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1
Cook, Constance A. "Spring and Autumn Period." Journal of Asian Studies 54, no. 1 (February 1995): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911800021628.
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In the history of chinese religions the Ch'un-ch'iu or Spring and Autumn period (eighth to fifth centuries B.C.E.) was a time of transition between the court rituals of the Western Chou gift-giving society and the private or local cult practices evident in the later Eastern Chou market economy (Cook 1993a). This was the time when the local lords usurped the Chou king's ritual “power” (te) to “charge” (ming) and the Chou lineage lost its authority. The transition is most evident in the speeches (yueh) of the kings and local rulers inscribed on the eating or striking surfaces of the late Western Chou and early Ch'un-ch'iu-period ritual bronze vessels and bells. These speeches or “spoken” liturgies of legitimation initially focused on the spiritually sanctioned right of the ruler to “charge” a gift recipient, but later simply focused on the right of the vessel-maker to charge himself. This shift is most evident after 771 B.C.E. when a western tribal group forced the Chou to flee their ancestral lands and altars. Local lords, originally on the periphery of Chou authority, called themselves kings and manipulated the Chou ideology to legitimate their own independent identities (see Cook on Chu in Cook and Major forthcoming). They relied on the guidance of ritualists (possibly descendants of the Western Chou shih and yin)whose knowledge of Chou liturgy and rites was a valued commodity at local courts (Cook 1993b).
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Park Young-jin. "Basic Research on Aesthetics of Spring and Autumn Period." Studies in Philosophy East-West ll, no. 76 (June 2015): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15841/kspew..76.201506.35.
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李, 晓东. "Etiquette in the Army in Spring and Autumn Period." Chinese Traditional Culture 04, no. 04 (2016): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/cnc.2016.44006.
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Malinović-Milićević, Slavica, and Milan M. Radovanović. "Spring and autumn frosts in the Pannonian Basin in Serbia." Geografie 123, no. 1 (2018): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2018123010021.
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The study analyzes the number of light, moderate and severe spring and autumn frosts and occurrence of the last spring and the first autumn frost in the Pannonian Basin in Serbia, over the period 1961–2010. Only the average number of light and severe spring frosts decreased significantly over the investigated period, while the number of spring and autumn frosts of all intensities decreased at the majority of stations since 1990. Since 1990, the last light and moderate spring frosts have had a tendency to occur earlier, while autumn frosts have shown the tendency to occur later. In the urban station of Belgrade the last spring frosts appeared on average 17 days earlier relative to rural stations, while first autumn frosts appeared 17 days later. The lengthening of the period without light frosts since 1990 was the result of an earlier ending of spring frosts, while the lengthening of the period without moderate and severe frosts is caused by the later start of autumn frosts.
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Korenchuk, E., and V. Drozda. "Distribution of threshold values of harmfulness of larvae of lamellar phytophages in time." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 5-6 (May 20, 2019): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.5-6.16-19.
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Goal. Clarification of the threshold of harmful larvae for 2-year-old pine seedlings at different stages of the growing season.
Methods. Phenological observation of the complex of plates of the phylogenetic phytophages: eastern and western, marble, red and shaggy worms. Methods of compilation of phenological maps and graphic modeling of harmfulness thresholds of phytophages.
Results It has been established that the period of harmfulness for larvae of the plates of the breeding phytophages, depending on their phenology, during the vegetation is expediently divided into three stages: A (spring), B (mostly summer), C (autumn), which correspond to different models of thresholds of harmfulness. In particular, the model for the autumn period takes into account the increased likelihood of plant death due to the suppression of larvae of the crust in the spring and summer period and the effectiveness of the measures implemented to regulate their numbers. The system for regulating the number of phytophages should be aimed at maximal protection of the pine culture in period A — prevention of damaging the root system of larvae (chemical insecticide) and preventive saturation of the ecosystem with biological agents in such a way that their maximum efficiency is at period B.
Conclusions. For the spring, mainly summer and autumn periods, it is expedient to use different models of hazard thresholds: for the spring and summer x = (0.96y + 0.63) / 3, and for the autumn x = ((0.96y + 0.63) / 3) × 0.577, where — x — ratio of the biomass of the root system to the biomass of the larvae; y — biomass of the root system. The hazard threshold model for the autumn period takes into account the increase in the likelihood of plant death due to the weakening of the crustal larvae in previous periods (spring, summer) and the effectiveness of the measures taken to regulate the number of these phytophages.
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Zang, Yaqiong, Junhu Dai, Zexing Tao, Huanjiong Wang, and Quansheng Ge. "Effects of Climate Change on the Season of Botanical Tourism: A Case Study in Beijing." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (July 17, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8527860.
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Climate change could affect botanical tourism by altering the plant phenology (e.g., flowering and leaf coloring date) and the physical comfort of tourists. To date, few studies have simultaneously considered the influence of plant phenology and physical comfort on the travel suitability of botanical tourism. Taking Beijing as an example, this study used phenological data of 73 species from 1963 to 2017 to construct a phenological ornamental index (POI) according to the flowering and leaf coloring date of ornamental plant. The climate comfort index (CCI) of tourism was calculated by using meteorological data of the corresponding periods. Finally, the travel suitability index (TSI) was constructed by integrating the two indices (POI and CCI). The POI showed that the best period for spring flower viewing was from April 4 to May 10, while the best period for autumn leaves viewing was from October 11 to November 6 on average. According to the variation of the CCI within the year, the most comfortable period for spring tourism was matched with the best period for spring flower viewing (April 4 to June 1), but the most comfortable period for autumn tourism (September 4 to October 19) was earlier than the best period for autumn leaves viewing. The TSI indicated that the best periods for spring and autumn botanical tourism were April 7 to May 10 and October 10 to November 7, respectively. Based on the climate data under different scenarios (representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5), we simulated the climate and phenological suitability for botanical tourism in the next thirty years. The results showed that the best period for spring botanical tourism during 2040–2050 was earlier and the period for autumn botanical tourism was later than that in the past 55 years. Meanwhile, the duration would shorten by 2–7 days for both seasons. This study provided a reference for assessing the impact of global climate change on the best season of botanical tourism.
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Colacino, M., T. Montefinale, C. Rafanelli, and M. Conte. "The precipitation in Italy during the period Autumn 1988–Spring 1990." Il Nuovo Cimento C 14, no. 6 (November 1991): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02507388.
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Sun, Qiang, Kiyotsugu Yoda, and Hitoshi Suzuki. "SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF LIGHT CONDUCTED IN STEMS OF WOODY PLANTS SHOW MARKED SEASONAL DIFFERENCES SUGGESTING A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS." IAWA Journal 25, no. 1 (2004): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000352.
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Optical properties of stems in woody plants were investigated in the winter–spring period, and compared with those in the summer–autumn period. In both periods light could enter the interior of the stems and was conducted efficiently along the axial direction. Vessels, fibers and tracheids were all involved in this axial light conduction. However, spectral properties of the light conducted by stems differed in different periods. The light conducted in stems of the winter–spring period showed higher relative intensity ratios at wavelengths around 825 nm and 920 nm than that in stems of the summer–autumn period. Furthermore, in the winter– spring period, stems of deciduous species conducted light at a wavelength around 825 nm at a higher relative intensity ratio than those of evergreen species. These seasonal variations and inter-specific differences in spectral properties of woody stems suggest a close relationship with rhythms of growth, substance metabolism and photomorphogenesis in plants.
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Molnár, Ladislav, Alžbeta Königová, Peter Major, Zuzana Vasilková, Martina Tomková, and Marián Várady. "Seasonal Pattern of Prevalence and Excretion of Eggs of Baylisascaris transfuga in the Brown Bear (Ursus arctos)." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122428.
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The seasonal dynamics of the prevalence, abundance, and mean intensity of egg excretion by the nematode parasite Baylisascaris transfuga in the European brown bear (Ursus arctos) were monitored relative to environmental factors (mean temperature, humidity, and temperature) over three years. The prevalence, abundance, and mean intensity of egg excretion tended to increase from spring to autumn throughout the monitoring period. The seasonal prevalence (84.2–90.6%), abundance (470.2–545.3 eggs per gramme (EPG) of faeces), mean intensity of excretion (558.3–602.1 EPG), and number of eggs (1150 EPG) were highest in autumn. The prevalence of eggs (up to 48.5%), abundance (37.8–60.6 EPG), and mean intensity of excretion (94.4–125.0 EPG) were high in winter, despite the period of hibernation. The seasonal dynamics of B. transfuga abundance in bears, the mean temperature between spring and autumn, and the seasonal trend of increase in intensity of egg excretion with temperature from winter to summer were interrelated. Abundance differed significantly between winter and autumn, spring and autumn, and summer and autumn (p < 0.0001) in all years and between spring and summer in 2016 (p < 0.005), 2017 (p < 0.05). B. transfuga abundance differed significantly between the seasons over the three years only in spring (p ≤ 0.0001).
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Bradford, Rodney G. "Role of spawning condition in the determination of the reproductive traits of spring- and autumn-spawning Atlantic herring from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-043.
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Mature spring-spawning (May–June) and autumn-spawning (August–September) herring differ in total weight. Autumn herring have both heavier gonads and higher somatic weights at length. Both the residual levels of storage lipids and somatic weight at length, corrected for storage lipid, are higher in autumn than in spring. Within spawning seasons, males and females deplete the same amount of storage energy. Percent somatic lipid content is positively correlated with body size during spring but shows no relationship to body size in autumn. These patterns indicate that the relative allocation of storage energy to reproduction differs with spawning season. Spring spawners (lengthy gonad maturation period) allocate proportionally more storage energy to routine and active metabolism than autumn spawners (brief gonad maturation period). The low intercept and steep slope of the gonad weight – length relationship for spring spawners reflect the interaction between decreasing metabolic rate with body size and increasing storage energy capacity with body size. Egg weight is unrelated to the parent's somatic lipid content for either spawning group. Spawning history (recruit versus repeat spawning) has only a minor influence on egg weight.
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O’Brien, B. "Composition and processability of bovine milk from herds with different calving patterns." BSAP Occasional Publication 25 (2000): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500040668.
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AbstractThe chemical composition and processing characteristics of milks from spring and autumn calving herds were investigated to establish if an autumn/winter milk supply would overcome the variation in composition and quality which is characteristic of a seasonal milk supply. Three herds of 26 cows were established with mean calving dates of 22 February, 28 September and a 50:50 combination of both. The experimental period was from 5 August to 22 December. Bulk milks were collected separately from each of the three herds at one consecutive am and pm milking each week. Spring and autumn milks were also bulked in proportions of 70:30, 50:50 and 30:70, respectively. All milks were analysed for gross composition, protein fractions, renneting properties (rennet coagulation time [RCT], rate of curd aggregation [K20] and curd firmness [A60]), free fatty acids (FFA) and somatic cell count (SCC). Total protein and casein of spring milk were reduced (P<0.001) from 38.1 and 28.7 g/kg, respectively in the period 14 October-24 November to 33.8 and 25.9 g/kg in the period 25 November-22 December. This was accompanied by a deterioration (minimum P<0.01) in RCT from 21.7 to 33.3 min, in K20 from 8.2 to 15.2 min and in A60 from 43.8 to 30.8 mm. Autumn milk had higher fat (P<0.01) and lactose (P<0.001) concentrations, lower FFA levels (P<0.001), improved (P<0.001) RCT, K20 and A60 values compared to spring milk in the period 25 November-22 December. During this period, the 70:30 milk had improved RCT (P<0.01) and K20 (P<0.05) values and reduced (P<0.01) FFA levels compared to spring milk. It is concluded that the composition and processing characteristics of spring milk deteriorated after 275 days in milk. Changes in total protein and casein were closely associated with changes in renneting properties. Blending of autumn milk with spring milk improved the processing characteristics of the mix compared to those of spring milk. Thus, the introduction of early lactation autumn milk at the end of the spring lactation would maintain good milk processability and allow continuous product manufacture.
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Walkden-Brown, SW, BW Norton, and BJ Restall. "Seasonal variation in voluntary feed intake and growth in cashmere bucks fed ad libitum diets of low or high quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 2 (1994): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940355.
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The effects of season and diet quality on voluntary feed intake and growth were examined in mature cashmere bucks over a 16 month period at Wollongbar (29�S., 153� E.). Three-year-old bucks were individually housed under natural photoperiod and fed ad libitum diets of High (pelleted lucerne, CP 17.6%, ME 8.3 MJ/kg) or Low (pasture hay; CP 6.9%, ME 6.6 mJ/kg) quality, between July 1988 and Oct. 1989 (n = 6/treatment). Bucks on both diets exhibited a seasonal pattern in voluntary feed intake with maximal intakes during spring and summer, and minimal intakes during autumn. The pattern appeared to be circannual with high intakes during spring of both years. Liveweight also varied with season peaking in mid to late summer and reaching a seasonal nadir in late autumn or early winter. Change in liveweight was closely associated with digestible energy intake ( r = 0-87, P < 0.001) resulting in a growth cycle closely resembling that of voluntary feed intake. In both treatments, bucks lost weight throughout autumn, while growth rates were maximal between mid-winter and mid-spring. Diet quality did not alter the magnitude of the autumnal decline in liveweight with bucks losing 7.6% (Low) and 7.8% (High) of liveweight during this period. However, bucks on the high quality diet exhibited significantly elevated growth rates between mid-winter and mid-spring. We conclude that mature cashmere bucks exhibit an annual growth cycle with weight loss during autumn and maximal weight gains between mid-winter and mid-spring; that the growth cycle is driven primarily by changes in voluntary feed intake; and that increasing diet quality does not reduce the autumnal decline in liveweight but significantly increases liveweight gain during the seasonal peak in growth.
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Walkden-Brown, SW, BW Norton, and BJ Restall. "Corrigendum - Seasonal variation in voluntary feed intake and growth in cashmere bucks fed ad libitum diets of low or high quality." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 2 (1994): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940355c.
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The effects of season and diet quality on voluntary feed intake and growth were examined in mature cashmere bucks over a 16 month period at Wollongbar (29�S., 153� E.). Three-year-old bucks were individually housed under natural photoperiod and fed ad libitum diets of High (pelleted lucerne, CP 17.6%, ME 8.3 MJ/kg) or Low (pasture hay; CP 6.9%, ME 6.6 mJ/kg) quality, between July 1988 and Oct. 1989 (n = 6/treatment). Bucks on both diets exhibited a seasonal pattern in voluntary feed intake with maximal intakes during spring and summer, and minimal intakes during autumn. The pattern appeared to be circannual with high intakes during spring of both years. Liveweight also varied with season peaking in mid to late summer and reaching a seasonal nadir in late autumn or early winter. Change in liveweight was closely associated with digestible energy intake ( r = 0-87, P < 0.001) resulting in a growth cycle closely resembling that of voluntary feed intake. In both treatments, bucks lost weight throughout autumn, while growth rates were maximal between mid-winter and mid-spring. Diet quality did not alter the magnitude of the autumnal decline in liveweight with bucks losing 7.6% (Low) and 7.8% (High) of liveweight during this period. However, bucks on the high quality diet exhibited significantly elevated growth rates between mid-winter and mid-spring. We conclude that mature cashmere bucks exhibit an annual growth cycle with weight loss during autumn and maximal weight gains between mid-winter and mid-spring; that the growth cycle is driven primarily by changes in voluntary feed intake; and that increasing diet quality does not reduce the autumnal decline in liveweight but significantly increases liveweight gain during the seasonal peak in growth.
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Khristianovsky, Pavel, Vladislav Belimenko, Stanislav Platonov, Dmitrij Grudinin, and Semyon Malcev. "Helminthofauna of ruminants and solipeds in the Center for Breeding Steppe Animals “Orenburg Tarpaniya”." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402002.
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During the autumn-winter-spring season of 2016-2017, the Center for Breeding Steppe Animals (Orenburg region) conducted coprological surveys of herbivores. Identified contamination strongylata have yaks and camels at a low infestation intensity. These animals were not dehelmintizated in the autumn period. By spring, the strongylate infestation intensity in camels increased. The kiangs and Przewalski’s horses kept here were subjected to autumn dehelmintization. In these animals, helminths were not detected during the entire study period. It is recommended to carry out planned dehelmintization of animals kept in small protected areas.
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TETERIN, Aleksandr Fedorovich, and Andrian Anatol’evich SELEZNEV. "Role of bad road season in the formation of surface sediment runoff in urban environment." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 59, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-81-89.
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Problem Statement. The relevance of the research is caused by the need to study the processes of contemporary sedimentation in urban area, which reduce the quality of urban environment and have negative impact on the environmental state. The objective of the study is to determine the role of bad road periods in fall, spring, and summer. The material for the study is represented by the meteorological data for the period from fall 2005 to summer 2019. Meteorological conditions were analyzed in the context of formation of surface sediment runoff in bad road periods. The study was conducted on the example of Ekaterinburg (Russia). The following meteorological conditions were analyzed: time of the start, end and duration of bad road period, the thermal regime, precipitation, and the state of soil surface. Results. It was found that the climate changes in winter and spring led to a change in the regime of thawing. Spring thaw begins earlier relative to average start dates. The duration of bad road period in fall has increased by a month, it began to start earlier and end later relative to average dates. Excess atmospheric precipitations and low temperature contribute to an increase in the bad road period. In summer bad road period, the air temperature decreases and the amount of precipitation increases. For the beginning and middle of the spring, the end of autumn bad road period, the state of the surface of soils is characterized by snow cover. At the end of spring and at the beginning of autumn thaw, the moist state of the soil surface prevails. In spring thaw, the soil moisturizing was noted more often than in fall. In the spring and autumn thaw, the maximum overmoistening of soils takes place, the maximum amount of dirt is formed in Ekaterinburg. The results can be used in planning the measures to improve the environmental situation in the urban areas.
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Parfenova, A. V., and L. V. Dashkevich. "LONG-TERM CHANGES IN THE PRESIPITATION AT THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 5 (2020): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2020-1-5-161-167.
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Long-term changes in the amount of precipitation on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus according to data of the hydro-meteorological stations Anapa, Tuapse and Sochi are considered. The observation data analysis of for the selected periods revealed an increase in the average yearly precipitation from the beginning of the twentieth to the beginning of the twenty-first centuries for all hydro-meteorological stations with a slight decrease in the coefficient of variation. Seasonal changes in precipitation regime are pronounced in the region. The highest increase in seasonal precipitation was noted at the Anapa hydro-meteorological station for winter, then for spring and autumn. At the Tuapse and Sochi hydro-meteorological stations also tended to increase precipitation in spring and autumn, but was noted a slight decrease in winter in the modern period. At the same time, for all seasons such growth is provided mainly by an increase in the minimum seasonal values (for all stations), as well as maximum ones in spring (for all stations) and autumn (hydro-meteorological station Anapa). In modern period relative to the twentieth century it is possible to note a slight decrease in the coefficient of variation in winter and spring (for all hydro-meteorological stations), and an increase in summer (for hydro-meteorological stations Anapa and Tuapse). The redistribution of precipitation by seasons was revealed from the beginning of the twentieth to the beginning of the twentyfirst centuries. The most significant changes affected the hydro-meteorological station Tuapse: the share of autumn and spring precipitation increased from 25 to 31 % and from 18 to 22 %, respectively, while the share of summer precipitation decreased from 26 to 18 %. The share of winter precipitation increased from the first to the third selected periods (from 30 to 35 %), after which it decreased to 29 % in the modern period.
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Tucakov, Marko, and Milan Vogrin. "Occurrence and correlation between the numbers of Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus and Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis on Kolut fish ponds (Serbia)." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 84, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2014.218.
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Presence and correlation between the numbers of Black-headed and Yellow-legged Gull was studies between 1998 and 2004 on Kolut fishponds in NW Serbia. Both species occurred there from February to December. Spring migration culminated in late February and early March. The period of the most intensive autumn concentration was from October to December. The difference between the numbers in all months as well as between the numbers in spring and in autumn was statistically significant. The period of the most intensive autumn passage of Yellow-legged Gull was from late October to early December. The difference between the numbers between the months was not statistically significant. A high concentration of both species in autumn and early winter was explained by high food availability during fish harvest when ponds were empty. Positive correlation between the numbers of two species thru the year indicated attractiveness of large flocks of Black-headed Gulls for Yellow-legged Gulls. This is especially true for the autumn period, when feeding niches and food is easily accessible. Correlation between the numbers of two species was negative in spring, when accesibility of aquatic animals is lower and large flocks of Black-headed Gulls are lacking.
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Hauer, F. Richard, and Jack A. Stanford. "Ecology and coexistence of two species of Brachycentrus (Trichoptera) in a Rocky Mountain river." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 1469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-219.
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Life-cycle dynamics, growth rates, and relative abundance of Brachycentrus occidentalis and Brachycentrus americanus were studied over a 3-year period in the Flathead River, Montana. Brachycentrus occidentalis appeared as early instar larvae in mid to late summer, grew rapidly during autumn, and reached fourth and fifth instars prior to winter conditions. Most larvae remained active until mid-spring and the onset of spring runoff. Individuals pupated during late April through May and adults emerged after peak runoff in mid-June. Brachycentrus americanus larvae appeared as first instar larvae in autumn and overwintered as early instars. Larvae grew rapidly during spring as temperatures began to rise, but growth was discontinued during spring runoff. Larvae completed growth during summer after the runoff period and emerged in late August and early September. Growth patterns and emergence of both species occurred primarily during fall or spring and late summer, with little growth during winter or spring freshet. Thus growth was associated with quantitatively similar but temporally different periods of organic seston, temperature, and moderate flow.
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Pék, Zoltán, Hussein Daood, Magdolna Nagyné, András Neményi, and Lajos Helyes. "Effect of environmental conditions and water status on the bioactive compounds of broccoli." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0172-7.
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AbstractFour experiments were carried out in 2010 and 2011 to determine how cultivation period (spring or autumn), harvest season (summer or autumn), and plant water status (irrigated or rainfed) influenced content and composition of broccoli cultivar Parthenon F1 with respect to sulforaphane and phenolics under field conditions in Gödöllő, Hungary. Sulforaphane content was significantly higher in the autumn harvests, regardless of irrigation treatments. Harvest season also influenced total phenolics content, with the highest values occurring in the spring season. Harvest season also affected trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and this capacity was also the greatest in spring. Caffeic acid glucoside was a major phenolics component in both spring and autumn season harvests. The season and irrigation related changes in other phenolic component contents were also characterised in this study.
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Füzi, Tamás, and Márta Ladányi. "Frost risk indicator analysis in Sopron wine region (1961–2016)." Időjárás 124, no. 4 (2020): 447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28974/idojaras.2020.4.2.
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A characteristic symptom of climate change is the modified distribution of frost events that has fundamental effect on agricultural production. To learn these changes in Sopron region, Hungary, we investigated daily minimum and maximum temperature data of the period 1961–2016 provided by the Hungarian Meteorological Service. The time interval 1961–2016 was split into two (1961–1990 and 1991–2016) in order to compare nearly two climate cycles statistically. We analyzed the 56-year trends of the last frosty day of spring and the first frosty day of autumn as well as the length of the longest yearly frost-free period. As for the winter period (October 16 – February 28), the frequencies of four different strengths of frosty days were examined. We analyzed how often an uninterrupted frost-free period (Tmin>0 °C) longer than 12 days developed between two frosty periods in spring and in autumn, exactly when it occurred (Julian day), and how many days it lasted for. Finally, we investigated the trends of the yearly numbers of spring frosty days and their variances. Amongst others, we show that the length of the longest uninterrupted frost-free periods has increased significantly over the past 56 years, with 70% of years in the recent climate cycle (1991–2016) having frost-free periods of more than 200 days. As an average change per 10 years, the last spring frost period ended four days earlier, while the onset of autumn frost shifted 2 days towards the end of the year. The number of days with minimum temperatures below -15 °C, -10 °C, -5 °C, and below 0 °C decreased significantly during the dormant period. These changes mean a prolongation of the growing season, partly a reduction of the winter regeneration period, and the potential higher overwintering success of the pests. The number of spring frost days also decreased significantly, while their variability has grown markedly.
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Bradford, Rodney G., and Robert L. Stephenson. "Egg Weight, Fecundity, and Gonad Weight Variability among Northwest Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus) Populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-227.
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Egg weight varies among northwest Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) populations that spawn in different seasons (n = 12), but the range in weights is less than half of that known for northeast Atlantic populations. Egg weights were similar for both spring (May–June)- and autumn (August–October)-spawning herring (1.06 ×) and most dissimilar between spring- and summer (July)-spawning herring (1.21 ×). Mean population egg weights were not correlated with temperature either at spawning or for the last 2 mo of the egg development period. The product of egg weight and fecundity (standardized to length) differed between spring- and autumn-spawning herring of the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Spring-spawners, particularly smaller fish [Formula: see text], have lower ripe ovary weights than do autumn-spawning herring. Differences between spawning seasons in the relative allocation of storage energy to gonad and metabolism, a process mediated by the duration of the gonad maturation period, are the likely basis for the observed patterns.
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Horbach, Oleksandr. "Analysis of climate of Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve from 2000 to 2015." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 52 (June 27, 2018): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2018.52.10168.
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The analysis of monthly climatic terms of Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve was conducted. It is marked that weather terms have substantial differences due to an unstable temperature condition since creation of reserve. A spring period was the shortest in 2013 – 64 days and had the greatest average daily temperature 11.9 °С. Protracted a spring period was in 2002 – 123 days. The most of precipitations in a spring period was fixed in 2008 – 196.2 mm, and the least in 2011 – 42.1 mm. A summer period in 2015 became the most protracted – 131 day. Moreover, the least protracted summer was in 2006 – 90 days. The warmest summer season was in 2010 with an average daily temperature 19.8 °С. The most raining summer was in 2007 when a 471.3 mm of precipitations is fixed, and the least raining summer was in 2002 (144.6 mm of precipitations). The most protracted autumn period was in 2006 – 107 days and the shortest one was in 2001 – 57 days. The warmest autumn was in 2004 when an average daily temperature reached 9.2°С. The most of precipitations in the autumn period is fixed in 2009 – 178 mm, and the least in 2001 – 39 mm. The winter periods were protracted in 2004/05 and 2005/06. Their duration was 114 days. Winter period in 2009/10 with an average daily temperature -7.9°С was the coldest one. The most precipitations are fixed in winter 2005/06 – 208.4 mm, and the least in a winter period 2012/13 are a 52.2 mm. The most of precipitations for a year fell out 777.8 mm in 2012, and the least one in 2011 – 427 mm. The average long-term dates of the beginning of the year seasons are defined. The average long-term date of the beginning of the spring season is on February 27; the summer season is on May 26; the autumn season is on September 14; the winter season is on December 5. Key words: Rivnenskyi Nature Reserve, seasons of the year, precipitation, climatic terms, temperature, long-term date.
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Dziekońska, A., L. Fraser, M. Koziorowska-Gilun, J. Strzeżek, M. Koziorowski, and W. Kordan. "Seasonal-dependent variations in metabolic status of spermatozoa and antioxidant enzyme activity in the reproductive tract fluids of wild boar/domestic pig hybrids." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjvs-2014-0042.
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Abstract This study investigated seasonal changes in the metabolic performance of spermatozoa and activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the seminal plasma of three wild boar/domestic pigs (aged 1.5 to 2.5 years) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in fluids of the cauda epididymidis and vesicular glands from 16 wild boar/domestic pig hybrids (aged 1 to 3 years). Parameters of the sperm metabolic activity, such as total motility, mitochondrial functions, and measurements of oxygen uptake, ATP content and L-lactate production, were analyzed during the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods. Besides these sperm metabolic parameters, the sperm membrane integrity was also assessed. Total protein content and activity of the antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were measured in the reproductive tract fluids. There were no marked significant differences (P > 0.05) between the seasonal periods in terms of sperm motility, mitochondrial function and oxygen uptake; however, spermatozoa collected during the autumn-winter period exhibited higher (P < 0.05) ATP content and L-lactate production than those harvested during the spring-summer period. It was found that the vesicular gland fluid exhibited a higher level of SOD activity during the spring-summer period compared with the autumn-winter period. Furthermore, CAT activity in the seminal plasma and vesicular gland fluid was greater during the autumn-winter. Total protein content was significantly higher in the vesicular gland fluid, whereas the cauda epididymidal fluid exhibited greater SOD and GPx activities, irrespective of the seasonal period. The findings of this study confirmed seasonal-related differences in the metabolic performance of spermatozoa and activity of antioxidant enzymes of the reproductive tract of the boar/domestic pig hybrids
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Cho, Won-chin. "Interaction Between Yemek·Old Joseon and Western Zhou·Qi During the Spring and Autumn Period." Sogang Journal of Early Korean History 33 (December 31, 2019): 13–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35160/sjekh.2019.12.33.13.
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V., Grishchenko. "Phenology of migrations of the Black Stork in Ukraine in 1976-2016." Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum Vol. 33, no. 33 (August 10, 2017): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2017.33.43-56.
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Timing of the first arrival in spring, start and end of the autumn migration were summarized and analyzed for the period in 41 years. In spring, Black Storks arrived in different regions as a rule since the second ten-day of March till the second half of April. Mean dates fell on late March and early April. The autumn migration began since late July and early August till September, on average it started during the second and third ten-day of August. Last departures were observed since the third ten-day of August till October or even November, mean dates in majority of regions fell on the second and third ten-days of September. The autumn migration lasted about a month. Variation of timing increased in series: first arrival – start of autumn migration – last departure. Timing of spring arrival advanced to earlier dates, timing of autumn migration remained stable.
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Acar, Zeki, İlknur Ayan, Mehmet Can, and Gülcan Kaymak. "Impacts of Adapted Altitude on Yield and Some Others Characteristics of Bituminaria bituminosa." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.199-203.2962.
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This study was carried out with 86 Bituminaria bituminosa (Bitbit) genotypes collected from Central Black Sea Region of Northern Anatolia in Samsun in 2012. After cleaning, seeds scarifying with sandpaper and sown in small pots. In November of 2012, the seedlings were transplanted to experimental field. No fertilizer and water applied throughout the study and spring and autumn elongation, hay yield and harvesting number in the second year of the plants (2014) were observed during the study. According to correlation analysis, there was a negative and statistically significant linear correlation between altitude and spring elongation, autumn elongation, harvest number. There was also a negative statistically insignificant correlation between altitude and hay yield. A positive and significant correlation was found between hay yield and spring and autumn elongations, harvest number; between spring and autumn elongations and number of harvest. Some genotypes taken from high altitudes stayed dormant in winter period, furthermore they started elongation later than the others and a slight growth was recorded in autumn. In the light of these results, it is possible to improve cultivars for different ecological conditions.
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Mirhosseini, S. Z., M. Ghanipoor, A. Seidavi, M. Mavvajpour, and A. Bizhannia. "Effect of rearing season on heritability of cocoon traits in silkworm." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029033.
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Silkworms are agricultural insects producing silk fibres. Because of economic importance of sericulture, breeding programs are performed in order to improve bio-economic traits of lines (production and resistance traits) and also developing new lines containing interesting characteristics. Silkworms in Iran are reared twice a year, in spring and autumn. Spring is the natural rearing period of silkworms because of good environmental conditions. In autumn the quantity and quality of the cocoon produced by silkworm lines decreases due to increasing mortality and access to mulberry leaves with low nutritive quality. This decrease in performance will be lower in the lines which are genetically resistant to severe environmental conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to breed and develop new silkworm lines suitable for such a situation. It is obvious that silkworm lines having lower performance but higher resistance can be introduced for autumn season rearing. Appropriate breeding programs have to be defined and conducted for the autumn rearing lines. Thus, we have to estimate genetic parameters of autumn and spring lines separately when reared in each season. The present study was undertaken to identify heritability of important traits in the spring and autumn seasons for 6 silkworm lines.
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Arlt, Debora, Peter Olsson, James W. Fox, Matthew Low, and Tomas Pärt. "Prolonged stopover duration characterises migration strategy and constraints of a long-distance migrant songbird." Animal Migration 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2015-0002.
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AbstractStopover behaviour is a central element of migration strategies. But in recent geolocator studies, despite now being able to track individual songbirds during their entire migration, their stopover behaviour has received little attention. We used light-sensitive geolocators to identify the migratory routes and schedules of 12 northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) breeding in Sweden. Three geolocators collected temperature data complementing inferences from light data by providing additional information on behaviour during migration. The wheatears performed a slow migration with considerable stopover time (84%/76% of autumn/spring migration), with short stops while traveling through Europe, and a prolonged stopover period in both autumn and spring in the Mediterranean region. Spring migration was faster than autumn migration, mainly because of decreased stopover time. Migration routes and time schedules were similar to those from a German breeding population. Compared to wheatears breeding in Alaska with a three-fold migration distance, Swedish wheatears spent more time during stopovers during autumn and spring migration, suggesting less time constraints and potential flexibility in migration schedules. The finding of prolonged stopovers, similar to other recent geolocator studies, shows that temporary residency periods may be common. This changes our current view on stopover ecology to one where temporary residency periods are part of spatio-temporal strategies optimising resource use during the entire annual cycle.
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Zandvoort, R. "Leaching of fluridone, hexazinone and simazine in sandy soils in the Netherlands." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i3.16636.
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Fluridone and simazine were sprayed in field experiments on coarse and humic sandy soils in spring or in late autumn, and hexazinone on coarse sand in spring. After a spring application, over an eight-month period, fluridone and hexazinone were detected by bioassay in the profile of coarse sand from 0 to 60 cm, whereas simazine did not leach below 15 cm. Both fluridone and simazine were found to a depth of 60 cm in coarse sand after an application in late autumn. Thus, in winter conditions the transformation rate is not fast enough to prevent leaching of fluridone and simazine to deeper soil layers after autumn application. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Robert, Jeanne A., Tiffany Bonnett, Caitlin Pitt, Luke J. Spooner, Jordie Fraser, Macaire M. S. Yuen, Christopher I. Keeling, Jörg Bohlmann, and Dezene P. W. Huber. "Gene expression analysis of overwintering mountain pine beetle larvae suggests multiple systems involved in overwintering stress, cold hardiness, and preparation for spring development." PeerJ 4 (July 6, 2016): e2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2109.
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Cold-induced mortality has historically been a key aspect of mountain pine beetle,Dendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), population control, but little is known about the molecular basis for cold tolerance in this insect. We used RNA-seq analysis to monitor gene expression patterns of mountain pine beetle larvae at four time points during their overwintering period—early-autumn, late-autumn, early-spring, and late-spring. Changing transcript profiles over the winter indicates a multipronged physiological response from larvae that is broadly characterized by gene transcripts involved in insect immune responses and detoxification during the autumn. In the spring, although transcripts associated with developmental process are present, there was no particular biological process dominating the transcriptome.
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Youping, Shou, Zhao Junjie, and Qiao Jianzhe. "Analysis of eutrophication trend of surface water in Tianjin coastal area." E3S Web of Conferences 206 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020603002.
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In this study, the concentration of COD, inorganic nitrogen（IN） and active phosphate(PO43-) in surface water of Tianjin coastal area in the spring and autumn of 2008, 2010, 2013 and 2016 were collected. The results showed that the COD concentration had no obvious change while the concentration of IN and PO43- had a significant decline after land reclamation projects. As for seasonal changes, COD concentration is generally higher in autumn than in spring, while the concentration of IN and PO43- is generally higher in spring than in autumn. As for eutrophication index (E), it is generally higher in spring than autumn. In the spring of 2008 and 2010, the eutrophication index (E) bigger than 3 showed moderate eutrophication of surface waters. Since the reclamation began in 2010, the eutrophication index (E) of the coastal waters has decreased sharply, the level of eutrophication is mild during the construction period. With the construction of the port area, large-scale dredging and backfilling, the land-based pollutants have been effectively controlled, and the water quality of Tianjin coastal waters has been improved.
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Muthersbaugh, Michael S., W. Mark Ford, Karen E. Powers, and Alexander Silvis. "Activity Patterns of Bats During the Fall and Spring Along Ridgelines in the Central Appalachians." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082018-jfwm-072.
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Abstract Many central Appalachian ridges offer high wind potential, making them attractive to future wind-energy development. Understanding seasonal and hourly activity patterns of migratory bat species may help to reduce fatalities at wind-energy facilities and provide guidance for the development of best management practices for bats. To examine hourly migratory bat activity patterns in the fall and spring in Virginia in an exploratory fashion with a suite of general temporal, environmental, and weather variables, we acoustically monitored bat activity on five ridgelines and side slopes from early September through mid-November 2015 and 2016 and from early March through late April 2016 and 2017. On ridges, bat activity decreased through the autumn sample period, but was more variable through the spring sample period. In autumn, migratory bat activity had largely ceased by mid-November. Activity patterns were species specific in both autumn and spring sample periods. Generally, migratory bat activity was negatively associated with hourly wind speeds but positively associated with ambient temperatures. These data provide further evidence that operational mitigation strategies at wind-energy facilities could help protect migratory bat species in the Appalachians; substantially slowing or locking wind turbine blade spin during periods of low wind speeds, often below where electricity is generated, and warm ambient temperatures may minimize mortality during periods of high bat activity.
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Hua, Lei, Hailin Zhang, Xiuyun Liu, Xiufeng Yang, He Duan, Tieniu Wu, and Panagiotis Nastos. "Climate Comfort Evaluation of National 5A TouristAttractions in the Mainland of China Based on Universal Thermal Climate Index." Advances in Meteorology 2020 (September 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4256164.
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Based on the daily climate data from 839 meteorological stations covering the 2014–2017 period in the mainland of China, the Universal Thermal Climate Indices (UTCI) were calculated and the UTCI of 247 national 5A tourist attractions in the mainland of China are obtained with ordinary kriging interpolation method. Then, a spatial analysis of all the attractions was carried out based on UTCI. The results showed that the mainland of China’s annual average UTCI is generally distributed as strip-belts along a latitudinal direction and the climate comfort level gradually decreases from south to north. Significant regional differences in climate comfort results are obtained between the southeast coastal areas and the northwest inland. It was found that the number of attractions with the best climate comfort level is relatively high in spring and autumn while it is less in summer and winter. Considering the climate comfort levels, the attractions are grouped into five categories of “comfortable during spring and autumn,” “comfortable during winter,” “comfortable during spring, autumn, and winter,” “comfortable during spring, summer, and autumn,” and “uncomfortable during the four seasons” to carry out the study for determining the most convenient period of the year in terms of climate comfort.
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Freitas, Sergio T. de, Engil Isadora P. Pereira, Ana Cecília S. Gomez, Auri Brackmann, Fernando Nicoloso, and Dilson A. Bisognin. "Processing quality of potato tubers produced during autumn and spring and stored at different temperatures." Horticultura Brasileira 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362012000100016.
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The objective of this work was to access processing quality of potato clones (Solanum tuberosum) Asterix, SMINIA793101-3, and Missaukee cultivated during spring and autumn growing seasons and stored at 4, 8, 12, or 25ºC. Clones grown in spring had shorter dormancy than clones grown in autumn. Potato tubers grown in spring and autumn and stored at 4ºC, as well as tubers grown in autumn and stored at 8ºC had no sprouting for six months. Among clones grown in autumn, the longest dormancy period during storage at 12ºC was observed in the clone SMINIA793101-3, and at 25ºC was in the clone Asterix. In potato tubers grown in spring, the longest dormancy period during storage at 8ºC was observed in the clones SMINIA793101-3 and Missaukee, at 12ºC was in the clone SMINIA793101-3, and at 25ºC was in the clones Asterix and Missaukee. Potato tubers grown in spring had higher dry matter, starch content, and respiration rates, and lower reducing sugar, and total polyphenol content. The only exception was the Missaukee that had similar dry matter content in both growing seasons. In general, storage at 4ºC and 8ºC were more effective in reducing respiration rates and maintaining higher dry mater content of potato tubers. Chip darkening, reducing sugars, and total polyphenol content increased during storage of potato tubers. Darker chip color, higher reducing sugars and polyphenol content were obtained during storage at temperatures of 4ºC and 8ºC. These results suggest that the best storage temperature depends on genotype, tuber physiological age, and growing conditions.
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Abu-Dieyeh, Mohammed H., and Alan K. Watson. "Population Dynamics of Broadleaf Weeds in Turfgrass as Influenced by Chemical and Biological Control Methods." Weed Science 55, no. 4 (August 2007): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-06-144.
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A 3-yr field study was conducted to determine the effect of a biological control agent,Sclerotinia minorJagger, and a common herbicide, Killex, on the population dynamics of dandelion and other broadleaf species and on the dandelion seed bank. Treatments were applied as one spring, one early autumn, or a spring plus an early autumn treatment per year. The response of the dandelion population to a spring herbicide treatment was similar to two applications per year (spring and early autumn). Significantly less dandelion control occurred after the first early autumn application of the herbicide. Two weeks after application, spring or early autumn treatments withS. minorwere equally effective in suppressing dandelions. In the second year of the two applications per year ofS. minortreatment, weed control was equivalent to the herbicide. By the third year of the one spring application ofS. minor, weed control was equivalent to the herbicide. Generally over the study period, the early autumn application ofS. minorwas less effective than the spring or the spring and early autumn applications. TheS. minortreatments significantly reduced the dandelion seed bank, and this effect was not significantly different from the Killex herbicide treatment. The rate, frequency, and seasonal timing of application had no effect on the dandelion seed-bank size, but terminating the application would gradually replenish the seed bank. Populations of white clover, broadleaf plantain, birdsfoot trefoil, and common ragweed were similarly suppressed by either theS. minoror the herbicide treatments. Yellow woodsorrel significantly increased after 1 yr of herbicide treatment compared with theS. minorand untreated control treatments, indicating a possible weed species shift. Turf quality was improved because of the herbicide andS. minortreatments, but grass injury and smooth crabgrass invasion were recorded in 17% of herbicide-treated plots.
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Sharma, Aakansha, Devraj Singh, Shalie Malik, Neelu Jain Gupta, Sangeeta Rani, and Vinod Kumar. "Difference in control between spring and autumn migration in birds: insight from seasonal changes in hypothalamic gene expression in captive buntings." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1885 (August 29, 2018): 20181531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1531.
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We hypothesized differences in molecular strategies for similar journeys that migrants undertake to reproduce in spring and to overwinter in autumn. We tested this in redheaded buntings ( Emberiza bruniceps ) photoinduced into spring and autumn migratory states, with winter and summer non-migratory states as controls. Compared with controls, buntings fattened, gained weight and showed Zugunruhe (nocturnal migratory restlessness) in the migratory state. Spring migration was associated with greater fat and body mass, and higher intensity of Zugunruhe , compared with autumn migration. Circulating corticosterone levels were higher in spring, while T3 levels were higher in autumn. Hypothalamic expression of thyroid hormone-responsive ( dio2 , dio3 ), light-responsive ( per2 , cry1 , adcyap1 ) and th (tyrosine hydroxylase, involved in dopamine biosynthesis) genes showed significant changes with transition from non-migratory to the migratory state. There were significantly higher mRNA expressions in autumn, except for higher th levels in the spring. Furthermore, the expression patterns of dnmt3a (not dnmt3b ) and tet2 genes suggested an epigenetic difference between the non-migrant and migrant periods, and the spring and autumn migrant periods. These results demonstrate for the first time seasonal transition in hypothalamic gene expressions, and suggest differences in regulatory strategies at the transcriptional level for spring and autumn migrations in songbirds.
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Kossowska-Cezak, Urszula. "Changes of The Thermic Seasons in Warsaw in The Period 1933–2004." Miscellanea Geographica 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2006-0010.
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Abstract The beginning dates and the lengths of thermic seasons in Warsaw (1951-2004) were analysed. These characteristics of seasons are very variable, especially in winter. The changes of winter length influence strongly the dates and length of adjacent seasons, that is, of early winter and early spring. The current warming is best visible exactly during these seasons: winter becomes shorter, while early winter and – to an even longer degree – early spring become longer. The period of spring, summer and autumn is characterised by grater stability. These seasons showed a very weak tendency to change on even its lack, both as regards the length and the beginning date.
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Skrinjar, Marija, Tibor Kenjves, and Mira Ac. "Frequency of Aspergillus fumigatus fres.: A toxigenic and allergenic fungal species in milking cows feeds throughout one research year." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 116 (2009): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0916101s.
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Fungal contamination of 92 feed samples used for milking cows feeding during one research year (in all seasons) in Vojvodina was examined. A special attention was paid to the frequency of A. fumigatus, a fungal species harmful to human and animals. As it was found out all feed samples in summer and spring were contaminated with fungi and about 95% in autumn and winter period. Aspergilli occurred as contaminants in all seasons. About 63% of feed samples in summer, 67% in autumn, 89% in winter and 48% in spring were contaminated with them. A. fumigatus was constantly present in feeds. It was isolated from 19% of feed samples investigated in summer, 33% in autumn, even 61% in winter and from 4% in spring.
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Dicker, R. W., J. F. Ayres, M. J. McPhee, D. L. Robinson, A. D. Turner, M. L. Wolcott, P. G. Kamphorst, S. Harden, and V. H. Oddy. "Post-weaning growth of cattle in northern New South Wales. 2. Growth pathways of steers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00094.
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This paper describes the post-weaning growth of Bos taurus and Bos taurus x Bos indicus-derived steers grazing temperate perennial pasture in northern New South Wales. These cattle were either autumn weaners from spring-calving herds in summer rainfall environments, or summer weaners from autumn-calving herds in winter rainfall environments. Autumn weaners were grown out on 3 pasture systems: (i) pasture only (P1), (ii) pasture supplemented in late winter–early spring with formulated pellets of high protein content (P2), or (iii) pasture supplemented with a nitrogen-fertilised forage crop (P3) to provide different growth pathways towards entry to the finishing phase. Over the 3-year study, seasonal liveweight gain on P1 varied between –0.21 and 1.05 kg/head.day; liveweight gain was generally low (about 0.5 kg/head.day) in winter and high (about 0.8 kg/head.day) in spring. Bos taurus autumn weaners achieved feedlot entry specifications for the domestic market (300 kg liveweight) in 6–8 weeks by the end of winter, and feedlot entry specifications for the export market (400 kg liveweight) in 17–27 weeks by the end of summer. For B. taurus x B. indicus-derived autumn weaners, the period to feedlot entry was 19 and 33 weeks for domestic and export feedlot entry specifications, respectively. Supplementary feeding generally increased post-weaning growth in late winter–early spring and reduced the period to feedlot entry for export steers. Summer weaners were grown out on pasture in P1, P2 or P3 pasture systems, met domestic feedlot entry specifications on arrival, but did not reach export feedlot entry specifications before the onset of winter imposed liveweight stasis. The most effective grow-out system was based on Bos taurus autumn weaners with supplementary feeding in winter–spring to overcome the limitations of the winter feed gap.
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Harangozo, S. A. "An intercomparison of Antarctic sea ice extent datasets from the US Joint Ice Center (JIC) and satellite passive microwave observations for 1979–88." Antarctic Science 10, no. 2 (June 1998): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000273.
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US Joint Ice Center (JIC) Antarctic sea ice extent data, the longest continuous series of its kind for this part of the world, are compared with direct passive microwave-based estimates to assess their overall consistency both spatially and temporally in the period 1979–88. Using ice edge position as a proxy for ice extent, the comparison reveals close agreement in most years, in monthly averaged ice edge positions in all Antarctic regions at the time of maximum ice extent, and also in autumn and spring in the Ross and Weddell Seas. Unexpectedly, JIC relative overestimation prevails during both autumn and spring in some other areas. Previously noted differences in JIC and passive microwave total Antarctic extent in 1979–80 result mainly from problems in the Ross Sea. Reasons for the various discrepancies may lie in differences in the methods used to produce the datasets especially in spring but those in autumn seem to often arise for other reasons. It is found that the prevalent discrepancies in the Ross Sea in 1979–80 as well as those in spring in other regions from 1981 coincide with periods of ice extent change and the evolution/intensification of ice extent anomalies.
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Piqueray, Julien, Valentin Gilliaux, Bernard Bodson, and Grégory Mahy. "Autumn sowing and first-year mowing enhance flowering species abundance and diversity in wildflower strips." BASE, no. 1 (2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25518/1780-4507.18812.
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Description of the subject. Wildflower strips are used to provide flower resources for insects in agroecosystems. There is a need to determine implementation processes that maximize the development of the sown flowering species. Objectives. To determine the effect of i) sowing period (autumn and spring) and ii) early cutting of annuals during the first growing season on the development of the sown perennial species. Method. We surveyed species development during three years (2012-2014) in 24 plots in an experimental wildflower strip. Plots were sown either in autumn or in spring, and received or not an early cutting management in 2012. Results. Sown species were favored by autumn sowing. A few species did better after spring sowing. Two years later (2014), early cutting management enhanced sown flowering species abundance and diversity in case of spring sowing only. Conclusions. Studying implementation and management protocols is of first importance to improve the efficiency of wildflower strips. We recommend autumn sowing as a first approach, and mowing aimed at controlling annuals in the first year after sowing.
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Creech, J. Earl, Jared S. Webb, Bryan G. Young, Jason P. Bond, S. Kent Harrison, Virginia R. Ferris, Jamal Faghihi, Andreas Westphal, and William G. Johnson. "Development of Soybean Cyst Nematode on Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) and Purple Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum)." Weed Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 1064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-079.1.
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A survey of seven production fields in Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio was conducted to assess henbit and purple deadnettle growth and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) development and reproduction on these weeds. Autumn and spring growth of purple deadnettle and henbit was influenced by location within each state. In general, winter annual weeds were larger in size and reached maturity earlier in the spring at the southern sample sites than those in the north. All growth stages of SCN were found to be associated with henbit and purple deadnettle at both autumn and spring sample timings. SCN juveniles were generally found infecting roots at highest abundance in the spring. SCN cyst and egg production also were widespread and occurred to a much higher degree during the autumn than the spring developmental period. The results of this survey indicate that management tactics designed to minimize the potential for SCN reproduction on winter annual weeds would probably be most effective if conducted in the autumn, when the majority of SCN reproduction occurred. However, spring populations of winter annual weeds that harbor SCN juveniles might facilitate additional SCN reproduction and population increase if the weeds are not controlled in a timely manner prior to planting.
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Kirichenko, N. N., V. V. Zakrevskiy, I. A. Konovalova, A. V. Smetanin, N. I. Dar’ina, and Zh V. Plkhkhotskaya. "Laboratory assessment of vitamin security of military service organism in the arctic zone of the Russian Federation." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12282.
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The content of vitamins A, E, D, C, B1, B2, B9 and B12 in plasma and serum of 156 servicemen serving in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the autumn and spring periods using high-performance liquid chromatography, immunochemoluminescence, fluorimetric and spectrophotometric techniques were established. The study included men aged 18 to 25 years old, somatically healthy, the service life of at least four months from the time of the call. The military personnel are comparable in terms of physical health indicators, have received the same nutrition for a long time under the conditions of the barracks, had equivalent conditions of service and physical activity for a long period of time. In the examined servicemen, the prevalence of hidden (subclinical) forms of vitamin A, E, D, C, B1, B2 B9 and B12 deficiencies were found in both the traditional spring-summer and the epidemically dangerous autumn-winter period. The idea of the seasonal “spring” nature of vitamin deficiency has been revised - at the autumn point of the study, its prevalence was no less than in the spring, although there was indeed a spring deterioration in vitamin C and B1. It was concluded that the need for constant vitamin support for military personnel in the Arctic zone, improving the diagnosis of subclinical vitamin deficiencies, mainly due to the introduction of modern methods of laboratory diagnostics. A scheme of vitamin support is proposed by alternating the intake of a multivitamin preparation and a product enriched in vitamin C for 1 month.
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Sinclair, L. A., and C. McAleer. "The effect of a short extended grazing period in the spring and straw allocation on the milk yield and composition of autumn calving dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029215.
Full textAbstract:
Milk production from grass by autumn calving dairy cows can be increased through extending the grazing season in early spring, therefore reducing the reliance on more expensive conserved forage and concentrates (Peyraud et al., 2004). Turning cows out to pasture earlier in the spring has also been associated with an increase in milk and milk protein yield (Sayers and Mayne, 2001). In contrast, milk fat content may be decreased, possibly due to the lower fibre content of spring grass (Sayers and Mayne, 2001). The inclusion of chopped straw in the ration offers the potential of increasing dietary fibre intake and therefore maintaining milk fat levels (Ferris et al., 2000). The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of extending the grazing season in spring and increasing the fibre content of the ration on the intake and performance of autumn calving dairy cows.
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Derocher, Andrew E., and Ian Stirling. "Aspects of survival in juvenile polar bears." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-138.
Full textAbstract:
We captured, weighed, tagged, and monitored polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs and yearlings in western Hudson Bay to examine survival rates and correlates with survival. Cub survival between spring and autumn increased with cub mass and maternal mass, but was not related to maternal age or maternal condition. Cub survival between spring and autumn varied annually between 39.0 and 100.0% and averaged 53.2%. Whole-litter loss between spring and autumn was 30.8%, and only 38.0% of the females did not lose any cubs. Survival of spring twins was similar regardless of size, but in triplet litters, survival between spring and autumn varied according to cub size. Minimum cub survival from one autumn to the next was 34.7% and was related to cub mass, maternal mass, and maternal condition. Cub survival during autumn was estimated at 83.0%. Survival during the first year of life was no more than 44.0% but we could not estimate an annual survival rate because of the sampling regime. Possibly because harvesting was the major mortality factor for yearlings (19.4% of the yearlings were removed from the population per year), no factors examined correlated with survival of yearlings. We found no sex-related differences in survival of cubs or yearlings in any period. Relationships between survival in polar bear cubs and their condition suggest that lack of food availability, sometimes due to low maternal fat stores for lactation, leads to starvation and may be the main cause of mortality.
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Kotovych, O. V. "The hydrological cycle in the ravine oak forests of steppe Prydniprovia." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2014): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041409.
Full textAbstract:
The characteristic of the hydrological cycle in the ravine oak forest is given in the work. In its preparation, we proceeded from assumption about the participation of groundwater in water feeding of wood vegetation. To confirm or refute this the term average groundwater depth, the changes in its long-term, seasonal and intraday level dynamics were analyzed. The intra-annual structure of the groundwater regime was established, while in the structure the three specific periods were identified – winter-spring recovery, spring-autumn recession and autumn recovery. It was established that the duration of the hydrological year between the beginning of winter-spring recovery and the ending of autumn recovery was about 11.5 months. Most often, the hydrological year flows between January and December of neighboring hydrological years. The groundwater depth during the observation period ranged from 7.65 to 10.08 m from the surface. The amplitude of level changes between seasons was 0.57–1.59 m. The speed of rise and fall level was set, while the instability of characterized indicators was observed, that is closely related to the temperature of atmospheric air of the previous period. The annual dynamics of groundwater level is compensatory in nature, in which the spring-autumn recession is compensated autumn and winter-spring recovery. From the position of winter minimum level and the deviation of the average annual rainfall norms, it was found that the course of the annual changes level has a close correlation with the amount of precipitation. Intraday dynamics of level conditions during the vegetation period has stepwise, descending character, which means that there is no direct connection of groundwater with woody vegetation. It was found that at the absence of available groundwater, the incoming part of the water balance was determined by the vegetation period precipitation and the moisture contained in the soil at the beginning of the vegetation period. The amount of precipitation of the vegetation period, excluding precipitation detained by the cover and litter, during the observation period was over 292 mm. Dynamics of soil moisture in 1.5 meters layer showed that the most dynamic changes in moisture took place in the upper meter of soil. During the non-growing period in the 1.5 meters layer up to 252 mm of moisture is accumulated. The total amount of rainfall and soil moisture in the 1.5 meters layer of soil at the beginning of vegetative period averages 542 mm, 46 % of which is soil moisture, and the remaining 54 % is the precipitation moisture. The average annual evapotranspiration coefficient is calculated from the ratio of the amount of soil moisture at the beginning of the vegetative period and all vegetative period precipitation to evapotranspiration of appropriate period of time. In this approach the figure for ravined oak forests is 0.78, 0.63 – for steppe plots of virgin land. The general moisture conditions prevailing here are local, are formed under the influence of geomorphological features on the background of climatic conditions and are responsible to the intrazonal type.
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Stanciu, Cătălin-Răzvan, Răzvan Zaharia, Gabriel-Bogdan Chişamera, Ioana Cobzaru, Viorel-Dumitru Gavril, and Dumitru Murariu. "Migration Strategies of Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo Linnaeus, 1758) in Dobruja." Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/travmu-2017-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We studied various aspects regarding migration behavior of the Common Buzzard for two subspecies (B. b. buteo and B. b. vulpinus) transiting the region which overlaps with the Western Black Sea Corridor. Using vantage points set across Dobruja we managed to count 2,662 individuals. We highlighted the seasonal and diurnal peak passage, flight directions and height of flight for each season. Our results suggest that 57% of the counted individuals belongs to long-distance migrant Steppe Buzzard - B. b. vulpinus. The peek passage period in autumn migration was reached between the 26th of September to the 6th of October, while for the spring migration peek passage remained uncertain. The main autumn passage direction was from N to S, and NNW to SSE but also from NE to SW. For spring passage the main direction was from S to N but also from ESE to WNW. Flight height during autumn migration was mostly at high altitude while in spring migration was more evenly distributed. The most significant activity was recorded in the second time period, between 10:01 and 13:00 (43%).
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Hurley, Mark A., Mark Hebblewhite, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Stéphane Dray, Kyle A. Taylor, W. K. Smith, Pete Zager, and Christophe Bonenfant. "Functional analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index curves reveals overwinter mule deer survival is driven by both spring and autumn phenology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1643 (May 26, 2014): 20130196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0196.
Full textAbstract:
Large herbivore populations respond strongly to remotely sensed measures of primary productivity. Whereas most studies in seasonal environments have focused on the effects of spring plant phenology on juvenile survival, recent studies demonstrated that autumn nutrition also plays a crucial role. We tested for both direct and indirect (through body mass) effects of spring and autumn phenology on winter survival of 2315 mule deer fawns across a wide range of environmental conditions in Idaho, USA. We first performed a functional analysis that identified spring and autumn as the key periods for structuring the among-population and among-year variation of primary production (approximated from 1 km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) along the growing season. A path analysis showed that early winter precipitation and direct and indirect effects of spring and autumn NDVI functional components accounted for 45% of observed variation in overwinter survival. The effect size of autumn phenology on body mass was about twice that of spring phenology, while direct effects of phenology on survival were similar between spring and autumn. We demonstrate that the effects of plant phenology vary across ecosystems, and that in semi-arid systems, autumn may be more important than spring for overwinter survival.
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Watanabe, Y., Y. Oozeki, and D. Kitagawa. "Larval parameters determining preschooling juvenile production of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) in the northwestern Pacific." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-013.
Full textAbstract:
Production of larvae in the hatching size-class of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) was highest in autumn 1990-1994, implying that spawning activity was highest in this season. Growth and mortality rates were stable in the winter-spawned cohorts in Kuroshio waters (south of Honshu); variable rates were found in the autumn- and spring-spawned cohorts in the mixed water region to the northeast. Although no particular period of high mortality was detected through the larval and juvenile stages, overall percent survival through the larval and juvenile stages differed by an order of magnitude among seasons. Production of 40-mm preschooling juveniles was determined by larval production in the smallest size-class in the winter cohort, but by overall percent survival through the larval and juvenile stages in the spring and autumn cohorts. Over the last 44 yr, percentage of winter-spawned cohorts in commercial catches was stable, compared with large interannual variations of autumn- and spring-spawned cohorts. These observations were assumed to stem from stable juvenile production in winter and variable production in autumn and spring, suggesting the possibility of recruitment forecasts of seasonally spawned cohorts of saury based on preschooling juvenile production estimates in the northwestern Pacific.
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Shang, Chunjing, Xinyu Huang, Yufeng Zhang, and Maoquan Chen. "Outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical coastal tourist resort in Haikou, China." Indoor and Built Environment 29, no. 5 (July 4, 2019): 730–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19862337.
Full textAbstract:
Considering the importance of thermal comfort in decision-making in tourism, a transverse study involving micrometeorological measurements and questionnaires was performed at a popular coastal destination during the seasons of spring, autumn and winter. We examined the thermal sensation and thermal acceptability using the physiological equivalent temperature (PET). The results indicate that tourists’ thermal sensations varied with the season and the neutral PETs were 19.2°C, 23.8°C and 23.3°C in winter, spring and autumn. The 90% acceptable ranges of the PET affected by the local climate were 19.6–29.5°C during the entire three-season survey period, 21.4–27.1°C in the spring, 19.2–32°C in the autumn and more than 15.9°C in the winter. The analysis of microclimate parameters that affect thermal comfort in three seasons reveals that people expected weaker solar radiation, stronger wind and lower humidity with the air temperature rising, and vice versa. The acceptable range of wind speed was 0.6–2.5 m/s in winter, 0.6–3.5 m/s in spring and autumn. The acceptable range of solar radiation was 0–150 W/m2 in autumn and 0–250 W/m2 in winter. These findings contribute to the better designs for coastal facilities and the thermal comfort of tropical areas.