To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Spreader colonies.
Journal articles on the topic 'Spreader colonies'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Spreader colonies.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Spiers, Andrew J., Sophie G. Kahn, John Bohannon, Michael Travisano, and Paul B. Rainey. "Adaptive Divergence in Experimental Populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens. I. Genetic and Phenotypic Bases of Wrinkly Spreader Fitness." Genetics 161, no. 1 (2002): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.33.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A central feature of all adaptive radiations is morphological divergence, but the phenotypic innovations that are responsible are rarely known. When selected in a spatially structured environment, populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens rapidly diverge. Among the divergent morphs is a mutant type termed “wrinkly spreader” (WS) that colonizes a new niche through the formation of self-supporting biofilms. Loci contributing to the primary phenotypic innovation were sought by screening a WS transposon library for niche-defective (WS-) mutants. Detailed analysis of one group of mutants revealed an operon of 10 genes encoding enzymes necessary to produce a cellulose-like polymer (CLP). WS genotypes overproduce CLP and overproduction of the polymer is necessary for the distinctive morphology of WS colonies; it is also required for biofilm formation and to maximize fitness in spatially structured microcosms, but overproduction of CLP alone is not sufficient to cause WS. A working model predicts that modification of cell cycle control of CLP production is an important determinant of the phenotypic innovation. Analysis of >30 kb of DNA encoding traits required for expression of the WS phenotype, including a regulatory locus, has not revealed the mutational causes, indicating a complex genotype-phenotype map.
2
Feng, Guoping, Amanda Hew, Ramesh Manoharan, and Siva Subramanian. "Impact of Mannanase-Producing Bacillus spp. on the Accuracy of the 3M Petrifilm Aerobic Count Method." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 7 (2017): 1117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-473.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTConsistent deviations of the 3M Petrifilm aerobic counts (AC) from the standard pour plate aerobic plate count (APC) were observed with dehydrated onion and garlic products. A large study was designed to determine the relationship of these two methods and the root cause for the deviations. A total of 3,800 dehydrated onion and garlic samples were analyzed by both the Petrifilm AC and the standard pour plate APC method. Large spreader-like liquefied areas were observed on numerous Petrifilm plates. These liquefied areas made enumeration inaccurate. “Liquefier” microorganisms from Petrifilm plates were isolated and identified to species level by 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing. Enzyme diffusion assay was performed to determine potential enzymatic degradation of guar gum, the gelling agent used in Petrifilm plates. The results indicated that the correlation between Petrifilm AC and standard APC is relatively low. Paired t test results suggested that the Petrifilm AC method produced significantly different results compared with standard APC. The discrepancies were attributable at least partly to a liquefier organism that hydrolyzed guar gum, leading to liquefaction. Liquefaction of Petrifilm plates seems to have two effects on accuracy: (i) liquefied areas may allow motile organisms to move and multiply in the liquefied area during the incubation period, yielding more than one colony from one cell and, as a result, leading to overestimation of the microbial load and (ii) the blurred areas obscure other colonies, leading to potential underestimation. The liquefier organism was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a potent mannanase producer and heat-resistant spore former. Enzyme diffusion assay confirmed that mannanase contained in the cell-free supernatant of B. amyloliquefaciens can hydrolyze the 1,4-β-mannopyranosyl bond, the backbone of guar gum. This is the first report of the role of B. amyloliquefaciens in the liquefaction of Petrifilm plates and its negative impact on accuracy.
3
Teramura, Hajime, Aya Ogura, Linda Everis, and Gail Betts. "MC-Media Pad CC for Enumeration of Total Coliforms in a Variety of Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (2019): 1492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1492.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Standard coliform count methods require the preparation of agar, the use of the pour-plate technique, the overlay of agar, and in some cases, the transfer of suspect colonies to broth medium for confirmation. The MC-Media Pad CC for the enumeration of coliforms is a ready-to-use dehydrated sheet medium with no agar preparation, no spreader, and no confirmation step required. Objective: Using a paired study design, the MC-Media Pad CC was compared to standard method ISO 4832:2006 for 10 matrixes including raw ground pork, raw chicken, cream, cream cheese, ready-to-cook vegetable mix, vegetable juice, cooked prawns, crab pâté, ham sandwiches, and cooked rice. Methods: Each matrix was tested at three levels of coliform contamination (approximately 102, 104, and 106 CFU/g). Five replicate 10 g test portions per level were tested in a paired comparison by the MC-Media Pad CC and ISO 4832:2006 methods. In addition, inclusivity/exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results: The candidate and reference methods demonstrated SDs ranging from 0.027 to 0.264 and 0.025 to 0.157, respectively. The difference of means ranged from –0.015 to 0.381, showing no practical difference between the methods. The MC-Media Pad CC detected 58/62 inclusivity strains and correctly excluded 26/31 exclusivity organisms, similar to the reference method. Robustness testing demonstrated no significant change in results when small changes were made to sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1.5 year shelf life. Conclusions: The results support the conclusions that the MC-Media Pad CC is a suitable alternative to the ISO 4832:2006 reference method for the matrixes examined and the data support AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification.
4
Jeppesen, Jennie. "Great Grievance: Benjamin Franklin and Anti-Convict Sentiment." Journal of Early American History 11, no. 1 (2021): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-11010007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Perhaps the best known argument that the early American colonies despised convict labour was the Rattlesnake newspaper article penned by Benjamin Franklin. And yet, was there actually a wide-spread anti-convict sentiment? Or was Franklin a lone voice railing against perceived British insults? Framed around the claims made by Franklin, this article is an investigation of primary evidence from the colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, in an attempt to better contextualize Franklins writing against colonial law and other colonial writers and correct the prevailing historical narrative that there was an anti-convict movement.
5
Saito, Sho, and Hanako Kurai. "Thin-spread Colonies." Internal Medicine 55, no. 16 (2016): 2325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6926.
Full text
6
Studer, Nina S. "It Is Only Gazouz: Muslims and Champagne in the Colonial Maghreb." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 73, no. 3 (2020): 399–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2019-0004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFrench authors in the nineteenth century assumed that before the colonial conquest of the Maghreb, all Muslims in the region had abstained from alcohol. As a consequence, they were both surprised at and fascinated by the alcohol consumption of the colonised Muslims in the Maghreb, which they interpreted as an irreversible break with Islam (i.e. turning drinkers into apostates) and a necessary consequence of the spread of French colonialism. Some French authors even tentatively interpreted alcohol-drinking Muslims as showing signs of assimilating French culture and thus – in the colonial worldview – advancing in civilisation, while others regretted both their loss of abstinence as well as their alleged taste for particularly strong forms of alcohol, such as absinthe.This article will focus on the consumption of champagne. The French discourse on Muslim champagne drinkers focused on often ridiculed “justifications”, allegedly reported to French settlers and travellers in the Maghreb, through which Muslims “explained” why the consumption of champagne – as it was only “gazouz”, i.e. lemonade – did not constitute a transgression of one of the most visible of Islamic laws. These colonial descriptions of wine-abstaining, champagne-consuming Muslims offers an insight into how differences were created between coloniser and colonised, between civilised and primitive, and how the consumption of the same drink did not necessarily lead to a shared experience.
7
Petrukhina, Daria, Irina Polyakova, and Sergei Gorbatov. "Biocide Effect of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 51, no. 1 (2021): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2021-1-86-97.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. New methods of sterilization with non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma remain an extremely relevant field of food science. The present research estimated the effect of non-thermal argon plasma on lactic acid bacteria obtained from walnuts.
 Study objects and method. The non-thermal argon plasma was generated by electrode discharge induced by a coaxial microwave plasmatron at atmospheric pressure. The discharge was generated in a special electrode construction. Its stability was achieved via low gas flow through the discharge gap. Argon consumption was 10 L/min. The study involved Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus mali in their natural association and vegetative form. Endo’s medium (Endo agar) was inoculated with lactobacilli. 100 μl of the suspension were added into a Petri dish with nutrient medium and carefully rubbed with a spreader. The plates with Endo agar inoculated with lactobacilli were placed under plasma radiation at a distance of 45 mm. The biocidal effect of plasma radiation was estimated by the diameter of the affected areas. After the plasma treatment, the Petri dishes were incubated in an incubator for 24–48 h at 37°C, after which the diameters of the affected areas were measured again.
 Results and discussion. The paper introduces experimental data on the effect of argon plasma on lactobacilli isolated from food. After treating the surface of inoculated Petri dishes with non-thermal plasma for five minutes, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached the diameter of a Petri dish (80 mm) and exceeded the diameter of the spark gap of the plasma generator (36 mm). The temperature on the surface of the nutrient medium during plasma treatment was within the optimal temperature for lactobacillus growth, i.e. 37.3 ± 0.6°C, which excluded thermal effects. Only a few colonies survived a five-minute treatment. After one-minute treatment, the number of survived colony-forming units was considerably higher. 
 Conclusion. Non-thermal argon plasma treatment proved effective in inhibiting the growth of gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus isolated from walnuts) on solid surfaces (agar plates). After five minutes of plasma treatment, the inactivated area (80 mm) exceeded the anode electrode cross section (36 mm) of the plasma generator.
8
Teramura, Hajime, Aya Ogura, Linda Everis, and Gail Betts. "MC-Media Pad EC for Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliforms in a Variety of Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 5 (2019): 1502–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/102.5.1502.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Standard coliform count methods require preparation of agar, the use of pour-plate technique, the overlay of agar, and in some cases, the transfer of suspect colonies to broth medium for confirmation. The MC-Media Pad EC for enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliforms is a ready-to-use dehydrated sheet medium with no agar preparation, no spreader, and no confirmation step required. Objective: Using a paired study design, the MC-Media Pad EC was compared with standard method ISO 4832:2006. Ten matrixes including raw ground pork, raw chicken, cream, cream cheese, ready-to-cook vegetable mix, vegetable juice, cooked prawns, crab pâté, ham sandwiches, and cooked rice were evaluated in the study. Methods: Each matrix was tested at three levels of contamination (approximately 102, 104, and 106 CFU/g). Five replicate 10 g test portions per level were tested in a paired comparison by the MC-Media Pad EC, ISO 4832:2006, and ISO 16649-2:2001 (Part 2) methods. In addition, inclusivity/exclusivity, robustness, and product consistency and stability were evaluated. Results: The candidate and reference methods demonstrated standard deviations ranging from 0.034 to 0.188 and 0.028 to 0.181, respectively, for E. coli counts and 0.047–0.188 and 0.025–0.157, respectively, for total coliforms. The difference of means ranged from –0.025 to 0.331 for E. coli and from –0.037 to 0.372 for total coliforms, showing no practical difference between the methods. The MC-Media Pad EC detected 49/50 E. coli and 60/63 coliform inclusivity strains and correctly excluded 30/32 exclusivity organisms for E. coli and 24/31 exclusivity organisms for total coliforms, which was similar to the reference method. Robustness testing demonstrated no significant change in results when small changes were made to sample volume, incubation temperature, and incubation time. The product consistency study demonstrated no significant difference between lots of product and supported the 1.5 year shelf life. Conclusions: The results support the conclusions that the MC-Media Pad EC is a suitable alternative to the ISO 4832:2006 and ISO 16649-2:2001 reference methods for the matrixes examined and the data support AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM certification. Highlights: The MC-Media Pad EC was approved for Performance Tested Method certification No. 011901.
9
Polezzi, Loredana. "Imperial reproductions: the circulation of colonial images across popular genres and media in the 1920s and 1930s." Modern Italy 8, no. 1 (2003): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000074061.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe Fascist phase of the Italian colonial experience was characterized by the diffusion of colonial discourses and imagery across Italian culture. Significantly, it was frequent for the same people to produce texts belonging to diverse genres, often cutting across different media and irrespective of distinctions between elite and popular audiences. Concentrating on representations of the East African territories which were eventually to constitute the Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI), the article analyses the way in which a selected number of images of the colonies spread across different genres and media, arguing in favour of an interdisciplinary approach to colonial processes of representation. Textual and visual mappings of Africa inscribed its territories with European symbols, value systems and signifiers. Geographers and travel writers, in particular, had a fundamental role in creating not only the physical but also the mental space for colonization. They enacted the transformation of East Africa from the dangerous and unmapped setting of the heroic acts of individual explorers to the stage for a collective colonial effort. In their footsteps there followed the discourse of tourism and the tourist industry, which was meant to integrate the image of the colonies with that of the peninsula.
10
Coles, Amanda Jo. "Roman Colonies in Republic and Empire." Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, no. 1 (2020): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.
11
Agustí, Gemma, Oihane Astola, Elisabeth Rodríguez-Güell, Esther Julián, and Marina Luquin. "Surface Spreading Motility Shown by a Group of Phylogenetically Related, Rapidly Growing Pigmented Mycobacteria Suggests that Motility Is a Common Property of Mycobacterial Species but Is Restricted to Smooth Colonies." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 20 (2008): 6894–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00572-08.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Motility in mycobacteria was described for the first time in 1999. It was reported that Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium avium could spread on the surface of solid growth medium by a sliding mechanism and that the presence of cell wall glycopeptidolipids was essential for motility. We recently reported that Mycobacterium vaccae can also spread on growth medium surfaces; however, only smooth colonies presented this property. Smooth colonies of M. vaccae do not produce glycopeptidolipids but contain a saturated polyester that is absent in rough colonies. Here, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium chubuense, Mycobacterium gilvum, Mycobacterium obuense, and Mycobacterium parafortuitum, which are phylogenetically related to M. vaccae, are also motile. Such motility is restricted to smooth colonies, since natural rough mutants are nonmotile. Thin-layer chromatography analysis of the content of cell wall lipids confirmed the absence of glycopeptidolipids. However, compounds like the above-mentioned M. vaccae polyester were detected in all the strains but only in smooth colonies. Scanning electron microscopy showed great differences in the arrangement of the cells between smooth and rough colonies. The data obtained suggest that motility is a common property of environmental mycobacteria, and this capacity correlates with the smooth colonial morphotype. The species studied in this work do not contain glycopeptidolipids, so cell wall compounds or extracellular materials other than glycopeptidolipids are implicated in mycobacterial motility. Furthermore, both smooth motile and rough nonmotile variants formed biofilms on glass and polystyrene surfaces.
12
Kal, Hong. "Modeling the West, Returning to Asia: Shifting Politics of Representation in Japanese Colonial Expositions in Korea." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 3 (2005): 507–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001041750500023x.
Full textAbstract:
The world exposition stemmed from the specific context of nineteenth-century Europe, but by the end of that century, its practice had already spread to the colonies as the imperial powers organized a number of colonial expositions. The colonial exposition was meant to represent colonialism as fundamental to the progress of both the metropole and the colony. The ideas of “progress” and “modernity” were represented in such a way that colonial subjects would acknowledge the benevolent contribution of imperial rule to the development of the colony. This historical practice attracted not only nations that had already achieved imperial status, but also nations such as Japan that were aspiring to become an imperial power.
13
Sanders, Douglas E. "377 and the Unnatural Afterlife of British Colonialism in Asia." Asian Journal of Comparative Law 4 (2009): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000417.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe late 19th century saw the spread of anti-homosexual criminal laws to British colonies. The iconic example was the Indian Penal Code of 1860, with its prohibition of ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature,’ a rewriting of the anti-Catholic ‘buggery’ law of 1534. The language of 377 travelled around the British colonial world. France and certain other parts of Europe had decriminalized homosexual acts a century earlier, so the colonial powers of Europe spoke with different voices. Modern decriminalization is largely the product of the human rights era - sixty years since the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
14
SCHVEITZER, ANA CAROLINA. "FOTOGRAFIA E ALTERIDADE FEMININA NA LITERATURA COLONIAL ESCRITA POR ALEMáƒS." Outros Tempos: Pesquisa em Foco - História 13, no. 22 (2016): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v13i22.554.
Full textAbstract:
O colonialismo alemão foi uma experiência de poucas décadas, de 1884 a 1914. Neste peráodo, o desenvolvimento da tecnologia fotográfica, como a invenção e difusão da máquina portátil, possibilitou a propagação e o uso de fotografias nas colônias europeias em áfrica. Logo, diferentes imagens sobre estas regiões foram produzidas e circularam em contexto colonial, promovendo um conhecimento visual a respeito do continente africano. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar de que modo as imagens de mulheres africanas foram mobilizadas para a construção do conhecimento visual nos anos de colonialismo. Para tanto, foram analisadas fotografias publicadas na literatura colonial escrita por mulheres alemãs. O estudo do circuito social dessas fotografias permitiu refletir acerca da alteridade feminina em contexto colonial alemãoPalavras-chave: Colonialismo alemão. Conhecimento visual. Mulheres.PHOTOGRAPHY AND FEMALE OTHERNESS IN THE COLONIAL LITERATURE BY GERMAN WOMEN WRITERSAbstract: The German colonialism was an experience of a few decades, from 1884 to 1914. In this period, the development of photographic technology, as well as the invention and spread of the portable machine, enabled the diffusion and the use of photographs in the European colonies in Africa. Consequently, different images of the regions were produced and circulated into the colonial context, providing a new visual knowledge of the African continent. This research aims to analyse how the images of African women were used for the construction of this visual knowledge during the period of colonialism. Therefore, it”™s been analysed photographs which were published into the colonial literature written by German women. The study of the social circuit of these photographs made it possible to reflect on the female otherness inside the German colonial context. Keywords: German colonialism. Visual knowledge. Women. Fotografáa y alteridad femenina en la literatura colonial escrita por mujeres alemanasResumen: El colonialismo alemán fue una experiencia de pocas décadas, de 1884 a 1914. Durante este peráodo, el desarrollo de la tecnologáa fotográfica, como la invención y difusión de la máquina portátil, permitió el uso de las fotografáas en las colonias europeas en áfrica. Por lo tanto, diferentes imágenes de estas regiones fueron producidas y distribuidas en el contexto colonial, proporcionando un conocimiento visual del continente africano. Esta investigación propone analizar cómo las imágenes de las mujeres africanas fueron movilizadas para la construcción del conocimiento visual en los años de colonialismo. Asá, fueron seleccionadas y analizadas las fotografáas publicadas en la literatura colonial escrita por mujeres alemanas. El estudio del circuito social de estas fotografáas permitió reflexionar sobre la alteridad femenina en el contexto colonial alemán.Palabras clave: Colonialismo alemán. Conocimiento visual. Mujeres.
15
Hindarto, Teguh, and Chusni Ansori. "Sociological perspective on the elimination of Karanganyar Regency as an impact of the 1930s economic depression." Simulacra 3, no. 1 (2020): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/sml.v3i1.7201.
Full textAbstract:
The 1930s economic crisis in the United States had spread throughout the world and caused a number of social, economic, political and cultural impacts, including for the Dutch East Indies colonies. Karanganyar Regency, which was in the Bagelen Residency territory since 1901, had experienced the effects of the economic shock as well. Karanganyar was a district in the Kebumen Regency area. Before becoming a sub-district, Karanganyar was an independent regency and had its head of government from 1832 until 1936. Through literature studies, this paper intended to thoroughly analyze the existence of Karanganyar Regency in the colonial era, find out the background of its elimination, and the process of social change that occurred. To obtain the main variables that cause the elimination of Karanganyar Regency, the researcher utilized the historical comparative method. From the analysis, we concluded that the Economic Depression centred in the United States affected the Dutch East Indies colonies, particularly on the management of the government bureaucracy. This situation demanded the Dutch East Indies government to adapt to social change by removing a number of Regency, including Karanganyar Regency.
16
Sato, Keiko, Masami Naya, Yuri Hatano, et al. "Biofilm Spreading by the Adhesin-Dependent Gliding Motility of Flavobacterium johnsoniae. 1. Internal Structure of the Biofilm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (2021): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041894.
Full textAbstract:
The Gram-negative bacterium Flavobacterium johnsoniae employs gliding motility to move rapidly over solid surfaces. Gliding involves the movement of the adhesin SprB along the cell surface. F. johnsoniae spreads on nutrient-poor 1% agar-PY2, forming a thin film-like colony. We used electron microscopy and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to investigate the structure of colonies formed by wild-type (WT) F. johnsoniae and by the sprB mutant (ΔsprB). In both cases, the bacteria were buried in the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) covering the top of the colony. In the spreading WT colonies, the EPM included a thick fiber framework and vesicles, revealing the formation of a biofilm, which is probably required for the spreading movement. Specific paths that were followed by bacterial clusters were observed at the leading edge of colonies, and abundant vesicle secretion and subsequent matrix formation were suggested. EPM-free channels were formed in upward biofilm protrusions, probably for cell migration. In the nonspreading ΔsprB colonies, cells were tightly packed in layers and the intercellular space was occupied by less matrix, indicating immature biofilm. This result suggests that SprB is not necessary for biofilm formation. We conclude that F. johnsoniae cells use gliding motility to spread and maturate biofilms.
17
Lioy, Simone, Aulo Manino, Marco Porporato, et al. "Establishing surveillance areas for tackling the invasion of Vespa velutina in outbreaks and over the border of its expanding range." NeoBiota 46 (May 14, 2019): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.46.33099.
Full textAbstract:
The yellow-legged hornet Vespavelutina is an invasive alien species in many areas of the world. In Europe, it is considered a species of Union concern and national authorities have to establish surveillance plans, early warning and rapid response systems or control plans. These strategies customarily require the assessment of the areas that could be colonised beyond outbreaks or expanding ranges, so as to establish efficient containment protocols. The hornet is spreading through a mix of natural diffusion and human-mediated transportation. Despite the latter dispersion mode is hardly predictable, natural diffusion could be modelled from nest data of consecutive years. The aim of this work is to develop a procedure to predict the spread of the yellow-legged hornet in the short term in order to increase the efficiency of control plans to restrain the diffusion of this species. We used data on the mean distances of colonial nests between years to evaluate the probability of yellow-legged hornet dispersal around the areas where the species is present. The distribution of nests in Italy was mainly explained by elevation (95% of nests located within 521 m a.s.l.) and distance from source sites (previous years’ colonies; 95% within 1.4–6.2 km). The diffusion models developed with these two variables forecast, with good accuracy, the spread of the species in the short term: 98–100% of nests were found within the predicted area of expansion. A similar approach can be applied in areas invaded by the yellow-legged hornet, in particular beyond new outbreaks and over the border of its expanding range, to implement strategies for its containment. The spatial application of the models allows the establishment of buffer areas where monitoring and control efforts can be allocated on the basis of the likelihood of the species spreading at progressively greater distances.
18
Abreu, Laurinda. "Health care and the spread of medical knowledge in the Portuguese empire, particularly the Estado da Índia (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)." Medical History 64, no. 4 (2020): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2020.40.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article deals with the presence of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries in the early modern Portuguese empire and the dissemination of medical knowledge there. In Portugal itself, the health care sector had been the target of considerable royal interference since the final years of the fifteenth century, during the construction of the early modern state. Regulatory frameworks were established to harmonise health care practice throughout the country and to control the organisation and distribution of the available health care practitioners among local communities. As this was also the time when Portugal was investing heavily in its colonies, how were these policies reflected in the empire? Did health care feature in the Portuguese government’s colonial strategies? How did the official policy to send medical personnel overseas work on the ground? Did it operate at a large enough scale to transform local practices?
19
Betti, Matthew, and Karalyne Shaw. "A Multi-Scale Model of Disease Transfer in Honey Bee Colonies." Insects 12, no. 8 (2021): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080700.
Full textAbstract:
Inter-colony disease transfer poses a serious hurdle to successfully managing healthy honeybee colonies. In this study, we build a multi-scale model of two interacting honey bee colonies. The model considers the effects of forager and drone drift, guarding behaviour, and resource robbing of dying colonies on the spread of disease between colonies. Our results show that when drifting is high, disease can spread rapidly between colonies, that guarding behaviour needs to be particularly efficient to be effective, and that for dense apiaries drifting is of greater concern than robbing. We show that while disease can put an individual colony at greater risk, drifting can help less the burden of disease in a colony. We posit some evolutionary questions that come from this study that can be addressed with this model.
20
Moore, Colin D. "State Building Through Partnership: Delegation, Public-Private Partnerships, and the Political Development of American Imperialism, 1898–1916." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 1 (2011): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000034.
Full textAbstract:
In the first decades of the twentieth century, the United States transformed itself from a commercial republic into a major international actor and acquired its first overseas colonies and dependencies. This article investigates the role of public-private partnerships between American state officials and American financiers in the management and expansion of American empire. Confronted with tepid support from Congress for further imperial expansion and development, colonial bureaucrats looked to investment bankers to accomplish goals for which they lacked the financial capacity and political support to achieve independently. These partnerships were soon formalized as “Dollar Diplomacy,” an arrangement that would govern America's imperial strategy in the Caribbean. This article highlights two theoretical processes: (1) the downstream effects of congressional delegation decisions and their role in motivating institutional adaptations, and (2) the formation of public-private partnerships as an alternative means of state development, and the unique pitfalls of this approach. To illustrate these mechanisms, this article presents historical narratives, based largely on archival research, on the emergence of this Dollar Diplomacy partnership in the formal American colonies, the spread of this system of imperialism to the Caribbean, and its partial collapse during the early Wilson administration.
21
Peake, Bryce. "Methodological Perspectives on British Commercial Telegraphy and the Colonial Struggle over Democratic Connections in Gibraltar, 1914–1941." Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (2018): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i1.1197.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines the privatization of telegraphy in the British Empire from the perspective of Gibraltar, an overseas territory in the Mediterranean. While the history of international telegraphy is typically written from a world-systems perspective, this article presents a key methodological critique of the use of collections spread across many institutions and colonies: archival satellites are not simply reducible to parts of a scattered whole, as archival collections are themselves curations of socially-positioned understandings of Empire. This is especially true of the “girdle round the world” that was British telegraphy. At a meta-historical level, individual archival collections of the global British telegraphy system can be read as histories of colonial administrators’ geographically- and socially- situated perspectives on Empire—namely through what archives have, and have not, preserved. I demonstrate how the documents about telegraphy collected and maintained in the Gibraltar National Archives reflect pre- and post-World War I English, anti-Liberal colonial administrators’ and military officials’ fear that privatization was an opening salvo against the democratic web that held the last vestiges of Empire together.
22
Walker, Timothy. "Atlantic Dimensions of the American Revolution: Imperial Priorities and the Portuguese Reaction to the North American Bid for Independence (1775-83)." Journal of Early American History 2, no. 3 (2012): 247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00203003.
Full textAbstract:
This article explains and contextualizes the reaction of the Portuguese monarchy and government to the rebellion and independence of the British colonies in North America. This reaction was a mixed one, shaped by the simultaneous but conflicting motivations of an economic interest in North American trade, an abhorrence on the part of the Portuguese Crown for democratic rebellion against monarchical authority and a fundamental requirement to maintain a stable relationship with long-time ally Great Britain. Although the Lisbon regime initially reacted very strongly against the Americans’ insurrection, later, under a new queen, the Portuguese moderated their position so as not to damage their long-term imperial political and economic interests. This article also examines the economic and political power context of the contemporary Atlantic World from the Portuguese perspective, and specifically outlines the multiple ties that existed between Portugal and the North American British colonies during the eighteenth century. The argument demonstrates that Portugal reacted according to demands created by its overseas empire: maximizing trading profits, manipulating the balance of power in Europe among nations with overseas colonies and discouraging the further spread of aspirations toward independence throughout the Americas, most notably to Portuguese-held Brazil. The Portuguese role as a fundamental player in the early modern Atlantic World is chronically underappreciated and understudied in modern English-language historiography. Despite the significance of Portugal as a trading partner to the American colonies, and despite the importance of the Portuguese Atlantic colonial system to British commercial and military interests in the eighteenth century, no scholarly treatment of this specific subject has ever appeared in the primary journals that regularly consider Atlantic World imperial power dynamics or the place of the incipient United States within them. This contribution, then, helps to fill an obvious gap in the historical literature of the long eighteenth century and the revolutionary era in the Americas.
23
Caldwell, Jamie M., Megan J. Donahue, and C. Drew Harvell. "Host size and proximity to diseased neighbours drive the spread of a coral disease outbreak in Hawai‘i." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1870 (2018): 20172265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2265.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding how disease risk varies over time and across heterogeneous populations is critical for managing disease outbreaks, but this information is rarely known for wildlife diseases. Here, we demonstrate that variation in host and pathogen factors drive the direction, duration and intensity of a coral disease outbreak. We collected longitudinal health data for 200 coral colonies, and found that disease risk increased with host size and severity of diseased neighbours, and disease spread was highest among individuals between 5 and 20 m apart. Disease risk increased by 2% with every 10 cm increase in host size. Healthy colonies with severely diseased neighbours (greater than 75% affected tissue) were 1.6 times more likely to develop disease signs compared with colonies with moderately diseased neighbours (25–75% affected tissue). Force of infection ranged from 7 to 20 disease cases per 1000 colonies (mean = 15 cases per 1000 colonies). The effective reproductive ratio, or average number of secondary infections per infectious individual, ranged from 0.16 to 1.22. Probability of transmission depended strongly on proximity to diseased neighbours, which demonstrates that marine disease spread can be highly constrained within patch reefs.
24
Denny, C. M. "Development of a method to reduce the spread of the ascidian Didemnum vexillum with aquaculture transfers." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 5 (2008): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn039.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Denny, C. M. 2008. Development of a method to reduce the spread of the ascidian Didemnum vexillum with aquaculture transfers. – ICES Journal of marine Science, 65: 805–810. The colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum was discovered in Shakespeare Bay (New Zealand) in 2001 and now poses a serious threat to the aquaculture industry. I assess several techniques to eliminate Didemnum from Greenshell™ seed-mussels (Perna canaliculus) in order to reduce the spread of the pest species with aquaculture transfers. Simple approaches based on fresh-water immersion proved ineffective or impractical in controlling Didemnum, so different chemical treatments were evaluated. Initial trials were conducted using acetic acid at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10% for a range of exposure times. However, at concentrations or exposure times tolerated by seed-mussels, Didemnum colonies survived with, on average, ∼80% mortality. These results led to the testing of other chemicals, and sodium hypochlorite (bleach) was identified as a potential candidate. It was determined that dipping Didemnum in a 0.5% solution of bleach for 2 min was a 100% effective method of treatment that also left seed-mussels relatively unaffected.
25
Lee, Taekjun, and Sook Shin. "First Record of Colonial Ascidian, Botrylloides diegensis Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 (Ascidiacea, Stolidobranchia, Styelidae), in South Korea." Water 13, no. 16 (2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162164.
Full textAbstract:
Botrylloides species are important members of the fouling community colonizing artificial substrates in harbors and marinas. During monitoring in 2017–2020 of non-indigenous species in Korea, one colonial ascidian species was distinctly different from other native colonial ascidians, such as B. violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri, in South Korea. This species was identified as B. diegensis. DNA barcodes with mitochondrial COI were used to identify one-toned and two-toned colonies of B. diegensis. Intraspecific variations between Korean and other regions of B. diegensis from the NCBI ranged from 0.0% to 1.3%. The Korean B. diegensis was clearly distinct from other species of Botrylloides at 15.8–24.2%. In phylogenetic analysis results, Korean B. diegensis was established as a single clade with other regions of B. diegensis and was clearly distinct from Korean B. violaceus. After reviewing previous monitoring data, it was found that two-toned B. diegensis was already found in six harbors by July 2017. It has now spread into 14 harbors along the coastal line of South Korea. This means that B. diegensis might have been introduced to South Korea between 1999 and 2016.
26
Nennstiel, Ulrike. "Chances for Socially Sustainable Development in Guam as One of the Remaining Colonies." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 5 (2019): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n5p373.
Full textAbstract:
While colonialism might have some positive effects on the economy in the short term, it definitely impedes socially and ecologically sustainable development. Based on expert interviews with representatives of various NGOs and university professors, the paper discusses the chances of socially sustainable development in Guam as one of the colonies left today. The results show that colonialism today is having no less negative impacts on sustainable development than in the past. The economic conditions may have improved for some people, but socioeconomic inequalities have hardly decreased. Within former communities as well as among newcomers, many families are disrupted, addiction and suicide have spread particularly among youths and the number of homeless people is increasing. It becomes very clear that colonial and postcolonial conditions have to be overcome as a precondition to sustainable development.Keywords: Colonialism, social and ecological sustainability, Pacific islands
27
Clark, Emily. "MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE: THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA." Historical Journal 42, no. 3 (1999): 903–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x99008687.
Full textAbstract:
Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9. £12.95.The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government, 1769–1803. By Gilbert C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868. By Caryn Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN 0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates currently shaping early American history.
28
Soto-Santiago, Francisco J., and Ernesto Weil. "Incidence and Spatial Distribution of Caribbean Yellow Band Disease in La Parguera, Puerto Rico." Journal of Marine Biology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/510962.
Full textAbstract:
The incidence and spatial distribution patterns of Caribbean Yellow Band Disease (CYBD) on the important frame-builder coralMontastraea faveolatawere assessed by counting, tagging, and mapping all diseased and healthy colonies for one year in each of three 100 m2quadrats on two inner, mid-shelf, and shelf-edge reefs off La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Healthy colonies were checked every month from January to December of 2009 to monitor disease spread within each quadrant. Incidence increased significantly from winter (0.7±0.8% SE) to summer (1.5±1.1% SE,n=23, Sign Test;Z=2.40;P=0.01). Mid-shelf reefs had the highest host abundance and showed significantly higher CYBD incidence (2.1±1.4% SE,n=14) compared to the other zones (H=9.74; df=2;P=0.04). The increased incidence in the summer suggests that warmer months favor development of CYBD onM. faveolata. Results showed aggregated patterns of CYBD when all colonies (i.e., healthy + diseased) at the spatial scales sampled were analyzed on each reef. This suggests facilitation of disease spread between aggregated colonies within populations. Similar stressful conditions then might trigger the disease in susceptible, aggregated colonies harboring the potential pathogens.
29
Anderson, Clare. "The Age of Revolution in the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, and South China Sea: A Maritime Perspective." International Review of Social History 58, S21 (2013): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000229.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis essay explores the history of empire and rebellion from a seaborne perspective, through a focus on convict-ship mutiny in the Indian Ocean. It will show that the age of revolution did not necessarily spread outward from Europe and North America into colonies and empires, but rather complex sets of interconnected phenomena circulated regionally and globally in all directions. Convict transportation and mutiny formed a circuit that connected together imperial expansion and native resistance. As unfree labour, convicts might be positioned in global histories of the Industrial Revolution. And, as mutinous or insurgent colonial subjects, they bring together the history of peasant unrest and rebellion in south Asia with piracy in south-east Asia and the Pearl River delta. A subaltern history of convict transportation in the Indian Ocean thus has much to offer for an understanding of the maritime dimensions of the age of revolution.
30
Ingram, Krista K., Andrew P. Hoadley, Matt Iandoli, et al. "Sporadic Infection ofWolbachiain a Recently Established Population ofFormica fusca." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/432151.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the distribution and invasion dynamics ofWolbachiain a recently establishedFormica fuscapopulation. Preliminary data revealed the intermittent infection ofWolbachiaacross colonies, providing the opportunity to test for ecological factors affecting the acquisition and spread of the parasite. Only 35% of colonies are infected in this population. Both infected and noninfected nests have similar dispersion patterns that approximate a random distribution, suggesting that transmission ofWolbachiabetween adjacent colonies is not common. There is no difference in the infection rate between workers and brood, indicating that workers are not actively eliminating the infection. Our results show no significant association betweenWolbachiainfection and nest size; however, infected colonies tend to be larger than noninfected colonies. Finally,Wolbachiainfection was not associated with queen number. Overall, our results suggest no large fitness differences between infected and noninfected colonies, although small fitness effects cannot be ruled out for this population.
31
Avril, Amaury, Jessica Purcell, Sébastien Béniguel, and Michel Chapuisat. "Maternal effect killing by a supergene controlling ant social organization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 29 (2020): 17130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003282117.
Full textAbstract:
Supergenes underlie striking polymorphisms in nature, yet the evolutionary mechanisms by which they arise and persist remain enigmatic. These clusters of linked loci can spread in populations because they captured coadapted alleles or by selfishly distorting the laws of Mendelian inheritance. Here, we show that the supergene haplotype associated with multiple-queen colonies in Alpine silver ants is a maternal effect killer. All eggs from heterozygous queens failed to hatch when they did not inherit this haplotype. Hence, the haplotype specific to multiple-queen colonies is a selfish genetic element that enhances its own transmission by causing developmental arrest of progeny that do not carry it. At the population level, such transmission ratio distortion favors the spread of multiple-queen colonies, to the detriment of the alternative haplotype associated with single-queen colonies. Hence, selfish gene drive by one haplotype will impact the evolutionary dynamics of alternative forms of colony social organization. This killer hidden in a social supergene shows that large nonrecombining genomic regions are prone to cause multifarious effects across levels of biological organization.
32
Chavaz, Matthieu, and Marc Flandreau. "“High & Dry”: The Liquidity and Credit of Colonial and Foreign Government Debt and the London Stock Exchange (1880–1910)." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 3 (2017): 653–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000730.
Full textAbstract:
We gather a new database to conduct the first historically informed study of the importance of liquidity and credit for government bonds between 1880 and 1910. We argue that colonial and sovereign debt markets were segmented owing to differences in underlying information asymmetries. The result was heterogeneous pricing of colonial and sovereign debt, and different market microstructures and clienteles, themselves influenced by political, institutional, and financial arrangements. We find that sovereign spreads mainly reflected credit risks, while colonial spreads mainly reflected liquidity risks. Liquidity premia were economically large and significant, contributing between 10 percent and 39 percent of colonial spreads. These findings help understanding why the seemingly dry subject of colonial illiquidity inspired passionate disputes and ground-breaking reforms of financial imperial institutions.
33
Edwards, Zophia. "Postcolonial sociology as a remedy for global diffusion theory." Sociological Review 68, no. 6 (2020): 1179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038026120916132.
Full textAbstract:
The dominant theoretical approaches that aim to explain the origins and subsequent global diffusion of modern norms, practices, and institutions have reached an impasse. World polity theory and ‘coercion’ perspectives describe a process in which norms originate in the Global North and spread to the rest of the world. For the former, diffusion occurs via the willful imitation of shared values; for the latter, it occurs due to economic/political pressure and/or force. However, both approaches are unable to account for norms that emerge in the Global South and get adopted globally. This article argues that postcolonial sociology can help overcome the common pitfalls of the existing theories and provide a theoretical framework for analyzing global diffusion through its analytical focus on subaltern agency, ‘relationalism,’ and colonial contours of power. The utility of postcolonial sociology is demonstrated using archival data and an historical analysis of the 1938 Trade Disputes (Arbitration and Inquiry) Ordinance, which emerged in Trinidad and Tobago and was subsequently adopted by a number of colonies across the British empire.
34
Godin, I., C. Wylie, and J. Heasman. "Genital ridges exert long-range effects on mouse primordial germ cell numbers and direction of migration in culture." Development 108, no. 2 (1990): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.2.357.
Full textAbstract:
The functional gametes of all vertebrates first arise in the early embryo as a migratory population of cells, the primordial germ cells (PGCs). These migrate to, and colonise, the genital ridges (GR) during the early organogenesis period, giving rise to the complete differentiating gonad. PGCs first become visible by alkaline phosphatase staining in the root of the developing allantois at 8.5 days post coitum (dpc). At 9.5 dpc they are found in the wall of the hind-gut and, during the following three days, they migrate along the hind-gut mesentery to the dorsal body wall, and then to the genital ridges. By 12.5 dpc, the great majority of PGCs have colonised the genital ridges. During this period the number of PGCs increases from less than 100 to approximately 4000. In a previous paper (Donovan et al. 1986), we showed that 10.5 dpc PGCs can be explanted from the hind-gut mesentery, and will spread and migrate on feeder cell layers. We showed also that the intrinsic ability of PGCs to spread and migrate changes as they colonise the genital ridges. In this paper, we examine extrinsic factors that control PGC behaviour in vitro. Using PGCs taken from 8.5 dpc embryos, at the beginning of their migratory phase, we show that culture medium conditioned by 10.5 dpc genital ridges causes an increase in the number of PGCs in these cultures. We also show that PGCs migrate towards 10.5 dpc genital ridges in preference to other explanted organs. These experiments show that genital ridges exert long-range effects on the migrating population of PGCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
35
Earle, Rebecca. "Information and Disinformation in Late Colonial New Granada." Americas 54, no. 2 (1997): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007740.
Full textAbstract:
In 1814, Alexander von Humboldt, the great traveller and explorer of the Americas, drew attention to an unusual feature of the movement for independence in the Viceroyalty of New Granada: the establishment of printing presses and newspapersfollowedrather thanprecededthe outbreak of war. Humboldt was struck by the contrast New Granada's war of independence offered with the two more famous political revolutions of the age. A great proliferation of printed pamphlets and periodicals had preceded the outbreak of revolution in both the Thirteen Colonies and France. How curious, Humboldt commented, to find the process reversed in Spanish America. Humboldt is not alone in viewing the newspaper as the expected harbinger of change in the age of Atlantic revolution. While the precise role played by the printed word in the French and American revolutions remains a subject of debate, many historians acknowledge the importance of print in creating a climate conducive to revolutionary challenge. Were newspapers and the press really latecomers to the revolution in the Viceroyalty of New Granada, as Humboldt suggests? What does this tell us about late colonial New Granada? How, in the absence of a developed press, did information, revolutionary or otherwise, circulate within the viceroyalty? Moreover, what means were available to either the Spanish crown or the American insurgents to create and manipulate news and opinion? What, indeed, does it mean to speak of the spread of news in a society such as late colonial New Granada? This article seeks to address these questions.
36
Delancey, Mark D. "The Spread of the Sooro." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 2 (2012): 168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.2.168.
Full textAbstract:
The Sooro, the pillared entrance hall to the majority of palaces now existing in northern Cameroon, is an important index of political change in this region. The Spread of the Sooro: Symbols of Power in the Sokoto Caliphate traces the proliferation of sooroji from the time that Fulbe conquerors incorporated this region within the Sokoto caliphate in the early nineteenth century until Cameroon’s independence in 1960. The status of Fulbe rulers who conquered the region was not high enough to employ the political symbolism of the sooro, but the use of this building type spread quickly after German colonial borders separated northern Cameroon from the rest of the caliphate in 1901. Eventually the form expanded beyond the boundaries of the Fulbe and spread among non-Fulbe rulers. By explaining the changes in the form and political symbolism of the sooro, Mark DeLancey argues that it was a symbol of power spread in direct relation to the loss of real political power of rulers in colonial northern Cameroon.
37
Tshomo, K., M. Walter, A. Stewart, and M. V. Jaspers. "In vitro evaluation of fungal isolates and nutrient amendments for enhancing apple leaf decay." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6043.
Full textAbstract:
Primary spread of apple black spot is by ascospores produced from overwintering apple leaf litter To find effective degraders of litter an in vitro trial screened 59 fungal isolates for the ability to colonise sterilised senesced apple leaf discs The isolates of Aureobasidium Alternaria Chaetomium Coniothyrium Epicoccum Fusarium Phoma Trichoderma and Ulocladium spp had originated from the phylloplane or leaf litter of fruit crops The whiterot basidiomycete isolates were from fruiting bodies on native beech poplar and fruit trees The 18 isolates that colonised leaf discs most rapidly were further tested with five nutrient leaf amendments for their biodegradation activity on leaf discs After incubation at 10C for 9 weeks the most effective isolates of Trametes versicolor Phoma Epicoccum and Chaetomium spp caused 54 39 37 and 23 weight reduction respectively while the leaf amendments urea and the mixture of Mycorrcintrade; and Digestertrade; caused 29 and 20 reduction respectively These treatments were selected for evaluation in a field trial
38
Highfield, Andrea C., Aliya El Nagar, Luke C. M. Mackinder, et al. "Deformed Wing Virus Implicated in Overwintering Honeybee Colony Losses." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 22 (2009): 7212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02227-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The worldwide decline in honeybee colonies during the past 50 years has often been linked to the spread of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its interaction with certain honeybee viruses. Recently in the United States, dramatic honeybee losses (colony collapse disorder) have been reported; however, there remains no clear explanation for these colony losses, with parasitic mites, viruses, bacteria, and fungal diseases all being proposed as possible candidates. Common characteristics that most failing colonies share is a lack of overt disease symptoms and the disappearance of workers from what appears to be normally functioning colonies. In this study, we used quantitative PCR to monitor the presence of three honeybee viruses, deformed wing virus (DWV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), and black queen cell virus (BQCV), during a 1-year period in 15 asymptomatic, varroa mite-positive honeybee colonies in Southern England, and 3 asymptomatic colonies confirmed to be varroa mite free. All colonies with varroa mites underwent control treatments to ensure that mite populations remained low throughout the study. Despite this, multiple virus infections were detected, yet a significant correlation was observed only between DWV viral load and overwintering colony losses. The long-held view has been that DWV is relatively harmless to the overall health status of honeybee colonies unless it is in association with severe varroa mite infestations. Our findings suggest that DWV can potentially act independently of varroa mites to bring about colony losses. Therefore, DWV may be a major factor in overwintering colony losses.
39
Váchová, Libuše, and Zdena Palková. "Physiological regulation of yeast cell death in multicellular colonies is triggered by ammonia." Journal of Cell Biology 169, no. 5 (2005): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200410064.
Full textAbstract:
The existence of programmed cell death (PCD) in yeast and its significance to simple unicellular organisms is still questioned. However, such doubts usually do not reflect the fact that microorganisms in nature exist predominantly within structured, multicellular communities capable of differentiation, in which a profit of individual cells is subordinated to a profit of populations. In this study, we show that some PCD features naturally appear during the development of multicellular Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies. An ammonia signal emitted by aging colonies triggers metabolic changes that localize yeast death only in the colony center. The remaining population can exploit the released nutrients and survives. In colonies defective in Sok2p transcription factor that are unable to produce ammonia (Váchová, L., F. Devaux, H. Kucerova, M. Ricicova, C. Jacq, and Z. Palková. 2004. J. Biol. Chem. 279:37973–37981), death is spread throughout the whole population, thus decreasing the lifetime of the colony. The absence of Mca1p metacaspase or Aif1p orthologue of mammalian apoptosis-inducing factor does not prevent regulated death in yeast colonies.
40
Ilyasov, Rustem A., Aleksandr V. Poskryakov, and Aleksei G. Nikolenko. "Modern methods of assessing the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies." Ecological genetics 15, no. 4 (2017): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15441-51.
Full textAbstract:
At least 30 subspecies of the honeybee Apis mellifera L. were formed allopatrically during the evolution, which spreaded throughout all Africa, Europe and West Asia. The dark forest bee Apis mellifera mellifera is the only and most valuable subspecies for the Northern and Western Europe countries, adapted to productive living in the hard-continental climate of Eurasia. In the past 100 years, natural geographical isolation of subspecies has been disrupted as a result of a human activities. Mass transportations of honeybee colonies beyond the boundaries of their area have been threatened of loss the identity of gene pool of subspecies as a result of hybridization. Preservation of the gene pool of subspecies is possible only when controlling the transportation of honeybee colonies using the methods of identification of taxonomic affiliation of honeybee colonies. Now, dozens of methods have been developed to identify the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony, which are based on the variability of body parts, allozyme loci, mitochondrial DNA loci, microsatellite nuclear loci, sites of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The variability of microsatellite loci and the single nucleotide polymorphism sites have shown the greatest informativeness in identification of the taxonomic affiliation of honeybee's colony.
41
Ningsih, Ajeng Desti, and Nur Khikmah. "UJI ANTIBAKTERI MASKER KEFIR SUSU KAMBING PADA Staphylococcus epidermidis SECARA IN VITRO." Jurnal Penelitian Saintek 25, no. 1 (2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jps.v25i1.29988.
Full textAbstract:
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui antibakteri masker kefir susu kambing pada Staphylococcus epidermidis dan menghitung jumlah koloni Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dan khamir. Uji antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumuran. Antibakteri masker kefir ditunjukkan dengan adanya zona hambat yang terbentuk di sekitar sumuran. Spread plating dilakukan untuk menghitung koloni bakteri asam laktat dan khamir. Medium MRSA dan PDA diinkubasi pada suhu 37ºC selama 2-3 x 24 jam. Jumlah koloni yang tumbuh dihitung menggunakan metode Standard Plate Count dengan jumlah koloni 30-300, dan dinyatakan dalam satuan CFU/g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masker kefir mempunyai sifat bakteriostatik. Kemampuan antibakteri masker kefir susu kambing pada Staphylococcus epidermidis disebabkan karena di dalam supernatan masker kefir terdapat senyawa antibakteri. Hal ini ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona irradikal. Rerata koloni BAL pada masker kefir susu kambing A dan B adalah 1,5×109 dan 1,2×1010 CFU/g. Rerata jumlah koloni khamir pada masker kefir susu kambing A dan B adalah 2,1×1010 dan >3,0×1010 (3,9×1010) CFU/g.ANTIBACTERIAL OF GOAT’S MILK KEFIR MASK ON Staphylococcus epidermidis IN VITROThis study was aimed at determining the antibacterial goat’s milk kefir mask on Staphylococcus epidermidis and the number of Lactic Acid Bacteria (BAL) and the number of yeast colonies. The antibacterial test was carried out using the diffusion method of the wells. The antibacterial activity in the kefir mask is shown by the presence of inhibitory zones that form around the well. Spread plating was done to calculate the colonies of lactic and yeast acid bacteria. MRSA and PDA medium were incubated at 37ºC for 2-3 x 24 hours. The number of growing colonies is calculated using the Standard Plate Count method with the number of colonies of 30-300 and expressed in units of CFU/g. The results showed that kefir masks had bacteriostatic properties. The antibacterial ability of goat’s milk kefir mask was since the kefir supernatant contained antibacterial compounds. This is indicated by the formation of an nonradical zone. The mean of BAL colonies in goat milk masks A and B was 1.5 × 109 and 1.2 × 1010 CFU/g. The average number of yeast colonies in Goat milk masks A and B was 2.1 × 1010 and> 3.0 × 1010 (3.9 × 1010) CFU/g.
42
Hsu, Chin-Chen, and Carton W. Chen. "Linear Plasmid SLP2 Is Maintained by Partitioning, Intrahyphal Spread, and Conjugal Transfer in Streptomyces." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 1 (2009): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01192-09.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Low-copy-number plasmids generally encode a partitioning system to ensure proper segregation after replication. Little is known about partitioning of linear plasmids in Streptomyces. SLP2 is a 50-kb low-copy-number linear plasmid in Streptomyces lividans, which contains a typical parAB partitioning operon. In S. lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor, a parAB deletion resulted in moderate plasmid loss and growth retardation of colonies. The latter was caused by conjugal transfer from plasmid-containing hyphae to plasmidless hyphae. Deletion of the transfer (traB) gene eliminated conjugal transfer, lessened the growth retardation of colonies, and increased plasmid loss through sporulation cycles. The additional deletion of an intrahyphal spread gene (spd1) caused almost complete plasmid loss in a sporulation cycle and eliminated all growth retardation. Moreover, deletion of spd1 alone severely reduced conjugal transfer and stability of SLP2 in S. coelicolor M145 but had no effect on S. lividans TK64. These results revealed the following three systems for SLP2 maintenance: partitioning and spread for moving the plasmid DNA along the hyphae and into spores and conjugal transfer for rescuing plasmidless hyphae. In S. lividans, both spread and partitioning appear to overlap functionally, but in S. coelicolor, spread appears to play the main role.
43
KORPELA, S. "Pest status and incidence of the honey bee tracheal mite in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 7, no. 4 (1998): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5609.
Full textAbstract:
Colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) were surveyed for the presence of the honey bee tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi Rennie) in Finland between 1991 and 1997. Colony background information and winter loss data were obtained from beekeepers who had taken tracheal mite infested samples. A total of 2116 samples from honey bee colonies of 402 beekeepers were investigated. Infestations were found in 8% of the beekeeping operations and in 10% of the samples inspected. In the last years of the survey more than 20% of apiaries were infested. This increase may be partly explained by tracheal mite infestations found in commercial queen-rearing apiaries. A field experiment with colonies infested at different levels showed that colonies in which 20% or more of bees are infested with tracheal mites have an increased risk of dying during the winter under Finnish conditions. This infestation level was found among colonies in 92% of the infested apiaries. Comparison of the tracheal mite prevalence in apiaries with their winter losses indicated that infestations were associated with colony mortality. The results of this survey point to the high pest potential of the tracheal mite in Finland, in contrast to findings on tracheal mites from elsewhere in Europe. Therefore, strategies to prevent further spread of the mite are highly recommended and methods for effective control should be sought.;
44
Costa, Cecilia, Ralph Büchler, Stefan Berg, et al. "A Europe-Wide Experiment for Assessing the Impact of Genotype-Environment Interactions on the Vitality and Performance of Honey Bee Colonies: Experimental Design and Trait Evaluation." Journal of Apicultural Science 56, no. 1 (2012): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10289-012-0015-9.
Full textAbstract:
A Europe-Wide Experiment for Assessing the Impact of Genotype-Environment Interactions on the Vitality and Performance of Honey Bee Colonies: Experimental Design and Trait EvaluationAn international experiment to estimate the importance of genotype-environment interactions on vitality and performance of honey bees and on colony losses was run between July 2009 and March 2012. Altogether 621 bee colonies, involving 16 different genetic origins of European honey bees, were tested in 21 locations spread in 11 countries. The genetic strains belonged to the subspeciesA. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica, A. m. macedonica, A. m. mellifera, A. m. siciliana.At each location, the local strain of bees was tested together with at least two "foreign" origins, with a minimum starting number of 10 colonies per origin. The common test protocol for all the colonies took into account colony survival, bee population in spring, summer and autumn, honey production, pollen collection, swarming, gentleness, hygienic behaviour,Varroa destructorinfestation,Nosemaspp. infection and viruses. Data collection was performed according to uniform methods. No chemical treatments against Varroa or other diseases were applied during the experiment. This article describes the details of the experiment set-up and the work protocol.
45
Stanosz, Glen R., Denise R. Smith, and Jennifer Juzwik. "Seasonal availability of inoculum of the Heterobasidion root disease pathogen in central Wisconsin." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 8 (2016): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2016-0136.
Full textAbstract:
After deposition of airborne basidiospores, the root disease pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare Garbelotto and Otrosina infects fresh conifer stumps and spreads through root grafts or by root contact to adjacent trees. Infection can be prevented, however, by borate application. Because the need for stump protection depends on inoculum availability, spore trapping was conducted (usually biweekly) from September 2009 through December 2011 in three infested plantations of predominantly red pine (Pinus resinosa Aiton) in central Wisconsin. A semiselective medium in Petri plates was exposed for 1 h in daylight at each of four locations in each plantation. After 7–10 days incubation at 20 °C, plates were examined and presence and abundance of colonies of the Spiniger asexual stage were recorded. Heterobasidion irregulare was detected on most dates during the two growing seasons, but colonies were most abundant during late summer, fall, and early winter. Relatively fewer colonies developed on medium exposed during periods of coldest winter temperatures, but colonies of the pathogen did develop frequently on medium exposed at ≤ 5 °C and occasionally on medium exposed at ≤ 0 °C. Biologically based guidelines for stump treatment require additional studies of seasonal factors influencing inoculum availability, in situ spore germination, infection, and establishment of the pathogen.
46
Kohl, Patrick Laurenz, and Benjamin Rutschmann. "The neglected bee trees: European beech forests as a home for feral honey bee colonies." PeerJ 6 (April 6, 2018): e4602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4602.
Full textAbstract:
It is a common belief that feral honey bee colonies (Apis melliferaL.) were eradicated in Europe through the loss of habitats, domestication by man and spread of pathogens and parasites. Interestingly, no scientific data are available, neither about the past nor the present status of naturally nesting honeybee colonies. We expected near-natural beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) forests to provide enough suitable nest sites to be a home for feral honey bee colonies in Europe. Here, we made a first assessment of their occurrence and density in two German woodland areas based on two methods, the tracing of nest sites based on forager flight routes (beelining technique), and the direct inspection of potential cavity trees. Further, we established experimental swarms at forest edges and decoded dances for nest sites performed by scout bees in order to study how far swarms from beekeeper-managed hives would potentially move into a forest. We found that feral honey bee colonies regularly inhabit tree cavities in near-natural beech forests at densities of at least 0.11–0.14 colonies/km2. Colonies were not confined to the forest edges; they were also living deep inside the forests. We estimated a median distance of 2,600 m from the bee trees to the next apiaries, while scout bees in experimental swarms communicated nest sites in close distances (median: 470 m). We extrapolate that there are several thousand feral honey bee colonies in German woodlands. These have to be taken in account when assessing the role of forest areas in providing pollination services to the surrounding land, and their occurrence has implications for the species’ perception among researchers, beekeepers and conservationists. This study provides a starting point for investigating the life-histories and the ecological interactions of honey bees in temperate European forest environments.
47
Martin, Callum D., Michelle T. Fountain, and Mark J. F. Brown. "The potential for parasite spill-back from commercial bumblebee colonies: a neglected threat to wild bees?" Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 3 (2021): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00322-x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCommercially-reared bumblebee colonies provide pollination services to numerous crop species globally. These colonies may harbour parasites which can spill-over to wild bee species. However, the potential for parasites to spread from wild to commercial bumblebees, which could then lead to parasite spill-back, is poorly understood. To investigate this, parasite-free commercial Bombus terrestris audax colonies, which are used commercially for strawberry pollination, were placed into seasonal strawberry crops for either 6- or 8-week blocks across two key time periods, early spring and early summer. Bumblebees were removed from colonies weekly and screened for the presence of parasites. In the early spring placement, only one parasite, the highly virulent neogregarine Apicystis bombi, was detected at a low prevalence (0.46% across all bees screened). In contrast, all colonies placed in the crop in the early summer became infected. A trypanosome, Crithidia bombi, and A. bombi were the most prevalent parasites across all samples, reaching peak prevalence in screened bees of 39.39% and 18.18% respectively at the end of the experimental period. The prevalence of A. bombi was greater than most UK records from wild bumblebees, suggesting that commercial colonies could enhance levels of A. bombi infection in wild bees through spill-back. Studies on larger geographical scales with different commercial colony densities are required to fully assess spill-back risk. However, seasonal management, to minimise spill-back opportunities, and treatment of commercial colonies to prevent infection, could be implemented to manage the potential risks of parasite spill-back to wild bees.Implications for insect conservation Our results show that commercial bumblebee populations do pick up infections, most likely from wild bees, and that these infections can reach prevalences where they may pose a threat to wild bees via parasite spill-back. More research is required to clarify the extent of this potential threat.
48
Belanger, Roger P., Roy L. Hedden, and Michael R. Lennartz. "Potential Impact of the Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies in the Georgia Piedmont." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 12, no. 3 (1988): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.194.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies were studied in the Georgia Piedmont to (1) determine the stand, site, and tree characteristics associated with active colonies, (2) rate the susceptibility of colony stands to southern pine beetle attack, and (3) estimate the probability of beetle attack (risk) and potential for spot spread (hazard) over a projected 30-year period. The colony stands contain mature and overmature trees of predominately loblolly pine sawtimber on soils and sites favorable for tree growth. The susceptibility of these stands to beetle attack is generally low. Estimated timber losses resulting from the probability of attack and potential spot spread are also low. Predicted number of trees killed is strongly influenced by combinations of risk, hazard, and size of southern pine beetle populations. Mature stands can be managed to reduce southern pine beetle damage and establish forest conditions favorable to the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 194-199.
49
MacLeod, Robert A., Patricia R. MacLeod, and Marc Berthelet. "On the origin of variants of the marine bacteriumDeleya aesta134 able to grow at low Na+concentration." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 9 (1997): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-126.
Full textAbstract:
Deleya aesta 134 grows optimally at 200 mM Na+in a chemically defined medium but at 10 mM Na+only after an extended lag period which was reduced if the cells that grew were reinoculated into medium of the same low Na+concentration. Cells that eventually grew at low Na+formed colonies on agar containing 17 mM Na+in the agar supernatant (the liquid released when the agar was compacted). Cells of the parent failed to form colonies at this Na+concentration when 102cells were plated. Colonies that formed on low Na+agar differed in appearance from colonies of the parent and three colony types were distinguished. When 106cells of D. aesta grown in liquid medium containing optimum Na+were spread on plates containing 17 mM Na+, a few variant colonies first appeared on day 4 and then increased in numbers over a 20-day period. In nine similar cultures the yield of colonies varied over a 3-log range. Fluctuation tests applied to the numbers arising from the similar cultures after different periods of incubation of the plates showed that the ratio of the variance to the mean was much greater than one initially and then increased with time. A total of seven different variants were isolated. These could be distinguished by the colony type formed, the length of the lag time preceding the first appearance of colonies, and the rate of colony accumulation on low (and in one case, high) Na+plates. The variants retained their distinctive characteristics when replated at low Na+after growth at optimum Na+. Differences in lag time and rate of colony accumulation were related to differences in Na+requirement of the variants and to the presence of other colonies on the plates. The variants appear to arise as the result of random mutations in the growing culture. There was no evidence of adaptive mutation.Key words: Deleya aesta, marine bacteria, variants, Na+response, colony accumulation, adaptive mutation.
50
Tokarev, Yuri S., Zimfira Y. Zinatullina, Anastasiya N. Ignatieva, Oksana N. Zhigileva, Julia M. Malysh, and Yulia Y. Sokolova. "Detection of two Microsporidia pathogens of the European honey bee Apis Mellifera (Insecta: Apidae) in Western Siberia." Acta Parasitologica 63, no. 4 (2018): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0086.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Two species of microsporidia, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, occur regularly and cause significant losses in apiculture throughout the world. N. ceranae is thought to be an emerging pathogen of the European honey bee which is replacing N. apis. Microscopic analysis of honey bees collected in Tyumen region, South-Western Siberia, suggested presence of two microsporidial pathogens slightly differing in spore size and shape. PCR detection using species-specific primer sets 312APIS and 218MITOC followed by PCR product sequencing confirmed the diagnosis of N. apis and N. ceranae, respectively. Microsporidia were present in private apiaries through 2008-2010, and among 21 colonies from 7 localities, two colonies were infected with both pathogens, while infections with N. apis only were detected in 8, and with N. ceranae only in 13 colonies. These data suggest that N. ceranae is widely spread in South-Western Siberia alongside with N. apis and is able to persist in the regions with average January temperatures below –18°C.