The Atlantic World." In Jewish Emancipation. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164946.003.0019.
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This chapter assesses how the Atlantic world of Dutch and British colonies followed the west European pattern of emancipation. Jews were spread across numerous colonies. The thirteen British colonies were not preponderant: each of the communities of “Curaçao, Surinam and Jamaica had more Jews in the mid-eighteenth century than all of the North American colonies combined.” In the British colonies of Canada, Jamaica, and the thirteen colonies, Jews achieved civil rights largely without controversy or conflict. In contrast, Jews organized and campaigned for political rights. In the early American republic, Jews received rights state by state, in Canada colony by colony. In the United States and Canada, political rights were linked to disestablishment of the church and the enactment of religious equality. In Jamaica, it was entwined with race relations.
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Heffernan, David. "Treatise writing and the expansion of Tudor government in mid-Elizabethan Ireland, 1565–1578." In Debating Tudor policy in sixteenth-century Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526118165.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses a wide array of policy developments in mid-Elizabethan Ireland including drives to colonise parts of Ulster and Munster, to establish new systems of crown taxation, to extend the institutions of the English state into the more remote parts of Ireland and to spread the Protestant faith. In doing so it argues that there was a major expansion of the English state in Ireland at this time. This led to an increasing need to find new ways of financing the state apparatus there and the implementation of policies designed to bring more remote parts of the country under control, for instance by establishing colonies in north-east Ulster. It also argues that there was an intensifying of the drive to protestantise the country at this time, in large part owing to the excommunication of Elizabeth I in 1570. Throughout the ‘reform’ treatises written at this time are examined in order to fully examine how these policies were being debated and promoted by officials in Ireland.
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Scanlan, Padraic X. "Bureaucratic Civilization." In The Global Bourgeoisie. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691177342.003.0007.
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This chapter shows how Europe's colonial expansion and imperial economic exploitation contributed to the rise of European middle classes and at the same time shaped European bourgeois culture and values. It points out that Britain's nineteenth-century middle class was as much a product of imperial expansion and the integration of global markets as it was one of religious introspection or the politics of bourgeois respectability. The chapter reveals that the Victorian middle class made, and was made by, the domestic and imperial reform movements of the nineteenth century. Campaigns for reform in imperial governance, for the end of slavery in British colonies, and for the expansion of the British missionary movement shared practices, ideas, and key personnel with many vigorous domestic reform programs. The chapter locates the connections between the imperial and domestic faces of Victorian values in the history of Britain's place in an emerging global capitalism and points to the spread of “Victorianism” far beyond the British archipelago.
Conference papers on the topic "Spreader colonies"
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Du, Huijing, Zhiliang Xu, Morgen Anyan, et al. "Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Cells Alter Environment to Efficiently Colonize Surfaces Using Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80316.
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Many bacteria use motility described as swarming to colonize surfaces and form biofilm. Swarming motility has been shown important to biofilm formation [1], where cells act not as individuals but as coordinated groups to move across surfaces, often within a thin-liquid film [2]. Production of a surfactant during swarm improves bacterial motility by lowering surface tension of the liquid film [2]. The mechanism of cell motion during swarming are currently best described for Escherichia coli and Paenibacillus spp., which spread as monolayers of motile cells [3,4]. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which does not swarm as a monolayer, the cell and fluid patterns are difficult to discern using current experimental methods. It is not yet known if swarming P. aeruginosa cells behave solely as swimming cells [5] or if twitching, sliding, or walking motility [6] are also important to swarming.
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Bhada, Perinaz, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Potential for the First WTE Facility in Mumbai (Bombay) India." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1930.
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The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai’s average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city’s 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present “tipping fees” are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City’s dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.