Journal articles: 'Springs and suspension'

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Nakaznoy, Oleg A., and Alexander A. Tsipilev. "On calculational analysis of suspensions with hydraulic springs." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-105257.

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BACKGROUND: The information about application of hydraulic springs in suspension systems of tanks and self-propelled artillery weapons may be found in domestic scientific and nonfiction literature. In addition, machines, which prototypes were equipped with this type of suspension, are known. For instance, possibility of hydraulic suspension implementation was proven on the T-34 tank prorotype, whereas application of this type of suspension with heavy tanks gave the most prospectivity. Complication of sealing build-up with sufficient life span, development of technologies of metal springs strengthening and shutdown of heavy tanks development did not allowed hydraulic suspensions to become widespread. At present, they are not used at all, whereas methods of analytical calculation are not in public access, despite of the interest of a group of scientists. AIMS: Development of the method of determination of main parameters of suspensions with hydraulic springs and analysis of properties of the T-34-76 Soviet middle tank prototype hydraulic suspension from the point of modern theory of nonlinear suspension systems. METHODS: Justification and confidence of given dependencies for properties calculation, conclusions and recommendations are confirmed with application of strict mathematical apparatus of mechanics, hydraulics and thermodynamics as well as scientifically justified theoretical backgrounds. RESULTS: Historic data on liquids compressibility researches, method of analytical determination of main properties of hydraulic springs with various design schemes, allowing restoring of properties of suspensions of existing tracked vehicles, synthesizing properties of other suspensions and, moreover, estimating reasonability of properties of suspension with hydraulic springs, are presented in the article. According to the method, proposed in the article, properties of the hydraulic spring from the T-34-76 Soviet middle tank prototype, equipped with hydraulic suspension, were restored and analyzed. In addition, suspension properties for the same vehicle were synthesized and used for a comparative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The information, presented in the article, is helpful for research engineers, interested in study of elastic behavior of liquids in case of their application in suspension systems, whereas the proposed method, allowing synthesis of reasonable properties of hydraulic springs, gives an opportunity to study the ride comfort of tank propotypes, equipped with hydraulic suspension, with a good quality and, moreover, to synthesize hydraulic springs properties according to the demands, given to a design engineer.

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Konieczny, Łukasz, and Rafał Burdzik. "Comparison of Characteristics of the Components Used in Mechanical and Non-Conventional Automotive Suspensions." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.26.

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The paper presents the comparison of the characteristics of spring and damping components used in conventional and non-conventional automotive suspensions. The conventional suspension is based on steel coil springs and hydraulic dampers with fixed characteristics. As an example, the adaptive non-conventional suspension shows the characteristics of hydropneumatic suspension components (suspension are constantly being developed and is now based on mechatronic control systems of damping characteristics). The paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions.

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Butin, Danila, Sergey Sergievsky, Alexey Vasiliev, Anton Klyushkin, and Vladimir Makarov. "Features of the spring suspension operation during transverse roll." E3S Web of Conferences 458 (2023): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345803003.

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The paper deals with the issue of determining the roll stiffness of the truck suspension. The actual roll stiffness of the spring suspension differs from the theoretical one due to the design features of the spring suspension. The real roll stiffness of the spring suspension, in addition to the vertical stiffness of the springs, is affected by the stiffness of the silent blocks and the stiffness of the springs during lateral bending, as well as the stiffness of the springs during torsion. Analytical dependences for calculating the roll stiffness of the suspension are given. A mathematical model is considered that allows calculating the roll stiffness of the suspension by simulation modeling. Simulation studies have shown that the actual roll stiffness of the spring suspension may differ by 53% from the roll stiffness obtained by calculating the vertical stiffness of elastic elements.

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Shi, Xiao Hui, Hong Li Gao, and Ming Heng Xu. "Optimization Design of Automobile Suspension Springs Based on BP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.82.

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In order to optimize the arithmetic of the automobile suspension springs, the optimization algorithm of spring stress model based on BP neural networks was proposed. The various models of suspension spring were aggregated and analyzed, the parallel genetic algorithm for the suspension springs was proposed in this paper as well. And the spring models can be optimized fast and efficiently by the algorithm. Aiming at different models, the maximum stress point and the distribution law are given by means of experimental verifications. A new stress analysis method and a new estimate rule for the design of automotive suspension springs are provided by this method.

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Bagaria, William J., Ron Doerfler, and Leif Roschier. "Nomograms for the design of light weight hollow helical springs." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 23 (August 25, 2016): 4388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216665416.

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The helical spring is a widely used element in suspension systems. Traditionally, the springs have been wound from solid round wire. Significant weight savings can be achieved by fabricating helical springs from hollow tubing. For suspension systems, weight savings result in significant transportation fuel savings. This paper uses previously published equations to calculate the maximum shear stress and deflection of the hollow helical spring. Since the equations are complex, solving them on a computer or spreadsheet would require a trial-and-error method. As a design aid to avoid this problem, this paper gives nomograms for the design of lightweight hollow helical springs. The nomograms are graphical solutions to the maximum stress and deflection equations. Example suspension spring designs show that significant weight savings (of the order of 50% or more) can be achieved using hollow springs. Hollow springs could also be used in extreme temperature situations. Heating or cooling fluids can be circulated through the hollow spring.

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Hua, CR, Y. Zhao, ZW Lu, and H. Ouyang. "Random vibration of vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401775122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017751222.

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The analysis of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation is a fundamental part of evaluation of a vehicle’s dynamic features and design of its active suspension system. The effective analysis method of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic suspension springs is presented based on the pseudoexcitation method and the equivalent linearisation technique. A stable and efficient iteration scheme is constructed to obtain the equivalent linearised system of the original nonlinear vehicle system. The power spectral density of the vehicle responses (vertical body acceleration, suspension working space and dynamic tyre load) at different speeds and with different nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs are analysed, respectively, by the proposed method. It is concluded that hysteretic nonlinear suspensions influence the vehicle dynamic characteristic significantly; the frequency-weighted root mean square values at the front and rear suspensions and the vehicle’s centre of gravity are reduced greatly with increasing the nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs, resulting in better ride comfort of the vehicle.

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Chang, F., and Z.-H. Lu. "Dynamic model of an air spring and integration into a vehicle dynamics model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1813–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto867.

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It is worthwhile to design a more accurate dynamic model for air springs, to investigate the dynamic behaviour of an air spring suspension, and to analyse and guide the design of vehicles with air spring suspensions. In this study, a dynamic model of air spring was established, considering the heat transfer process of the air springs. Two different types of air spring were tested, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the air spring model compared with the traditional model. The key factors affecting the computation accuracy were studied and checked by comparing the results of the experiments and simulations. The new dynamic model of the air spring was integrated into the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model, in order to investigate the air suspension behaviour and vehicle dynamics characteristics. The co-simulation method using ADAMS and MATLAB/Simulink was applied to integration of the air spring model with the full-vehicle multi-body dynamics model.

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Радин, Сергей, Sergey Radin, Евгений Сливинский, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "ROD OSCILLATION INVESTIGATION OF ADAPTIVE TORSION SPRING FOR SPRING SUSPENSION OF SIX-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20250.

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In modern locomotive design to reduce a dynamic effect upon a track there are widely used jaw and lawless six-wheel bogies supplied with a spring suspension using laminated springs, cylindrical spiral springs of compression and pneumatic springs. A considerable drawback of all known designs of spring suspension for rolling-stock is that all of them apart from a pneumatic one have no possibility for self-regulation in an automatic mode of their rigid characteristics de-pending on external dynamic impacts of track unevenness upon the latter. There is developed in Bunin State University of Yelets a promising inventionleveled structure of an adaptive torsion spring suspension excluding such a drawback and a number of computa-tions was carried out for the substantiation its rational design values.

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Ratekkar, Abhijit, Sahil Gulhane, Suraj Meshram, Mahesh Borker, A. R. Khan, and R. S. Shelke. "Development of Coil Spring Suspension System with Air Bellows." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1259/1/012026.

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Abstract Most of the mass production cars use only coil springs in their suspension systems. We have developed a combination of coil spring suspension with air bellows to reduce the vibrations of the vehicle in mass production cars. Our design proposes and successfully implemented the use of coil springs and the air bellows that will reduce the vehicle’s vibrations and provide some amount of cushioning effect to the passengers and Driver. The coil spring is placed on the top of air bellows only in the rear suspension. And calculated the vibration using I Dynamics app.

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Ajinar and Azhari. "Prediksi Usia Kelelahan Pegas Ulir dan Lower Suspension Arm Berdasarkan Pendekatan Strain Life Berdasarkan Bentuk Permukaan Jalan." Journal of Engineering and Science 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2022): 86–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.56347/jes.v1i2.109.

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This study aims to determine the effect of road surface contours on fatigue life of coil springs and lower suspension arm. In this study, strain gauge was affixed to the critical point of the minibus front suspension coil springs based on stress distribution. Strain signal obtained was analyzed using the Coffin-Manson, Morrow, and SWT approaches. From the results of the chemical composition test, it was found that the coil springs were made of SAE 5160 and lower suspension arm made of AISI 1513. From the results of this study it can be concluded that when the vehicle drive on the damaged road, coil spring and lower suspension arm received greater stress so that provide shorter fatigue life. Fatigue life of coil spring on rough roads is 16% lower than city roads and 7% lower than flat roads. Whereas fatigue life of lower suspension arm on rough roads is 27% lower than city roads and 0.03% lower than flat roads. So that the coil spring components fail faster than the lower suspension arm. This is because the contour of the road surface provides a vertical load so that it is in accordance with the function of the coil spring which works to reduce the load vertically while the lower suspension arm function holds the load when turning.

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11

Evseev, Kirill B., Aleksander B. Kartashov, Idris Z. Dashtiev, and Aleksey V. Pozdeev. "Analysis viscoelastic properties of fiber-reinforced composite spring for the all-terrain vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 224 (2018): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822402039.

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For today’s composite materials have many advantages over steel materials. The composite materials take the main part in modern automobile constructions. Suspension system is the main automobile part. Components of suspension system are made of metal. Therefor suspension system have a high weight that have a negative effect for all of vehicle especially for vehicle dynamics and stability properties. The main part of suspension system is a spring element. Coil springs are the most widely used spring type for independent wheel suspension for trucks and passengers vehicles. Using composite springs can less vehicle weight especially less unspring masses. It is one of the main features of composite materials. Another feature is viscoelastic properties and hysteresis effect. That can be give excellent noise and vibration properties for vehicles.

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12

Korrayi, Rajesh, and Vishnu Chandra Dixit. "Comparative Study of Bending Loads at Wheel Centres of Heavy Commercial Vehicles." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46139.

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Abstract: In commercial vehicles, leaf springs play a major role in designing the suspension system. Leaf springs are the most popular designs having multiple leaves in contact with each other and show hysteresis behaviour when loaded and unloaded. The leaf spring acts as a linkage for holding the axle in position and thus separate linkages are not necessary. It makes the construction of the suspension simple and strong. Because the positioning of the axle is carried out by the leaf springs, it is disadvantageous to use soft springs i.e. springs with low spring constant. Leaf springs are excellent in suspending large loads, since they are designed using 'bending beam' equations. The stiffness of the leaf spring assembly can be altered as desired, by changing the number of leaves. The objective of this paper is to compare the bending loads coming at the rear wheel centres of the vehicle when it runs in torture track and over a single bump. Bending loads were

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Patil, Sujit S., Subodh Karunasagar, and Shubham Shah. "Comparative Study of Helical Compression Suspension Spring for Different Materials." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 5, no. 2 (November 5, 2016): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2016.5.2.803.

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One of the major problems faced by automobile industries in few decades is the fuel efficiency which is related to the weight of the vehicle. This has led to more research in light weight materials with same mechanical properties as that of conventional materials. The composite materials are serving this need. In this study the helical compression steel springs are replaced with that of composite materials. The composite materials used are E-glass/Epoxy and Carbon fiber/Epoxy. Spring analysis is done with FEA and results are compared with steel spring. The springs are manufactured and the experimental deflections are also measured. The study shows that the weight reduction achieved with composite spring. Thus, indicating that the composite material springs can be effectively used as replacement for heavy steel springs.

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Masliyev, Vyacheslav, Vladislav Dushchenko, Vitalii Yepifanov, Roman Nanivskyi, Yurii Cherevko, Anton Masliev, Alexander Demydov, and Yurii Makarenko. "Improving the damping of vehicle vibration by improving pneumatic springs." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 7(115) (February 28, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253561.

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It is known that the air suspension of vehicles, in which diaphragm-type air springs are used as an elastic element, do not provide the necessary vibration damping. The reason for this is that such air springs have a relatively large passive part. As a result, a relatively small mass of compressed air crosses through the throttle installed between the air spring and the additional reservoir. This mass of air contains thermal energy, into which the energy of vibrations, which enters through the walls of the additional reservoir into the environment, has turned. This is interpreted as vibration damping, which is insufficient due to the low air mass. Therefore, hydraulic vibration dampers are installed parallel to the diaphragm air springs, which complicates and increases the cost of the vehicle. Increasing the damping properties of such air suspensions could eliminate these hydraulic vibration dampers, which would reduce costs and simplify operation. An air suspension with an improved air spring has been proposed, which has an increased effective area and a reduced "passive" capacity, an empirical formula has been built to determine its damping coefficient, as well as an expression for the stiffness coefficient. Mathematical modeling of oscillations of vehicles with different designs of pneumatic springs was carried out in order to improve their damping. The mathematical model takes into account the change in the parameters of the air spring during vibrations. The study was carried out for the diesel train DL-02. Using mathematical modeling, the effectiveness of the air suspension with an improved air spring has been proven: its damping index reaches 0.263, and the vibration damping coefficient is 45,859 kg/s, which corresponds to the values recommended for vehicles.

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Gopinath, S., R. J. Golden Renjith, and J. Dineshkumar. "Design and fabrication of magnetic shock absorber." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2014): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.1831.

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In a vehicle, shock absorber reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, without shock absorber the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as an energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allow range of suspension movement [1]. Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would intern gives a harsh ride. Shock absorber allows the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps [2]. In this project a new suspension system based on magnetic power which can be used in automobile in future. The suspension system consists of magnets freely moving inside the cylinder with their same poles facing each other. Since the magnetic poles repel each other while moving closer, the up and down spring action is obtained. Keywords: Suspension System, Magnetic Power, Magnetic Poles.

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Zemlyanushnov, N. A., N. Y. Zemlyanushnova, and D. O. Dorohov. "To the theoretical study of stress-strain state of motor vehicles suspension springs during shot peening." E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340204004.

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A theoretical study of the stress-strain state of helical cylindrical compression springs used in the suspension of vehicles during shot peening is carried out. The stress-strain state of the front suspension spring is studied by mechanical-mathematical methods and methods of the deformation theory of plasticity, in particular, by the method of small elastic-plastic deformations. It is established that shot peening reduces compression of the front suspension springs during pre-stressing by 2.54% due to an increase in the torque in the cross section of the coil by 4.30%. The results of the study can be used in the development of technology for the manufacture and restoration of expensive helical coil springs for the suspension of vehicles, in particular, in determining the required load of contact pre-stressing, taking into account shot peening.

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Silva, Pedro Márcio do Carmo, Camila Tavares Ribeiro, Marcus Vinicius Sousa Melo, José Antônio da Silva, Júlio Cesar Costa Campos, Antonio Marcos de Oliveira Siqueira, Flavio Neves Teixeira, and Luiz Gustavo Monteiro Guimarães. "Design of double stage springs for Baja SAE type vehicles." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 9, no. 8 (September 25, 2023): 16665–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl9iss8pp16665-01e.

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Aiming to improve the parameters which influence the performance and ergonomics of the Komiketo Baja UFSJ prototype and to optimize its results during the Baja SAE competitions, a study proposed a new methodology to substitute linear springs for double stage spring. Springs are components with high elastic deformation’s ability that compound the automotive suspension system and they influence the vehicle dynamic performance. The experimentation consists in using the Microsoft Excel software and making a simulation of a model going through an irregular trail presenting high and low oscillation frequencies of the suspension, using MSC Adams Car® software. The test was divided in two stages, one for the operation of the vehicle with linear springs and the other for non-linear springs (double-stage springs). Then, some graphics were presented with the necessary data, aiming to compare the behavior of both suspension conditions, where the vertical acceleration was considered as a comparative criterion. The results were promising presenting improvements as the ergonomics parameters, regarding the linear springs previously used in the vehicle.

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Morales, Angel L., Antonio J. Nieto, José M. Chicharro, and Publio Pintado. "A semi-active vehicle suspension based on pneumatic springs and magnetorheological dampers." Journal of Vibration and Control 24, no. 4 (June 7, 2016): 808–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546316653004.

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Semi-active and active suspensions can improve both ride comfort and handling compared to passive suspensions. The authors have proposed a suspension comprising a pneumatic system capable of changing the stiffness of the suspension and a semi-active magnetorheological damper capable of controlling the suspension damping. Eight configurations of this magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension result from combining two possible stiffnesses (compliant and stiff) and four possible means of producing damping (constant low, constant high, on-off skyhook control and on-off balance control). The minimization of a cost function, which considers both ride comfort and handling, leads to decision maps which indicate the most appropriate configuration depending on vehicle velocity and two pieces of information about the road: the international roughness index and the curve radius. All this information can be gathered from a GPS system and toggling between set-ups is fast, efficient, and easily done by simply opening or closing pipes in the pneumatic system and modifying the current supply in the magnetorheological dampers. The proposed magnetorheological/pneumatic suspension achieves the same roll angle levels as in a comparable passive vehicle while improving ride comfort by reducing acceleration by up to 30%.

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Liu, Xiaofu, Jason Z. Jiang, Andrew Harrison, and Xiaoxiang Na. "Truck suspension incorporating inerters to minimise road damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (April 6, 2020): 2693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020905149.

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Road damage caused by heavy vehicles is a serious problem experienced worldwide. This paper investigates the potential for reduction in road damage by incorporating the inerter element into truck suspension systems. Initially, quarter-car, pitch-plane and roll-plane models with two low-complexity inerter-based linear suspension layouts are investigated in the frequency domain. Reductions of the J95 road damage index for each model are identified against conventional parallel spring–damper truck suspension layouts. It is also shown that the proposed suspensions are capable of enhancing the roll stability while keeping the road damage at a given level. Subsequently, the nonlinear relationship between force and displacement as manifested by leaf springs is incorporated into the pitch-plane and roll-plane time-domain models. These confirm the potential advantage of inerter-based suspension layouts for road damage reduction.

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Sun, Li Qin, and Zhen Cui. "Modeling and Stiffness Characteristic Analysis of the Semi-Active Interconnected Air Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.220.

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Based on structure and working principle of semi-active interconnected air suspension, whole vehicle dynamic model including interconnected air springs system model, damper model, vehicle body and tire model is established. The changes of parameters such as connect pipe diameter, unilateral or bilateral excitation input phase difference that have effect on the air spring stiffness characteristic are simulated when air springs in the interconnected condition. The simulation results show that, interconnection of air springs can reduce the stiffness of air spring, and vehicle ride performance and riding comfortable performance can also be improved effectively.

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Cole, D. J., and D. Cebon. "Modification of a Heavy Vehicle Suspension to Reduce Road Damage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 209, no. 3 (July 1995): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_203_02.

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A test rig for measuring the quasi-static performance of tandem suspensions in the laboratory is described. Measurements on a standard tandem leaf-spring suspension show it to have high effective stiffness in bounce and poor static load equalization. A method for eliminating the spring-end friction is investigated, and found to improve the performance significantly. A two-dimensional articulated vehicle simulation is validated with measurements from a test vehicle. The simulation is then used to study the effect on dynamic tyre forces of three modifications to the trailer suspension: softer springs; elimination of spring-end friction; and hydraulic dampers. The r.m.s. dynamic loads generated by the trailer axles are predicted to decrease by approximately 31 per cent and the theoretical road damage is predicted to decrease by about 13 per cent. The trailer suspension of the test vehicle is adapted to incorporate the three modifications and the measured reductions in dynamic tyre forces are found to be about half those predicted by the simulation.

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Nilesh.C. Ghuge, Dattatraya Palande, and Rakesh Shriwastva. "Experimental validation of multiaxial fatigue theories to estimate fatigue life of helical compression spring." Journal of Current Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (July 13, 2023): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.59796/jcst.v13n2.2023.1749.

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High-stress amplitudes and mean stress cycles are expected to be endured by helical compression springs utilized in a two-suspension wheeler's system. Fatigue failure of all these springs brings enormous eventual repair and replacement costs. A fatigue test is conducted to ascertain fatigue strength. The spring test plan is rather extensive due to the limited time and numerous test spring versions. Efforts were made to anticipate the helical spring's fatigue life. Multiaxial fatigue theories are examined in this work. The research paper aims to scrutinize the appropriate techniques that spring manufacturers should employ in the planning stage to calculate the fatigue life of helical compression springs. The criteria of Wang & Brown, Fatemi & Socie, Mitchell, Baumel & Seeger, and Smith & Watson are used in the present investigation. The results of the experiment and the predicted life are compared. Spring fatigue life is overvalued by the Wang-Brown criterion, while the Fatemi-Socie model offers a precise forecast of fatigue life.

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Rajesh, S., and G. B. Bhaskar. "Response of Composite Leaf Springs to Low Velocity Impact Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.47.

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Leaf springs are the traditional suspension elements, occupying a vital position in the automobile industry. This paper deals us the replacement of existing steel leaf spring by composite leaf spring. The dimensions of existing middle steel leaf spring of commercial vehicle (Tata ace mini truck) were taken and fabricated using a specially designed die. Single leaf of the suspension springs, each made up composite with bidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), bidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and hybrid glass-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP), was fabricated by hand layup process. It is to be mentioned here that the cross sectional area of the composite spring same as the metallic spring. A low velocity impact test rig was fabricated in the laboratory with loading set up. The composite leaf springs were tested with the low velocity impact test rig. By using the low velocity impact test rig, the deflection due to various drop height were measured.

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Cheng, Zhongli, Zonghua Li, and Fanqing Kong. "Statistical Linearization of Nonlinear Stiffness in Hydropneumatic Suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 153 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815304006.

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Hydropneumatic springs are the elastic components of a vehicle’s suspension. As the nonlinear characteristic of the spring is difficult to express accurately, the statistical linearization method is introduced to analyze the dynamic response of the hydropneumatic spring. The nonlinear stiffness of a hydropneumatic spring is approximated by a quadratic polynomial at the static equilibrium position. Parameters of the hydropneumatic spring, road roughness and vehicle velocity are provided and analytical functions for equivalent stiffness and the dynamic equilibrium position are worked out in this paper. The analytical functions are validated through numerical simulation and are shown to be more accurate than those validated by existing methods. The method proposed here could be used in the design and analysis of hydropneumatic suspensions in future.

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Zhou, Tong, Chang Fu Zong, and Shuang Chen. "Experimental Research on the Stiffness of Air Spring." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.16.

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This study analyzes the stiffness of air-spring theoretically and provides the influential parameters of air-springs stiffness briefly. Through the test rig, we conduct the experiment of air-springs stiffness and then get the relationship between air-springs stiffness and the influential parameters; through fitting the experimental data, we get the relationship among valid-area, valid-volume and the vertical displacement of air-spring, supplying the necessary parameters for the development of air suspension control strategy.

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Atindana, Vincent Akolbire, Xing Xu, Andrews Nanzie Nyedeb, James Kwasi Quaisie, Jacob Kwaku Nkrumah, and Samuel Passim Assam. "The Evolution of Vehicle Pneumatic Vibration Isolation: A Systematic Review." Shock and Vibration 2023 (September 29, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1716615.

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Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a significant concern for vehicle users as it can negatively impact their health and comfort. As such, effective vibration isolation is critical in vehicle suspension design. The ability of a vehicle suspension to isolate vibrations depends primarily on the suspension design and the type of springs used. One type of spring that has proven advantageous for vibration isolation is the air spring. Air springs can vary frequencies and adjust their stiffness in response to different loading conditions, making them ideal for meeting both suspension load-carrying and occupants’ comfort requirements. Pneumatic (air) suspension has been in use in the automotive industry for several decades and has undergone significant advancements during this period. This paper presents a systematic review of pneumatic suspension since its inception. The review highlights different air spring modeling techniques, types of pneumatic suspension, and control methods. The study also discusses the functional flexibility of pneumatic suspension, its ability to offer a wide range of control options to drivers, and its broad application in almost all ranges of vehicles, including chassis, cabin, and seat suspension systems. In addition, this paper presents a summary of the pros and cons of pneumatic suspension and suggests future research directions. The advantages of pneumatic suspension include effective vibration isolation, improved ride comfort, and the ability to adjust suspension stiffness and ride height. On the other hand, the disadvantages include higher cost and complexity compared to other types of suspension. Overall, the findings of this review demonstrate that pneumatic suspension is a viable solution for vehicle suspension design, particularly in situations where vibration isolation and ride comfort are critical.

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Sikora, Wojciech, Krzysztof Michalczyk, and Tomasz Machniewicz. "A Study of the Preload Force in Metal-Elastomer Torsion Springs." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0047.

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Abstract Neidhart type suspension units composed of metal-elastomer torsion springs can be a good alternative to steel helical springs in applications such as vibration absorbers or vehicle suspension systems. Assembling this type of spring requires initial preload of the elastomeric working elements, which determines their operating properties. The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations concerning the preload of elastomeric working elements in Neidhart type suspension units are presented in the paper. The performed research made it possible to propose a new calculation model for determining the preload force value acting on the elastomeric cylindrical elements applied in this type of suspension unit. The results obtained using the proposed model exhibit good convergence with FEM simulation results within the range of the tested geometrical and material properties.

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Funde, Bhushan, and Prof Ritesh Banpurkar. "A Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Leaf Spring." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43315.

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Abstract: This paper reviews some of the general study on the design, analysis and fabrication of composite leaf spring. Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components they are still frequently used, especially in commercial vehicles. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring.The suspension system in a vehicle significantly affects the behavior of vehicle, i.e. vibration characteristics including ride comfort, stability etc. Leaf springs are commonly used in the vehicle suspension system and are subjected to millions of varying stress cycles leading to fatigue failure. A lot of research has been done for improving the performance of leaf spring. Lot of materials are used for leaf spring .but it is found that fiberglass material has better strengthcharacteristic and lighter in weight as compare to steel for leaf spring. In this paper the author is reviewed few papers on use of alternate materials and effect of material on leaf spring performance. Keywords: steel leaf spring, ANSYS, PRO-E software.

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Funde, Bhushan, and Prof Ritesh Banpurkar. "A Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Leaf Spring." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4011–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43315.

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Abstract: This paper reviews some of the general study on the design, analysis and fabrication of composite leaf spring. Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components they are still frequently used, especially in commercial vehicles. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring.The suspension system in a vehicle significantly affects the behavior of vehicle, i.e. vibration characteristics including ride comfort, stability etc. Leaf springs are commonly used in the vehicle suspension system and are subjected to millions of varying stress cycles leading to fatigue failure. A lot of research has been done for improving the performance of leaf spring. Lot of materials are used for leaf spring .but it is found that fiberglass material has better strengthcharacteristic and lighter in weight as compare to steel for leaf spring. In this paper the author is reviewed few papers on use of alternate materials and effect of material on leaf spring performance. Keywords: steel leaf spring, ANSYS, PRO-E software.

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Chen, Wenguo, Rui Wang, Huiying Wang, and Shulei Sun. "The Design, Simulation and Fabrication of an Omnidirectional Inertial Switch with Rectangular Suspension Spring." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040440.

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An omnidirectional inertial switch with rectangular spring is proposed in this paper, and the prototype has been fabricated by surface micromachining technology. To evaluate the threshold consistency and stability of omnidirectional inertia switch, the stiffness of rectangular suspension springs is analyzed. The simulation result shows that the coupling stiffness of the rectangular spring suspension system in the non-sensitive direction is a little more than that in the sensitive direction, which indicated that the omnidirectional switching system’s stability is reinforced, attributed to the design of rectangular springs. The dynamic response simulation shows that the threshold of the omnidirectional inertial switch using the rectangular suspension spring has high consistency in the horizontal direction. The prototype of an inertial switch is fabricated and tested successfully. The testing results indicate even threshold distribution in the horizontal direction. The threshold acceleration of the designed inertial switch is about 58 g in the X direction and 37 g in the Z direction; the contact time is about 18 μs.

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Tchoupou, Kévin M. Tsapi, Bertin Désiré Soh Fotsing, and Alexis Kuitche. "Fatigue Safety Coefficient Based Mutual Comparison of the Simple Working Regime of Hermetic Compressor Suspension Springs." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 16 (June 2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.16.26.

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Compressors suspension made up of helical suspension spring system has a significant importance on the operation of hermetic compressors, considering the aspects of noise and vibration. These springs are loaded by harmonic forces very often. High cycles fatigue damage and failure can be found during its service loading. The severity of lading regime has been studied for three typical loading regimes of springs using the fatigue safety factor. The spring fails by fatigue not yielding; infinite life is not predicted. All cases are demonstrated in the Haigh diagram. Finite life is predicted. It has been showed that loading cases with constant mean shear give lowest safety factor than the proportional or constant middle stress regimes.

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Luo, R. K., P. W. Cook, W. X. Wu, and W. J. Mortel. "Fatigue design of rubber springs used in rail vehicle suspensions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 217, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440903769012920.

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Rubber-to-metal bonded springs are vital antivibration components for rail vehicles. Metacone rubber springs are widely used as a primary spring on a rail vehicle fitted at the wheel axle box. Nowadays the more demanding operating environment has made the design of such components more challenging than ever before. By using an integrated design-simulation-testing procedure it is possible to achieve the maximum fatigue capacity of the suspension components under a very tight space envelope. This note illustrates the procedure to achieve the high performance and the fatigue service life requirements for the suspension components.

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Shi, Xiao Hui, Ming Heng Xu, and Hong Li Gao. "Research on Stress Method of Vehicle Suspension Springs and Finite Element Modeling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 42 (November 2010): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.42.147.

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This paper combine the traditional mechanical analysis with shearing stress analysis of GB springs, and presents a new stress method, It also points out that different types of suspension springs are suitable for stress method. Secondly, by the analysis of Solidworks Simulation of F1-XXX spring, the new shearing stress algorithm and security allowable stress are consistent with the CAE analysis results.

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Konieczny, Ł., R. Burdzik, and T. Węgrzyn. "Analysis of Structural and Material Aspects of Selected Elements of a Hydropneumatic Suspension System in a Passenger Car." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0018.

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The article addresses results of analyses of design solutions and materials commonly used in gas springs for hydropneumatic suspension systems. The authors have discussed main advantages resulting from application of such a design solution in passenger car suspension systems. Fundamental correlations defining the parameters characterising a gas spring with constant gas mass have been referred to. Also materials used in the manufacture of selected gas spring elements have been described

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Sukach, M. K. "The Staple-Shape Plate Springs Engineering Calculation Method." Science & Technique 20, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2021-20-3-268-274.

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The new types of elastic devices – staple-shape plate spring and leaf spring - have been developed at the Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture. The staple-shape plate spring is an elastic plate where the ends are deflected from its middle part in the same direction and are made in the form of consoles equipped with hinge attachments. The middle part of the plate as a parallel to the line of the load action is designed with variable length section. In each section, the axis, relative to which the moment of the section inertia is a maximum, is perpendicular to the spring bending plane, designed as the equal resistance beam. This article substantiates the feasibility of using a staple-shape plate spring to improve the elastic suspension of truck cabs. The recommendations for choosing the most promising mass production directions, as well as the engineering calculation methods of such springs, have been developed. Objects of the study are devices intended for machines and their components dynamic loads shock absorption, differing in having a bracket shape and being a subject to bending in the plane of the highest rigidity of their cross sections, as well as shock absorbers using these springs, in particular KamAZ cabs suspension. This research implementation allows significantly reducing the metal consumption and elastic devices manufacture complexity, as well as can be useful in the design and operation of elastic car suspensions.Keywords: elastic device, staple-shaped plate spring, leaf spring, elastic suspension

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Kong, Y. S., M. Z. Omar, L. B. Chua, and S. Abdullah. "Explicit Nonlinear Finite Element Geometric Analysis of Parabolic Leaf Springs under Various Loads." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/261926.

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This study describes the effects of bounce, brake, and roll behavior of a bus toward its leaf spring suspension systems. Parabolic leaf springs are designed based on vertical deflection and stress; however, loads are practically derived from various modes especially under harsh road drives or emergency braking. Parabolic leaf springs must sustain these loads without failing to ensure bus and passenger safety. In this study, the explicit nonlinear dynamic finite element (FE) method is implemented because of the complexity of experimental testing A series of load cases; namely, vertical push, wind-up, and suspension roll are introduced for the simulations. The vertical stiffness of the parabolic leaf springs is related to the vehicle load-carrying capability, whereas the wind-up stiffness is associated with vehicle braking. The roll stiffness of the parabolic leaf springs is correlated with the vehicle roll stability. To obtain a better bus performance, two new parabolic leaf spring designs are proposed and simulated. The stress level during the loadings is observed and compared with its design limit. Results indicate that the newly designed high vertical stiffness parabolic spring provides the bus a greater roll stability and a lower stress value compared with the original design. Bus safety and stability is promoted, as well as the load carrying capability.

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Gök, Dilşad Akgümüş. "Prototype production and investigation of mechanical properties of leaf springs used in air suspension systems." Engineering Solid Mechanics 12, no. 1 (2024): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2023.7.004.

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Leaf springs are machine elements that provide safety and driving comfort by storing the energy caused by the loads coming to the chassis and transport elements depending on the road conditions. Leaf springs are suspension elements commonly used particularly in heavy commercial vehicles. In this study, prototype leaf spring production was realized by forming the metal sheet and making heat treatments. Residual stress analysis, hardness, bending and strain gauge measurements were performed to examine the mechanical properties of the leaf spring produced. After the applied tempering process, the leaf spring microstructure was examined.

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Rai, Roshan, and Rohit Pathak. "Analysis and Optimization for Weight and Stress reduction in Leaf Spring." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Applications 6, no. 09 (January 31, 2021): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46593/ijaera.2021.v06i09.001.

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Suspension leaf springs are widely used in automobile systems. The increasing interest of automobile industry in the usage of composite materials in substitute to conventional steel leaf springs owing to higher strength to weight ratio in latter. The past literature survey shows that leaf springs are designed as generalized force elements where the position, velocity and orientation of the axle mounting gives the reaction forces in the chassis attachment positions. The attachment of chassis positions along different positions plus difference in axle mounting’s velocity and orientation, the leaf springs are designed for these force elements. So, it is very important to study the analysis of leaf springs made up of composite materials. Modelling of leaf spring has been done with SOLIDWORKS 20.0 software and analysis has been carried out with ANSYS R19.2. Thus, the comparison of static analysis of these three materials are made and compared for material composites leaf spring. The static testing is done for a load of 50000 N in the rear suspension, also FE analysis is carried out and validated.[1] Von Mises Stress and Total Deformation were found out from this analysis. The conclusion was reached that there was a reduction in both stress and weight when composite material was used rather than conventional steel material. It is an effective energy conservation measure as reduction in overall fuel consumption of automobile is also achieved.

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Preda, Ion. "Model Based Algorithm for the Study of the Vehicle Suspension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.247.

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The design of a vehicle suspension system starts with very few input parameters. Simple models are used during initial simulations in order to ensure the desired compromise between comfort and dynamic performance qualities, at different vehicle speeds and loads. That stage leads to the setup of the needed suspension parameters on the model, mainly the stiffness of the suspension springs and tires and the damping coefficient.In an algorithmic way, this paper summarizes design recommendations existing in the field of vehicle suspensions. Based on the procedure in this article, a computer program was implemented in the software MDesign.

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Abdelkareem, Mohamed AA, Mostafa M. Makrahy, Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab, ASA EL-Razaz, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed Ali, and MM Moheyeldein. "An analytical study of the performance indices of articulated truck semi-trailer during three different cases to improve the driver comfort." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 232, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419317709895.

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Heavy trucks are mostly used for international transportations, with longer highways and long driving hours contributing to corresponding increases in the driver’s fatigue that is related to accidents. Therefore, this study aims to improve the truck ride performance using multistage leaf springs and semi-active suspension for the driver seat. This analytical study describes the influence of the truck main suspensions on the performance indices analytically using MATLAB Simulink for different loading conditions in three case studies: fully laden articulated truck (case A), unladen truck (case B), and empty semi-trailer and a multistage leaf springs is considered after designing the main leaf spring stiffness based on particle swarm optimization (case C). This study exhibits a contribution based on the fact that changing the trailer cargo weight has considerable effects on the natural frequency of the vibration modes of the vehicle system, particularly for articulated carriage. Subsequently, the influence of the dynamic interaction of an articulated vehicle between the semitrailer and the tractor on its ride behavior has been investigated. The model has also predicted the effect of total trailer cargo on performance indices for 13 degrees of freedom model of a 6-axle articulated truck semi-trailer vehicle with a random road excitation. Additionally, a semi-active driver seat suspension based on skyhook strategy and seat passive suspension are compared in terms of the power spectral density and root mean square values. The results showed that the truck ride performance is improved significantly, and all the acceleration responses are suppressed dramatically when a designed multistage leaf spring suspension is considered in case C. The current analysis demonstrated that using specific and adjustable suspension parameters can positively enhance the riding behavior of the unladen vehicle. The results showed that the cab, tractor, and trailer acceleration improved by 22%, 21%, and 28%, respectively, which provides a comfort driving trip essentially for long distance traveling.

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Wang, Liming, and Ning Zhang. "Modeling and Dynamics Study of Beam Leaf Spring System Based on Elastic Constraints." Scientific and Social Research 5, no. 12 (December 27, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v5i12.5736.

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This paper introduces an innovative approach using elastic bushing constraints to simulate the practical limitations of leaf springs. A comprehensive rear suspension system is constructed for a specific vehicle, incorporating parameterized preload for the leaf springs to ensure alignment with the actual vehicle’s forces and attitudes. Validation with real-world kinematics and compliance (K&C) dynamics data confirms the model’s accuracy in representing vertical, longitudinal, and lateral stiffness, along with dynamic characteristics. The study demonstrates that the dynamic model of the multi-leaf plate spring suspension, grounded in bushing constraints for the beam accurately simulates the actual vehicle. The model exhibits flexibility and motion characteristics that closely resemble the real vehicle, demonstrating high accuracy and good computational convergence.

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42

Shi, Wen-ku, Cheng Liu, Zhi-yong Chen, Wei He, and Qing-hua Zu. "Efficient Method for Calculating the Composite Stiffness of Parabolic Leaf Springs with Variable Stiffness for Vehicle Rear Suspension." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5169018.

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The composite stiffness of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness is difficult to calculate using traditional integral equations. Numerical integration or FEA may be used but will require computer-aided software and long calculation times. An efficient method for calculating the composite stiffness of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness is developed and evaluated to reduce the complexity of calculation and shorten the calculation time. A simplified model for double-leaf springs with variable stiffness is built, and a composite stiffness calculation method for the model is derived using displacement superposition and material deformation continuity. The proposed method can be applied on triple-leaf and multileaf springs. The accuracy of the calculation method is verified by the rig test and FEA analysis. Finally, several parameters that should be considered during the design process of springs are discussed. The rig test and FEA analytical results indicate that the calculated results are acceptable. The proposed method can provide guidance for the design and production of parabolic leaf springs with variable stiffness. The composite stiffness of the leaf spring can be calculated quickly and accurately when the basic parameters of the leaf spring are known.

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Arularasan, R., and Y. K. Sabapathy. "Fabrication and Testing of FRP Open Coil Springs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1065.

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Increasing competition and innovation in automobile sector tends to modify the existing products or replace old products by new and advanced material products. A suspension system of vehicle is also an area where these innovations are carried out regularly. Now days the automobile Industry has shown much interest in using Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) components replacing conventional steel components due to its “high strength to low weight” ratio. Therefore replacement the steel open coil suspension springs (in heavy automobiles) with Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) open coil springs with the main aim to reduce its weight and thereby reduce the fuel consumption to some extent. A semi mechanized pultrusion process (E –Glass and Epoxy Resin) and braiding process is selected for fabricating the GFRP open coil springs. It is then tested in lab to study some of the variable parameters. Keywords: Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) , Coil spring , Pultrusion

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Rakhmankulova, Barna, Sayibdjan Mirzaev, and Mazhid Yusupov. "Numerical simulation of tasks of vertical viscoelastic oscillation of suspension systems of frame, engine, cabin and seat." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336501007.

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The analysis of the structures of the springing systems of modern vehicles showed that polymer composites are used in vehicles for which the decrease in curb weight is a critical indicator. The use of springs (suspensions) from polymer composites makes it possible to reduce the weight of the elastic element and increase durability while improving the smoothness of movement, reducing noise, and increasing traffic safety. When replacing the steel suspension with a polymer composite suspension, the mass of unsprung parts of the car decreases, and the economic performance of wheeled vehicles improves. The article discusses the problem of vertical viscoelastic oscillations of the suspension systems of the skeleton, engine, cabin, and seat. When considering the suspension's rheological properties, the Boltzmann-Volterra integral model is used. The Koltunov-Rzhanitsyn nucleus is used as a nucleus, which has weakly singular features of the Abel type. The system of integro-differential equations describing the studied process is solved by a method based on the use of quadrature formulas. The effect of the parameters of the hereditary-deformable properties of the suspension on the vibration shape is shown.

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Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, Stasys Steišūnas, and Gediminas Vaičiūnas. "Influence of Suspension Parameters Changes of a Railway Vehicle on Output Quantities." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2019-0003.

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Abstract This article deals with computer analyses of output quantities of a railway vehicle depending on changing of parameters of suspension system. A passenger car was chosen for dynamic analyses. An analysed passenger railway vehicle uses two stage suspension system composed of coil springs and hydraulic dampers. Stiffness of coil springs of primary and secondary suspensions were defined for two states and its influence on output values in terms of quality and quantity was evaluated. As output variables, values of forces in a wheel/rail contact and accelerations in several locations on a wagon body floor were chosen. Values of forces in a wheel/rail contact indicate dynamic response of a railway vehicle running in terms of running safety and values of accelerations serve as important input for evaluation of passenger ride comfort.

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Li, Zhong Xing, Zhen Cui, and Mei Li. "Modeling of Interlinked Air Suspension and Study on its Dynamic Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.163.

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Interlinked air suspension, which formed by interconnecting two or more air springs of traditional air suspension using switchable pneumatic pipe connections, can further improve vehicles riding comfort and driving stability. The structure and working principle of this suspension is introduced, the model of interlinked air suspension is developed and validated via experiments. Simulation results indicate that, the larger the diameter of connecting pipe, the smaller the stiffness of air springs, and interlinked air suspension can effectively reduce vehicles roll angle and vertical vibration under its first natural frequency, which greatly affects vehicles riding comfort.

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Myamlin, S. V., V. V. Zhyzhko, V. I. Prykhodko, and O. A. Shkabrov. "THE EVALUATION OF STRENGTH AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPRING INCREASE OF PASSENGER TRUCKS." Science and Transport Progress, no. 27 (May 25, 2009): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2009/14211.

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In the paper the results of calculations on determination of strength features of springs in the spring suspension of passenger coach bogies and their dynamic characteristics with the account of requirements of normative documentation are presented.

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Adwan, Rania, Ekhlas Edan Kader, and Lutfi Yousuf Zedan. "Experimental analysis of composite materials leaf spring used in automotive." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2021.14403.

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product modifications or replacement of old products with new and improved material items. Vehicle suspension systems are another area where these developments are carried out on a regular basis. More efforts are being made to improve the user's comfort. Appropriate combination of comfort riding attributes and economics in leaf spring production becomes an evident requirement. Many changes have been made to the suspension system throughout time in order to enhance it. Some of the most recent suspension system innovations include the invention of the parabolic leaf spring and the usage of composite materials for these springs. The implementation of composite materials by replacing steel in conventional leaf springs of a suspension system. Composite material having a lot of good properties like simple fabrication, low weight and low cost to performance .The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural properties of a hybrid leaf spring consisting of 95% Epoxy, 5% carbon, 5% glass fiber, and 5% hybrid carbon-glass fiber composite. The various specimens were produced using the manual layup method, specimen were subjected to tensile, hardness, and fatigue tests, with all data reported and compared. The experimental results showed an increase in Hardness, Tensile, and fatigue life when the reinforcing fibers are applied. The best results of the mechanical test obtained when hybrid reinforcement was applied.

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Zdziebko, Paweł, Adam Martowicz, and Tadeusz Uhl. "Experimental and numerical investigation on the components of a pantograph slider suspension." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925205003.

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Mechanical properties of the components of a pantograph’s slider suspension system have large influence on the quality of pantograph-catenary interaction. In the paper the authors present the results of their experimental research on the springs that are used in the pantograph being currently in operation in Europe. Static and dynamic tests were performed, which were aimed at determining the stiffness and damping coefficients respectively. Subsequently, the procedure for automated numerical model building for the pantograph’s springs was prepared employing the Python programming language and the MSC Marc solver. When a spring model is build (accordingly to the geometric properties of the springs used in tests), the elaborated algorithm iteratively tunes the material properties and computes static and dynamic load-cases, making direct reference to the experimental procedure. After completing several iterations the numerical model is finally validated, and proper material properties, as the Young modulus and the coefficients of Rayleigh damping model, are found. Then, the obtained model can be used to determine the damping and stiffness coefficients for springs characterizing various diameters, wire diameters, numbers of turns, etc. The presented modelling tool is useful for determining the pantograph sliders suspension characteristics.

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Krstić, Mladen, Branislav Milenković, and Đorđe Jovanović. "Numerical analysis of wagon leaf spring using Ansys 14.5." IMK-14 - Istrazivanje i razvoj 27, no. 4 (2021): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/imk2103119k.

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Leaf springs are widely used for the suspension system in trains and commercial vehicles to absorb vibrations and shocks. This paper deals with the methodology of analysis of the leaf springs of the freight railway wagons by using software package Ansys 14.5. The methodology is applied in a concrete example of leaf spring for axle load of 225 kN. The procedure of forming the CAD model of the leaf spring using AutoCad and Autodesk Inventor is exposed, as well as the development of numerical model in Ansys software package. The results of the static analysis of given leaf spring are presented and commented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Springs and suspension'

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