Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Spring and Autumn period'

111 pages
The Zuozhuan 评论 (Zuo Commentaries); a narrative history of China's Spring and Autumn period (722-479 BCE), has been included among the thirteen classics of Confucianism since the Tang dynasty. Yet its pages contain numerous references to Shang and early Zhou divination practices. It seems paradoxical that a text identified with Confucian humanism would be full of references to the supernatural. I suggest that the Zuozhuan builds upon the foundations of the authority of Shang and Zhou ritual to establish the authority of Confucian doctrine. This phenomenon has been mentioned by other scholars, though no study has addressed this directly. It is the goal of this thesis to use passages in the Zuozhuan to demonstrate how authority moved from an external source to an internal source during the Eastern Zhou and to show that Zuozhuan makes use of something that Lakoff and Johnson have called idealized cognitive models.

This thesis focusses on historical and fictional accounts of the hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period: Lord Huan of Qi, Lord Wen of Jin, Lord Mu of Qin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helii of Wu and King Goujian of Yue. Chapter One describes the methodological basis. Many ancient Chinese texts underwent periods of oral transmission, but the effect on their form and content has been little researched. Theme and formula are important for understanding the development of these texts. The hegemons are also investigated for the degree to which they conform to greater patterns: the Indo-European models of the hero and good ruler. In Chapters Two and Three selected tales about the hegemons are considered. Some were chosen because the same story appeared in a large number of texts over many centuries, in the works of widely differing philosophers and historians. This shows the diffusion and popularity of these tales, and the way that the same story appealed to thinkers of very different persuasions. Others were chosen for the range of literary forms in which they appear. Some show the use of theme and formula with particular clarity, and others the way in which a story was adapted to bring it closer to the models of the hero or good king. In Chapter Four analysis of stories about the hegemons is expanded to cover the full range of tales appearing before the end of the Han dynasty, to demonstrate the degree to which they conform to the stereotypes of the hero and the good king. Chapter Five compares the hegemons to other rulers of their day, and considers their enduring literary legacy. Throughout the imperial period, the hegemons inspired prose, poetry and drama. Apart from their importance as historical figures, the hegemons have an important place in Chinese literary history.

This thesis is the first indepth analysis of the jian, or advisory speeches, within a relatively unknown text, the Yanzi Chunqiu. It examines the way the Chunqiu period advisor Yanzi employs rhetorical techniques within the jian to change the conduct of his ruler Duke Jing according to Yanzi's three key political views: that the welfare of the common people is essential for the well-being of the state, that li 礼 (or ritual propriety) is of central importance in administering the state, and that the correct relationship between the minister and the ruler is he 和 (a complementary one). This study situates jian, ministerial responsibilities and Yanzi's own political views within the political and intellectual context of the Chunqiu period. It also disagrees with several scholars who claim that the text is unlikely to be a true record of this period. The rhetorical techniques within the jian (the majority of which are translated for the first time into English in this thesis), categorised according to whether they are typical (analogy, citation and chain reasoning) or atypical (provocation, song, lying and threatening resignation), are then analysed. The thesis finds that Yanzi's use of citations, analogies and chain reasoning confirms much existing research on Chinese rhetoric about the application of such techniques. However, the discoveries of Yanzi's atypical use of jian, as well as his frequent reference to Duke Huan as a historical model and his use of possible negative consequences to instill fear in his ruler, indicate that the present understanding of jian by several Western scholars largely based on the Zuozhuan and the Guoyu presents only a partial understanding of jian. The thesis suggests that more attention should be paid to lesser-known texts such as the Yanzi Chunqiu for a clearer picture of the rhetoric of this period.

The Ross Sea, the southernmost sea on Earth, presents several iconic features of polar seas: sites of deep water formation, high summer primary production, floating ice shelves, the annual cycle of advance and retreat of sea ice, polynyas and katabatic winds. Furthermore, sea ice in McMurdo sound (western Ross Sea) is one of the most productive marine environments. However, sea ice inorganic carbon dynamics and related air-ice CO2 fluxes have never been documented in the Ross Sea.Two surveys were carried out in the western Ross Sea to bridge over a critical gap in the current understanding of sea ice: autumn and winter processes. The land-based YROSIAE project was a temporal survey from late winter to summer within landfast sea ice. The ship-based PIPERS project was an unique opportunity to study the early stages of sea ice formation (in polynyas) and more common consolidated pack ice in autumn. Based on these two consistent surveys, this work aims to (i) examine the bulk ice pCO2 dynamics in landfast sea ice from late winter to summer (ii) investigate the seasonal pattern (net source vs net sink) and diurnal pattern of air-ice CO2 fluxes (iii) analyse the depth-dependent physical and biogeochemical processes involved in inorganic carbon dynamics (iv) assess the precipitation of calcium carbonate in autumn and during a full bloom season.CO2 fluxes were measured using the chamber technique in autumn, late winter and spring, over open surface water, frazil ice patch, grey unconsolidated ice and consolidated first-year ice. These new autumn and winter data provide a first step to set up the budget of air-ice CO2 fluxes over the year and evaluate the large-scale influence of these fluxes on the annual uptake of CO2 by ice-covered oceans. Our results confirm that sea ice acts as a CO2 source for the atmosphere during ice growth, with enhanced fluxes reported at the early stages of sea ice formation, and shifts to a sink in spring. In late spring, diel pattern superimposed upon this seasonal pattern and was potentially assigned to either ice skin freeze-thaw cycles or diel changes in net community production. The snowpack plays a complex role in CO2 exchanges and can no longer be considered as an inert reservoir lying at the sea ice surface.The main features of the normalized DIC distribution (DIC35) through the ice column were: (i) a marked depletion at the surface from autumn to spring induced by the CO2 releases to the atmosphere (ii) bubble-driven gas enrichment below or within impermeable layers and (iii) an initial DIC35 enrichment in the bottom layer disappearing in spring when the seasonal peak in biomass occurs. At the bottom of landfast ice, in spring, a particular assemblage of microorganisms, the biofilm, led to a massive biomass build-up counterintuitively associated with nutrients accumulation. This biofilm formation may also promote calcium carbonate precipitation. However, in young pack ice or in cold landfast ice in early spring, limited calcium carbonate precipitation was reported. This suggests that calcium carbonate precipitation is not an ubiquitous process, especially in winter and autumn Antarctic sea ice. Comparison of calcium carbonate precipitation and pCO2 measurements advocates that the calcium carbonate precipitation is rather controlled by pCO2 than temperature.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The behaviour of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata ) was studied on staging grounds in spring of 2006 and compared to behaviour on moulting grounds later that summer. Moulting Surf Scoters have a distinct activity pattern in comparison to those on spring staging grounds. During moult, foraging occurs mainly in the morning and evening, whereas during the spring a similar proportion of birds foraged at all periods of the day. Birds having recently initiated moult foraged significantly less that on staging grounds. However, as moult progressed, this discrepancy disappeared.
In addition, we tracked the movements of flightless Surf Scoters using satellite telemetry during the 2006 wing-moult period. Despite their reduced mobility, Surf Scoters are able to swim long distances while flightless. However, the majority of their activities are carried out within small core areas. This study also indicates that satellite telemetry can be used effectively to track the daily movements of wildlife.

Two Differential GPS (DGPS) stations were set up on Storglaciären in the upper and lower part of the ablation area to study short term variations of Storglaciären’s motion. The study period lasted from April to July 2009 and the DGPS logged data every second. Station 14, was situated over an overdeepening in the subglacial bedrock topography in the upper part of the ablation area, and was functioning the whole study period. Station 7, situated in the lower part of the ablation area, only lasted for nine days and only overlapped five days with station 14. There was a clear lag in ice motion between the two stations which indicates longitudinal coupling between the upper and the lower part of the ablation area. Station 14 pushed from up-glacier during the first acceleration event at the 24th of April and when the velocity decreased station 7 pulled from down-glacier.  The total movement of the DGPS station was 26 m during the study period. The velocity was well correlated to the external changes in temperature and precipitation. It appears to be eleven days lag in response time from April to middle of May, but after mid May the glacier responded directly to melt acts such as temperature changes and precipitation events. The delay most likely depended on the hydrological system was not entirely evolved during early spring. During the summer the system evolves which makes the glacier to respond directly to external changes. There were four major acceleration events during the study period and after the accelerations the velocity went back to the same low state as before. These cannot be interpreted as spring events as spring events should lead to an increase in the overall velocity. The temperature fluctuated during the whole study period which affects the melting rate and input and development of the hydrological system. To get a clear spring event a marked and substantial onset of melt season is needed.
Två differentiella bärvägs GPS (DGPS) stationer sattes upp på Storglaciären på den övre och lägre delen av ablations området för att studera korttidsvariationer i isflöde. Fältundersökningen pågick under april till juli 2009 och DGPS loggades varje sekund. Station 14 är placerad vid en överfördjupning i bottentopografin i den övre delen av ablationsområdet och var i gång under hela studien. Station 7 fungerade endast i nio dagar och är placerad vid den lägre delen av ablationsområdet samt överlappade under endast fem dagar med station 14. Det finns en tydlig fördröjning mellan de två stationerna i isrörelse vilket indikerar en longitudinell koppling mellan den övre och undre delen av ablationsområdet. Före den 24 april reagerade station 14 snabbare än station 7. Efter en kraftig acceleration vid station 14 den 24 april skedde det en förändring till att den nedre delen av ablationsområdet reagerade snabbare än den övre delen. Den totala förflyttningen av station 14 var 26 m under mätperioden. Hastigheten är korrelerad med externa förändringar i temperatur och nederbörd. Under april till mitten av maj var det en förändring i reaktionstid på elva dagar men den övergick under sommaren till att reagera direkt på förändringar i temperatur och nederbörd. Förskjutningen berodde troligtvis på att det hydrologiska systemet inte var tillräckligt utvecklat. Under sommaren utvecklas systemet vilket leder till att glaciären reagerar snabbare på externa förändringar. Det förekom fyra större accelerationshändelser under fältperioden. Efter de observerade accelerationerna gick hastigheten tillbaka till samma nivå. Dessa accelerationshändelser kan inte tolkas som våracceleration. En våracceleration innebär att den generella hastigheten hos glaciären ökar till en ny högre nivå. Detta kan bero på att temperaturen skiftade under hela fältperioden som styr smältning, isflöde och utveckling av det hydroligiska systemet. För att få en tydlig ”spring event” måste smältsäsongens nå en tydlig början och forstätta så kontinueligt.

What cognitive and cultural mechanisms facilitated the agricultural transition? In this thesis, I evaluated the hypothesis that ritual action involving large groups of people meeting regularly created a significant sense of collective purpose to bring about the social cohesion necessary for agriculture. I test this hypothesis against the archaeological record in two distinct regions: south west Asia and north-western Europe. Following Whitehouse's (2000) Modes of Religiosity theory, I show that the agricultural transition in both regions is connected with a shift from an imagistic to an increasingly doctrinal mode of religious behaviour. This result is important because it brings together insights from the prehistoric archaeology and cognitive anthropology to generate new knowledge about the agricultural transition.

Les zones intertidales jouent un rôle essentiel dans le renouvellement des ressources halieutiques. De nombreuses espèces marines, poissons comme macro-crustacés ont un cycle de vie qui leur impose de passer au cours de leur période juvénile par ces écosystèmes. De par sa position à l'interface terre-mer, la zone intertidale est soumise à d'importantes fluctuations des facteurs environnementaux. Cependant, la façon dont cet écosystème répond aux forçages environnementaux, notamment en ce qui concerne la composition et la structure des peuplements, leurs dynamiques et persistances saisonnières et interannuelles sont encore mal connues. En Manche Orientale, l'estran sableux représente plus de 70 % du littoral et constitue d'importantes zones de nourriceries pour les juvéniles de poissons. Dans ce contexte scientifique et régional, l'objectif global de cette thèse a été de décrire les assemblages des peuplements de poissons et de macro-crustacés de la zone intertidale et d'analyser l'influence de l'environnement sur les assemblages et la dynamique des espèces. Une telle étude a pour but de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de cet écosystème et de préciser son importance dans le cycle biologique des espèces marines, notamment des espèces d'intérêt halieutique. Une première partie de ce travail a permis de déterminer la composition et la variabilité des assemblages de poissons et de macro-crustacés en relation avec les fluctuations environnementales et climatiques. A partir d'un suivi à long terme (11 années) mais aussi saisonnier, nous avons mis en évidence une stabilité des assemblages des peuplements de la macrofaune (poissons et crustacés). A l'inverse les abondances présentent des fluctuations interannuelles et saisonnières en relation avec des facteurs comme la NAO, la température, la salinité ou encore la turbidité. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, nous avons analysé si les variations des conditions environnementales de la zone intertidale pendant la période printanière sont d'ordre à affecter les performances physiologiques et la survie des juvéniles qui colonisent cet écosystème. Nous avons focalisé notre étude sur l'espèce de poisson dominante et la zone intertidale, la plie "Pleuronectes platessa". Différents indices qui reflètent les performances physiologiques des juvéniles (croissance et indices de conditions) ont été mesurés sur les juvéniles de plie tout au long de la période de colonisation. Les résultats montrent que la croissance récente, la condition K et l'état nutritionnel (ARN/ADN) des juvéniles de poissons sont élevés tout au long de la période de colonisation des juvéniles et présentent peu de variations intra- et interannuelles, indiquant que l'estran offre des conditions favorables au développement et à la survie des juvéniles de poisson et par conséquent à leur recrutement. Malgré l'importance du bloom de "Phaeocystis globosa" dans la région et de ses fortes variations interannuelles, nous n'avons pas constaté d'effets de ce bloom sur les assemblages, les abondances ou encore les performances physiologiques des poissons
Intertidal areas provide an essential habitat to fish and macrocrustaceans. These systems are particularly used by juveniles of many fish and macrocrustacean species as nurseries because of the potential advantages they provide for the growth and survival of young fish, namely high prey availability, refuge from predators and good environmental conditions. These habitats are in permanence subject to strong environmental and human fluctuations.Therefore, the comprehension of the functioning and the conservation of the sandy beaches are necessary to maintain the biodiversity and to guarantee the renewal of the fisheries. It is in this framework that our study oriented us to determine the importance of the environmental factors on one hand on the dynamic of the ichtyofauna and on the other hand on physiological performances of the juveniles of fish on the intertidal zones of the English Channel. First, this work allowed us to determine the composition and variability of the fish and macrocrustaceans assemblages in relationship with the environmental and climatic fluctuations. According to our results, the importance of the role of the intertidal habitats of the English Channel in the renewal of the fisheries was proved. Standard qualitative community ecology metrics (species composition, richness, diversity, evenness and similarity) indicated notable inter-annual stability over the study period. Afterward, a 2nd part of this study was consecrated to the seasonal study of the assemblages and the impact of the environmental changes. Our results allowed us to demonstrate that abiotic and climatic factors (mainly temperature, salinity, suspended matter and the winter NAO) have a great influence on the structure of fish and macrocrustacean assemblages but also the impact of Phaeocystis globosa blooms on the population structure. To better understand the nursery functions, the study of physiological performances of juvenile common plaice Pleuronectes platessa during the spring period on the intertidal zone was discussed in order to understand if changes in the environment have an impact on their healthy development. For this, we analyzed various indices that reflect the physiological performance of juvenile common plaice (growth and condition indeces). The results show that the recent growth, the Fulton's K and nutritional ratio RNA/DNA juvenile fish are high throughout the juvenile period of colonization, indicating that nurseries are favorable to the development and survival of fish and therefore their recruitment. Finally, all the work presented shows that the environment of the intertidal areas of the Eastern English Channel is favorable to good life cycle course of marine fish fauna

碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩博士班
102
At the Spring and Autumn period, along with the collapse of patriarchal system, ritual and music education had been destroyed. At this moment , overlords fought against with each other, and war military never ended. It was the time hegemony tyrant to show his power and also a important period for Chinese history development. Chu established the country at the first year in Western Zhou Dynasty, the land was only a tiny place around the capital – Danyang. The reason why China Asian countries treated Chu as a barbarian state, because it's place belonged to Jinghan, basin, and also located the south part of China. Chu invaded more than forty small uncooperative countries by war. Until the mid-and late stages of Spring and Autumn Period, Chu's power had arrived to the Central and ahead of other China Asian countries. That made Chu changed to a strong nation which owned the land thousands of miles away, even became one of the vassal overlords. How could Chu achieve this great work was the theme for us to study. The historical development of Chu could also give modern people a good lesson. I try to explore the answers in this four dimensions : including politics , military , economics, and culture. In order to understand the process how Chu forced up .For example : politics changed at the Spring and Autumn period, during this time, Chu set up a unique style. It invented a ling-yin official position, formulated the rules of law and enforced them impartially. Besides, Chu run the country with centralization , so that monarchial power could not shake. At the military : the fine military defense facilities, various strategy and diplomatic policy helped Chu win the last victory all the time. At the economics: Chu put emphasis on both business and agriculture.Every tax revenues became a backup force during the war. At the culture: Chu emphasized ritual and music education. It also followed the public opinions and ruled this country basing on the ancestor-Vend's thought. Those efforts raised up Chu's culture standard , and kept pace with Central China. The process for Chu became a strong nation with great historical development was worthy for us to study.

碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩士在職專班
98
King Ping of Zhou moved the capital to Luo-yang , is the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Early Spring and Autumn Period of Eastern Zhou is, when Ji reduced royalty can not be done. After the war of Xu Ge, the emperor authority in name only, for the hegemony of great powers endless campaign. Eastern and Western Chi Chin which , as located in the frontier region with, contribute to regional development and have a geographical advantage for the Central Plains, Chi and Chin eventually became a strong state countries. This dissertation focuses on the political situation between the two countries Chi and Chin in Spring and Autumn Period development. Why Chi became the dominant country by the Duke of Chi ? Later in the Spring and Autumn Period, hegemony can not reproduce. Chin with a border of small states, the Rong and Di Transportation Office how the rise? The latter can dominate the Xi Rong, strong side. This dissertation is divided into nine chapters, the first overview of the international situation Spring and Autumn Period, after the discussion focused on the political situation between the two countries Chi and Chin. Spring and Autumn Period will be divided into two parts, Research and Analysis, "Zuo Zhuan", the "national language", "Historical Records" and other literature, it is discussed the development of its national strength, and virtuous emperor Yoshiomi policy success. Chi used in most of the domestic Thorens,Chin is mostly external; Chi hegemony is no longer, the still can be intrusive Lu, Wei, swallowed a small state; In addition to Western hegemony Xi Rongs, the only South Synnex to contain Jin Chu. The above activities the development of many different political situation, it is deep processing of this dissertation research into the wants and hopes.

碩士
東吳大學
歷史學系
100
Since the middle of Spring and Autumn Period, the international situation has entered the competition of hegemony between the state of Jin and Chu, and unlike the Duke Huan of Qi, a powerful chief of the princes of this period would not like to associated with other country to pursue the policy of Imperial Peverence and Expelling the Barbarians, they would rather like to improve their influence by using military power. Hence the countries located in between the powerful countries had faced the tremendous pressure, not only because it was difficult to pursue their right by following the diplomatic practice from the past, but also needed to avoid the dilemma from the two powerful countries. Therefore, it is necessary to develop appropriate diplomatic strategies to reducing the military and economic pressure from the two powerful countries. After Zǐ Chǎn joined Zheng’s government, he continued to implement pro-Jin policies that made the country stay away from the military pressure by Chu. But in order to relieve the pressure from Jin, he used appropriate diplomatic strategies in consultation with Jin. Under this policy, Zheng not only avoided the pillage and internal affairs interference from Jin, and also reduced its financial obligations to Jin. The reason that Zǐ Chǎn could convince Jin, not simply because he act in accordance with rites of Zhou, the diplomatic rhetoric of Zǐ Chǎn was based on the understanding of the overall situation. Because he understood the situation, Zheng was not afraid of powerful countries and fight for better treatment, on the other hand, Zǐ Chǎn considered about the military bottom line of the opposite side, therefore, even if he took a hard-line position, he could avoid military pressure, which might force Zheng to compromise. Further, after the Abolishing Armaments of the League, Jin and Chu appreciate his knowledge and judgment, he became a consultant to the big powers, and the international status of Zheng had been enhanced. In addition, in order to avoid foreign interference, Zǐ Chǎn introduced a series of policies in Zheng to improve the interior unification. He took into account the interests of the aristocratic families, and seeked a balance between the humanity and the law to resolve internal disputes. In this policies, not only allowed him to obtain the ruling power and position, but also won the trust of colleagues. Besides, he implemented domestic reforms in Zheng where was full of commercial atmosphere, in order to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor, and used the penalty to correct social atmosphere. He established a high level of personal popularity in the country, so he could take a strong stand to deal with external relations.

碩士
東吳大學
中國文學系
102
The first chapter is the study of methods and motives. The second chapter discusses the background of the Zhou Dynasty, the first description of the founding basis of the Zhou Dynasty, patriarchal clan and feudal system for complete instructions. Secondly, and then discusses the reasons for the decline of the Western Zhou Dynasty and outlined the decline of the monarchy after the reign of eastward migration of social phenomena. The third chapter focused on Zheng Zhuanggong and his son Ligong's deeds. The third chapter focused on Zheng Zhuanggong and his son Ligong's deeds. Zhuanggong is the promising monarch of Central Plains region in beginning of Spring and Autumn Period. Because the vision and business of Huangong and bugong, so under the leadership of Zhuanggong, Zheng is in peak condition. The fourth chapter focuses on "swing" foreign policy . With a number of ways, revealing the extent of "swing" in. Hundred years time, because there are not any good courtiers assistant so encountered the dilemma of power politics under siege. Period due to an error of foreign policy, struggle with power politics, of course, ignores the internal affairs of reform. The fifth chapter describes the family of the seven Moser Associates gradually came to power. On foreign issues, the GongtszSi is continue of the previous generation of monarchs still a "swing" policy, resulting in war still continued. Tszchan after the ruling, began to participate in political affairs, foreign relations began to stabilize, no wavering. The sixth chapter of Zichan's reform is the focus. Zichan under the Han's support, the implementation of a series of political reforms. Re-unite forces within the country, foreign international status improved, let Zheng is no longer a weak vassal state. Seven chapters the narrative of John's death, Zheng Xiangong personally ruling, Zheng re-enter the war situation. SiChuan then inherit Yozi for the government, Zheng Shiangong also died the following year. Zichan, Yozi have died, Zheng is no longer able to cope with the external problems, turbulent situation until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Keyword: Spring and Autumn Period, feudalism, Zheng Guo, Zhuanggong, Zichan.

碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩博士班
98
The Research of The Dictatorships in The Late Period of Spring-Autumn Reign Abstract There were numerous wars to contend for hegemony during the period of Spring-Autumn Reign, which brought tremendous disasters to people. Those suffering countries did their utmost to oppose wars. Hence, a country named Song hold a peace campaign with a slogan “Mee Been”that meant“war stopping”. The campaign of stopping wars had caused a great impact to the political situation of that age. This research is to explore the political situations between those countries after that campaign. Spring-Autumn Reign is one of the very important periods in Chinese History and development. In this period, the tradition that only emperors had the powers to hold musical rituals and initiate punitive wars in West-Zhou dynasty was gradually abandoned following the weakening of the power of the royal family. A group of ambitious kings usurped that tradition from the emperors and built their own hegemonies respectively. That the efforts of those kings did for their own hegemonies had marked their own distinguished achievements, but on the other hand, they also had cultivated the growth of their own subordinates, the Quings’ powers deliberately or unintentionally. Quing was a rank directly under king, which is similar to the position of a duke. The lost of the emperors’ dominance, the up and down of those kings’hegemonies and the dividing of emperor’s powers had become a main stream at that time. Those kingdoms became more decayed after the meeting of “war stopping”. Some Quings’powers grew stronger and stronger such that they took over the powers of their own kings, finally, West-Zhou dynasty became a political system that was managed by Quings. Between them, the three typical countries were the dictatorship of Six Quings in county Jin, Three Huan’s dictatorship in country Lu, The Tians’ dictatorship in country Qi. While the powers of countries Qi and Chu were fallen into those Quings’ controls plus the fighting for powers from other Quings, which alleviated their motivations of expending territories. In the South-East of Chu, there were two countries named Wu and Yue, and they soon hit a Chinese historic spot.

碩士
國立中山大學
中國文學系研究所
100
The research focuses on the war between Jin(晉國) and Qin (秦國)during the Spring and Autumn period (春秋時期) in China, emphasizing on the 21 battles between Jin and Qin over hundred and twenty six years starting from 672 B.C. till 546 B.C.. Events commenced with Jin attacked Li Jung (驪戎) in 672 B.C. and ending just before the second cease fire treaty (第二次弭兵之盟) in the Spring and Autumn period in 546 B.C.. The discussion topics include the rationale, proceedings of events and outcome of the battles, with an evaluation of power distribution after the battles. This thesis comprises of 5 chapters: The first chapter is the preface, explaining the motives and aims of this research. It also includes the scope, methods and related literature review of the research. The second chapter dwell on the Battle of Hanyuan (韓原之戰), with Duke Hui of Jin (晉惠公) and Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公) as the main background characters. The third chapter is on the most important battle between Jin and Qin - the Battle of Yao (殽之戰) and four of its related battles. The fourth chapter focuses on the Battle of Linghu (令狐之役), Battle of Hequ (河曲之戰), Battle of Masui (麻隧之戰), Battle of Li (櫟之役) and 11 other related battles. The conclusion is in three parts: the effect of battles, the findings of research and the integrated analyses. Six important points are made to finalize the importance of battles in the maintenance of relationship between Jin and Qin.

博士
國立臺灣大學
中國文學研究所
104
The Spring and Autumn Period was not only a turning point in the development of ancient Chinese society, but also marked the conclusion of the Shang and Zhou cultural era. The transmitted texts and archeological artifacts of the period show clear signs of this transition, and bronze vessels with cast or engraved inscriptions are particularly important as historical sources. This dissertation examines the numerous changes Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions underwent in regard to their location on the vessel, textual structure, use of new fixed expressions, character forms, and other aspects. It analyzes how these inscriptions continued the Western Zhou bronze inscription tradition, but at the same time gave rise to new regional scripts during the Warring States period. It defines the role of Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions within the context of this historical development. The first two chapters of this dissertation review previous scholarship and methodological concerns. The first chapter shows that while many Spring and Autumn Period bronze vessels bearing inscriptions have been unearthed, relatively little in-depth research has been conducted except in regard to the forms of the characters that appear in the inscriptions, and based on this defines the significance of this dissertation’s research topic. The second chapter analyzes the periodization schemes and regional divisions employed by archaeologists, art historians, and bronze catalogues, and proposes a new framework for analyzing temporal and regional differences within the Spring and Autumn period. The four final chapters enter into direct analysis of the developments occurring within Spring and Autumn Period bronze inscriptions. The third chapter analyzes the placement location, length, subject, and other aspects of the inscriptions, and based on these changes in outer appearance, shows that the importance of bronze inscriptions gradually declined during the Spring and Autumn period. During this period, the location of the inscriptions gradually shifted to the outside of the vessel and the inscribed characters became smaller and more finely wrought so that the appearance of the inscriptions would accord with the aesthetics of the bronze vessel as a whole. Even the subjects discussed by the inscriptions underwent changes due to the rapid decline of the feudal order and the increasing frequency of interstate visits. The fourth chapter challenges the established view that the style of Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions is formulaic or rigid, and explores the historical information contained within the fixed expressions used in many inscriptions. From changes in the style of the text, the verbs used to describe the creation of the vessel, and changes in the structure of people’s names, it is possible to analyze the new kinds of connections that were established between the creators of bronze vessels, the sources of the bronze itself, and the right to produce a vessel. These changes also reveal people’s different pursuits in regard to the quality of the vessels they created. In addition, newly emerging ways of using people’s names not only reveal the unique historical characteristics of Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions, but also provide valuable information about the development of regional bronze cultures. The fifth chapter discusses the set of fixed expressions that began to appear in Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions. Based on an examination of these phrases’ meaning, development, and changes in usage, it shows that there are regional and temporal differences in usage that reflect changes in the intellectual climate of the period. Thus they not only provide information about social history, intellectual history, and cultural history, but can also provide a secondary standard for determining the time period and geographic locale in which individual bronze vessels were created. Based on an analysis of changes in character forms, the sixth chapter investigates the characteristics of Spring and Autumn period bronze inscriptions, and examines regional variance in order to more fully understand Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions in their entirety. Finally, this chapter examines Bird Worm Script, placing it within the framework of the development of Chinese characters in order to examine the changes it underwent, and in order to understand the relationship between it and the characters appearing in contemporaneous Spring and Autumn bronze inscriptions. By means of this, its historical significance can be established. The reason this dissertation focuses on how bronze inscriptions developed during the Spring and Autumn period is because this process was not limited to changes in regard to character form, but in fact constituted a dynamic process that involved social structure, intellectual culture, and historical developments. These inscriptions not only record people’s views of the bronze vessels, political power, and aesthetics, but also reflect the turmoil and changes of the period.

碩士
國立中山大學
中國文學系研究所
104
The research focuses on significant historical events within the 125 years from Duke Xuan of Lu (魯宣公)(608 B.C.)to Duke Ai of Lu(魯哀公)(473B.C.) when the country of Wu(吳國) has fallen. The research includes lists and diagrams illustrating the battles. The research also clearly defines the diplomatic relations and the battle process. In the beginning, Chu is more powerful than Wu. Wu is ruled by Chu. However, Wu has a good chance to form an alliance with Jin(晉國). The battle of Wu and Chu is a result of the power struggle between Jin and Chu. Wu has a geographical advantage over Chu and has diplomatic relation with Jin. Kings of Wu in successive dynasties select personnel wisely until King Helu of Wu (闔廬時期).This period demonstrates national prestige of Wu. Contrary to Wu, Chu grows weaker in time due to internal problems. Wuchen, Duke of Shen(申公巫臣), joined Jin. And, Wu Zixu(伍子胥) is casted away to Wu. Because of the loss of manpower, Chu can not compete with Jin. Chu supports Yue(越國) and makes Yue compete with Wu. Wu is made to compete with Yue in the late Spring and Autumn period(春秋時期). Wu being destroyed by Yue has a great influence on the late Spring and Autumn period.The key to the conflict between Wu and Chu is Battle of Boju. In the Battle of Boju(柏舉之戰), Chu is defeated and, in turn, causes the loss of the city of YingYu(郢都) and the retreat of King Zhao of Chu(楚昭王). Winning the Battle of Boju is a great victory for Wu. Later, Qin(秦國) sends troops to help Chu to defeat Wu. Wu is unstable at thistime and is forced to retreat. As for diplomatic strategies, Chu can not maintain the manpower. As compared to Chu, Wu has a slight advantage over Chu. King Fu Chai of Wu (吳王夫差) reaches his prime during the Huang Chi Meeting (黃池之會). As for the use of manpower, comparing King Helu and Fu Chai of Wu with the king and Lingyin of Chu(令尹), it can be seen that the wins and the losses between Wu and Chu are due to internal causes. The research includes geographical illustrations of battle areas. And, the dynamics of the battles between Wu and Chu around Yangtze River and Huai River Basin (長江淮水流域)is analysed.

碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩士在職專班
102
In the last few years of the Western Zhou Period (B.C.1059-771), Cheng was a vassal state whose territory was initially within the royal area of the Zhou Dynasty, and　the surname of its ruling family was Ji. Having worked for the Zhou government, Duke　Huan of Cheng was killed in an invasion by another ethnic group Quanrong, and so was　King You of Zhou. Because of Duke Wu of Cheng’s support for King Ping of Zhou　who successfully moved to an eastern capital Luoyi, Duke Chuang of Cheng again　seized the opportunity to work for the Zhou government. Thanks to these dukes’ credits,　the status of Cheng reached its zenith overnight. The Zhou government started to　collapse after King Huan of Zhou was shot by an arrow in a Zhou-Cheng battle (the　Battle of Xuge). Later, since the Zhou government lost the power to manage its vassal　states, those feudal dukes began to compete with one another for hegemony. 　　During the Spring and Autumn Period, the location of Cheng was pivotal in central　China. In the early times of the Spring and Autumn Period, Cheng was a strong state　and it was believed to be “easy to guard but hard to attack”. After Duke Chuang of　Cheng’s death, princes’ struggles for kingship had frequently been seen. Then, the State　of Cheng became weaker for the loss of its geographical edge and turned into a　battlefield of other dukes. The political willingness of Cheng decided which state would　be the next hegemony. For this reason, the State of Cheng is key to studying the ups and　downs of other dukes’ kingdoms as well as the historical development during the Spring　and Autumn Period. 　　Focusing on the State of Cheng, the thesis shall discuss its geography, humanities,　history, people, diplomacy, military, etc. Chapter 2 shall examine the humanistic　geography about Cheng for its territory, together with its economy, customs, politics,　and diplomacy influenced by its geographical factors. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 shall review　the early, middle, and late times of the Spring and Autumn Period for investigating the　history of Cheng. Chapter 6 shall explore the national conditions of Cheng according to　the ideas of a statesman Zichan. Chapter 7 shall explain the historical facts during　the　times between Duke Wu of Cheng and Duke Wen of Cheng based on Odes of Cheng in　Classic of Poetry (Shijing). From the conclusion in Chapter 8, the researcher hopes to　take a closer look at the historical development of the Spring and Autumn Period, and　the ups and downs of Cheng’s history.

碩士
玄奘大學
中國語文學系碩博士班
101
After the capital of Zhou Dynasty was moved eastward, a gradual collapse of royal authority was seen among vassals who rose to pursue hegemony with increasing ambition day by day, finally leading to the fight for hegemony during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the Chronicle of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were outstanding ministers. Guan Zhong assisted Duke Huan of Qi in ruling the state by introducing multiple economic reforms in the state to pursue the wealth for both the state and people, and achieve the final goal of a powerful State of Qi in terms of economy and military. When it comes to diplomacy, he dedicated himself to win the obedience from vassals under the slogan of “respecting the king and defending against barbarians” regarded as the major guideline for actions, and finally allowed Duke Huan of Qi to dominate over vassals as the first hegemon during the Spring and Autumn Period. By reviewing Guan Zhong’s reforms, it is discovered that he indeed had extraordinary visions and insights. Duke Huan of Qi, with Guan Zhong’s assistance, achieved his ambition of hegemony and discouraged the fight for hegemony among vassals. With regard to Zi Chan, he served the state at the time when internal revolts and foreign invasions were common. He launched land reforms to increase people’s income inside the state and, in spite of the small size of the State of Zheng, dealt with large states of Jin and Chu in a low-key manner outside the state, setting an example of diplomacy for small countries. This thesis explores the political ideology of Guan Zhong and Zi Chan by studying their policies to achieve the goal of a wealthy country and people while investigating their foreign policies. The thesis starts by investigating the transfer of political power after the capital of Zhou Dynasty was moved eastward, describing the rise of Duke Zhuang of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period, and analyzing the state-to-state situation before Duke Huan of Qi attained hegemony. Next, the thesis examines Guan Zhong’s policies to enrich the country and strengthen the military by analyzing his reforms of interior and economic affairs, promotion of trading, the hegemony during the reign of Duke Huan of Qi with his assistance, and his maneuvering over foreign affairs. Despite the fact that the State of Zheng tried to survive in a tight corner at the later stage of the Spring and Autumn Period when having faced battles for hundreds of years as well as the coercion of compelling senior officials rising inside the state, Zi Chan could still manage the administration with ease. Thus, the thesis explores Zi Chan’s policies by elaborating his domestic reforms, foreign policies, and the evaluations for his achievements. Finally, the conclusion focuses on the political accomplishments arising from the assistance of wise ministers in administration. The thesis brings forward a conclusion of research by analyzing the differences between Guan Zhong and Zi Chan in terms of policies, praising their visions and perseverance for the pursuit of reforms and the political accomplishment of a wealthy state and people, probing into the keys to their political success, and reviewing the continuation of policies after their death.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
經學研究所
103
Abstract During the Spring and Autumn Period, vassal states competed with each other intensely for survival. King Zhuang of Chu, Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, and Duke Mu of Qin were the Five Hegemons of the period. Before Duke Huan of Qi dominated the Central Plains of China, Duke Zhuang of Zheng was a source of vexation for the Emperor of Zhou, who desperately rallied vassal states to wage war against the State of Zheng, only to be comprehensively defeated. Subsequently, Duke Zhuang of Zheng subjugated the Emperor’s Army in order to convince other vassal states to defect to his command. The Spring and Autumn Annals begins by introducing the State of Zheng. The State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn period is worthy of research in various aspects, including its geological position, strategic relationships, and course of history. This study was conducted to summarize the depiction of the State of Zheng in Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan was selected because among the three surviving commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals, this text emphasizes historical narratives, and is thus distinct from the other two commentaries, Gongyang Zhuan and Guliang Zhuan, which emphasize on the interpretations of the Confucian Classics. The compelling narratives of Zuo Zhuan (Commentary of Zuo) have made studying the history of the Spring and Autumn period more entertaining, aiding readers in comprehending the struggle and futility experienced by vassal states on the brink of demise. Readers can gain insight into the historical context of each battle and the accompanying decisions. Moreover, they can empathize with what Mencius meant when he stated, “In the ‘Spring and Autumn, there are no righteous wars.” Because of the distinctive characters living in the vassal state of Zheng, the state was a critical component of several historical battles; Zheng was also responsible for changes related to the states of the Central Plain. This study referred to the events recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan to present an overview of the state of Zheng throughout the Spring and Autumn period. In addition, interactions between Zheng and other states were clarified, and changes in the surrounding states were examined. Synoptically, the rise and fall of Zheng as illustrated in the Zuo Zhuan has been faithfully presented. Keywords: State of Zheng, Rise and fall of Zheng, History of Zheng, Zuo Zhuan, Spring and Autumn Annals

博士
國立臺灣大學
中國文學研究所
101
The Yi-Xia concept(夷夏觀) in the Spring and Autumn Period is academically crucial. It not only has historical significance, but also contains implications for the study of Confucian classics. By integrating the two dimensions, this thesis seeks to reveal the substances of the Yi-Xia concept in the Spring and Autumn period. More specifically, this thesis attempts to address the following questions. What are the criteria according to which Yi and Xia differentiated between each other? What are the features and meanings of such differentiation? What influences does the concept have in the Spring and Autumn Annals(《春秋》)? And finally, what are the characteristics of the Yi-Xia concept that the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Three Commentaries(三傳) in turn proposed and elaborated on? Chapter two analyzes the criteria for the differentiation between Yi and Xia in the Spring and Autumn Period. The analysis encompasses cultural, political, and consanguine dimensions. The cultural criterion could be further categorized into material and immaterial cultures. Material culture, such as apparel system and living style, can clearly differentiate Yi from Xia; while immaterial culture, such as war pattern and language, cannot. In addition, morality served as a more specific criterion for the differentiation between Yi and Xia. For example, the people of the Zhou Dynasty always vilified barbarians for their own political interests. Accordingly, culture seemed to be one of the criteria for the differentiation between Yi and Xia at that time. However, to distinguish between different cultures was getting much more difficult, primarily due to the cultural exchange and interaction between Yi and Xia. This implied that the cultural criterion was used in a subjective rather than an objective manner. The political criterion, such as claiming kingship and acknowledging allegiance, did not alter their diplomatic identities. Therefore, it was not an effective criterion for the differentiation between Yi and Xia. With regard to consanguinity, it functioned as an effective criterion. For example, the people of the Zhou Dynasty shaped the isonymous states into a core, and strived hard towards a united community by connecting the core with other states of different surnames by marriage. In sum, the differentiation between Yi and Xia in the Spring and Autumn Period was made on the basis of culture and consanguinity. After identifying the criteria for the differentiation between Yi and Xia, Chapter three explicates the problems of self-identity and sense of belonging by taking three states, namely Qin, Chu, and Wu, as examples. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Xia-states regard Qin as their equivalent rather than a barbarian state. However, Chu was regarded as a barbarian state in spite of its profound cultural standing. Consanguinity was assumed to be the cause of this phenomenon. Behind this phenomenon, Qin and Chu developed similar identities, that is, neither barbarian nor Xia-states. They regarded themselves as significant and unique. This proved that Qin and Chu did not develop a sense of belonging to Xia, though they actively assimilated Xia-culture. The Xia-states regarded Wu as a barbarian state, even though Wu was a state bearing the surname of Ji. Nevertheless, according to the historical context, unearthed utensils, and form of tombs, the ruling class of Wu was unlikely to be Zhou people. Therefore, Wu served as an example of trying to integrate itself into the Xia-culture through consanguinity. By examining the three states, we clearly observe different facades of identity that shifted between Yi and Xia in the Spring and Autumn Period. Chapter four analyzes the characteristics and functions of the Yi-Xia concept. It reveals the complex relationship between Yi and Xia in the Spring and Autumn Period. On the one hand, there were not only occasional conflicts, but also frequent exchange and cooperation between Yi and Xia. On the other hand, when conflict of interests occurred among Xia-states, they tended to distinguish themselves from each other or even took military actions. Their frequent diplomatic exchange and cooperation did not serve as a remedy for conflict of interests. Such competition hindered not only their coherence, but also the formation of their collective identity. The primary cause of conflict in the Spring and Autumn Period was that stronger states continuously aggressed and annexed weaker states. Therefore, the political structure shaped by strong and weak states clearly represented the situation of the Spring and Autumn Period. It also implied that the conflict between Yi and Xia has been exaggerated. For example, in order to sanction Qi’s disobedience, Jin cooperated with the Eastern Yi states. This practice demonstrated the reality and complexity of politics. Jin regarded the barbarians as allies, while the other Xia-states unreliable. It showed that the Yi-Xia concept at that time did not contain strong ethnic identities. Nonetheless, the differentiation between Yi and Xia still occupied a crucial role. Such differentiation suggested a greater antagonism towards barbarians. What is worth noticing is that the differentiation between Yi and Xia was not a common political principle. It was contingent on state’s strategies in different situations. In addition, the substance of Yi-Xia concept changed gradually rather than being static. The set of vocabulary, namely supreme state/remote-uncultivated area, which was closely related to the Yi-Xia concept, emerged in the mid- and late Spring and Autumn Period and exemplified the gradually consolidated ethnic identities. This development also paved the way for the evolution of Yi-Xia concept. Chapter five investigates the Yi-Xia concept in the Spring and Autumn Annals (focusing on Confucius) and the Three Commentaries. Confucius insisted on the differentiation between Yi and Xia. He focused on culture rather than consanguinity, and granted much more connotations of culture. Despite the idea of the differentiating between Yi and Xia, Confucius did not discriminate against barbarians. He argued that the basic principles of dealing with people and affairs, such as propriety, justice, loyalty, and honesty, could be also put into practice in barbarian regions. Besides, he strongly advocated the harmony between Yi and Xia, and disagreed over the expansion of Zhou culture’s sphere of influence through military forces. Zuo Zhuan(《左傳》) advocated distinguishing Yi from Xia by adopting cultural criteria. In comparison to Zuo Zhuan, which paid little attention to the relationship between Yi and Xia, Gongyang Zhuan(《公羊傳》) and Guliang Zhuan(《穀梁傳》) frequently discussed that issue. Gongyang Zhuan advocated the necessity of distinguishing Yi from Xia, and emphasized the moral substance of the Yi-Xia concept. The identities of Yi and Xia were not constant but changeable with behavior. Morality, propriety, and justice determined the difference between Yi and Xia. The substance of the Yi-Xia concept advocated in Guliang Zhuan was not only similar to that in Gongyang Zhuan, but also unique. For example, it built a kind of Yi-Xia concept with the standpoint of pure morality and a distinctive harmonious orientation. The Three Commentaries shared common spirit, though they diverged on the substance of Yi-Xia concepts. They adopted the behavioral consistency with morality, propriety and justice as the criterion for the differentiation between Yi and Xia. They claimed that the identity as Yi or Xia was not static. They did not discriminate against barbarians. Such spirit was perfectly consistent with Confucius’ perspective on the relationship between Yi and Xia, and therefore formed the conventional interpretation on the Yi-Xia concept in the Confucian classics. The Yi-Xia concept in the Spring and Autumn Period nurtured the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Three Commentaries, and thereby facilitated its own evolution in the Confucian classics. In this process, historical facts were transformed into thoughts revealed in the Confucian classics. After the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Three Commentaries became the paradigm for the study and application of Confucian classics, the Yi-Xia concept in the Spring and Autumn Annals influenced the politics and thoughts of later generations. As a result, the thoughts, namely the Yi-Xia concept in the Confucian classics, were brought back into the historical context and therefore became a critical component in Chinese political history.

碩士
國立中山大學
中國文學系研究所
98
This thesis mainly discusses the System of Counties in the Period of Spring And Autumn, the System of Prefectures and the Placement of Officials in the Period of Warring States.It contains various countries'' prefectures and counties'' officers and the origin of the placement of officials, its changing conditions, as well as its development and the distributed situation.The study is focused on whether these systems were closely conneted to its time and various districts.

碩士
臺南藝術學院
藝術史與藝術評論研究所
93
Abstract This essay will discuss the shape，form，and the development of the bronze hu and its relationship with the ritual from the Shang Dynasty to the mid and late Spring and Autumn period. From the bronze hu dug up，we can find its development history is quite long. From the Shang Dynasty to the beginning of the Western Zhou period，the bronze hu either in form or in set of ritual vessels did not play a major role. But starting from the late Western Zhou period to the mid and late Spring and Autumn period，the size of the square hu was amazing and its decorations gorgeous. And it became a very major role to bury the dead with it for the royal family. But this trend was fading between the Spring and Autumn period to Warring States period. This dramatic change had something to do with its function，and it also directly related to the change of the core value system of the society at that time. This essay includes five chapters. The first chapter covers the reviews of history documents and the research motivation and its methods，it also define the form of the bronze hu and also categorized part of the bronze you（卣）in the same category. The second chapter focus on the bronze hu by form. It will cover the historical bronze hu and vessels categorization. And my method of its categorization and the detailed explanation plus illustration；by shape and its neck /belly size ratio’s characteristic etc. The bronze hu will be categorized as A Class－narrow neck type，B/B′Class as broad neck type，C Class －large type twin hus ，D Class narrow short neck and broad belly hu，E Class the other unique type hus. The third chapter will explore the archaeological distribution of bronze hu of each epoch. The fourth chapter will explore the development of the bronze hu in detail and the comparison of the different style in each area. The fifth chapter will explore the bronze hu's ritual role and its rise and fall. The areas will cover sets of bronze ritual vessels，sexual difference，social classes，and the social ritual value’s transformation etc. about hu. From the Shang Dynasty，the bronze hu development can tell us the key forms of these works are closely related to the political power of each era. This tell us artistic expansions and domination needs strong political powers support. The more powerful the political power，the more influential the artworks have. From the development of the bronze hu's view point，even though there was the territorial style differences and the different culture which would affect the ritual differences，but these “differences”were usually almost became similar. It mutely but also strongly stated that behind each historical stage there is an unseen guiding force leading it. This guiding force integrate the development of the form and the ritual system of each and every territory，although there may have some traction from the local culture，but its influence is very limited.

博士
中國文化大學
史學系
105
The Spring and Autumn Period Warring States time in aspects and so on politics, economy, society all starts to appear many transformations, moreover educates no longer is also monopolized by the aristocrat, then creates between the aristocrat and common people's distance is pulled closer many, these factors cause many common people to start to seek own outlet, realizes own ideal and the aspiration.If these gentleman person is unable in own country to find the development the opportunity, starts to seek the opportunity to other countries, however arrived other country to become “the guest”; If has the opportunity which serves as an official in other countries, has become “the non-native official invited to serve at court”. “Guest” and “non-native official invited to serve at court” in order to want to obtain monarch's entrusting with heavy responsibility, then proposed many ideas, and changes into these ideas the theory.Caused the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States time to appear many different academic thought.Not only these academic thought enable the Spring and Autumn Period Warring States time to become in the Chinese history the academic thought most vigorous development time, simultaneously these academic thought also have the very deep influence regarding after China historical development.“The guest” and “the non-native official invited to serve at court” quite is worth us in the academic thought contribution and the achievement paying attention. This article will aim at “the guest” and “the non-native official invited to serve at court” the formation reason, the influence, as well as they will discuss in various aspects performance, by the time even more knew “guest” and “non-native official invited to serve at court” the background and the impact and the influence which will bring to the time.

碩士
國立臺南大學
國語文學系碩士班
99
The two most important burials in the burial system of Zhou Dynasty are burying husband and wife together and burying the living with the dead. This study is mainly based on the actual archaeological burial data and supplemented with the related social phenomena in ancient books and records. Through methods of comparison as well as expound and prove, a more comprehensive understanding is expected for the two burial systems. In the system of burying husband and wife together, the burial in the period of pre-Zhou Dynasty, burying siblings together existed; however, when the time came to Western Zhou Dynasty to Spring and Autumn Period, burying husband and wife together was in chief. According to “the Book of Rites”, there were two systems of burying husband and wife in the society of Zhou Dynasty. One belonged to the burial system in Lu, called “He”; the other one belonged to the burial system in Wei, called “Li”. According to the archaeological data, the so-called “He” and “Li” can be interpreted by “buried together buries husband and wife together” and “the different hole buries husband and wife together”. However, in the actual archaeological context, there was no difference between burying husband and wife together in Lu and Wei; both of them were the burial system of “the different hole buries husband and wife together”. In the system of burying the living with the dead, the population in Western Zhou Dynasty was obviously less than that in Zhou Dynasty, but burying dogs with the dead was more common. In Spring and Autumn Period, burying many the living with the dead existed in aristocratic tombs. Most of the living buried with the dead in the aristocratic tombs in Spring and Autumn Period possessed burial implements and mortuary objects. It is possible that those people were closed to the tomb occupant and willing to be buried with him, which might result from the political atmosphere. According to the documents, the society of Zhou Dynasty objected to burying the living with the dead and criticized it. The strictest perspective lied in the Confucian. Confucianists considered no difference between improper mortuary objects and burying the living with the dead; they particularly hated using terracotta. Zhou Dynasty was a cultural nation. It presented the humanistic spirit with valuing burying husband and wife together and criticizing the burial system.

Einleitung: Die Übergangszyklen (ÜZ) der Stute sind hinsichtlich klinischer Parameter bereits ausführlich charakterisiert. Das Endmetrium wird bislang, trotz seines elementaren Stellenwertes in der „Reproduktionsachse“, nicht oder nur sehr vereinzelt in die Betrachtungen mit einbezogen. Ziele der Untersuchungen: Ziel dieser Arbeit war eine umfassende morphologischfunktionelle Charakterisierung des equinen Endometriums während der ÜZ, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die endometriale Aktivität und Differenzierung. Zudem wurden die dokumentierten endometrialen Charakteristika in ein klinische Parameter beinhaltendes Gesamtkonzept eingebunden, um ein tiefergreifendes Verständnis der physiologischen Abläufe während des Frühjahrs und Herbstes zu erlangen. Auf dieser Grundlage sollte darüber hinaus der optimale Zeitraum einer diagnostischen Bioptatentnahme hinsichtlich der Funktionsmorphologie des Endometriums ermittelt werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden insgesamt 260 Endometriumproben von Stuten verschiedener Rassen sowie mit einem variablen und individuellen Alters- und Reproduktionsstatus untersucht. Diese stammten im Wesentlichen aus den Routineeinsendungen (n = 253) des Instituts für Veterinär-Pathologie der Universität Leipzig der Jahre 1993 - 2012. Darüber hinaus wurden endometriale Gewebeproben von sieben Tieren im Rahmen von Obduktionen entnommen. Als Kontrollgruppe dienten Bioptate von sechs klinisch-gynäkologisch gesunden Stuten aus der physiologischen Zuchtsaison, welche an definierten Tagen des Zyklus entnommen wurden. Für die Auswertung des Herbst-Übergangszyklus (HÜZ) standen 76 Proben aus den Monaten September, Oktober und November zur Verfügung. Der Frühjahrs-Übergangszyklus (FÜZ) wurde durch 184 im Februar, März und April entnommene Bioptate repräsentiert. Die Gewebeproben wurden routinemäßig aufgearbeitet und mittels H.-E. gefärbt. Eine lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung erfolgte im Besonderen hinsichtlich der endometrialen Aktivität sowie der glandulären und stromalen Differenzierung. An 100 ausgewählten Endometriumproben wurde zudem eine immunhistologische Untersuchung hinsichtlich der Expression von Östrogenrezeptor α und Progesteronrezeptor sowie des Proliferationsmarkers Ki67-Antigen durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Während des HÜZ ergibt sich das Bild einer nahezu kontinuierlichen Abnahme der endometrialen Aktivität. Demgegenüber kann im Verlauf des FÜZ eine deutliche Zunahme der Aktivität beobachtet werden. Der Prozentsatz fehldifferenzierter Endometrien nimmt im Herbst von etwa 14 % im späten September auf nahezu 44 % in der ersten Novemberhälfte zu. In jenen den Untersuchungszeitraum begrenzenden Monatshälften (früher September, 33 %; später November, < 30 %) weichen die ermittelten Fehldifferenzierungsraten von der beobachteten Zunahme ab. Während des FÜZ ist der höchste Prozentsatz fehldifferenzierter Endometrien im späten März (32 %) zu verzeichnen. Im April fällt der Anteil nachgewiesener Differenzierungsstörungen auf < 15 % ab. Mehr als 90 % der fehldifferenzierten Gewebeproben weisen eine irreguläre Funktionsmorphologie auf, während bei den übrigen Endometrien (< 10 %) eine ungleichmäßige Differenzierung beobachtet werden kann. Die ermittelte Kongruenz der endometrialen funktionellen Morphologie und des klinisch- gynäkologisch (vorberichtlich) dokumentierten Zyklusstandes aller im HÜZ und FÜZ untersuchten Proben beträgt rund 70 %. Die dominierende Funktionsmorphologie fehldifferenzierter Endometrien passt in ca. 60 % der Fälle zu dem jeweiligen klinisch dokumentierten Zyklusstand. Während der ÜZ sind sowohl in regulär als auch in fehldifferenzierten Endometrien eine überwiegend schwache Steroidhormonrezeptorexpression und eine nahezu fehlende Ki67-Antigenexpression zu beobachten. Insgesamt zeigen die irregulär differenzierten Endometrien v. a. im Bereich des tiefen Drüsenepithels eine deutlich stärkere Expressionsintensität insbesondere von Östrogenrezeptor α als entsprechende Strukturen regulär differenzierter Endometrien. Schlussfolgerungen: Die vermehrte Nachweisbarkeit endometrialer Fehldifferenzierungen sowie einer fehlenden Kongruenz histomorphologischer und klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde während der ÜZ ist möglicherweise auf eine in diesen Zeiträumen physiologische Entkopplung insbesondere der ovariell-endometrialen Regulationsmechanismen zurückzuführen. Eine diagnostische Bioptatentnahme zur endometrialen Funktionsanalytik sollte demzufolge ab der zweiten Aprilhälfte und bis Ende August stattfinden.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS V 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 2 2.1 Der Sexualzyklus der Stute 2 2.1.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen 2 2.1.2 Regulation des Sexualzyklus während der physiologischen Zuchtsaison 3 2.1.3 Der Anöstrus (anovulatorische Phase) 5 2.1.3.1 Der Herbst-Übergangszyklus 6 2.1.3.2 Der tiefe Winteranöstrus (ovarielle Inaktivität) 9 2.1.3.3 Der Frühjahrs-Übergangszyklus 10 2.2 Histomorphologie des Endometriums der Stute 11 2.2.1 Morphologische Charakteristika des zyklisch aktiven Endometriums 12 2.2.2 Endometriale Differenzierungsstörungen 12 2.2.2.1 Endometriale Atrophie und Inaktivität 15 2.2.2.2 Histomorphologie des equinen Endometriums während der Übergangszyklen – Physiologische endometriale Asynchronizität 18 2.2.2.3 Endometriale Hyperplasie 18 2.2.2.4 Endometriale Hypoplasie 19 2.2.2.5 Irreguläre glanduläre Differenzierung 19 2.2.2.6 Ungleichmäßige glanduläre Differenzierung 22 2.2.2.7 Vollständig irreguläre und ungleichmäßige glanduläre Differenzierung 24 2.3 Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren 25 2.3.1 Aufbau, Struktur und Wirkmechanismen der Steroidhormonrezeptoren 25 2.3.2 Hormonelle Beeinflussung der Steroidhormonrezeptorexpression 26 2.3.3 Hormonrezeptoren im Endometrium der Stute 27 2.4 Ki67-Antigen 28 2.4.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen 28 2.4.2 Ki67-Antigen im Endometrium der Stute 29 2.5 Fazit aus der Literatur im Hinblick auf den eigenen Forschungsschwerpunkt 30 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 31 3.1 Tiergut, Material und Probenherkunft 31 3.2 Nähere Charakterisierung des Tiergutes und des Untersuchungsmaterials 31 3.2.1 Selektionskriterien für die Auswahl des Untersuchungsmaterials aus der Datenbank 31 3.2.2 Probenentnahme und Dokumentation der Ovarbefunde von Sektionstieren 32 3.2.3 Endokrinologische Analysen der Blutserumproben 33 3.2.3.1 Bestimmung von E2 im Pferdeserum (mit Extraktion) 33 3.2.3.2 Bestimmung von P4 im Pferdeserum (mit Extraktion) 34 3.2.4 Kontrollstuten 35 3.3 Probenaufarbeitung und histologische Präparation 35 3.4 Lichtmikroskopie 36 3.4.1 Auswertung der histologischen Präparate 36 3.5 Immunhistologie 39 3.5.1 Anfertigung der immunhistologischen Präparate 39 3.5.2 Auswertung der immunhistologischen Untersuchungen 40 3.5.2.1 Steroidhormonrezeptoren 41 3.5.2.2 Proliferationsmarker – Ki67-Antigen 42 4 ERGEBNISSE 43 4.1 Charakterisierung des HÜZ 43 4.1.1 Lichtmikroskopische Beurteilung der endometrialen Proben (HÜZ) 45 4.1.1.1 Endometriale Aktivität 45 4.1.1.2 Endometriale Differenzierung 47 4.1.1.3 Endometriale Alterationen 49 4.1.2 Immunhistologische Beurteilung ausgewählter endometrialer Proben (HÜZ) 51 4.1.3 Gegenüberstellung histomorphologisch-funktioneller und klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde unter Berücksichtigung anamnestischer Daten 54 4.1.4 Zusammenfassende Darstellung des HÜZ 56 4.2 Charakterisierung des FÜZ 60 4.2.1 Lichtmikroskopische Beurteilung der endometrialen Proben (FÜZ) 62 4.2.1.1 Endometriale Aktivität 62 4.2.1.2 Endometriale Differenzierung 64 4.2.1.3 Endometriale Alterationen 65 4.2.2 Immunhistologische Beurteilung ausgewählter endometrialer Proben (FÜZ) 67 4.2.3 Gegenüberstellung histomorphologisch-funktioneller und klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde unter Berücksichtigung anamnestischer Daten 70 4.2.4 Zusammenfassende Darstellung des FÜZ 74 4.3 Morphologisch-funktionelle Beurteilung endometrialer Bioptate im Zyklusverlauf (Kontrollstuten) 78 5 DISKUSSION 79 5.1 Ziel der Arbeit 79 5.2 Kritische Beurteilung des Untersuchungsmaterials 79 5.3 Charakteristika der Übergangszyklen 81 5.3.1 Endometriale Aktivität und deren Vergleich mit den Befunden der klinisch-gynäkologischen Untersuchung 81 5.3.2 Endometriale Differenzierung im saisonalen Kontext 83 5.3.2.1 Potenzielle Einflussfaktoren auf die endometriale Funktionsmorphologie während der ÜZ (Alter, Parität und Güstzeit) 85 5.3.2.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der endometrialen Funktionsanalyse mit den Befunden der klinisch-gynäkologischen Untersuchung 87 5.3.3 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in ausgewählten endometrialen Bioptaten 88 5.3.3.1 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in Endometrien mit einer regulären Funktionsmorphologie 88 5.3.3.2 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in Endometrien mit einer irregulären Funktionsmorphologie 90 5.4 Fazit 91 5.5 Ausblick und weiterführende Untersuchungen 93 5.5.1 Homogenität des Probenmaterials 93 5.5.2 Funktionelle Charakterisierung des Endometriums während der ÜZ 93 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG . 95 7 SUMMARY 97 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 99 9 ANHANG 116 9.1 Fragebogen zur Vervollständigung der klinisch-anamnestischen Daten 116 9.2 Charakterisierung der Kontrollstuten 117 9.3 Reagenzien für die Immunhistologie 118 9.4 Auswertungsprotokoll Lichtmikroskopie und Immunhistologie 119 10 DANKSAGUNG 122
Introduction: With regard to clinical parameters the transitional period of the mare is already characterized thoroughly. Despite its important key-role in the reproductive axis, however, the endometrium is largely neglected in these considerations. Objective: The aim of the present study was a detailed morphofunctional characterization of the equine endometrium during the autumn (ATP) as well as the spring transitional period (STP). Special emphasis was placed regarding the endometrial activity and differentiation. Furthermore, the investigated endometrial characteristics were integrated in a superordinate concept, also considering clinical parameters, in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of physiological processes during both ATP and STP. Based on these findings the most effective time span for diagnostic biopsy sampling, especially regarding the functional morphology of the endometrium, should be evaluated. Material and methods: For this survey altogether 260 endometrial samples of mares with a variable age and foaling status as well as of different breeds were investigated. The main part of the examined specimens (n = 253) was obtained from routine biopsy submissions sent to the Institute of Pathology at the University of Leipzig from 1993 to 2012. Moreover, endometrial tissue was retrieved from 7 mares, which were submitted for necropsy to the same department. Samples with no endometrial alterations taken from 6 gynaecologically healthy mares during the physiological breeding season on defined days of the oestrus cycle served as positive controls. To outline the ATP, 76 specimens taken in September, October and November were selected for examination. Samples taken in February, March and April were chosen to investigate the STP (184). All samples were routinely processed and stained with haemalum and eosin (H.-E.). Subsequently, the samples were evaluated microscopically especially with regard to the functional morphology of the endometrium, that means activity as well as glandular and stromal differentiation. An immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of oestrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor as well as of Ki67-antigen was performed on selected endometrial samples (n = 100). Results: Concerning the endometrial activity a considerable decrease in activity from September to the second half of November could be detected in ATP. Compared to this course in autumn, a noticeable increase in activity could be recognized during STP. The appearance of endometrial disorders in ATP is characterized by a straight increase from about 14 % in late September to nearly 44 % in the first half of November. At the ‘margins’ of ATP (early September, 33 %; late November, < 30 %) results deviating form the mentioned increase were observed. During STP the highest percentage of endometrial differentiation disorders could be detected in late March (32 %). At the end of STP in April, the percentage of endometrial maldifferentiations declined to about 15 % or lower. Altogether, the vast majority (90 %) of specimens with differentiation disorders were classified as being differentiated ‘irregularly’. Accordingly, only about 10 % of all maldifferentiated endometria showed an ‘unequal’ functional morphology. A comparison of the clinically evaluated ovarian status and the endometrial functional morphology revealed that both parameters were in accordance in about 70 % of all mares examined during ATP and STP. Regarding only maldifferentiated endometria, a consistence of the predominant functional morphology and the ovarian status could only be detected in about 60 % of all investigated cases. During the transitional peroids, both regularly differentiated endometria and specimens showing functional disorders showed an only mild steroid hormone receptor expression and almost no expression of Ki67-antigen. However, a distinctively higher oestrogen receptor α expression could be observed in the epithelial cells of mainly mid to basal glands especially in ‘irregular’ differentiated specimens compared to according structures of regularly differentiated endometria. Conclusion: Endometrial maldifferentiations as well as a relatively low ratio of concordance of the histomorphological findings in the endometrium compared to the reported gynaecological status are frequently found in biopsies taken during the transitional periods. These two conditions might display a physiological decoupling of the regulatory processes between ovaries and endometrium. Therefore, a diagnostic sampling – with regard to a functional analysis of the endometrium – should take place during the physiological breeding season between late April and before September.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS I ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS V 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 2 2.1 Der Sexualzyklus der Stute 2 2.1.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen 2 2.1.2 Regulation des Sexualzyklus während der physiologischen Zuchtsaison 3 2.1.3 Der Anöstrus (anovulatorische Phase) 5 2.1.3.1 Der Herbst-Übergangszyklus 6 2.1.3.2 Der tiefe Winteranöstrus (ovarielle Inaktivität) 9 2.1.3.3 Der Frühjahrs-Übergangszyklus 10 2.2 Histomorphologie des Endometriums der Stute 11 2.2.1 Morphologische Charakteristika des zyklisch aktiven Endometriums 12 2.2.2 Endometriale Differenzierungsstörungen 12 2.2.2.1 Endometriale Atrophie und Inaktivität 15 2.2.2.2 Histomorphologie des equinen Endometriums während der Übergangszyklen – Physiologische endometriale Asynchronizität 18 2.2.2.3 Endometriale Hyperplasie 18 2.2.2.4 Endometriale Hypoplasie 19 2.2.2.5 Irreguläre glanduläre Differenzierung 19 2.2.2.6 Ungleichmäßige glanduläre Differenzierung 22 2.2.2.7 Vollständig irreguläre und ungleichmäßige glanduläre Differenzierung 24 2.3 Östrogen- und Progesteronrezeptoren 25 2.3.1 Aufbau, Struktur und Wirkmechanismen der Steroidhormonrezeptoren 25 2.3.2 Hormonelle Beeinflussung der Steroidhormonrezeptorexpression 26 2.3.3 Hormonrezeptoren im Endometrium der Stute 27 2.4 Ki67-Antigen 28 2.4.1 Allgemeine Betrachtungen 28 2.4.2 Ki67-Antigen im Endometrium der Stute 29 2.5 Fazit aus der Literatur im Hinblick auf den eigenen Forschungsschwerpunkt 30 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODEN 31 3.1 Tiergut, Material und Probenherkunft 31 3.2 Nähere Charakterisierung des Tiergutes und des Untersuchungsmaterials 31 3.2.1 Selektionskriterien für die Auswahl des Untersuchungsmaterials aus der Datenbank 31 3.2.2 Probenentnahme und Dokumentation der Ovarbefunde von Sektionstieren 32 3.2.3 Endokrinologische Analysen der Blutserumproben 33 3.2.3.1 Bestimmung von E2 im Pferdeserum (mit Extraktion) 33 3.2.3.2 Bestimmung von P4 im Pferdeserum (mit Extraktion) 34 3.2.4 Kontrollstuten 35 3.3 Probenaufarbeitung und histologische Präparation 35 3.4 Lichtmikroskopie 36 3.4.1 Auswertung der histologischen Präparate 36 3.5 Immunhistologie 39 3.5.1 Anfertigung der immunhistologischen Präparate 39 3.5.2 Auswertung der immunhistologischen Untersuchungen 40 3.5.2.1 Steroidhormonrezeptoren 41 3.5.2.2 Proliferationsmarker – Ki67-Antigen 42 4 ERGEBNISSE 43 4.1 Charakterisierung des HÜZ 43 4.1.1 Lichtmikroskopische Beurteilung der endometrialen Proben (HÜZ) 45 4.1.1.1 Endometriale Aktivität 45 4.1.1.2 Endometriale Differenzierung 47 4.1.1.3 Endometriale Alterationen 49 4.1.2 Immunhistologische Beurteilung ausgewählter endometrialer Proben (HÜZ) 51 4.1.3 Gegenüberstellung histomorphologisch-funktioneller und klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde unter Berücksichtigung anamnestischer Daten 54 4.1.4 Zusammenfassende Darstellung des HÜZ 56 4.2 Charakterisierung des FÜZ 60 4.2.1 Lichtmikroskopische Beurteilung der endometrialen Proben (FÜZ) 62 4.2.1.1 Endometriale Aktivität 62 4.2.1.2 Endometriale Differenzierung 64 4.2.1.3 Endometriale Alterationen 65 4.2.2 Immunhistologische Beurteilung ausgewählter endometrialer Proben (FÜZ) 67 4.2.3 Gegenüberstellung histomorphologisch-funktioneller und klinisch-gynäkologischer Befunde unter Berücksichtigung anamnestischer Daten 70 4.2.4 Zusammenfassende Darstellung des FÜZ 74 4.3 Morphologisch-funktionelle Beurteilung endometrialer Bioptate im Zyklusverlauf (Kontrollstuten) 78 5 DISKUSSION 79 5.1 Ziel der Arbeit 79 5.2 Kritische Beurteilung des Untersuchungsmaterials 79 5.3 Charakteristika der Übergangszyklen 81 5.3.1 Endometriale Aktivität und deren Vergleich mit den Befunden der klinisch-gynäkologischen Untersuchung 81 5.3.2 Endometriale Differenzierung im saisonalen Kontext 83 5.3.2.1 Potenzielle Einflussfaktoren auf die endometriale Funktionsmorphologie während der ÜZ (Alter, Parität und Güstzeit) 85 5.3.2.2 Vergleich der Ergebnisse der endometrialen Funktionsanalyse mit den Befunden der klinisch-gynäkologischen Untersuchung 87 5.3.3 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in ausgewählten endometrialen Bioptaten 88 5.3.3.1 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in Endometrien mit einer regulären Funktionsmorphologie 88 5.3.3.2 Expressionsverhalten von ERα, PR und Ki67-Antigen in Endometrien mit einer irregulären Funktionsmorphologie 90 5.4 Fazit 91 5.5 Ausblick und weiterführende Untersuchungen 93 5.5.1 Homogenität des Probenmaterials 93 5.5.2 Funktionelle Charakterisierung des Endometriums während der ÜZ 93 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG . 95 7 SUMMARY 97 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 99 9 ANHANG 116 9.1 Fragebogen zur Vervollständigung der klinisch-anamnestischen Daten 116 9.2 Charakterisierung der Kontrollstuten 117 9.3 Reagenzien für die Immunhistologie 118 9.4 Auswertungsprotokoll Lichtmikroskopie und Immunhistologie 119 10 DANKSAGUNG 122

This thesis deals with diplomatic relations in the Chunqiu period or the Spring and Autumn period. It introduces characterization of process of diplomatic meeting, how they are described in the text of the Zhouli. As a main source it uses early chinese text of the Yanzi chunqiu - Annals of Mister Yan. It gives information about a personage of Yan Ying - a minister in the state of Qi in the 6th century BC, as well as about the text itself, including history, authenticity and other questions. It presents own translations of episodes concerning diplomatic relations. For a comparison it presents episodes from the text of Zuo Zhuan, in which we can find Yan Ying. Based on a summary of political situation of this period it resumes, how could episodes of diplomatic meetings correspond to reality of this period. As a result it summarize, how opinions claimed during diplomatic meetings could differ from other episodes.

碩士
國立臺北藝術大學
音樂學系碩士在職專班
100
“Spring Autumn Music”, confunded by composer Ma Shuei-Long (馬水龍) and CHEW’S Culture Foundation (邱再興文教基金會), has a series of concerts for the performance of modern music in Taiwan. These concerts were held mainly from 1991 to 2001 and resumed in 2010. The purpose of the concerts is to offer a stage for local musicians to perform their works. The concerts are held regularly in Spring and Fall every year; the works performed in Spring are composed by musicians who are under forty, and the ones performed in Fall are composed by musicians who are over forty. Total of 134 songs were performed during the decade. Ranging from solo pieces to chamber music, plus the join of new media, they all help in creating new elements for Taiwan modern music. “Spring Autumn Music” plays an important role in the development of modern music; in addition to encouraging creativity, it is also raising the awareness in local music creation among performers and communities. There has not been much classification and discussion on the development of “Spring Autumn Music” in the past eleven years; therefore, this thesis puts an emphasis on work compilation and analysis, introduction on song selections, and composer interviews to further explore the status and change of Taiwan modern music in late 20th century.

碩士
淡江大學
中國文學系
89
“Annotated edition”, compared to independent discourses, is a writing style of less freedom. But why we Chinese generate boundary of annotated editions since Pre-Chin dynasty(先秦)? This thesis will focus on Gung-Yang-Chuan(公羊傳), an annotated edition of Spring-Autumn(春秋), discussing why Chinese intelligence chooses this attached-style in thinking delivery. The whole thesis consists of six chapters. Chapter1ž deal with the background issues. Chapter1 proposes the question, the discourse field, and the method approach. Chapter2 identifies Gung-Yang-Chuan as an annotated edition, written at about mid-late period of the Warring States (戰國中晚期). Chapter3ƀ discuss the methodology of Gung-Yang-Chuan. To oppose other academic schools in the Warring States, Gung-Yang-Chuan has developed its rationalization and classicsalization through the following four steps: first, decide the interpretative subject: Confucius’ Spring-Autumn. Second, reverse Spring-Autumn from historical to philosophical context. Third, take Hsia-Shang-Chou Dynasty as the interpretative context: expanding the efficiency. Forth, presume its criteria: making judgement. Chapter4 discusses further about the Q-A form of interpretation. Q-A form is not only a “plant-record” form, but also a “consciously chosen” form. According to Semantics, it is a good method for digging thinking. With this method, Gung –Yang-Chuan speaks out much what Spring-Autumn doesn’t say. In a word, Q-A form assures Gung –Yang-Chuan its attachment to Spring-Autumn on one hand, and its own independence on the other hand. Chapter5 evaluates the interpretative efficiency of Gung-Yang-Chuan. It has no contradictory inside to its own context, neither outside to Spring-Autumn. The conclusion chapter proposes the scholarly- historical perspectives. The methodology of Gung –Yang-Chuan has enlightened the following interpreters. Besides, the interpretative manners of Gung-Yang-Chuan and its comtemporalry annotated editions have two important significances: first, the academic works are transferred from common wealth to Conficiousim; second, the acedemic works are transited to the Classics level.

博士
國立中央大學
中國文學研究所
100
The Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty, having been defined by scholars as “hollow” and “weak” since the early Qing Dynasty, is devalued as making little contribution to scholarship. However, most of the negative valuations come from the prejudices that the descendents inherit from the predecessors. In other words, what we assess the Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty, instead of the deliberately scholar statement , is at most following the impressions passed on from generation to generation, incompatible with the objectivity and rationality the scholarship requires.The well-established biases preclude modern people from delving into the essence of Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty, which has been shaped by negative valuations that mislead us about it. Distortion and misunderstanding make the authenticity and marrow of Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty, whose development process is described as lack of coherence, blurred and unknown. Accordingly, the essay titled “Study of The Spring and Autumn Annals in Ming Dynasty”　firstly focuses on the retrospect of the mainstream critics in the history of Confucian Classics and the review of judgment and valuation from scholars of all the past dynasties, among which some deservedly weighed and reflected issues are to be clarified.Secondly, the review of Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty will be targeted at The Spring and Autumn Annals studies, in which there are explorations of the transition and evolution of the official and private studies, of the essence and contents of the study of Confucian Classics and of the academic trend and transition, from which to conclude the prosperity and decline, or the gains and losses, of The Spring and Autumn Annals studies in Ming Dynasty.The essay aims at replacing the inheritedly and obscurely negative valuations on Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty with academic facts, revising the predecessors’narrow misunderstanding of Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty, compensating the past specious interpretation of Confucian Classics in Ming Dynasty and then arriving at the true understanding of it.

博士
國立中央大學
中國文學研究所
100
As by imperial order of Song Gaozong during the beginning period of Shaoxing in Southern Song Dynasty, Hu, Anguo made compilation of the book-“Spring and Autumn Annals”, for a total of 30 volumes, with number of words in exceed of one hundred thousand. This book was not only with concrete influences to the Confucian studies of the contemporary people at the time, but also to affect contents of imperial examinations during the three dynasties-Yuan, Ming and Ching, moreover, it was a very important work in the history for the study of “Spring and Autumn Annals”. There were many of research results on this from the academic field, but most of them were to translate “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” by the viewpoints of “Confucian school”, to include his ideas as part of Confucian school system for discussions; however, on the treatments for a lot of subjects, there were insufficiency of meticulousness, unable to point out both of the values and meanings of “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, let alone to say for any connections on the criticisms made by later people, to make determinations whether or not there were advantages and defects from it.Thus, the research thesis of the paper is based upon “Spring and Autumn Annals” of Hu, Anguo to cut into from three major aspects. Firstly, by the approach of elucidation on the Confucian classics from “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to make investigation and analysis on the thoughts of how Hu’s made construct of “case study”, to make examples of 7 disadvantages on implementation cases as well as the five alterations on “bad cases”, while at the same time, to make close connection of criticisms made by scholars throughout history, to summarize the advantages and defects on “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” as “one word either praising or demeaning”. Secondly, on the contents for the elucidation of Confucian philosophies from “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to include the ambition of wisdom of statecraft by sage kings offered in Hu’s preface: To respect one’s emperor and father, to fight against rebellious enemies, to take seriously on vengeance, to preserve three Bonds, and to make peace with foreign countries and tribes, as well as ideas implicated in the contemporary politics of the time such as to be careful on details and cautious of initiation, back to the original essence to stay one’s passage without diversion, no laughing opportunity by opposite forces, avoidance of temptation with compliance of justice, and to fight against violence in forbidden of riots, moreover, to further make comparison between the Three Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn Annals Zuo Zhuan, Gongyang Zhuan as well as Guliang Zhuan and the Confucian philosophy of Song Dynasty, in order to understand the attitude of Hu, Anguo towards domestic politics in the royal court and national defense, showing his spirit on applied governance in his own time. Thirdly, in regard to the inheritance, effects and criticisms from Song Dynasty in “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, with the emphasis on discussions on the similarities and differences between Hu, Anguo and Cheng, Yi as well as his disciples as Liu, Xuan, Xie, Shi and Yang, Shi, plus propositions made by intellectuals of scholarly family discipline such as Hu, Yan, Hu, Ning, Hu, Hong, Hu, Quan, and Fan, Rugui for inheriting and bearing the ideas of “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, to indicate questioning and attentions made by Zhu, Xi, Cai, Hang, Huang, Zhongyan, Lu, Daigui, Zhang, Qia and Jia, Xuanweng, as a result, to clear out rights and wrongs on the opposite opinions, in order to stand out the characteristics and defects on the elucidation of Confucian classics by ” Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”.For the study in the paper, the material gathering is not limited to Confucian philosophy data as either “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” or “Spring and Autumn Annals”, instead there are massive amount of documentaries from historical books, analogies, notes and chronicles for reference, to place Hu, Anguo in the time background of politics, society, culture and academics between two Song Dynasties, concretely verifying “Spring and Autumn Annals” by Hu, Anguo to be the one best to excel the philosophy of statecraft by sages, in which he promotes the prototype of action is the requirement for the purpose to implement Six Classics(Liujing), and for such an idea, it is far surpassing than the elucidations made by others, as well as the most important value and contribution from the book. Of course, due to the effects of historical stances, in “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals”, there are also serious errors on the elucidation of Confucian philosophies, to create its own confusions and contradictions, as well as to put excessive stress on vengeance and fighting against enemies, and in turn to lead to the discrepancies with mix reviews of praising and demeaning, hence, if one would like to judge the criticisms made by public or private sectors throughout history, one must get hold of problems from both sides either in consensus or disapproval, in order to avoid vagueness and generalities, as well as subjective guessing. In addition, the paper just happens to offer objective, honest, as well as carefully outlined research angles for later people who are with intention to make investigation for the relationship between “Master Hu''s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals” and the study of “Spring and Autumn Annals” in Yuan, Ming and Ching dynasties, to open up extension and triggers on the related agenda.