Relevant bibliographies by topics / Spring constant

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Spring constant'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Spring constant"

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Rahat, Muhammad Abu, Muhammad Ferdous Raiyan, MD Safayet Hossain, J. U. Ahamed, and Nahed Hassan Jony. "Design and Fabrication of a Spring Constant Testing Machine and Determination of Spring Constant of a Compression Spring." International Journal of Engineering Research 4, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v4s10/1013.

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Chen, Si’an, Yu Di Zhang, Chang Rui Zhang, Xin Xiong, and Hai Feng Hu. "Compression Property of C/SiC and Inconel X-750 Springs from Room Temperature to 1000°C." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.616.

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The compression properties of C/SiC composite and Inconel X-750 helical springs were investigated from room temperature (RT) to 1000°C in air. The density of C/SiC spring is 1.74 g/cm3, only ~1/5 of X-750 value (8.17 g/cm3) and the spring constants of C/SiC and X-750 springs at RT are 3.47 and 5.61 N/mm, respectively. The spring constants of X-750 spring decreased with increase of temperature. X-750 spring could keep excellent property below 600°C, but its spring constant was only 36.7% of RT value at 800°C and permanent deformation appeared. At 1000°C, it could not restore and was destroyed. The spring constants of C/SiC spring at 400°C and 600°C were appreciably higher than the RT value, and then decreased with temperature elevating. Above 800°C, the spring constant decreased with test progressing because of the oxidation of carbon fibers and SiC matrix. But it has a spring constant of 2.40 N/mm (69.2% of the RT value) at 1000°C and can revert to its original dimensions.
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Wu, Cho Chun, Rong Shun Chen, and Meng Ju Lin. "Effect of Box Microspring Size on Spring Constant." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.975.

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There are two kinds of microsprings often used: box microsprings and zig-zag (serpentine) microsprings. Box microsprings are considered with larger spring constant k and more symmetric structure keeping balance than zig-zag microspring. Density of spring number, N, is defined as the numbers of turns within a constant total spring length to investigate performance of box microspring. With applying the same force, the relation between spring constants and microspring sizes are discussed. Under different size parameters of box microsprings: B, W, T, and L, the spring constants decrease like exponential decay and approach a limit value as density of spring number increasing. The results show density of spring number has significant effect on spring constant. Rate of change on spring constant, Kt, is defined as the ratio of spring constant between N=1 and N=10. It means normalization of spring constant that increase density of spring number from minimum to maximum. The results show Kt decreases when B and W increase and increase as T and L increasing. Therefore, the spring constant is coupled affected by different size parameters due to different tendency as results shown. Such that the results can apply in microspring design by adjusting these size parameters to obtain the spring constant.
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Hia, Samuel, and Albertus Hariwangsa Panuluh. "Pengukuran Modulus Geser Baja Menggunakan Analisis Osilasi Pegas-Massa." Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtaf.v9i1.2606.

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A steel shear modulus measurement has been conducted using spring-mass oscillation analysis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the spring-mass oscillation analysis method can measure the shear modulus of the steel. In this study, springs that are used are made of steel with a spring radius of 7.86 mm, a spring wire diameter of 0.817 mm and there is no distance between the coil springs. The length of the spring is varied 7 times, i.e., 4.75 cm, 5.36 cm, 5.89 cm, 6.81 cm, 8.53 cm, 9.44 cm, and 10.87 cm. The spring radius and the diameter of the spring wire are measured using a micrometer screw, while the spring length is determined using image analysis using the Logger Pro program. The spring constant is determined from the equation of the results of the position graph fitting (x) with respect to time (t) load on the oscillating spring-mass system. The value of the shear modulus can be determined from the constants on the graph of the relationship of the spring constant to the spring length following the equation from Sommerfeld. The research measures the shear modulus is 1.24 GPa
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Qin, Wen-Bin, Tian-Lin Ju, Xiu-Lan Yue, Xiu-Lan Yue, Lian-Yi Qin, Jing-Bo Zhao, and Chun-Bo Chen. "Hemoglobin Constant Spring in China." Hemoglobin 9, no. 1 (January 1985): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03630268508996984.

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Park, Young-Soo, Sehoon Kim, Namgyu Kim, and Jong-Jae Lee. "Evaluation of bridge support condition using bridge responses." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718773672.

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This article presents a method for evaluating the support condition of bridges. This is done by representing the aging and deteriorated supports as rotation springs with equivalent spring constants. Sensitivity analysis was performed to obtain a relationship between the spring constant and the bridge responses (deflections/slopes). From this relationship, measured bridge responses can be used to estimate the equivalent spring constants through interpolation. Numerical analysis was performed to check whether the method can be used to calculate equivalent spring constants. Then, the method was verified by performing laboratory tests on a scale model bridge and field test on an actual bridge. In both tests, spring constants were estimated using the proposed method and then verified by calculating the displacements and frequencies and comparing them to the measured values.
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Mohazzabi, P., and B. M. Shefchik. "A universal relationship between spring constant and torsion constant." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 62, no. 4 (April 2001): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(00)00205-5.

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Ko, Koeng Wook, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung In Bae, Eui Seok Kim, and Yuan Shin Lee. "Determination of Spring Constant for Simulating Deformable Object under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.369.

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It is not easy to simulate realistic mechanical behaviors of elastically deformable objects with most existing mass-spring systems for their lack of simple and clear methods to determine spring constants considering material properties (e.g. Young's modulus, Poisson’s ratio). To overcome this obstacle, we suggest an alternative method to determine spring constants for mechanical simulation of deformable objects under compression. Using the expression derived from proposed method, it is possible to determine one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model depending on Young's modulus, geometric dimensions and mesh resolutions of the 3-D model. Determination of one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model in this way leads to simple implementation of the mass-spring system. To validate proposed methodology, static deformations (e.g. compressions and indentations) simulated with mass-spring models and FEM reference models are compared.
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Murakami, Iwanori, Shunya Matsumoto, Keiya Tomaru, Yoshinori Ando, and Kou Yamada. "Development of vibration control device with changeable spring constant spring." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 45, no. 1-4 (May 6, 2014): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-141829.

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Mohazzabi, P., and J. P. McCrickard. "On the spring constant of a close‐coiled helical spring." American Journal of Physics 57, no. 7 (July 1989): 639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15962.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Spring constant"

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Liu, Yang. "Calibration of Glass Fiber Microcantilevers." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1268336942.

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Araujo, Maria Tereza de. "Medidas das constantes de mola, de amortecimento e da temperatura para átomos aprisionados e para uma de suas variantes espaciais." Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76131/tde-12052014-165601/.

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Devido à necessidade de caracterizar as armadilhas magneto-ópticas (AMO), as quais fornecem amostras densas de átomos frios, e de extrema importância o conhecimento dos valores das constantes mecânicas k e β inerentes ao movimento harmônico super amortecido dos átomos nestas armadilhas. Neste trabalho, obtivemos estas constantes usando a técnica que aplica uma oscilação forçada aos átomos aprisionados através de um pequeno campo magnético oscilante adicional de forma a não perturbar o aprisionamento. Fizemos um estudo destas constantes como função de alguns parâmetros inerentes ao aprisionamento, como por exemplo: intensidade dos feixes laser, gradiente de campo magnético e dessintonia. A manipulação de átomos aprisionados, obtida através da observação de diversas estruturas espaciais dos mesmos, mostra um certo controle sobre estes átomos e a obtenção de valores para a temperatura dos átomos nestas estruturas, permite uma maior compreensão do mecanismo de aprisionamento. Nos detivemos então, na medida da temperatura dos átomos aprisionados em estrutura espacial do tipo anel além de propor um modelo teórico simples capaz de justificar os resultados obtidos.
In order to have precise characterization of magneto-optical traps (MOT), which are used to obtain a dense sample of cold atoms, it is important to measure the mechanical constants k and β of the over-damped harmonic motion that rule the motion of the atoms inside the MOT. In this work, we obtain these constants by applying a small additional a.c. magnetic field that does not perturb the trap d.c. field but forces the trapped atoms to oscillate. We studied the variation of the constants by changing laser intensities, trapping field gradient and detuning. The manipulation of trapped atoms and the observation of several kinds of spatial structures allow one to have a better comprehension of the trapping mechanism. We measured the temperature of the atoms in the ring type structure and a simple theoretical model that explains the results is proposed.
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Parkin, John D. "Microcantilevers : calibration of their spring constants and use as ultrasensitive probes of adsorbed mass." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3608.

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The dynamic properties of several rectangular and V-shaped microcantilevers were investigated. Particular attention was paid to the higher flexural eigenmodes of oscillation. The potential of the higher flexural modes was demonstrated through the use of cantilevers as standalone sensors for adsorbed mass. The mass adsorbed on the surface of a cantilever was in the form of a homogeneous water layer measured as a function of relative humidity. The minimum detectable water layer thicknesses were 13.7 Å, 3.2 Å, 1.1 Å, and 0.7 Å for the first four modes of a rectangular cantilever, clearly demonstrating enhanced accuracy for the higher eigenmodes of oscillation. These thicknesses correspond to minimum detectable masses of 33.5 pg, 7.8 pg, 2.7 pg and 1.7 pg for the first four modes. For quantitative applications the spring constants of each cantilever must be determined. Many methods exist but only a small number can calibrate the higher flexural eigenmodes. A method was developed to simultaneously calibrate all flexural modes of microcantilever sensors. The method was demonstrated for the first four eigenmodes of several rectangular and V-shaped cantilevers with nominal fundamental spring constants in the range of 0.03 to 1.75 N/m. The spring constants were determined with accuracies of 5-10 %. Spring constants of the fundamental mode were generally in agreement with those determined using the Sader method. The method is compatible with existing AFM systems. It relies on a flow of gas from a microchannel and as such poses no risk of damage to the cantilever beam, its tip, or any coating. A related method was developed for the torsional modes of oscillation. Preliminary results are shown for the fundamental mode of a rectangular cantilever. The method can be easily extended to the higher torsional modes, V-shaped cantilevers, and potentially, the flapping modes of the legs of V-shaped microcantilevers.
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Shope, Ronald L. "Response of Wide Flange Steel Columns Subjected to Constant Axial Load and Lateral Blast Load." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29521.

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The response of wide flange steel columns subjected to constant axial loads and lateral blast loads was examined. The finite element program ABAQUS was used to model W8x40 sections with different slendernesses and boundary conditions. For the response calculations, a constant axial force was first applied to the column and the equilibrium state was determined. Next, a short duration, lateral blast load was applied and the response time history was calculated. Changes in displacement time histories and plastic hinge formations resulting from varying the axial load were examined. The cases studied include single-span and two-span columns. In addition to ideal boundary conditions, columns with linear elastic, rotational supports were also studied. Non-uniform blast loads were considered. Major axis, minor axis, and biaxial bending were investigated. The effects of strain rate and residual stresses were examined. The results for each column configuration are presented as a set of curves showing the critical blast impulse versus axial load. The critical blast impulse is defined as the impulse that either causes the column to collapse or to exceed the limiting deflection criterion. A major goal of this effort was to develop simplified design and analysis methods. To accomplish this, two single-degree-of-freedom approaches that include the effects of the axial load were derived. The first uses a bilinear resistance function that is similar to the one used for beam analysis. This approach provides a rough estimate of the critical impulse and is suitable only for preliminary design or quick vulnerability calculations. The second approach uses a nonlinear resistance function that accounts for the gradual yielding that occurs during the dynamic response. This approach can be easily implemented in a simple computer program or spreadsheet and provides close agreement with the results from the finite element method.
Ph. D.
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Sarangapani, Krishna Kumar. "Characterizing selectin-ligand bonds using atomic force microscopy (AFM)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11650.

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The human body is an intricate network of many highly regulated biochemical processes and cell adhesion is one of them. Cell adhesion is mediated by specific interactions between molecules on apposing cell surfaces and is critical to many physiological and pathological processes like inflammation and cancer metastasis. During inflammation, blood-borne circulating leukocytes regularly stick to and roll on the vessel walls, which consist in part, adhesive contacts mediated by the selectin family of adhesion receptors (P-, E- and L-selectin). This is the beginning of a multi-step cascade that ultimately leads to leukocyte recruitment in areas of injury or infection. In vivo, selectin-mediated interactions take place in a hydrodynamic milieu and hence, it becomes imperative to study these interactions under very similar conditions in vitro. The goal of this project was to characterize the kinetic and mechanical properties of selectin interactions with different physiologically relevant ligands and selectin-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) under a mechanically stressful milieu, using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Elasticity studies revealed that bulk of the complex compliance came from the selectins, with the ligands or mAbs acting as relatively stiffer components in the stretch experiments. Furthermore, molecular elasticity was inversely related to selectin length with the Consensus Repeats (CRs) behaving as Hookean springs in series. Besides, monomeric vs. dimeric interactions could be clearly distinguished from the elasticity measurements. L-selectin dissociation studies with P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 (PSGL-1) and Endoglycan revealed that catch bonds operated at low forces while slip bonds were observed at higher forces. These results were consistent with previous P-selectin studies and suggested that catch bonds could contribute to the shear threshold for L-selectin-mediated rolling By contrast, only slip bonds were observed for L-selectin-antibody interactions, suggesting that catch bonds could be a common characteristic of selectin-ligand interactions. Force History studies revealed that off-rates of L-selectin-sPSGL-1 (or 2-GSP-6) interactions were not just dependent on applied force, as has been widely accepted but in fact, depended on the entire history of force application, thus providing a new paradigm for how force could regulate bio-molecular interactions. Characterizing selectin-ligand interactions at the molecular level, devoid of cellular contributions, is essential in understanding the role played by molecular properties in leukocyte adhesion kinetics. In this aspect, data obtained from this project will not only add to the existing body of knowledge but also provide new insights into mechanisms by which selectins initiate leukocyte adhesion in shear.
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Barbieri, Rodrigo Antonio. "Influência da temperatura de sinterização nas propriedades mecânicas de molas de alumina injetadas em baixa pressão." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2011. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/613.

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Neste trabalho foram produzidas molas cerâmicas através do processo de moldagem por injeção em baixa pressão, utilizando-se como matéria-prima alumina submicrométrica, aditivada com ligantes a base de ceras. Dentro do tanque de uma injetora Pelstman, estes materiais foram homogeneizados e resultaram em uma suspensão de baixa viscosidade. Entre os objetivos deste trabalho estão a produção de molas cerâmicas helicoidais com perfil circular, a extração dos ligantes orgânicos utilizados durante a moldagem, a pré-sinterização das molas a 1000°C, o acabamento e a sinterização das molas em diferentes temperaturas e a medida de algumas de suas propriedades. A mudança na temperatura de sinterização é uma maneira simples de alterar as propriedades das molas cerâmicas, sem alterar sua composição ou suas dimensões. Foram produzidos três lotes de molas de alumina, que foram sinterizadas a 1550°C, 1600°C e 1650°C, com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da temperatura sobre a constante de mola e a tensão de fratura. As molas de alumina sinterizada foram obtidas com densidades variando de 94,0% para 97,5% do limite teórico. As constantes de mola foram medidas desde a temperatura ambiente até 1100°C. Os dados obtidos nos ensaios de fratura sob compressão foram analisados de acordo com a estatística deWeibull e o método da máxima verossimilhança. Com o aumento da temperatura de sinterização, de 1550°C até 1650°C, foi observado que a constante de mola e a resistência característica de Weibull das molas de alumina aumentaram em 15% e 32%, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a temperatura de sinterização não teve muita influência sobre o módulo de Weibull. Isso acontece porque as bolhas internas e os defeitos superficiais introduzidos na fase de conformação das molas cerâmicas, possuem um efeito pronunciado na fratura das molas, mais importante do que a redução da porosidade com o aumento da temperatura de sinterização, e são fundamentais para determinar a resistência à compressão das molas cerâmicas.
Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T16:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rodrigo Antonio Barbieri.pdf: 4044147 bytes, checksum: 645abe8dc3f878007d2ac1715ded418e (MD5)
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In this work, ceramic coil springs was prepared by low-pressure injection molding using alumina submicrometer-sized powder. The powder are mixed with organic binders in the Pelstman machine tank for several hours resulting in a mixture with low viscosity. This work include the production of helical ceramic springs, thermal debinding, sintering in different temperatures and measure some properties. Sintering temperature was shown to be a simple way to change the spring constant and resistence to compression of ceramics without having a significant impact in the spring´s physical dimensions. Three sets of springs were sintered at different temperatures, from 1550°C to 1650°C, in order to observe the effects on spring constant and fracture stress. Sintered alumina springs were obtained with densities ranging from 94.0% to 97.5% of the theoretical limit. Springs constants were measured from room temperature up to 1100°C. Fracture stress data was analyzed according to Weibull statistics and the maximum likelihood method. Upon increase of sintering temperature from 1550°C to 1650°C, the spring constant and the Weibull characteristic strength of the alumina springs increases by 15% and 32%, respectively. On the other hand, sintering temperature has a negligible influence on Weibull modulus. This is because internal bubbles and surface defects introduced in the production stage of the ceramic springs - more than the reduction in porosity with increasing sintering temperature - are critical in determining the compression resistance of the ceramic springs.
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Meurk, Anders. "Force measurements using scanning probe microscopy : Applications to advanced powder processing." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3023.

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Zerweck-Trogisch, Ulrich. "Auflösungsvermögen und Genauigkeit der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie und deren Anwendung an molekularen Systemen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1196782873906-79057.

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Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Erforschung und Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie. Die Technik wird bezüglich der Quantität der gemessenen Werte und der erzielbaren lateralen Auflösung untersucht und auf diverse Probensysteme angewandt. Die so erhaltenen nanoskopischen Werte werden mit markoskopischen Messergebnissen verglichen. Sowohl die elektrostatische Kraft zwischen der Messspitze und der Probenoberfläche als auch deren Gradienten können zur Minimierung der elektrostatischen Wechselwirkung herangezogen werden. Die Detektion des Kraftgradienten zum Aufbau eines Regelkreises erweist sich gegenüber der Kraftdetektion überlegen. Die experimentell ermittelten Befunde werden durch eine Rechnersimulation bestätigt. Diese zeigt die Möglichkeit von quantitativen Ergebnissen für laterale Objektgrößen im Bereich von einigen Nanometern. Im Experiment kann dies gezeigt werden. Es folgt die Anwendung der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie: Nanoskopisch ermittelte Werte der Austrittsarbeitsänderung von Metalleinkristall-Oberflächen durch die Adsorption von C_60 entsprechen Literaturwerten, die mit makroskopisch messenden Methoden ermittelt wurden. Sich zeitlich ändernde Oberflächenpotentiale von einer organischen Solarzelle und von lateral unterschiedlich dotiertem Silizium lassen sich quantitativ messen. Der sich bei der Adsorption von Oktadezyl-Phosphonsäure auf Glimmer und Graphit bildende elektrostatische Dipol wird untersucht und abgebildet. Das Wachstumsverhalten und die Austrittsarbeit der organischen Moleküle PTCDA und Alq_3 auf den teilweise mit KBr bedeckten Metallsubstraten Au und Ag wird untersucht. Schlussendlich wird gezeigt, dass mit der Kelvinsonden-Rasterkraftmikroskopie sogar der molekülinterne Dipol der vier Butyl-Gruppen von Tetra-3,5-di-ter-butyl-phenyl-Porphyrinen aufgelöst werden kann.
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MONTEIRO, Roana d’Ávila Souza. "Caracterização eletromecânica de mini molas superelásticas de nitinol em regime de efeito memória de forma sob carga constante." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/453.

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Capes
As Ligas com Memória de Forma (LMF) constituem uma classe de materiais metálicos que possuem a capacidade de recuperar uma deformação pseudo plástica, introduzida por aplicação de carga mecânica, e retornar à sua forma original através de um simples aquecimento. O principal interesse nos atuadores de LMF utilizados no formato de molas helicoidais reside no grande deslocamento proporcionado pelo fenômeno de Efeito Memória de Forma (EMF), que permite a realização de trabalho mecânico quando este componente é submetido a diferentes condições de temperatura e cargas mecânica. No caso de elementos de LMF em estado de superelasticidade (SE) na temperatura ambiente, quando a carga mecânica é aplicada e mantida sob o material, a deformação originada pela formação de martensita induzida por tensão poderá também ser revertida por meio de um aquecimento. Nesse caso, tem-se um EMF em um elemento de LMF originalmente superelástico. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é realizar a caracterização eletromecânica de uma mini mola superelástica de LMF NiTi (Nitinol) quando submetida a um carregamento mecânico constante, avaliando a influência da taxa de variação da corrente elétrica e do aumento da carga mecânica nas temperaturas de transformação, além de determinar o comportamento do deslocamento com a variação de resistência elétrica. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma plataforma experimental capaz de submeter a mini mola a carregamento mecânico constante (peso) e sinais de corrente elétrica variáveis com o tempo. Verificou-se que, para todas as cargas mecânicas e níveis de corrente elétrica, os resultados para a taxa de variação da corrente elétrica mais lenta (6 mA/s) apresentou uma melhor resposta em deslocamento e na variação da resistência elétrica quando comparados com a taxa mais rápida (12 mA/s), embora esta última resulte em um comportamento histerético mais estreito (resistência elétrica versus deslocamento). Também foi observado um aumento das temperaturas de transformação com o aumento da carga mecânica, como esperado pela lei de Clausius-Clayperon para LMF. Finalmente, foi verificada uma relação praticamente linear entre a variação do deslocamento e a variação de resistência elétrica, no aquecimento e no resfriamento.
The Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are a class of metallic materials that have the ability to recover pseudo plastic deformation introduced by the application of mechanical load, and return to original shape by heating. The main interest in the SMA actuators used in the form of coil springs lies in the large displacement provided by the shape memory effect (SME) phenomenon, which allows performing mechanical work when the component is subjected to varying conditions of temperatures and mechanical loads. In the case of SMA elements in a state of superelasticity (SE) at room temperature, when mechanical load is applied and maintained on the material, the deformation caused by the formation of stress induced martensite can be reversed by heating. In this case, we have a SME in a SMA element originally superelastic. In this context, the objective of this work is to realize the electromechanical characterization of a superelastic mini coil spring of Ni-Ti SMA (Nitinol), when subjected to a constant mechanical loading, evaluating the influence of the electric current rate, the influence of mechanical load on the phase transformation temperatures, and determining the displacement behavior to the variation of electrical resistance. For this, an experimental platform was developed to submit the mini spring under constant load (dead weight) to electric current signals varying with time. It was found that for all mechanical loads and electrical current levels, the results for the slower rate of change electrical current (6 mA/s) showed a better response in displacement and the variation in the electrical resistance when compared to faster rate (12 mA/s), although the faster rate present a narrower hysteretic behavior (electrical resistance vs displacement). There was also verified an increase in phase transformation temperatures with increased mechanical load, as expected by the Clausius-Clayperon law for SMA. Finally, a practically linear relationship was found between the change in displacement with the variation in electrical resistance, during heating and cooling.
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Hickerson, Jon D. (Jon David). "The Impact of Corporate Interlocks on Power and Constraint in the Telecommunications Industry." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500891/.

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Using the tools of structural and network analysis developed by Ronald R. Burt and others, this study investigated the communication patterns among corporate officers of American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation (A.T. & T.) and United Telecommunications Corporation (Sprint). Data on contacts, efficiency, network density, and constraint indicate that opportunities for power and constraint have remained relatively stable at United Telecommunications between 1980 and 1990. A. A.T. & T., on the other hand, was more affected by the drastic changes in the telecommunication industry. The span of A.T. & T. has grown smaller and the potential for constraining relations among A. T. & T. and financial institutions has increased during the period 1980 and 1990.
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Books on the topic "Spring constant"

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Mero, Antti. Electromyographic activity, force and anaerobic energy production in sprint running: With special reference to different constant speeds ranging from submaximal to supramaximal. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 1987.

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Metaxides, Evangelos. Static and dynamic testing of a recumbent bicycle's suspension components, and design of a damping coefficient-spring constant test machine. 1995.

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Williams, Sonja D. Rural Wanderings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039874.003.0002.

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This chapter recounts Richard Durham's early years and education. Alternatively known as Isadore, Izzy, Vern, Dick, the young Durham explored as much of the land around his family's house, located on eighty acres of rural farmland just outside the town of Raymond in Hinds County, Mississippi. His father, Curtis George Durham, cultivated the farm's cotton crops and cornfields but also worked several odd jobs to supplement the family's income. Aside from helping her husband cultivate their farmland, Durham's mother, Chanie Tillman Durham, worked as a teacher in Hinds County's Negro schoolhouse and engaged in the hairstyling business. This chapter discusses the importance of education for the Durham children, the death of Isadore's younger sister Maudeline, the family's constant struggle to survive in their home state, and the Durhams' decision to relocate to Chicago during spring 1923, joining the great exodus of African Americans who left the bubbling heat and stifling racism of the Jim Crow South for the promise of opportunity and freedom in the North.
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Andreas, Podelski, and French Spring School of Theoretical Computer Science (22nd : 1994 : Châtillon-sur-Seine, France), eds. Constraint programming: Basics and trends : 1994 Châtillon Spring School, Châtillon-sur-Seine, France, May 16-20, 1994 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Coopersmith, Jennifer. The Principle of Virtual Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743040.003.0004.

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The meaning behind the mysterious Principle of Virtual Work is explained. Some worked examples in statics (equilibrium) are given, and the method of Virtual Work is compared and contrasted with the method of Newtonian Mechanics. The meaning of virtual displacements is explained very carefully. They must be ‘small’, happen simultaneously, and do not cause a force, result froma force, or take any time to occur. Counter to intuition, not all the actual displacements can be allowed as virtual displacements. Some examples worked through are: Feynman’s pivoting (cantilever) bar, a “black box,” a weighted spring, a ladder, a capacitor, a soap bubble, and Atwood’s machine. The links between mechanics and geometry are demonstrated, and it is shown how the reaction or constraint forces are always perpendicular to the virtual displacements. Lanczos’s Postulate A and its astounding universality are explained.
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Yaari, Nurit. Aristophanes and the Occupied Territories. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746676.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses an important trait of the Israeli theatre. It is inherently political by nature and it springs from and constantly reflects the complex realities of modern Israeli society: the continual wars, the innumerable cease-fires, ad hoc peace agreements, territorial occupations, military operations in response to terrorist attacks, and painful and disappointing attempts to reach permanent agreements and peace in the region. It is not surprising then that Israeli playwrights and directors who have searched for a suitable response to the Six Day War and the occupation have chosen Aristophanes as a teacher, guide, and mentor. Analysing an Israeli adaptation of Aristophanes’ comedy, Peace (1968), and several political satires of the Israeli playwright Hanoch Levin, this chapter examines the political role played by Israeli theatre, the use of performance as a tool of political criticism, and the role of theatre in demands for immediate negotiations for peace.
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Curtis, Cathy. Painting the President. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190498474.003.0009.

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Elaine’s dealer, Robert Graham, had offered to donate a portrait of President Kennedy to the Harry S. Truman Library. Agreement to this plan was based on her ability to work very quickly. In late December 1962, Elaine arrived at the Winter White House in Palm Springs, California. She was dazzled by JFK. But he was constantly in motion, sitting casually, and likely to show up in sports clothes. Back in New York, Elaine painted dozens of canvases that dissatisfied her. A presidential advisor complained about JFK’s pose. She finally produced a suitable portrait; two months later, Kennedy was assassinated. Grieving, Elaine was unable to paint for a year. A Life magazine story about the portrait ran on May 8, 1964. The Truman Library finally accepted one of the paintings in February 1965, but the portrait now in the National Portrait Gallery is her triumph, a blaze of light and energy.
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Tausig, Benjamin. Bangkok is Ringing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847524.001.0001.

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Bangkok Is Ringing is an on-the-ground sound studies analysis of the political protests that transformed Thailand in 2010–11. Bringing the reader through sixteen distinct “sonic niches” where dissidents used media to broadcast to both local and diffuse audiences, the book catalogues these mass protests in a way that few movements have ever been catalogued. The Red Shirt and Yellow Shirt protests that shook Thailand took place just before other international political movements, including the Arab Spring and Occupy Wall Street. Bangkok Is Ringing analyzes the Thai protests in comparison with these, seeking to understand the logic not only of political change in Thailand, but across the globe. The book is attuned to sound in a great variety of forms. The author traces the history and use in protest of specific media forms, including community radio, megaphones, CDs, and live concerts. The research took place over the course of sixteen months, and the author worked closely with musicians, concert promoters, activists, and rank-and-file protesters. The result is a detailed and sensitive ethnography that argues for an understanding of sound and political movements in tandem. In particular, it emphasizes the necessity of thinking through constraint as a fundamental condition of both political movements and the sound that these movements produce. In order to produce political transformations, the book argues, dissidents must be sensitive to the ways that their sounding is constrained and channeled.
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Book chapters on the topic "Spring constant"

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Ziegler, Kyle K., Robert A. Lake, and Ronald A. Coutu. "Spring Constant Characterization of a Thermally Tunable MEMS Regressive Spring." In MEMS and Nanotechnology, Volume 8, 7–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07004-9_2.

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ARUĞASLAN ÇINÇIN, DUYGU, and Nur Cengiz. "Stability of a Spring-Mass System with Generalized Piecewise Constant Argument." In Progress on Difference Equations and Discrete Dynamical Systems, 213–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60107-2_9.

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Keung, Godfrey, and Chao Chen. "Novel Design of An Adjustable Constant Force Mechanism based on Cam and Spring." In Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science, 1481–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20131-9_146.

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Piao, Chang Hao, Chong Du Cho, Chang Boo Kim, and Qiang Pang. "Experiment Study and Finite Element Analysis of Spring Constant of Welded Metal Bellows." In Experimental Mechanics in Nano and Biotechnology, 537–40. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-415-4.537.

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Shaw, Gordon A., Jon R. Pratt, and Zeina J. Jabbour. "Small mass measurements for tuning fork-based atomic force microscope cantilever spring constant calibration." In MEMS and Nanotechnology, Volume 2, 49–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8825-6_8.

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Babitsky, Vladimir. "The Constant Muse." In Springer Biographies, 135–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30849-0_16.

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Kamps, Thomas, Joerg Kleinz, and John Read. "Constraint-based spring-model algorithm for graph layout." In Graph Drawing, 349–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0021818.

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López, Rafael. "Surfaces with Constant Mean Curvature." In Springer Monographs in Mathematics, 13–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39626-7_2.

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López, Rafael. "Constant Mean Curvature Embedded Surfaces." In Springer Monographs in Mathematics, 55–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39626-7_4.

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Ghosh, Sovan. "Cosmological Constant and α-Quantization." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 943–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4408-2_135.

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Conference papers on the topic "Spring constant"

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Shopov, Antonio, Borislav Bonev, and Nikolay Brayanov. "Change of spring constant for springs with corrosion." In Fifth International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2018.900.

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Vesely, S. L., A. A. Vesely, and S. R. Dolci. "The Fine Structure Constant and Graphene." In 2019 PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers-spring46901.2019.9017668.

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Jain, Deepti, H. Nanda, R. Nath, D. S. Chitnis, V. Ganesan, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal, and R. Mukhopadhyay. "Bacterial Spring Constant in Log-Phase Growth." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3605786.

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Szasz, Gyorgy, Christopher Wandell, Winston Borrero, and Mark Jaeger. "Main Steam Line Constant Spring Support Failures." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57451.

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Several constant spring supports attached to the main steam lines (MSLs) at Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (PVNGS) failed over a period of several years. The continued failures presented a need to instrument the MSL piping and supports, such that data could be collected in support of a cause determination and problem resolution effort. Extensive monitoring and data acquisition was performed over an 18-month period in all three PVNGS operating units, encompassing several revisions to the instrumentation configuration. This document presents an account of the project, with a timeline of events, detailed information on the instrumentation and data analysis, and other engineering efforts. Ultimately, no single source of failure was identified, as several potential contributors were uncovered. Modifications were implemented to mitigate the hanger failures, and the instrumentation was used to verify their effectiveness. No further failures have occurred after implementation of the modifications.
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Frischknecht, Bart D., Larry L. Howell, and Spencer P. Magleby. "Crank-Slider With Spring Constant Force Mechanism." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57318.

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This paper explores the development and performance of new constant-force compliant mechanisms that involve the addition of a translational spring element to slider-crank constant force mechanisms. The translational spring element has the additional requirement that, similar to a slider, it resists off-axis loads sufficiently to permit translation along only one axis. Geometric and energy storage parameters have been determined by optimization for five classes of mechanisms. The results of the optimization are values for geometric and energy storage parameters for each mechanism class for various levels of the translational spring parameter and various levels of constant-force behavior. The new configurations experience decreasing performance with increasing translational spring stiffness. The potential to implement a translational spring that also acts as a slider link provides the motivation for the new configurations. Such a spring would have the potential to completely remove friction from the mechanism and provide a constant-force solution that could replace current solutions such as hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The new configurations also have the potential to be manufactured as one piece or in layers, opening up new arenas for compressive constant-force mechanisms. Prototyping and testing of one of the new configurations are included as an example to demonstrate the use of the behavioral model.
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Poletkin, Kirill. "A Micromachined Contactless Suspension With Zero Spring Constant." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86465.

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In this paper, a micromachined contactless suspension with a zero spring constant that provides possibility to significantly increasing sensitivity of micromachined sensors is studied. Minimization of the spring constant of the contactless suspension is achieved by combining inductive and electric contactless suspensions. In particular, the conditions required to eliminate the spring constant of the suspension and achieve stable levitation of the disk shaped proof mass are obtained based on the analysis of developed mathematical model of the suspension. It is shown that such a suspension can be developed in principle.
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Schonbrun, E., and K. B. Crozier. "Polarization modulation of an optical trap's spring constant." In NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Kishan Dholakia and Gabriel C. Spalding. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.793428.

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Huang, Hsin-Ting, and Chin-Hsing Kuo. "Design of Constant-Force Mechanisms Based on Straight-Line Linkages." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85241.

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This paper presents two novel constant-force mechanisms (CFMs) based on Scott-Russell and Hart’s straight-line linkages with mechanical springs. By articulating either two compression springs (type C-C) or one compression spring with another one extension spring (type C-E) onto each of these two CFMs, the point(s) which trace straight-line trajectories can illustrate a constant force within the mechanism workspace. We also show that the preload of the extension spring for type C-E CFMs will not affect its constant-force property but can define the amount of the output force. The proposed concepts of CFMs are relatively simple and concise, which could be useful for the complex mechanical systems that request a constant output force. A constant-force robotic gripper is illustrated by using the proposed Scott-Russell-type CFM.
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Wang, Jiahui, Jeroen Bielen, Cora Salm, and Jurriaan Schmitz. "Spring-constant measurement methods for RF-MEMS capacitive switches." In 2016 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmts.2016.7476164.

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Poletkin, Kirill V. "A novel hybrid Contactless Suspension with adjustable spring constant." In 2017 19th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2017.7994203.

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Reports on the topic "Spring constant"

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Hotsur, Oksana. SOCIAL NETWORKS AND BLOGS AS TOOLS PR-CAMPAIGN IMPLEMENTATIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11110.

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The article deals with the ways in which social networks and the blogosphere influence the formation and implementation of a PR campaign. Examples from the political sphere (election campaigns, initiatives), business (TV brands, traditional and online media) have revealed the opportunities that Facebook, Telegram, Twitter, YouTube and blogs promote in promoting advertising, ideas, campaigns, thoughts, or products. Author blogs created on special websites or online media may not be as much of a tool in PR as an additional tool on social media. It is noted that choosing a blog as the main tool of PR campaign has both positive and negative points. Social networks intervene in the sphere of human life, become a means of communication, promotion, branding. The effectiveness of social networks has been evidenced by such historically significant events as Brexit, the Arab Spring, and the Revolution of Dignity. Special attention was paid to the 2019 presidential election. Based on the analysis of individual PR campaigns, the reasons for successful and unsuccessful campaigns from the point of view of network communication, which provide unlimited multimedia and interactive tools for PR, are highlighted. In fact, these concepts significantly affect the effectiveness of the implementation of PR-campaign, its final effectiveness, which is determined by the achievement of goals. Attention is drawn to the culture of communication during the PR campaign, as well as the concepts of “trolls”, “trolling”, “bots”, “botoin industry”. The social communication component of these concepts is unconditional. Choosing a blog as the main tool of a marketing campaign has both positive and negative aspects. Only a person with great creative potential can run and create a blog. In addition, it takes a long time. In fact, these two points are losing compared to other internet marketing tools. Further research is interesting in two respects. First, a comparison of the dynamics of the effectiveness of PR-campaign tools in Ukraine in 2020 and in the past, in particular, at the dawn of state independence. Secondly, to investigate how/or the concept of PR-campaigns in social networks and blogs is constantly changing.
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