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Journal articles on the topic 'Spring constant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Rahat, Muhammad Abu, Muhammad Ferdous Raiyan, MD Safayet Hossain, J. U. Ahamed, and Nahed Hassan Jony. "Design and Fabrication of a Spring Constant Testing Machine and Determination of Spring Constant of a Compression Spring." International Journal of Engineering Research 4, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v4s10/1013.

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2

Chen, Si’an, Yu Di Zhang, Chang Rui Zhang, Xin Xiong, and Hai Feng Hu. "Compression Property of C/SiC and Inconel X-750 Springs from Room Temperature to 1000°C." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.616.

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The compression properties of C/SiC composite and Inconel X-750 helical springs were investigated from room temperature (RT) to 1000°C in air. The density of C/SiC spring is 1.74 g/cm3, only ~1/5 of X-750 value (8.17 g/cm3) and the spring constants of C/SiC and X-750 springs at RT are 3.47 and 5.61 N/mm, respectively. The spring constants of X-750 spring decreased with increase of temperature. X-750 spring could keep excellent property below 600°C, but its spring constant was only 36.7% of RT value at 800°C and permanent deformation appeared. At 1000°C, it could not restore and was destroyed. The spring constants of C/SiC spring at 400°C and 600°C were appreciably higher than the RT value, and then decreased with temperature elevating. Above 800°C, the spring constant decreased with test progressing because of the oxidation of carbon fibers and SiC matrix. But it has a spring constant of 2.40 N/mm (69.2% of the RT value) at 1000°C and can revert to its original dimensions.

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3

Wu, Cho Chun, Rong Shun Chen, and Meng Ju Lin. "Effect of Box Microspring Size on Spring Constant." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.975.

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There are two kinds of microsprings often used: box microsprings and zig-zag (serpentine) microsprings. Box microsprings are considered with larger spring constant k and more symmetric structure keeping balance than zig-zag microspring. Density of spring number, N, is defined as the numbers of turns within a constant total spring length to investigate performance of box microspring. With applying the same force, the relation between spring constants and microspring sizes are discussed. Under different size parameters of box microsprings: B, W, T, and L, the spring constants decrease like exponential decay and approach a limit value as density of spring number increasing. The results show density of spring number has significant effect on spring constant. Rate of change on spring constant, Kt, is defined as the ratio of spring constant between N=1 and N=10. It means normalization of spring constant that increase density of spring number from minimum to maximum. The results show Kt decreases when B and W increase and increase as T and L increasing. Therefore, the spring constant is coupled affected by different size parameters due to different tendency as results shown. Such that the results can apply in microspring design by adjusting these size parameters to obtain the spring constant.

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4

Hia, Samuel, and Albertus Hariwangsa Panuluh. "Pengukuran Modulus Geser Baja Menggunakan Analisis Osilasi Pegas-Massa." Jurnal Teori dan Aplikasi Fisika 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtaf.v9i1.2606.

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A steel shear modulus measurement has been conducted using spring-mass oscillation analysis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the spring-mass oscillation analysis method can measure the shear modulus of the steel. In this study, springs that are used are made of steel with a spring radius of 7.86 mm, a spring wire diameter of 0.817 mm and there is no distance between the coil springs. The length of the spring is varied 7 times, i.e., 4.75 cm, 5.36 cm, 5.89 cm, 6.81 cm, 8.53 cm, 9.44 cm, and 10.87 cm. The spring radius and the diameter of the spring wire are measured using a micrometer screw, while the spring length is determined using image analysis using the Logger Pro program. The spring constant is determined from the equation of the results of the position graph fitting (x) with respect to time (t) load on the oscillating spring-mass system. The value of the shear modulus can be determined from the constants on the graph of the relationship of the spring constant to the spring length following the equation from Sommerfeld. The research measures the shear modulus is 1.24 GPa

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5

Qin, Wen-Bin, Tian-Lin Ju, Xiu-Lan Yue, Xiu-Lan Yue, Lian-Yi Qin, Jing-Bo Zhao, and Chun-Bo Chen. "Hemoglobin Constant Spring in China." Hemoglobin 9, no. 1 (January 1985): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03630268508996984.

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6

Park, Young-Soo, Sehoon Kim, Namgyu Kim, and Jong-Jae Lee. "Evaluation of bridge support condition using bridge responses." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 3 (May 31, 2018): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718773672.

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This article presents a method for evaluating the support condition of bridges. This is done by representing the aging and deteriorated supports as rotation springs with equivalent spring constants. Sensitivity analysis was performed to obtain a relationship between the spring constant and the bridge responses (deflections/slopes). From this relationship, measured bridge responses can be used to estimate the equivalent spring constants through interpolation. Numerical analysis was performed to check whether the method can be used to calculate equivalent spring constants. Then, the method was verified by performing laboratory tests on a scale model bridge and field test on an actual bridge. In both tests, spring constants were estimated using the proposed method and then verified by calculating the displacements and frequencies and comparing them to the measured values.

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7

Mohazzabi, P., and B. M. Shefchik. "A universal relationship between spring constant and torsion constant." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 62, no. 4 (April 2001): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3697(00)00205-5.

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8

Ko, Koeng Wook, Hyun Soo Kim, Sung In Bae, Eui Seok Kim, and Yuan Shin Lee. "Determination of Spring Constant for Simulating Deformable Object under Compression." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.369.

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It is not easy to simulate realistic mechanical behaviors of elastically deformable objects with most existing mass-spring systems for their lack of simple and clear methods to determine spring constants considering material properties (e.g. Young's modulus, Poisson’s ratio). To overcome this obstacle, we suggest an alternative method to determine spring constants for mechanical simulation of deformable objects under compression. Using the expression derived from proposed method, it is possible to determine one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model depending on Young's modulus, geometric dimensions and mesh resolutions of the 3-D model. Determination of one and the same spring constant for a mass-spring model in this way leads to simple implementation of the mass-spring system. To validate proposed methodology, static deformations (e.g. compressions and indentations) simulated with mass-spring models and FEM reference models are compared.

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9

Murakami, Iwanori, Shunya Matsumoto, Keiya Tomaru, Yoshinori Ando, and Kou Yamada. "Development of vibration control device with changeable spring constant spring." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 45, no. 1-4 (May 6, 2014): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-141829.

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10

Mohazzabi, P., and J. P. McCrickard. "On the spring constant of a close‐coiled helical spring." American Journal of Physics 57, no. 7 (July 1989): 639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.15962.

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11

Bogdanovic, G., A. Meurk, and M. W. Rutland. "Tip friction — torsional spring constant determination." Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 19, no. 4 (December 2000): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7765(00)00147-8.

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12

Hsia, YujenEdward, LarryJ Shapiro, CarolAnne Ford, JohnA Hunt, and NathanS P. Ching. "MOLECULAR SCREENING FOR HAEMOGLOBIN CONSTANT SPRING." Lancet 333, no. 8645 (May 1989): 988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92630-5.

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13

TANGVARASITTICHAI, O., R. JEENAPONGSA, C. SITTHIWORANAN, and T. SANGUANSERMSRI. "Laboratory investigations of Hb Constant Spring." Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 27, no. 1 (February 2005): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2257.2004.00658.x.

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14

Rodriguez, Emmanuel, Manuel Paredes, and Marc Sartor. "Analytical Behavior Law for a Constant Pitch Conical Compression Spring." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 6 (December 29, 2005): 1352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2338580.

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Cylindrical compression spring behavior has been described in the literature using an efficient analytical model. Conical compression spring behavior has a linear phase but can also have a nonlinear phase. The rate of the linear phase can easily be calculated but no analytical model exists to describe the nonlinear phase precisely. This nonlinear phase can only be determined by a discretizing algorithm. The present paper presents analytical continuous expressions of length as a function of load and load as a function of length for a constant pitch conical compression spring in the nonlinear phase. Whal’s basic cylindrical compression assumptions are adopted for these new models (Wahl, A. M., 1963, Mechanical Springs, Mc Graw-Hill, New York). The method leading to the analytical expression involves separating free and solid/ground coils, and integrating elementary deflections along the whole spring. The inverse process to obtain the spring load from its length is assimilated to solve a fourth order polynomial. Two analytical models are obtained. One to determine the length versus load curve and the other for the load versus length curve. Validation of the new conical spring models in comparison with experimental data is performed. The behavior law of a conical compression spring can now be analytically determined. This kind of formula is useful for designers who seek to avoid using tedious algorithms. Analytical models can mainly be useful in developing interactive assistance tools for conical spring design, especially where optimization methods are used.

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15

Spaggiari, Andrea, and Eugenio Dragoni. "Modelling of Shape Memory Alloy Negator Springs for Long-Stroke Constant-Force Actuators." Advances in Science and Technology 78 (September 2012): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.78.52.

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The paper deals with the analytical modelling of a shape memory alloy Negator spring. Negator springs are spiral springs made of strip metal wound on the flat with an inherent curvature such that, in repose, each coil wraps tightly on its inner neighbour. This configuration allows a constant force mechanical response and very long strokes, limited mainly from the total length of the spring. The authors investigate the behaviour of the spring made of a shape memory alloy (SMA). The intrinsic characteristic of SMA is to have two different elastic moduli at different temperatures. This difference can be exploited in order to have a net actuation force for the entire very long stroke, overcoming the two major drawbacks of the SMA actuators, short strokes and output force which varies linearly during the travel.

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16

de Oliveira, L. L. A., and M. V. Travaglia. "Optimizing the spring constants of forced, damped and circular spring-mass systems—characterization of the discrete and periodic bi-Laplacian operator." IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 86, no. 4 (July 26, 2021): 785–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxab021.

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Abstract We optimize the spring constants $k^{i,j}$ (stiffness) of circular spring-mass systems with nearest-neighbour (NN) and next-nearest-neighbour (NNN) springs only. In this optimization problem, such systems are also subjected to damping and periodic external forces. The function to be minimized is the average ratio of the square norm of the on-site internal forces (response) to the square norm of the external on-site forces (input). Under the average of this response/input ratio is meant the average over time and over all configurations of external forces. As main result, it is established that the optimum stiffness matrix converges to the discrete and periodic bi-Laplacian operator as the size $n$ of the system increases. Such a result is obtained under the following assumptions: (a) the system has the natural mode shape (eigenvector) of alternating $1$s and $-1$s; and (b) the (external) forcing frequency is at least $1.095$ times higher than the highest natural frequency. It is remarkable that this optimum stiffness matrix exhibits negative stiffness for the springs linking NNN point masses. More specifically, as $n$ increases, $0> k^{i,i+2} \, \, = \, \, - \tfrac{1}{4} \, k^{i,i+1}$ is the relation between the optimum NNN spring constant and the optimum NN spring constant. Such systems illustrate that the introduction of negative stiffness springs in some specific positions does in fact reduce the average response/input ratio. Numerical tables illustrating the main result are given.

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17

Machado, Carolina Neis, Ana Paula Moratelli Prado, Elisa Dell'Antonio, Deise Ferreira de Oliveira, Suzana Matheus Pereira, and Helio Roesler. "Analysis of lower limb force in foot work exercise of Pilates." Fisioterapia em Movimento 29, no. 4 (December 2016): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.029.004.ao02.

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Abstract Introduction: Pilates is a physical exercise method that uses the resistance of springs to modulate the overload from exercises. Objective: To characterize the force versus time curve of the foot work exercise; verify and compare the force applied by the same limb during the foot work exercise against the resistance of two types of springs with different elastic constants, and verify and compare the asymmetry of force applied by right and left lower limbs during the foot work exercise against the resistance of the same type of spring. Methods: Twenty healthy adult individuals familiarized with Pilates were evaluated. Two extensometric force plates adapted to the Reformer apparatus were used. Each participant performed 10 repetitions of the exercise against the resistance of two pairs of springs with different elastic constants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with significance levels of p < 0.05. Results: The exercise's standard curve showed that the peak force is reached in the point of maximum hip and knee extension during the execution of the exercise. There were differences between force production by the same limb for different springs (p < 0.001) and between left and right limb when spring with lower elastic constant was used (p = 0.006). No differences were found between right and left limb when spring with higher elastic constant was used (p = 0.108). Conclusion: The knowledge of the force versus time curve and the quantification of unilateral force are important elements in the evaluation and prescription of exercises.

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18

Chen, Li Hua, Hao Zou, and Chang Qing Sun. "Design and Research of Constant Spring Hangers." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.457.

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Compared with link constant hangers, main-compensating constant hangers are structural symmetric, having high theoretical constant force. Swing cams are important component of the device, therefore the design of cam curve is the key of constant hangers. Based on the analysis of working principle of constant hangers, a mechanical model of constant hanger is established, and the differential equation of cam curve is derived by means of coordinate transformation .Meanwhile, spring parameters are determined. Curve equation is resolved and the cam curves are plotted. Then, the influence of spring parameters on cam curves is discussed. Finally, force values acting on the cam and the central rod are calculated according to cam curve. The simulations in this paper can be used to instruct the actual engineering design.

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19

AIKI, Takuro, Kazumasa IIDA, and Masayoshi SHIMOSEKI. "Practical Formulation for Constant-force Spiral Spring." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers 2014, no. 59 (2014): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.2014.37.

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20

Çoban, Atakan, and Niyazi Çoban. "Determining of the spring constant using Arduino." Physics Education 55, no. 6 (October 15, 2020): 065028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/abb58b.

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21

Attard, Phil, and Stan J. Miklavcic. "Effective Spring Constant of Bubbles and Droplets." Langmuir 19, no. 6 (March 2003): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la026777i.

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22

Attard, Phil, and Stan J. Miklavcic. "Effective Spring Constant of Bubbles and Droplets." Langmuir 17, no. 26 (December 2001): 8217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la010969g.

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23

Lardner, T. J. "Resonance and the Aging Spring." Journal of Applied Mechanics 69, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 397–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1458559.

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The steady-state response of the classic mass-spring-dashpot model when the spring stiffness decays exponentially with time (an aging spring) and the system is excited by a forcing function whose frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system with the constant initial stiffness is investigated. The steady-state response is obtained in terms of the dumping and decay constants of the system and exhibits an oscillation about a nonzero value.

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24

Yasifa, Ismi, and Sparisoma Viridi. "THE SPRING VARIATION IN TWO DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF RED BLOOD CELL DEFORMABILITY BASED ON GRANULAR." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 4, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.042.01.

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The red blood cell membrane has a complex structure and high deformability. Simulation of that complex red blood cell membrane can simpler use granular-based modeling. Red blood cell is modeled consisting of 50 granular particles connected by springs. An i-particle is connected with two of its first nearest particles which are i+1-particle and i-1-particle and with two of its second nearest particles which are i+2-particle and i-2-particle. Each particle has a spring force and forces from internal hydrostatic pressure. Spring force is a product of the spring constant and change of spring length of two particles. Meanwhile, forces of internal hydrostatic pressure is a product of particle diameter and the difference in the outside and inside pressure of red blood cell membrane. In this research, there is variation in spring length and spring constant that can model deformability of three shapes of red blood cell; those are biconcave, ellipse, and circle. This variation in spring length and spring constant for every cell shape in this modeling can also use for other initial cell shapes, which shows that initial cell shapes deform into shape according to variation used.

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25

Khaykovich, Boris, Natalia Kozlova, Wonshik Choi, Aleksey Lomakin, Chintan Hossain, Yongjin Sung, Ramachandra R. Dasari, Michael S. Feld, and George B. Benedek. "Thickness–radius relationship and spring constants of cholesterol helical ribbons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (August 26, 2009): 15663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907795106.

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Using quantitative phase microscopy, we have discovered a quadratic relationship between the radius R and the thickness t of helical ribbons that form spontaneously in multicomponent cholesterol–surfactant mixtures. These helical ribbons may serve as mesoscopic springs to measure or to exert forces on nanoscale biological objects. The spring constants of these helices depend on their submicroscopic thickness. The quadratic relationship (R ∝ t2) between radius and thickness is a consequence of the crystal structure of the ribbons and enables a determination of the spring constant of any of our helices solely in terms of its observable geometrical dimensions.

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26

Álvarez-Asencio, R., E. Thormann, and M. W. Rutland. "Note: Determination of torsional spring constant of atomic force microscopy cantilevers: Combining normal spring constant and classical beam theory." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 9 (September 2013): 096102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820345.

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27

SHIMIZU, Mai, Hiromi SAKURAI, and Takahiko KUNOH. "Spring Constant and Stress of Rectangular Wire Coil Springs considering Large Pitch Angle." Transactions of Japan Society of Spring Engineers, no. 51 (2006): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5346/trbane.2006.27.

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28

Wu, M. H., and W. Hsu. "Investigation of Torsion Springs by Considering the Friction and the End Effect." Journal of Mechanical Design 121, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829509.

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In this study, the nonlinearity in moment and angular displacement of torsion springs is studied analytically and experimentally. It is shown that the inclined angles at both ends have direct effects on the nonlinearity of a constant-pitch torsion spring. Also, an algorithm for determining the friction between the spring coils in close-wound torsion springs is proposed. From the comparison to experimental data, it is found that the spring rates are different at forward and backward strokes. The dynamic equations for the close-wound torsion spring is also derived by considering the friction between the spring coils, and two different natural frequencies are found in simulation.

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29

Khotimah, Siti Nurul, Sparisoma Viridi, Widayani, and Khairurrijal. "The dependence of the spring constant in the linear range on spring parameters." Physics Education 46, no. 5 (August 23, 2011): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/46/5/004.

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30

Mishra, Akanksha, and M. L. Aggarwal. "Comparative deflection analysis of conical compression spring with standard constant rate helical spring." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 804 (June 17, 2020): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/804/1/012010.

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31

Piao, Chang Hao, Chong Du Cho, Chang Boo Kim, and Qiang Pang. "Experiment Study and Finite Element Analysis of Spring Constant of Welded Metal Bellows." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.537.

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This study tries to obtain the spring constant of welded metal bellows through experimental and numerical method respectively. The prediction of spring constant plays a great role in the design and application of the welded metal bellows. To derive the spring constant of the bellows, we employ commercial package to build up 2 axi-symmetric FEM models by using plane 42 and shell 51 elements. In the experiment, we use UTM to measure the spring constant of the bellows. And, the predicted spring constant resulting from the analysis is compared with the experimental one to discuss the rationality of spring constant analysis. The analytical results correspond well with experimental data and hence explaining the validity of FEM model.

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32

TSUCHIYAMA, Shigeki, and Susumu NAKAMURA. "Spring constant between underground transmission line and ground." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 471 (1993): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1993.471_105.

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33

Ohler, Benjamin. "Cantilever spring constant calibration using laser Doppler vibrometry." Review of Scientific Instruments 78, no. 6 (June 2007): 063701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2743272.

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34

MIZUTANI, Katsumi, and Hiroshi NAKO. "Spring Constant of Grain Mounting of Diamond Wheel." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 60, no. 3 (1994): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.60.412.

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35

Lishchynska, Maryna, Conor O'Mahony, Orla Slattery, and Robert Behan. "Comprehensive spring constant modelling of tethered micromechanical plates." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 16, no. 6 (May 9, 2006): S61—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/16/6/s10.

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36

Jing, G. Y., Jun Ma, and D. P. Yu. "Calibration of the spring constant of AFM cantilever." Journal of Electron Microscopy 56, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfm001.

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37

Ju, Lining, and Cheng Zhu. "Benchmarks of Biomembrane Force Probe Spring Constant Models." Biophysical Journal 113, no. 12 (December 2017): 2842–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.013.

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38

Liang, C., and C. A. Rogers. "Design of Shape Memory Alloy Springs With Applications in Vibration Control." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930305.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have several unique characteristics, including their Young’s modulus-temperature relations, shape memory effects, and damping characteristics. The Young’s modulus of the high-temperature austenite of SMAs is about three to four times as large as that of low-temperature martensite. Therefore, a spring made of shape memory alloy can change its spring constant by a factor of three to four. Since a shape memory alloy spring can vary its spring constant, provide recovery stress (shape memory effect), or be designed with a high damping capacity, it may be useful in adaptive vibration control. Some vibration control concepts utilizing the unique characteristics of SMAs will be presented in this paper. Shape memory alloy springs have been used as actuators in many applications although their use in the vibration control area is very recent. Since shape memory alloys differ from conventional alloy materials in many ways, the traditional design approach for springs is not completely suitable for designing SMA springs. Some design approaches based upon linear theory have been proposed for shape memory alloy springs. A more accurate design method for SMA springs based on a new nonlinear thermomechanical constitutive relation of SMA is also presented in this paper.

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39

Yamazaki, S., and T. Akasaka. "Twisting Stiffness and Lateral Vibration of a Radial Tire Sidewall." Tire Science and Technology 16, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 223–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148808.

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Abstract The present authors recently gave an analytical method for estimating three spring constants Kr, Ks, and Kt for sidewall stiffnesses of radial tires. These represent the radial, lateral, and in-plane rotational directions respectively [1,2,3]. The method is based on netting theory with special consideration to stiffness of the rubber matrices in the sidewall. These theoretical results were verified by experiment to have sufficient accuracy. In order to confirm the availability of these spring constants, the twisting stiffness Rt of a radial tire has been analyzed in the present paper by using a spring-supported ring model. An explicit formula for Rt, expressed in terms of the three components of the spring constant, was obtained. Experiments were conducted on a 175SR14 radial tire by increasing the inflation pressure while keeping the tread circumference constant. The theoretical results agreed well with the experimental results. A related problem is also referred to; this is the forced lateral vibration with fundamental eigen-modes of the inflated sidewall-rim system when the tread is fixed. Eigen-frequencies calculated by using those spring constants coincide well with the experimental results.

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40

Tchoupou, Kévin M. Tsapi, Bertin Désiré Soh Fotsing, and Alexis Kuitche. "Fatigue Safety Coefficient Based Mutual Comparison of the Simple Working Regime of Hermetic Compressor Suspension Springs." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 16 (June 2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.16.26.

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Compressors suspension made up of helical suspension spring system has a significant importance on the operation of hermetic compressors, considering the aspects of noise and vibration. These springs are loaded by harmonic forces very often. High cycles fatigue damage and failure can be found during its service loading. The severity of lading regime has been studied for three typical loading regimes of springs using the fatigue safety factor. The spring fails by fatigue not yielding; infinite life is not predicted. All cases are demonstrated in the Haigh diagram. Finite life is predicted. It has been showed that loading cases with constant mean shear give lowest safety factor than the proportional or constant middle stress regimes.

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41

Wu, Liwei, Ling Chen, Hongjun Fu, Qian Jiang, Xianyan Wu, and Youhong Tang. "Carbon fiber composite multistrand helical springs with adjustable spring constant: design and mechanism studies." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 3 (May 2020): 5067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.03.024.

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Wong, W. H., P. C. Tse, K. J. Lau, and Y. F. Ng. "Spring constant of fibre-reinforced plastics circular springs embedded with nickel–titanium alloy wire." Composite Structures 65, no. 3-4 (September 2004): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.11.006.

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Wabang, Keszya, Ali Warsito, and Andreas Christian Louk. "SIMULASI PEREDAMAN GETARAN PADA PEGAS KATUP (VALVE SPRING) SISTEM HIDROLIK DENGAN METODE PID MEMANFAATKAN SIMULINK MATLAB." Jurnal Fisika : Fisika Sains dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/fisa.v5i1.890.

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A simulation of damping vibration on valve spring hydraulic system has been done. This research is a study of the simulation that aims to control excess vibration on valve spring hydraulic system as a result of excitation force that is affected by the changes of pressure periodically, to produce a stable system. The simulation performed by using Matlab simulink with applying a PID method (P, PD, PI and PID) and noticed to variations of proportional constant (Kp), integral constant (Ki) and the derivative constant (Kd). The simulation results obtained show that by combining these three constants Ki, Kp and Kd can dampen the vibration better. For the total excitation force, using the value of Kp = 106, Ki = 7 x 106 and Kd = 6 x 104 can provide damping vibration system response on valve spring with a rise time of 1.2119 s, settling time of 1.2792 s, stable at setpoint 1, error steady state 0% and a small maximum overshoot of 0.3309. This is the result of a stable system response and best compared to the other combinations of the constant values. Keywords : vibration, damper, valve spring, hydraulic system, PID method.

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Gunawan, Michelle Steffi. "Analysis of Coupled Mass-Spring-Damper System by Changing Spring Constant, Mass, and Force." ACMIT Proceedings 4, no. 1 (March 19, 2017): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v4i1.62.

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Mass-Spring-Damper System has been widely used in both structural and technological aspect. In thispaper a second degree of freedom mass-spring-damper forced system is used to study the effect ofchanging some parameters value (spring constant, mass and self-excitation force) to the systemstabilization. MATLAB program is part of the aiding tools to do the simulation of the whole system andresulting infrequency Response Graph, “Frequency versus Amplitude” and “Frequency versus Phase”.The mentioned three parameter value affects mostly the amplitude but little on the system phase.

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Pili, Unofre, and Renante Violanda. "Measuring a spring constant with a magnetic spring-mass oscillator and a telephone pickup." Physics Education 54, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 043001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ab1432.

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Pili, Unofre B. "Measuring a spring constant using an optical spring-mass system and a solar panel." Physics Education 55, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 013003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ab5399.

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Grahn, Sten, and Gert Johansson. "Spring‐assisted gantry robots versus conventional gantry robots: spring constant optimization and work minimization." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 29, no. 1 (February 2002): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439910110410060.

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Torun, H., K. K. Sarangapani, and F. L. Degertekin. "Spring constant tuning of active atomic force microscope probes using electrostatic spring softening effect." Applied Physics Letters 91, no. 25 (December 17, 2007): 253113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2827190.

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Ginoga, Rasuna. "Gerak Harmonik Sederhana Pada Pegas Dapat Digunakan Untuk Membuktikan Nilai Percepatan Gravitasi Bumi." Dinamika Pembelajaran 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36412/dilan.v2i1.1759.

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This research was conducted to prove the value of Earth'sgravitational acceleration. This research was conducted inJuly 2015 until September 2015. The research method usingthe experimental method in the spring in this case used 2different types of springs that are both long and constant. Inthis experiment the observed variables are the period ofvibration and the change in spring length. Measuring thelength of the springs is done as much as 5 times for differentload masses. Each load is hung and vibrated by 20 vibrationsto obtain vibration period data. The results obtained that thevalue of the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2. The Result ofthis research concluded that the acceleration of Earth'sgravity depends on the spring period and the increase inspring length.Keywords: earth's gravitational acceleration, spring period

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NEGREA, Petre, and Vlad Aurelian VĂDUVESCU. "CALCULATING TOOL FOR THE SPRING CONSTANT OF A SERPENTINE FLEXURE USED IN INERTIAL MEMS DEVICES." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 21, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2019.21.21.

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