Journal articles: 'Spring and suspension'

1

Chang, F., and Z.-H. Lu. "Dynamic model of an air spring and integration into a vehicle dynamics model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto867.

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It is worthwhile to design a more accurate dynamic model for air springs, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of an air spring suspension, and to analyse and guide the design of vehicles with air spring suspensions. In this study, a dynamic model of air spring was established, considering the heat transfer process of the air springs. Two different types of air spring were tested, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the air spring model compared with the traditional model. The key factors affecting the computation accuracy were studied and checked by comparing the results of the experiments and simulations. The new dynamic model of the air spring was integrated into the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, in order to investigate the air suspension behaviour and vehicle dynamics characteristics. The co-simulation method using ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink was applied to integration of the air spring model with the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model.

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Konieczny, Łukasz, and Rafał Burdzik. "Comparison of Characteristics of the Components Used in Mechanical and Non-Conventional Automotive Suspensions." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.26.

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The paper presents the comparison of the characteristics of spring and damping components used in conventional and non-conventional automotive suspensions. The conventional suspension is based on steel coil springs and hydraulic dampers with fixed characteristics. As an example, the adaptive non-conventional suspension shows the characteristics of hydropneumatic suspension components (suspension are constantly being developed and is now based on mechatronic control systems of damping characteristics). The paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions.

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Cheng, Zhongli, Zonghua Li, and Fanqing Kong. "Statistical Linearization of Nonlinear Stiffness in Hydropneumatic Suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 153 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304006.

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Hydropneumatic springs are the elastic components of a vehicle’s suspension. As the nonlinear characteristic of the spring is difficult to express accurately, the statistical linearization method is introduced to analyze the dynamic response of the hydropneumatic spring. The nonlinear stiffness of a hydropneumatic spring is approximated by a quadratic polynomial at the static equilibrium position. Parameters of the hydropneumatic spring, road roughness and vehicle velocity are provided and analytical functions for equivalent stiffness and the dynamic equilibrium position are worked out in this paper. The analytical functions are validated through numerical simulation and are shown to be more accurate than those validated by existing methods. The method proposed here could be used in the design and analysis of hydropneumatic suspensions in future.

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Shi, Xiao Hui, Hong Li Gao, and Ming Heng Xu. "Optimization Design of Automobile Suspension Springs Based on BP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.82.

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In order to optimize the arithmetic of the automobile suspension springs, the optimization algorithm of spring stress model based on BP neural networks was proposed. The various models of suspension spring were aggregated and analyzed, the parallel genetic algorithm for the suspension springs was proposed in this paper as well. And the spring models can be optimized fast and efficiently by the algorithm. Aiming at different models, the maximum stress point and the distribution law are given by means of experimental verifications. A new stress analysis method and a new estimate rule for the design of automotive suspension springs are provided by this method.

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Cole, D. J., and D. Cebon. "Modification of a Heavy Vehicle Suspension to Reduce Road Damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 3 (July 1995): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_203_02.

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A test rig for measuring the quasi-static performance of tandem suspensions in the laboratory is described. Measurements on a standard tandem leaf-spring suspension show it to have high effective stiffness in bounce and poor static load equalization. A method for eliminating the spring-end friction is investigated, and found to improve the performance significantly. A two-dimensional articulated vehicle simulation is validated with measurements from a test vehicle. The simulation is then used to study the effect on dynamic tyre forces of three modifications to the trailer suspension: softer springs; elimination of spring-end friction; and hydraulic dampers. The r.m.s. dynamic loads generated by the trailer axles are predicted to decrease by approximately 31 per cent and the theoretical road damage is predicted to decrease by about 13 per cent. The trailer suspension of the test vehicle is adapted to incorporate the three modifications and the measured reductions in dynamic tyre forces are found to be about half those predicted by the simulation.

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Радин, Сергей, Sergey Radin, Евгений Сливинский, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "ROD OSCILLATION INVESTIGATION OF ADAPTIVE TORSION SPRING FOR SPRING SUSPENSION OF SIX-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20250.

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In modern locomotive design to reduce a dynamic effect upon a track there are widely used jaw and lawless six-wheel bogies supplied with a spring suspension using laminated springs, cylindrical spiral springs of compression and pneumatic springs. A considerable drawback of all known designs of spring suspension for rolling-stock is that all of them apart from a pneumatic one have no possibility for self-regulation in an automatic mode of their rigid characteristics de-pending on external dynamic impacts of track unevenness upon the latter. There is developed in Bunin State University of Yelets a promising inventionleveled structure of an adaptive torsion spring suspension excluding such a drawback and a number of computa-tions was carried out for the substantiation its rational design values.

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HAYASHI, MICHIO. "Isolating air spring suspension." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 64, no. 2 (1991): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.64.83.

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Slivinsky, Evgeny, Sergey Radin, Sergey Shubkin, and Sergey Buneev. "Modernization of spring suspension of trailed vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127307015.

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This article presents materials related to the development of a promising design of adaptive torsion bar suspension for trailed special and cargo vehicles, both trailers and semi-trailers, designed for the transportation of bulk and general cargo. A number of technical solutions, created at the level of inventions, are proposed, which make it possible to simplify the existing types of spring suspensions, reduce their metal consumption, improve the smoothness of trailed vehicles (TV) and increase their operational reliability due to the operation of suspensions in automatic mode. when they overcome micro and macro unevenness of the roadway. Analytical studies were carried out with the development of a design scheme and a methodology for calculating the design of an adaptive torsion spring for static and dynamic strength.

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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Raimundas Junevičius. "DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF THE RETROFITED REAR SUSPENSION OF THE VEHICLE." TRANSPORT 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2004): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637985.

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The main aim of the investigation is to design rear suspension and to improve the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Three types of rear suspensions that consist of a leaf spring, a hydraulic and a pneumatic damper, an air spring are designed. The dynamic models of the quarter car with these rear suspensions are presented. Random disturbance of particular road surface is played back by using a spectral density and Monte Carlo method. Natural frequencies of rear suspension are presented. The dependence of standard deviations of the first, the second and the third derivates of particular random displacements on the vehicle speed is obtained. Dynamic characteristics of three rear suspensions are compared and the best rear suspension is determined.

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10

Bagaria, William J., Ron Doerfler, and Leif Roschier. "Nomograms for the design of light weight hollow helical springs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 23 (August 25, 2016): 4388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216665416.

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The helical spring is a widely used element in suspension systems. Traditionally, the springs have been wound from solid round wire. Significant weight savings can be achieved by fabricating helical springs from hollow tubing. For suspension systems, weight savings result in significant transportation fuel savings. This paper uses previously published equations to calculate the maximum shear stress and deflection of the hollow helical spring. Since the equations are complex, solving them on a computer or spreadsheet would require a trial-and-error method. As a design aid to avoid this problem, this paper gives nomograms for the design of lightweight hollow helical springs. The nomograms are graphical solutions to the maximum stress and deflection equations. Example suspension spring designs show that significant weight savings (of the order of 50% or more) can be achieved using hollow springs. Hollow springs could also be used in extreme temperature situations. Heating or cooling fluids can be circulated through the hollow spring.

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11

Kong, Yat Sheng, Shahrum Abdullah, Dieter Schramm, and Salvinder Singh Karam Singh. "Determining optimal suspension system parameters for spring fatigue life using design of experiment." Mechanics & Industry 20, no. 6 (2019): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2019062.

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This paper presents the optimization of spring fatigue life associated with suspension system parameters using the design of experiment approach. The effects of suspension parameters on spring fatigue life were analyzed because this process can improve spring fatigue life from a distinct perspective. A quarter car model simulation was performed to obtain the force time histories for fatigue life prediction where the suspension parameters were adjusted. Multiple input regression and interaction plots were conducted to identify the interaction between these parameters. A full factorial experiment was performed to determine the optimal suspension settings that would maximize the spring fatigue life. For the regression, a high R 2 value of 0.9078 was obtained, indicating good fitting. The established regression showed normality and homoscedasticity for consistent prediction outcome. Reducing the spring stiffness and sprung mass while enhancing the damping coefficient is therefore suggested to enhance fatigue life.

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Evseev, Kirill B., Aleksander B. Kartashov, Idris Z. Dashtiev, and Aleksey V. Pozdeev. "Analysis viscoelastic properties of fiber-reinforced composite spring for the all-terrain vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402039.

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For today’s composite materials have many advantages over steel materials. The composite materials take the main part in modern automobile constructions. Suspension system is the main automobile part. Components of suspension system are made of metal. Therefor suspension system have a high weight that have a negative effect for all of vehicle especially for vehicle dynamics and stability properties. The main part of suspension system is a spring element. Coil springs are the most widely used spring type for independent wheel suspension for trucks and passengers vehicles. Using composite springs can less vehicle weight especially less unspring masses. It is one of the main features of composite materials. Another feature is viscoelastic properties and hysteresis effect. That can be give excellent noise and vibration properties for vehicles.

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13

Graf, Christian, Jurgen Maas, and Hans-Christian Pflug. "Force-Controlled Air Spring Suspension." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 43, no. 18 (2010): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20100913-3-us-2015.00114.

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14

Chi, Zhongzhe, Yuping He, and Greg F. Naterer. "DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE SUSPENSIONS WITH A QUARTER-VEHICLE MODEL." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 32, no. 2 (June 2008): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2008-0019.

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This paper presents a comparative study of three optimization algorithms, namely Genetic Algorithms (GAs), Pattern Search Algorithm (PSA) and Sequential Quadratic Program (SQP), for the design optimization of vehicle suspensions based on a quarter-vehicle model. In the optimization, the three design criteria are vertical vehicle body acceleration, suspension working space, and dynamic tire load. To implement the design optimization, five parameters (sprung mass, un-sprung mass, suspension spring stiffness, suspension damping coefficient and tire stiffness) are selected as the design variables. The comparative study shows that the global search algorithm (GA) and the direct search algorithm (PSA) are more reliable than the gradient based local search algorithm (SQP). The numerical simulation results indicate that the design criteria are significantly improved through optimizing the selected design variables. The effect of vehicle speed and road irregularity on design variables for improving vehicle ride quality has been investigated. A potential design optimization approach to the vehicle speed and road irregularity dependent suspension design problem is recommended.

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15

Gopinath, S., R. J. Golden Renjith, and J. Dineshkumar. "Design and fabrication of magnetic shock absorber." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2014): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.1831.

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In a vehicle, shock absorber reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, without shock absorber the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as an energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allow range of suspension movement [1]. Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would intern gives a harsh ride. Shock absorber allows the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps [2]. In this project a new suspension system based on magnetic power which can be used in automobile in future. The suspension system consists of magnets freely moving inside the cylinder with their same poles facing each other. Since the magnetic poles repel each other while moving closer, the up and down spring action is obtained. Keywords: Suspension System, Magnetic Power, Magnetic Poles.

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16

Needle, S. A., and M. L. Hull. "An Off-Road Bicycle With Adjustable Suspension Kinematics." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826357.

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The purpose of designing and constructing the adjustable dual suspension off-road bicycle presented was to provide a research tool for quantifying and optimizing off-road bicycle performance in three categories: energy efficiency, comfort, and handling. Key variables affecting performance in each category were identified and then the bicycle was designed and constructed so that one variable may be changed at a time. For both the front and rear suspensions, independent modular springs and dampers may be used, so that the travel limit, damper quantities, and spring, quantities can all be independently tested. On the rear suspension, the swingarm pivot point height may be moved along the seat tube from the bottom bracket to 22 cm above the bottom bracket. The swingarm was integrated into a four-bar linkage such that the effective spring and damping rates at any pivot point height were constant as the suspension compressed. For the front suspension a four-bar linkage was also used. The links may be adjusted to change the trajectory of the front wheel as the suspension compresses. Additionally, the shock mounts may be moved to prevent any change in effective spring and damping rates resulting from a change in linkage geometry. To demonstrate the usefulness of the design, an experiment was performed to determine the pivot point height at which the energy dissipated from the rear shock was a minimum. At various pivot point heights, the bike was ridden on an inclined (6 percent grade) treadmill at 23.3 km/hr. Minimum energy was dissipated at a pivot height of 8.4 cm above the bottom bracket.

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17

Liu, Xiaofu, Jason Z. Jiang, Andrew Harrison, and Xiaoxiang Na. "Truck suspension incorporating inerters to minimise road damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 6, 2020): 2693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020905149.

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Road damage caused by heavy vehicles is a serious problem experienced worldwide. This paper investigates the potential for reduction in road damage by incorporating the inerter element into truck suspension systems. Initially, quarter-car, pitch-plane and roll-plane models with two low-complexity inerter-based linear suspension layouts are investigated in the frequency domain. Reductions of the J95 road damage index for each model are identified against conventional parallel spring–damper truck suspension layouts. It is also shown that the proposed suspensions are capable of enhancing the roll stability while keeping the road damage at a given level. Subsequently, the nonlinear relationship between force and displacement as manifested by leaf springs is incorporated into the pitch-plane and roll-plane time-domain models. These confirm the potential advantage of inerter-based suspension layouts for road damage reduction.

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18

K, Qusai, Ayad A. Ramadhan, and Ahmed M. Abbas. "Simulation Study of Design and Modification of Spring Suspension System." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2019): 250–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11i11/20193194.

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Rajesh, S., and G. B. Bhaskar. "Response of Composite Leaf Springs to Low Velocity Impact Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.47.

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Leaf springs are the traditional suspension elements, occupying a vital position in the automobile industry. This paper deals us the replacement of existing steel leaf spring by composite leaf spring. The dimensions of existing middle steel leaf spring of commercial vehicle (Tata ace mini truck) were taken and fabricated using a specially designed die. Single leaf of the suspension springs, each made up composite with bidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), bidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and hybrid glass-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP), was fabricated by hand layup process. It is to be mentioned here that the cross sectional area of the composite spring same as the metallic spring. A low velocity impact test rig was fabricated in the laboratory with loading set up. The composite leaf springs were tested with the low velocity impact test rig. By using the low velocity impact test rig, the deflection due to various drop height were measured.

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Konieczny, Ł., R. Burdzik, and T. Węgrzyn. "Analysis of Structural and Material Aspects of Selected Elements of a Hydropneumatic Suspension System in a Passenger Car." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0018.

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The article addresses results of analyses of design solutions and materials commonly used in gas springs for hydropneumatic suspension systems. The authors have discussed main advantages resulting from application of such a design solution in passenger car suspension systems. Fundamental correlations defining the parameters characterising a gas spring with constant gas mass have been referred to. Also materials used in the manufacture of selected gas spring elements have been described

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JABEEN, S. D. "VIBRATION OPTIMIZATION OF A PASSIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM VIA GENETIC ALGORITHM." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 04, no. 01 (December 27, 2012): 1250022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962312500225.

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In this paper, we have formulated mathematical models to optimize the bouncing transmissibility of the sprung mass of the half car system with passengers' seat suspensions considering different road conditions. The corresponding problem has been solved with the help of advanced real coded Genetic Algorithm (GA). The nonlinearity of suspension spring and damper, which are the most important characteristics of the suspension, has been taken into account in order to validate the model to real applications. The nonlinear cubic polynomial has been used to describe the spring characteristic and a quadratic polynomial has been used to describe the damper characteristic. The coefficients of each polynomial represent the design parameters of the suspension system and are to be determined. To find these parameters we have formulated a nonlinear optimization problem in which the bouncing transmissibility of the sprung mass at the center of mass has been minimized with respect to technological constraints and the constraints which satisfy the performance as per ISO 2631 standards. The advanced real coded GA has been used to solve this problem in time domain and the results obtained have been compared to those obtained using the existing design parameters. The objective function and the constraints have been evaluated by simulating the vehicle model over two roads with multiple bumps at uniform velocity.

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S. Kong, Y., S. Abdullah, D. Schramm, M. Z. Omar, S. M. Haris, T. Bruckmann, and F. Kracht. "Characterizing Spring Durability for Automotive Ride Using Artificial Neural Network Analysis." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16622.

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This paper presents the establishment of a relationship between coil spring fatigue life and automotive vertical vibration using neural network. During an automotive suspension design process, the suspension components are designed with the consideration of structure strength and fatigue life as well as the effects toward automotive ride. Hence, it is important to have a functional mathematical model to predict the fatigue life and automotive life simultaneously. To build the mathematical model, a multibody kinematic quarter model of suspension system was constructed to simulate force and acceleration time histories from the suspension system and the sprung mass of the vehicle model. The force time histories were used to predict the fatigue life of the coil spring while the acceleration time histories were converted into ISO vertical vibration index. A neural network model was created and used to fit the spring fatigue life and vehicle vertical vibration into a mathematical function. The neural network with 1 hidden layer and 2 neurons has shown a good fitting of the data with coefficient of determination as high as 0.88, 0.98, 0.96 for training, validation and testing, respectively. This constructed neural network serves to predict the vehicle vertical vibration using the spring fatigue life and suspension natural frequencies as input, and hence reduce the automotive suspension design process.

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Bohun, Lidia, Eduard Pleshakov, and Sergiy Shvachko. "Failure analysis of a motor vehicle suspension helical spring." Ukrainian journal of mechanical engineering and materials science 6, no. 1 (2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ujmems2020.01.072.

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The purpose of this work is to reveal the cause of the failure of the motor vehicle rear suspension barrel-shaped spring with the progressive elasticity characteristic and predict measures to increase the lifetime of springs of this type. The fracture of the spring occurred on the middle coil, which operates under conditions of more severe stress in comparison with other coils. The chemical composition of the spring material, determined by X-ray fluorescence spectral and microstructural analyzes, corresponded to chromium-silicon steel 54SiCr6. In terms of structure and mechanical properties, the spring material met the standards. No traces of decarburization were detected, and no crack initiation, caused by non-metallic inclusions, was found in the material of the fractured spring. Macroscopic examination of the spring surface did not reveal any cracks, scratches, dents, traces of blows with stones and marks of spring coiling tool. Instead, extensive areas of exfoliation of the protective coating were found. The metallographic analysis revealed selective corrosion in the form of pitting damage in places of exfoliation of the protective coating. The fatigue crack propagates from the certain deep pit with the reorientation of the crack plane along the spiral surface to the central axis of the coil wire. After depletion of the safety margin, the spring broke down quickly. The fast fracture zone contains steps of the river pattern formed due to the spiral reorientation of the fracture surface. The research can be used to understand the importance of adhesive strength and wear resistance of protective coatings on the spring surface. Their local exfoliation causes subsequent corrosion damage to the spring, which stimulates its fatigue fracture.

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Zhou, Li Hong. "Simulation Research on the Performance of Vehicle Suspension System." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.378.

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Simulation study of the quarter car model was carried out in this paper. The influence of the stiffness of the suspension spring and the damping on the performance of vehicle suspension system was analyzed by the evaluation indexes: transfer function of body acceleration, transfer function of suspension dynamic stroke, transfer function of tire dynamic deflection. The simulation results shown that increasing the stiffness of the suspension spring would reduce the vehicle's ride comfort and increase the value of the first natural frequency of the sprung mass. And increasing the damping would reduce the peak response of the body acceleration which increasing the vehicle's ride comfort, but at the cost of increasing the high frequency vibration.

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Choi, Kyujeong, Jooseon Oh, Heung-Sub Kim, Hyun-Woo Han, Jung-Ho Park, Geun-Ho Lee, Jaho Seo, and Young-Jun Park. "Experimental Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Hydro-Pneumatic Semi-Active Suspensions for Agricultural Tractor Cabins." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 8992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248992.

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This study aims to establish a test method to obtain the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic-pneumatic semi-active suspensions used in tractor cabins. Because dynamic characteristics are utilized in simulation models for developing suspension control logic and must be secured to improve control performance, an accurate test method must be established. The dynamic characteristics of the suspension, i.e., the spring constant and damping coefficient, were obtained by changing the current and velocity conditions. An exciter was used as a test device to control the displacement and velocity of the hydraulic cylinder. In order to derive the spring constant of the suspension, a low-speed reciprocating motion test was performed to obtain the force-displacement diagram and to derive the damping coefficient; 48 tests were performed under 6 velocity conditions and 8 current conditions to obtain a force-velocity diagram for each result. The spring constant of the suspension was confirmed using the slope of the trend line in the force-displacement diagram obtained through the low-speed reciprocating motion test of the suspension. In addition, the damping coefficient was calculated using the force-velocity diagram obtained through the reciprocating motion test of the suspension under various current and velocity conditions.

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Chen, Wenguo, Rui Wang, Huiying Wang, and Shulei Sun. "The Design, Simulation and Fabrication of an Omnidirectional Inertial Switch with Rectangular Suspension Spring." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040440.

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An omnidirectional inertial switch with rectangular spring is proposed in this paper, and the prototype has been fabricated by surface micromachining technology. To evaluate the threshold consistency and stability of omnidirectional inertia switch, the stiffness of rectangular suspension springs is analyzed. The simulation result shows that the coupling stiffness of the rectangular spring suspension system in the non-sensitive direction is a little more than that in the sensitive direction, which indicated that the omnidirectional switching system’s stability is reinforced, attributed to the design of rectangular springs. The dynamic response simulation shows that the threshold of the omnidirectional inertial switch using the rectangular suspension spring has high consistency in the horizontal direction. The prototype of an inertial switch is fabricated and tested successfully. The testing results indicate even threshold distribution in the horizontal direction. The threshold acceleration of the designed inertial switch is about 58 g in the X direction and 37 g in the Z direction; the contact time is about 18 μs.

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Сливинский, Евгений, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Сергей Радин, and Sergey Radin. "SPRING SUSPENSION MODERNIZATION IN FREIGHT CARS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2017, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59353e29c53920.70539285.

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Chahyadi, Hendry D. "Simulation and Analysis of Two-Mass Suspension Modification Using MATLAB Programming." ACMIT Proceedings 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v3i1.39.

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The designs of automotive suspension system are aiming to avoid vibration generated by road condition interference to the driver. This final project is about a quarter car modeling with simulation modeling and analysis of Two-Mass modeling. Both existing and new modeling are being compared with additional spring in the sprung mass system. MATLAB program is developed to analyze using a state space model. The program developed here can be used for analyzing models of cars and vehicles with 2DOF. The quarter car modelling is basically a mass spring damping system with the car serving as the mass, the suspension coil as the spring, and the shock absorber as the damper. The existing modeling is well-known model for simulating vehicle suspension performance. The spring performs the role of supporting the static weight of the vehicle while the damper helps in dissipating the vibrational energy and limiting the input from the road that is transmitted to the vehicle. The performance of modified modelling by adding extra spring in the sprung mass system provides more comfort to the driver. Later on this project there will be comparison graphic which the output is resulting on the higher level of damping system efficiency that leads to the riding quality.

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Wang, Liang, Chong Chen, De Jun Yang, and Rong Rong Hu. "The Cylindrical Air Spring Suspension Stability Model and Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.321.

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There is a close relationship between the stability of vehicle and the suspension. In this paper, an air spring suspension stability model is established by MATLAB/Simulink based on vehicle stability theories. This air spring suspension stability model is used to analyze the performance of air spring suspension and the stability of vehicle by the simulation of gyratory motion and linear motion, after that real vehicle tests is performed, the contrast between them will be used to judge the accuracy and effectiveness of the air spring suspension stability model. In this paper, some original data come from a sedan. The data of this paper has proved the vehicle installing the cylindrical air spring suspension, has a good stability performance.

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Nekhaev, Viktor, Viktor Nikolaev, and Evgenii Cheltygmashev. "Methodology for studying impulse disturbance from rail joints to the railway vehicle and assessment of the efficiency of the new spring suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901032.

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The methodology for studying the impulse disturbance of the railway track joints on the indicators of the dynamic qualities of the railway vehicle has been developed. The dependence of the impulse repetition factor on the energy dissipation level in the system and the speed of the vehicle is obtained. A comparative assessment of the dynamic qualities of a freight car with a typical scheme of spring suspension and a car with suspension based on the principle of compensation of external disturbances is performed. It has been established that the spring suspension of a freight car based on the principle of compensation of external disturbances delivers to it significantly better indicators of dynamic qualities in comparison with car equipped with a new three-piece truck with a typical scheme of springs. Vertical acceleration of the car’s body with a new scheme of vibration protection and dynamic forces in spring suspension is several times less than for a car with a typical three-piece truck structure.

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Radin, S. Yu, S. Yu Shubkin, S. S. Buneev, and S. V. Eletskikh. "IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF THE SPRING SUSPENSION OF TRAILED VEHICLES." AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIA 21, no. 3 (September 2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2541-7835-2021-21-97-105.

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This article presents materials related to the development of a promising design of adaptive tor-sion bar suspension for trailed special and cargo vehicles, both trailers and semi-trailers, designed for the transportation of bulk and general cargo. A number of technical solutions, created at the level of inventions, are proposed, which make it possible to simplify the existing types of spring suspensions, reduce their metal consumption, improve the smoothness of trailed vehicles (TV) and increase their operational reliability due to the operation of suspensions in automatic mode when they overcome micro and macro unevenness of the roadway. Analytical studies were carried out with the development of a design scheme and a methodology for calculating the design of an adaptive torsion spring for static and dynamic strength.

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Sukach, M. K. "The Staple-Shape Plate Springs Engineering Calculation Method." Science & Technique 20, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2021-20-3-268-274.

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The new types of elastic devices – staple-shape plate spring and leaf spring - have been developed at the Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. The staple-shape plate spring is an elastic plate where the ends are deflected from its middle part in the same direction and are made in the form of consoles equipped with hinge attachments. The middle part of the plate as a parallel to the line of the load action is designed with variable length section. In each section, the axis, relative to which the moment of the section inertia is a maximum, is perpendicular to the spring bending plane, designed as the equal resistance beam. This article substantiates the feasibility of using a staple-shape plate spring to improve the elastic suspension of truck cabs. The recommendations for choosing the most promising mass production directions, as well as the engineering calculation methods of such springs, have been developed. Objects of the study are devices intended for machines and their components dynamic loads shock absorption, differing in having a bracket shape and being a subject to bending in the plane of the highest rigidity of their cross sections, as well as shock absorbers using these springs, in particular KamAZ cabs suspension. This research implementation allows significantly reducing the metal consumption and elastic devices manufacture complexity, as well as can be useful in the design and operation of elastic car suspensions.Keywords: elastic device, staple-shaped plate spring, leaf spring, elastic suspension

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Sun, Li Qin, and Zhen Cui. "Modeling and Stiffness Characteristic Analysis of the Semi-Active Interconnected Air Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.220.

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Based on structure and working principle of semi-active interconnected air suspension, whole vehicle dynamic model including interconnected air springs system model, damper model, vehicle body and tire model is established. The changes of parameters such as connect pipe diameter, unilateral or bilateral excitation input phase difference that have effect on the air spring stiffness characteristic are simulated when air springs in the interconnected condition. The simulation results show that, interconnection of air springs can reduce the stiffness of air spring, and vehicle ride performance and riding comfortable performance can also be improved effectively.

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Chen, Long, Changning Liu, Wei Liu, Jiamei Nie, Yujie Shen, and Guotao Chen. "Network synthesis and parameter optimization for vehicle suspension with inerter." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 168781401668470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016684704.

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In order to design a comfortable-oriented vehicle suspension structure, the network synthesis method was utilized to transfer the problem into solving a timing robust control problem and determine the structure of “inerter–spring–damper” suspension. Bilinear Matrix Inequality was utilized to obtain the timing transfer function. Then, the transfer function of suspension system can be physically implemented by passive elements such as spring, damper, and inerter. By analyzing the sensitivity and quantum genetic algorithm, the optimized parameters of inerter–spring–damper suspension were determined. A quarter-car model was established. The performance of the inerter–spring–damper suspension was verified under random input. The simulation results manifested that the dynamic performance of the proposed suspension was enhanced in contrast with traditional suspension. The root mean square of vehicle body acceleration decreases by 18.9%. The inerter–spring–damper suspension can inhibit the vertical vibration within the frequency of 1–3 Hz effectively and enhance the performance of ride comfort significantly.

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Soong, M. F., Rahizar Ramli, and Wan Nor Liza Wan Mahadi. "Ride Evaluation of Vehicle Suspension Employing Non-Linear Inerter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 471 (December 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.471.9.

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Inerter is a recent element in suspension systems with the property that the generated force is proportional to the relative acceleration between its two terminals, which is similar to the way a spring reacts to relative displacement and a damper to relative velocity. This paper presents the analysis of a non-linear inerter working in parallel to passive spring and damper of a vehicle suspension to evaluate its effect on vehicles ride. The non-linear inerter was theoretically capable of switching between on and off states depending on whether or not the suspension deflection was beyond a specified free play. In the study, this behavior was represented mathematically as control law which depended on the relative displacement between the sprung and unsprung masses. A mathematical quarter vehicle model incorporating the non-linear inerter was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to determine the vehicle responses due to road input in the form of step profile for different combinations of free play and inerters on-state proportionality constant called the inertance. Results showed improvements in vehicle ride comfort, as demonstrated by the lower root-mean-squared sprung mass accelerations compared to the ordinary passive suspension with only spring and damper. Additionally, implementation of non-linear inerter gave lower percentage overshoot to step input, indicating better transient response than ordinary passive suspension.

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Abid, Haider J., Jie Chen, and Ameen A. Nassar. "Equivalent Air Spring Suspension Model for Quarter-Passive Model of Passenger Vehicles." International Scholarly Research Notices 2015 (May 31, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/974020.

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This paper investigates the GENSIS air spring suspension system equivalence to a passive suspension system. The SIMULINK simulation together with the OptiY optimization is used to obtain the air spring suspension model equivalent to passive suspension system, where the car body response difference from both systems with the same road profile inputs is used as the objective function for optimization (OptiY program). The parameters of air spring system such as initial pressure, volume of bag, length of surge pipe, diameter of surge pipe, and volume of reservoir are obtained from optimization. The simulation results show that the air spring suspension equivalent system can produce responses very close to the passive suspension system.

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Zhu, Xing Xing, and Si Hong Zhu. "A Theoretical Model for Calculating Vibration Characteristics of A Kind of Driver Seat with Air Spring and MR Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 141 (November 2011): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.141.8.

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In order to further reduce the vibration transmitted from vehicle to driver, a new model of driver scissors linkage seat suspension was put forward, in which an air spring with auxiliary chamber and a MR damper are between the face and floor of the seat. The motion differential equation of this seat suspension system was established and the theoretical computing formulation of it’s equivalent vertical stiffness, equivalent damping coefficient, natural frequency and damping rate were deduced. Besides, taking HY-Z04 scissors linkage seat, SK37-6 air spring of ContiTech and RD-1005-3 MR damper of LORD as an example, the equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient in different conditions of the air spring pressure, the sprung mass, the orifice diameter and MR damping were computed and analyzed. The study results show that the air spring pressure, the sprung mass, the orifice diameter and MR damping all have obvious influence on the equivalent stiffness and damping coefficient, so the seat comfort can be improved by changing the air spring pressure, the orifice diameter and MR damping according to driver’s weight and road condition.

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Fan, Qin Man. "Optimization Design of Front Suspension Spring Cover." Advanced Materials Research 590 (November 2012): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.590.492.

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Taking the front suspension spring cover of a tractor as the research object, the ANSYS as topology optimization design platform, the minimum value of the volume of spring cover as the objective function, the strength and stiffness of the spring cover does not exceed the set value as the constraint conditions conduct topology optimization and obtained spring cover topology shape optimization model. The results showed that the optimized spring cover, while maintaining the original structural strength and stiffness properties, the new spring cover materials than the original proposal to reduce by 12.9%.

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Zhou, Tong, Chang Fu Zong, and Shuang Chen. "Experimental Research on the Stiffness of Air Spring." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.16.

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This study analyzes the stiffness of air-spring theoretically and provides the influential parameters of air-springs stiffness briefly. Through the test rig, we conduct the experiment of air-springs stiffness and then get the relationship between air-springs stiffness and the influential parameters; through fitting the experimental data, we get the relationship among valid-area, valid-volume and the vertical displacement of air-spring, supplying the necessary parameters for the development of air suspension control strategy.

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Hanafi, Dirman, Mohamad Fauzi Zakaria, Rosli Omar, M. Nor M. Than, M. Fua'ad Rahmat, and Rozaimi Ghazali. "Neuro Model Approach for a Quarter Car Passive Suspension Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.103.

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The road handling, load carrying and passenger comfort are three intension factors on car suspension’s system. They should be compromised to achieve the good the car suspension dynamics. To fulfill the requirement, the car suspension system must be controlled and analyzed. To design and analyze the suspension controller, the realistic dynamics model of car suspension is needed. In this paper, the car suspension is assumed as a quarter car and has a model structure as a neural network structure. The model is assumed consist of nonlinear properties that are contributed by spring stiffness and damping elements of suspension system. The tire is assumed has linear properties and represented by spring stiffness element and damping element. The model responses are generated in simulation term. The random type of artificial road surface signal as an input variable is used in this simulation. The results show that the trend of neuro model have the same with the response of a quarter car nonlinear model from dynamic derivation. It means that the developed neuro model structure capable to represent the nonlinear model of a quarter car passive suspension system dynamics.

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Tchoupou, Kévin M. Tsapi, Bertin Désiré Soh Fotsing, and Alexis Kuitche. "Fatigue Safety Coefficient Based Mutual Comparison of the Simple Working Regime of Hermetic Compressor Suspension Springs." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 16 (June 2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.16.26.

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Compressors suspension made up of helical suspension spring system has a significant importance on the operation of hermetic compressors, considering the aspects of noise and vibration. These springs are loaded by harmonic forces very often. High cycles fatigue damage and failure can be found during its service loading. The severity of lading regime has been studied for three typical loading regimes of springs using the fatigue safety factor. The spring fails by fatigue not yielding; infinite life is not predicted. All cases are demonstrated in the Haigh diagram. Finite life is predicted. It has been showed that loading cases with constant mean shear give lowest safety factor than the proportional or constant middle stress regimes.

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Zhang, Si Qi, Tian Xia Zhang, and Shu Wen Zhou. "Study on Semi-Active Control for Leaf Spring Suspension Based on Virtual Prototyping." Advanced Materials Research 118-120 (June 2010): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.118-120.733.

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Conventional leaf spring suspension in heavy duty trucks can afford large carry capacity and better handling stability ability but less ride performance. In this paper a semi-active control was embed to the leaf spring suspension. The dynamics model of semi-active leaf spring suspension was built and analyzed. A full function heavy duty tractor using virtual prototyping was built and assembled in dynamics simulation software. A bumpy road test was performed to verify the performance of the proposed semi-active suspension. The results show that the semi-active leaf spring suspension proposed in this paper can improve the ride performance of the heavy duty trucks. The occupants in the vehicle cab will feel more comfortable.

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Nugroho, Pipit Wahyu. "Analisis Getaran Kendaraan Sistem Satu Roda dalam tinjauan Dua Derajat Kebebasan." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i01.34.

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The comfort of the vehicle passenger of the vehicle and its stability are the important variables that are always needed by everyone who uses transportation. In order to achieve this goal, the suspension of the vehicle will play an important role because its function is to isolate passengers from the effects of excitation from outside the vehicle and also to control the wheels attached to the road surface. Therefore in this study, the influence of various types of suspensions on vehicle vibrations is observed in terms of comfort and stability. The type of suspension in this study is related to the level of suspensión stiffness namely the spring and the damper. Vehicle modeling to be applied in a one-wheeled vehicle with two degrees of freedom. The experimental study is conducted by loading of vehicle body weight and passengers to three type of suspension, soft, medium and hard. Vibration responses to be analyzed on the vehicle equation using Matlab to obtain the acceleration response of the displacement and the defelction. This research obtains a vibration response graph for each type of suspension for some kind of road profile.

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Qi, Hengmin, Yuanchang Chen, Nong Zhang, Bangji Zhang, Dong Wang, and Bohuan Tan. "Improvement of both handling stability and ride comfort of a vehicle via coupled hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 2-3 (June 19, 2019): 552–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019856538.

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The trade-off between handling stability and ride comfort is a disadvantage for the bus fitted with passive suspension due to its high center of gravity and heavy load. A novel suspension configuration with both hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring is created to handle this conflicting requirement. The proposed whole vehicle system model has three subsystems: a 9-degree-of-freedom vehicle multi-body model, hydraulically interconnected suspension model, and electronic controlled air spring. The electronic controlled air spring comprises an air spring and an auxiliary air chamber, and its height can be adjusted by a fuzzy controller. Then, analytical work is performed to evaluate the handling stability and ride comfort of the vehicle with different suspension configurations under various maneuvers and suspension height modes. Finally, the vehicle on-road test is conducted to experimentally validate the proposed models. Both analytical and experimental results indicate that the vehicle fitted with hydraulically interconnected suspension and electronic controlled air spring can obtain high performance for both handling stability and ride comfort.

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Kou, Fa Rong. "The Control Study of Vehicle Active Suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.716.

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Actuator is the key to vehicle active suspension. Based on the analyses of traditional passive suspension and active suspension system, a novel vehicle active suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is put forward. The system consists of two parts: spring and actuator with variable control force. The actuator is made up of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump, controller and BLDCM. According to bond graph principles, bond graph model of 2 DOF passive suspensions and bond graph model of EHA active suspension are built. Moreover, fuzzy logic controller is designed and fuzzy control active suspension is simulated using MATLAB tools. The prototype and test rig of EHA active suspension are developed and bench tests are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that fuzzy control active suspension with EHA provides better ride comfort, handling and stability than passive suspension.

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Yang, Bin, and Jing Wen Wang. "A Research of Vibration Signal Processing of Air Suspension System." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 666–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.666.

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Wavelet transform was utilized in vibrant signal processing of air suspension system. A dynamic model of 1/4 engineering vehicle with air suspension system was established. Road surface signal of B grade was input to the dynamic model. Vibrant acceleration curve of under spring mass and dynamic load curve of air suspension was gained. Noise signal of under spring mass acceleration and dynamic load of air suspension system were filtrated by wavelet decomposition. Vibrant acceleration signal of under spring mass and dynamic load signal of air suspension were extracted by wavelet reconstruction. It can provide a theoretical foundation for identifying dynamic load of air suspension system.

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Husaini, Rizqi Handayani Liza, Ali Nurdin, and Sadrawi Muammar. "Failure Analysis of a Fractured Leaf Spring as the Suspension System Applied on the Dump Truck." Key Engineering Materials 892 (July 13, 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.892.89.

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A spring is a component which is designed to have relatively low stiffness compared to normal rigid rods, thereby making it possible to accept certain forces that are charged. A leaf spring is an important suspension component for heavy vehicles, as a failure of the leaf spring can cause severe if not fatal accidents. This study aims to investigate the factors that cause leaf spring failure in the form of a 125 PS dump truck vehicle suspension system. The method employed incorporated experimental and finite element analyses. The experimental work included visual observations, observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), hardness testing, and microstructure testing. Leaf spring modelling was conducted using Autodesk Inventor 2017 software, and the finite element analysis (FEA) was performed using Siemens ™ FEMAP V12.0.1 application software to calculate the maximum stress and strain that occurred near the crack tip of the leaf spring. The results from the analysis indicated that the cause of the fracture that occurred in leaf spring No. 3 was due to a defect discovered on the surface of the leaf spring. Based on the observations of the fracture surface, it is revealed that the cause of failure was due to the cyclic load experienced by the components during operation which caused crack propagation beginning from micro-cracks until reaching a significant dimension to cause a final fracture. In addition, the overload imposed on the leaf springs also caused maximum stress on the springs to increase, thus accelerating the failure of the leaf springs. Further results also showed that the value of the stress intensity factor, KI = 29.15 MPa.m1/2 was greater than the value of fracture toughness, KIC = 23 MPa.m1/2 of the spring material.

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Dong, Jihao. "Performance analysis of independent suspension coil spring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1629 (September 2020): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1629/1/012052.

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V., Arun K., and Swetha K. V. "Strain Energy Release Rate in Treated Circumferentially Cracked Spring Steel." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2012040105.

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The suspension system is a prominent piece of material that plays a vital role in the stability of a vehicle. During the service, the suspension system is subjected to different environmental conditions, at the same time it has to sustain a variety of loads. The damage of the springs is mainly attributed by its load carrying capacity under fatigue loading. Fatigue strength is the most important property for the spring steel. The energy release rate is an important parameter used to predict the life of the springs. In this experimental analysis, the authors investigate the performance of spring steel under the action of fatigue loads. The specimen preparation and the experimentations have been carried out according to the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM) standards. From the experiments, the strain energy release rate of the spring steels has been determined. The effects of tempering and cryogenic treatments on the performance of the spring steel have also been determined. The results have revealed that the fatigue strength and the crack growth resistance have increased with quenching and cryogenic treatments.

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N, MohanKumar, Kalaimegam D, and Saravanan P. "Design And Analysis Of Two Wheeler Suspension Spring." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488360/ijme-v7i1p104.

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In modern trends of the automobile industry, the ride comfort for drivers is the safety and suspension performance of a vehicle. In vehicles, vibration is one-factor causing damages to the base of the vehicle, wear and tear, etc. Vibration control is a major factor to satisfy customers. In this study, the suspension system in the vehicle is the main component to control the vibration. From the concept of suspension system in a vehicle, there are different approaches in the suspension system such as to modified design in suspension, the alternate system instead of the conventional method, Material changing, etc. In this work from suspension system, spring is playing an important component which withstands the load and cause for vibration. Analytical work is carried out with changing the material properties of the spring resulted that vibration has reduced in composite material. The existing material in suspension spring is steel alloy which withstands vibration to a certain limit beyond that it gets failed and breaks. To overcome such a problem in this work we propose new material based on MMC (Carbon Steel 50%, Copper 25%, and Magnesium 25%). By validating the analytical result in structurally by deformation, equivalent stress, and dynamically observed vibration, etc. Finally, the Comparative analysis has derived and concluded for the feasible material in spring manufacturing. Modeling work is done with SOLIDWORKS Software and analysis is carried out with ANSYS software which is best for FEM.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spring and suspension'

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