Relevant bibliographies by topics / Sprinkler Systems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Sprinkler Systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

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Vaidogas, Egidijus Rytas, and Jurgita Šakėnaitė. "A BRIEF LOOK AT DATA ON THE RELIABILITY OF SPRINKLERS USED IN CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS / TRUMPA DUOMENŲ APIE ĮPRASTINIUOSE PASTATUOSE ĮRENGTŲ SPRINKLERIŲ PATIKIMUMĄ APŽVALGA." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 1 (April 13, 2011): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.559908.

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Failures of sprinklers to extinguish fires generate a basic need for the assessment and increase of reliability of these crucial safety systems. This in turn creates a demand for input data used for reliability assessment. Broadly speaking, data on sprinkler failures are available in large amounts and some countries have well-established systems of data collection and reporting. Data are accumulated in the sprinklered environments of conventional buildings and some industrial facilities. The compilation of data sets necessary for reliability assessment may face several problems: differences in definition and naming failure modes; differences in the failure of data reporting; the prevalence of a human factor among the causes of sprinkler failures in a conventional building; the influence of ageing, modifications and repairs on sprinkler reliability. The size of data sets can be limited by such factors as limited relevance of data collected in different sprinklered environments, differences in operation conditions and components, ageing of data collected in the past, the concealment of data and/or a high cost of data, poor documentation and explanation of data in available databases. Data on sprinkler component failure rates necessary for fault tree models can be extracted from generic databases. However, databases containing information on the failure rates of sprinkler-specific components do not seem to exist in literature or on the Internet. Scarce data on sprinkler failures can be utilised within the Bayesian format. The potentially critical issue of reliability dependence on sprinkler aging and other changes in time remains unsolved from the standpoint of both theoretical modelling and data collection. Santrauka Nereti sprinklerių atsakai, gesinant gaisrus, verčia vertinti šių kritinių saugos sistemų patikimumą. Dėl to reikia kaupti ir apdoroti duomenis, kurių reikia vertinant patikimumą. Duomenų apie sprinklerių atsakus yra daug. Kai kurios šalys turi gerai sudarytas sprinklerių patikimumo duomenų rinkimo ir skelbimo sistemas. Duomenys renkami apie sprinklerius, įrengtus tiek įprastiniuose pastatuose, tiek pramoniniuose objektuose. Tačiau duomenų patikimumui vertinti rinkimas susiduria ir su kai kuriais sunkumais. Nėra sutartinės sprinklerių atsakų apibrėžimo ir įvardijimo praktikos, ataskaitos apie atsakus dažnai labai skiriasi, patikimumo vertinimą sunkina ir tai, kad vyraujanti įprastinių pastatų sprinklerių atsakų priežastis yra žmonių klaidos. Patikimumo vertinimą apsunkina ir sprinklerių senėjimo reiškinys, sistemų modifikavimai ir remontai. Patikimumo duomenų kiekį riboja ir tai, kad duomenys, gauti skirtingose eksploatavimo aplinkose, tinka tik toms aplinkoms. Sprinklerių eksploatacija ir aplinkos sąlygos gali būti skirtingos. Duomenų kiekį riboja ir jų kaina, senėjimas bei slėpimas. Duomenys, kaupiami kai kuriose bazėse, būna nepakankamai paaiškinti ir netinkamai dokumentuoti. Kai sprinklerių sistemos patikimumas vertinamas taikant atsakų medžio analizę, įvesties duomenys gali būti gauti ir iš bendrųjų patikimumo duomenų bazių. Tačiau literatūroje ir internete negalima rasti duomenų bazės, kurioje būtų sukaupti duomenys būtent apie sprinklerių sistemų komponentų patikimumą. Kai patikimumo duomenų trūksta, jį galima vertinti taikant Bajeso metodus. Tiek teorinis modeliavimas, tiek duomenų rinkimas šiandien dar neleidžia atsižvelgti į fizinį sprinklerių senėjimą bei modifikacijas, kurios gali labai paveikti šių sistemų patikimumą.
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Prado, Giuliani do. "Water distribution from medium-size sprinkler in solid set sprinkler systems." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 3 (March 2016): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n3p195-201.

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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the water distribution from a medium-size sprinkler working in solid set sprinkler systems. Water distribution radial curves from the sprinkler operating under four nozzle diameter combinations (4.0 x 4.6; 5.0 x 4.6; 6.2 x 4.6 and; 7.1 x 4.6 mm) and four working pressures (196; 245; 294 and 343 kPa) were evaluated on the sprinkler test bench of the State University of Maringá, in Cidade Gaúcha, Paraná, Brazil. The sixteen water distribution curves were normalized and subjected to clustering analysis (K-Means algorithm), identifying the occurrence of normalized distribution curves with three different geometric shapes. A computer algorithm, in Visual Basic for Applications in Excel spreadsheet, was developed to simulate the water application uniformity (Christiansen's Coefficient - CU) from the sprinklers working with rectangular and triangular layouts in solid set sprinkler systems. For the three geometric shapes of the normalized water distribution curves, digital simulation results of water distribution uniformity for the sprinklers on mainline and lateral line spaced between 10 to 100% of wetted diameter indicated that sprinkler spacings around 50% of the wetted diameter provide acceptable CU values.
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Cui, Fan Lin, Fang Qu, Yong Yi Cui, and Lei Mai. "Studies on Sprinklers Arrangement in Sprinkler Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1686.

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To improve the fire suppressing efficiency and reliability of the sprinkler systems, in this paper we analysis and discuss a problem about sprinklers arrangement. Use the water distribution curve of ZST-15 and the MATLAB to accomplish a 3D surface fitting among radius of protection, working pressure and mounting height as well as get a function expression about them. After that, aiming at the problems happened in engineering practice, we propose a method of determine the sprinklers arrangement distance and their mounting height, in addition give suggestions about choosing fire pools and work out the flow rate of sprinkler systems through calculation as well.
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Ali, E. H., Y. T. Baker, and B. F. Al-Douri. "EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON WHEAT PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY USING A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i2.1542.

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This study was aimed to director wheat production's technical efficiency grown under two irrigation systems(fixed and pivot sprinkler irrigation systems)using random border analysis.Samples were collected randomly from267farmers from Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq.The samples were divided into two groups;187farmers used a pivot sprinkler irrigation system with three categories of possession(80,60and120dunums),while the other group used a fixed sprinkler irrigation system with four categories of possession(40,30,20and10dunums).Transcendent production function was used to study the effect of production factors on wheat yield. The results indicated that the mechanization work and the amount of added irrigation water increased by 1% while the wheat yield increased by0.08and0.15%,respectively.The pivot sprinkler irrigation system's technical efficiency averaged0.86,while the fixed sprinkler irrigation system's efficiency was0.84.The technical efficiency and experience increased with the farmers' experience with supplementary irrigation, the cultivated area and age. On the other hand, technical efficiency and experience decreased with the family's size and wheat cultivating experience. Furthermore, farmers who owned mechanization were more efficient than the lessors. The sprinklers' highest productivity was in the pivot sprinkler irrigation system at120dunums and was 108,930 kg. The highest productivity per water unit was0.86in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system of10 and 40 dunums. The efficiency of water use was 86% when the cultivated area was120dunums with the pivot sprinkler irrigation system and87% at40 dunums with the fixed sprinkler irrigation system.
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Šakėnaitė, Jurgita. "The Problem of Sprinkler Reliability." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 1, no. 5 (April 13, 2011): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2009.5.07.

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Sprinkler systems allow a considerable reduction of fire risk in buildings. Unfortunately, sprinklers are not fail-safe technical systems. Relatively high rates of sprinkler failures evoke the problem of reliability. A solution to this problem is considered from several viewpoints. The diversity of sprinklers' failure modes is the first challenge for estimating reliability (failure probability). It is found that the use of the available data for estimation is problematic. The second challenge is that the published data is insufficiently described to allow a verification of its relevance to the specific case of failure probability estimation. It is suggested to apply the published data with partial relevance to Bayesian inference about failure probabilities. The data is used for developing prior distributions of the unknown values of the probabilities. Bayesian inference is carried out on the basis of binomial distribution used to model the operation of sprinklers on demand basis. A problem of aging and a possible increase in failure probability in the course of sprinkler service is shortly discussed.
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Karpenko, Serhii, Yurii Lebedenko, Hanna Rudakova, and Antonina Rudakova. "Modeling of the scheme of location of active raining equipment of the closed irrigation system." System technologies 2, no. 133 (March 1, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-2-133-2021-10.

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The purpose of the study is to develop a procedure for determining the parameters of the layout of active sprinkler equipment in closed irrigation systems. This paper presents the importance of transforming agricultural production into a highly developed sector of the economy which is impossible without reducing its dependence on adverse climatic conditions. The introduction of modern computer-integrated technologies, including precision farming, due to the need for economic use of visible and energy resources, is considered. Closed irrigation systems with the use of reclamation equipment such as universal sprinklers have become widespread. The existing fleet of efficient sprinklers will consist of 64% of frigate sprinklers. The article considers a complex of sprinklers, which will consist of eight irrigation fields, the total number of sprinklers in the system is eight. The article discusses in detail the principle of operation of the presented closed irrigation system, namely the system of water supply pipelines to sprinklers, and equipment that controls the operation of this system, such as booster pumps, hydrants, transformers, valves, communication lines. The article considers the process of calculating the total number of options for connecting sprinklers. In the considered system 4 sprinkler installations which are connected and disconnected in pairs can be in work at the same time. Consider problems that arise in the system due to pressure jumps in the hydraulic system. Schematically, the options for placing active sprinkler equipment are presented. The possibility of specifying the structure of the connection scheme of active sprinkler equipment using a matrix is considered. The procedure of definition of parameters of the scheme of placement of the active sprinkler equipment is offered. Timely switching of modes of operation of the pumping equipment of ZSS, is possible in the presence of correctly working control system, the confirmed efficiency. The work must be based on the results of computer simulations.
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Liu, Xun, Jing xian Shi, and Jing Meng. "Analysis on Hydraulic Calculation of Pipelines in Automatic Sprinkler Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2206, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2206/1/012006.

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Abstract This paper discusses the hydraulic calculation of automatic sprinkler systems in the following aspects: hydraulic calculations respectively in accordance with the GB50084-2001(2005 edition) and the GB50084-2017 and their comparison. Through the comparison, it’s found there is little difference between the results of hydraulic calculations with the flow rate of sprinklers calculated based on their actual pressure or with the flow rate of each sprinkler as a fixed value. To simplify the calculation, it is recommended to use a fixed value for calculation.
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Zhang, Kai, Bo Song, and Delan Zhu. "The Influence of Sinusoidal Oscillating Water Flow on Sprinkler and Impact Kinetic Energy Intensities of Laterally-Moving Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." Water 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071325.

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Laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure experience problems including small spraying range, low uniformity, surface runoff, and low water utilization rate. To solve these problems, experiments were carried out on a laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system using a Nelson D3000 sprinkler (Nelson Irrigation Co., Walla Walla, WA, USA) under low pressure, sinusoidal oscillating water flow. The sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity distribution were investigated for sprinklers both static and in motion. The test data were used to calculate combined sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity for different nozzle spacings, and were compared with constant water pressure test results. It was found that sinusoidal oscillating water flow can effectively increase spraying range, as well as reducing the peak value of the sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity. Within an optimal range of amplitude and nozzle spacing, sinusoidal oscillating water flow significantly improves the combined sprinkler intensity, impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity, and the spraying quality of laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure conditions. When the average water pressure is 100 kPa, the optimal range of amplitude of sinusoidal oscillating flow applied to the laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system is 50–60 kPa. When the amplitude is 50 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4 m; when the amplitude is 60 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4.5 m. The related parameters can provide a reference for the application of sinusoidal oscillating water flow in laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems.
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Menezes, Paulo L. de, Carlos A. V. de Azevedo, Eduardo Eyng, José Dantas Neto, and Vera L. A. de Lima. "Artificial neural network model for simulation of water distribution in sprinkle irrigation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 9 (September 2015): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n9p817-822.

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ABSTRACTDetermining uniformity coefficients of sprinkle irrigation systems, in general, depends on field trials, which require time and financial resources. One alternative to reduce time and expense is the use of simulations. The objective of this study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate sprinkler precipitation, using the values of operating pressure, wind speed, wind direction and sprinkler nozzle diameter as the input parameters. Field trials were performed with one sprinkler operating in a grid of 16 x 16, collectors with spacing of 1.5 m and different combinations of nozzles, pressures, and wind conditions. The ANN model showed good results in the simulation of precipitation, with Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) ranging from 0.92 to 0.97 and Willmott agreement index (d) from 0.950 to 0.991, between the observed and simulated values for ten analysed trials. The ANN model shows promise in the simulation of precipitation in sprinkle irrigation systems.
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Копылов, Сергей Николаевич, Леонид Тимофеевич Танклевский, Александр Алексеевич Таранцев, Игорь Александрович Бабиков, and Александр Валерьевич Аракчеев. "Calculated estimation of geometric parameters of automatic water fire extinguishing systems for high rise racks." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.007.

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Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с применением спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Проанализированы соответствующие нормативные документы. Описаны варианты решения задач определения расхода воды из оросителя, координат места его установки, а также углов распыла огнетушащего вещества и наклона оси оросителя. Приведены примеры расчета геометрических параметров спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Fires at objects whith high-rack storage of combustible materials are particularly dangerous because of the rapid spread of the flame vertically, the risk of collapse of the racks and the damaging effects of high temperature on structural elements of the building. The main method of extinguishing such fires at the initial stage is the use of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems (AUP). The requirements for AUP parameters (types of detectors and sprinklers, their characteristics and distances) depending on the height of the room and storage are currently set out in two normative documents: the set of rules (SP 241.1311500.2015) and the organization standard (VNPB 40-16). Unlike the SP, where there is provided only the supply of a fire extinguishing substance (FES) - water vertically down with high-flow sprinklers of type SOBR (ESFR) and there are no requirements for the type of fire detectors, VNPB provides the use of different types of detectors (aspiration, smoke, heat), forced start-up of AUP sprinklers, which reduces the time of free fire development and the supply of FES by a flow shaper with the spray angle ≈ 600 at an angle  to the vertical both to the horizontal and lateral surfaces of the racks. This article discusses the issues of determining the parameters of automatic sprinkler systems for water fire extinguishing of racks. Variants of solving synthesis problems are given - the choice of the places for installing sprinklers depending on the height and width of the racks, their axis of inclination, and also the spray angle. To solve these problems, the computer program called struja.exe was created, a series of calculations on which showed a negligible effect of aerodynamic drag due to relatively small distances. Examples are given. Thus, the features of the sprinkler AUP for the protection of rooms with high-rack storage and the task of determining its geometric parameters are considered. In this case, forced activation of the sprinkler follows in order to avoid a delay in the start of extinguishing. In the future, it is also desirable to conduct additional field experiments with sprinkler water supply and also (if possible) evaluate the effect of ascending flows of combustion products on the water flow from the sprinkler.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

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Hipkins, David B. "Class A Foam Water Sprinkler Systems." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8274.

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Class A foam is often used in the suppression of wildland and structural fires, with manual application methods. This report examines the feasibility of utilising class A foam extinguishing medium in automatic wet pipe sprinkler systems. Previous researchers report that for certain applications the addition of class A foam solution to a sprinkler system increases suppression effectiveness. Researchers investigating applications with manual fire fighting techniques, using this extinguishing medium, report mixed conclusions. The integration of class A foam hardware with standard wet pipe sprinkler technology is discussed. Consideration is given to potential corrosion effects and compatibility with sprinkler hardware items. A review of environmental issues revealed that some products are readily biodegradable, while others are not, and that results vary with the test method used. Tests undertaken to investigate the relationship between the applied sprinkler head pressure and the foam expansion ratio, revealed that only a slight increase in the expansion ratio occurred when the pressure was increased from 50 kPa to 85 kPa. Expansion ratios obtained were similar to those obtained by other researchers using AFFF type foam solution. Foam-water distribution tests indicated that the distribution densities obtained with class A foam sprinkler arrays are within close proximity to the densities obtained using pure water. It is suggested that future work in this area should be based around the protection of extreme class A hazard type fires.
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Eber, Robert Mark. "Dry chemical fire suppression system discharge modeling and testing." Link to electronic thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0104101-114046/.

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Rahmanian, F. "An Analysis of Domestic Sprinkler Systems for use in New Zealand." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8290.

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This report evaluates the economics of domestic sprinkler systems in New Zealand. It includes a literature search, review and comparison of sprinkler codes around the world, costs and benefits of a domestic sprinkler system, and case studies for two single dwellings in Christchurch, followed by three cost-benefit scenarios. The study concludes that domestic sprinkler systems have tremendous potential for saving life and property.
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Kilaka, Eric Kisambuli. "The effects of windbreaks on the effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10420.

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In the Canterbury region, New Zealand, water is a contentious issue when irrigation and dairy farming are involved. The Canterbury region accounts for 70% of the total irrigated land area in New Zealand and is one of the most productive agricultural regions. Traditionally, water has been seen as an abundant resource, but growing water demands are now outstripping the supply of water, hence threatening the sustainability of agricultural productivity. In the long term, this problem may worsen as a result of climate change, which is predicted to increase water demands and reduce supply in many parts of Canterbury. In the recent and on-going expansion of irrigation systems, modern sprinkler irrigation methods, namely centre pivot and lateral spray irrigation technology, have replaced the old border-dyke systems. This has been due to the need to increase irrigation flexibility and efficiency to guarantee pasture growth for dairy production in dry periods. This conversion has resulted in a reduction of windbreaks to 2 m heights or sometimes led to 100% removal of windbreaks so as to accommodate centre pivot or linear move irrigation systems. Removal of windbreaks or reduction of windbreak height may increase wind speed across a field. Both spray evaporation loss and evapotranspiration are a function of wind speed. Hence, any increase in wind speed may lead to an increase in irrigation requirements. There is little information currently available on outlining how reduction of windbreak height or the complete removal of windbreaks affects efficiency in water application. Thus, this research was done to quantify the effects of windbreaks on water savings under sprinkler irrigation systems in the Canterbury region under various climatic conditions. The research was done in three major steps: (1) spray evaporation loss (SEL)was measured under various climatic conditions for two typical spray nozzles(Nelson Irrigation Corporation Rotator R3000 and Spinner S3000 nozzles) to develop SEL prediction models; (2) wind speed reduction behind windbreaks was quantified for fields under various wind conditions; and (3) the effects of wind speed reduction by windbreaks was modelled for evapotranspiration, spray evaporation loss and irrigation. The results showed that an increase of wind speed, due to the removal of windbreaks or a reduction of height of windbreaks, leads to an increase in evapotranspiration and spray evaporation losses in irrigated agriculture. For the size of the fields considered in this study which are 80 m by 80 m (Site 1 with medium porosity windbreaks) and 120 m by 120 m (Site 2 with low porosity windbreaks), extra irrigation water of up to 14% is needed in one growing season when windbreaks are reduced to 2 m in height. When windbreaks are completely removed from the field, extra irrigation water of up to 38% and 64% is needed when irrigating using the Rotator R3000 nozzle and the Spinner S3000 nozzle, respectively. Thus, reduction of water resource use can be achieved in irrigated agriculture if irrigation systems can be designed to operate under existing windbreaks. Other savings can follow, from reduced requirements for pumping, fuel and labour costs. Lastly, with future climate change projections showing that the Canterbury region will get windier and hotter, windbreaks can help mitigate water losses associated with sprinkler irrigation
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Stegman, Christiana E. "The Impact of Residential Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems: An Examination of the Opposition Toward the Implementation of Automatic Fire Extinguishing Equipment in Pennsylvania." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1374109997.

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Schifiliti, Robert P. "Use of Fire Plume Theory in the Design and Analysis of Fire Detector and Sprinkler Response." Digital WPI, 2000. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1155.

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This thesis demonstrates how the response of fire detection and automatic sprinkler systems can be designed or analyzed. The intended audience is engineers involved in the design and analysis of fire detection and suppression systems. The material presented may also be of interest to engineers and researchers involved in related fields. National Bureau of Standards furniture calorimeter test data is compared to heat release rates predicted by a power-law fire growth model. A model for calculating fire gas temperatures and velocities along a ceiling, resulting from power-law fires is reviewed. Numerical and analytical solutions to the model are outlined and discussed. Computer programs are included to design and analyze the response of detectors and sprinklers. A program is also included to generate tables which can be used for design and analysis, in lieu of a computer. Examples show how fire protection engineers can use the techniques presented. The examples show how systems can be designed to meet specific goals. They also show how to analyze a system to determine if its response meets established goals. The examples demonstrate how detector response is sensitive to the detector's environment and physical characteristics.
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Gardiner, A. J. "The mathematical modelling of the interaction between sprinkler sprays and the thermally buoyant layers of gases from fires." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234279.

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Madeira, Maria Manuel Picanço. "Estudo comparativo de dois sistemas de rega por aspersão com enrolador - canhão e barra - com aplicação de poliacrilamida." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14690.

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Existe uma grande interdependência entre a agricultura e o meio ambiente. A agricultura convencional tem exercido efeitos negativos nos solos (erosão), o que por sua vez origina a deterioração da qualidade das águas superficiais (sedimentos erodidos são transportados nas águas de escorrimento). Problemas como estes são bastante comuns no Alentejo, o que é também agravado pelo facto de 40% dos seus solos serem Mediterrâneos, com um Horizonte A bastante permeável mas delgado e um Horizonte B pouco permeável (argiloso). A erosão e a baixa infiltração são problemas inerentes a estes solos, factores estes que podem ser melhorados, com a aplicação do condicionador do solo, Poliacrilarnida Aniónica, na água de rega. No presente trabalho caracterizou-se e avaliou-se o desempenho do equipamento de rega automotor - canhão móvel e barra de rega. Os ensaios de campo consistiram na avaliação dos sistemas mediante uma rede de pluviómetros colocados na área dominada pelos aspersores. Os valores da Uniformidade de Distribuição e do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christhiansen obtidos nas diferentes avaliações foram baixos, especialmente nas regas efectuadas com o canhão móvel, dependendo fundamentalmente da velocidade do vento. As perdas originadas pelo vento foram superiores na modalidade canhão, originando baixas Eficiências Potenciais de Aplicação. Verificou-se a existência de escorrimento especialmente junto da linha de passagem do aspersor e com a velocidade de deslocação de 10 m/h, quando a intensidade pluviométrica é superior à infiltrabilidade do solo. A aplicação do condicionador polimérico PAM, na água da 1a rega, utilizando o canhão móvel e a barra de rega, num solo cultivado, foi efectuada nas concentrações 1, 2 e 4 kg/ha. O escorrimento foi quantificado com anéis infiltrómetros. Com o canhão, a infiltração aumentou 21% nos anéis em que se efectuou o tratamento com 1 e 2 kg/ha de PAM e 2.5% nos anéis em que se aplicou a concentração de 4 kg/ha. Com a modalidade barra os aumentos da infiltração foram de 16, 17 e 5%, nos anéis infiltrómetros em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1, 2 e 4 kg/ha de PAM. Face aos resultados obtidos, muito semelhantes quando se aplicou PAM a 1 e 2 kg/ha, houve necessidade de realizar outro ensaio, tentando a obtenção de diferenças significativas entre os valores observados com ambos os equipamentos. Realizou-se pois outro ensaio, em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1 e 2 kg/ha. O ensaio foi realizado num solo não cultivado e apenas com a modalidade canhão. O escorrimento foi quantificado em talhões de escorrimento e a perda de solo com cones de Imhoff. O efeito da PAM é bastante mais significativo na perda de solo, originando diminuições de 67.9 e 90.8% nos talhões em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1 e 2 kg/ha. Quanto ao escorrimento, verificaram-se aumentos na infiltração de 9.9 e 20.9%, respectivamente. Sendo assim, para o equipamento de rega em estudo no solo Pmg, é a concentração de 2 kg/ha de PAM que resulta em menor perda de solo e maior aumento da quantidade de água infiltrada. *** Abstract - There is a large interdependence between agriculture and the environment. Conventional agriculture has had adverse impact on soil (by erosion) and on water quality. Such problems are still very common in southern Portugal, with Mediterranean soil, characterized by having a thin sandy A Horizon and a compact (clay) B Horizon. Erosion and low infiltration are common problems in these soils. These problems can be significantly reduced by applying PAM (Anionic Polyacrilamide) in the irrigation water. In this work two types of moving sprinkler equipment have been characterized and evaluated: a gun sprinkler and a moving lateral equipped with medium pressure impact sprinklers. This evaluation in the field was done by a set of catch cans conveniently placed on the area irrigated by the sprinklers. The values of Uniformity and Efficiency observed in different evaluations are lower, especially those relative to the gun sprinkler, depending on the wind speed during the evaluation. Losses due to wind were higher with the gun sprinkler, when low values of Potential Application Efficiency were observed. PAM was applied in the water of the first irrigation, using a lateral bar and a gun sprinkler, at three concentration levels (l, 2 and 4 kg/ha). The infiltration was increased 21% with the gun sprinkler when PAM was applied at rates 1 and 2 kg/ha, and 2.5% to the concentration 4 kg/ha. With the lateral bar, infiltration increased 16, 17 and 5%, wehen PAM concentrations were 1, 2 and 4 kg/ha. The results are not conclusive. Using the same gun sprinkler another field application was done. The runoff and soil loss have been controlled. PAM was more effective in reducing erosion than in reducing runoff. The treatments caused significantly less soil loss and runoff than the control. Applying PAM at 1 and 2 kg/ha, reduces soil loss approximately 67.9 90.8%, respectively. Compared to the control, infiltration increases 9.9 and 20.9% (1 and 2 kg/ha). These preliminary results are encouraging. Under field conditions, the results are conclusive, the effect of PAM concentration in reducing runoff and soil loss with sprinkler irrigation is better at 2 kg/ha.
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Tessler, Marcus Henrique. "The influence of the soil spatial variability on management and design of micro-sprinkler irrigation systems and its impact on turf grass production." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186689.

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Not very many studies measuring the effects of soil spatial variability in irrigation management and design have been conducted, and those who have tested this concept in the field have obtained mixed results. More research is necessary especially due to the potential of saving water and to the high water cost in certain areas of the world. In this study, the effects of the soil spatial variability upon the management and design of a micro-sprinkler irrigation system has been addressed. An irrigation system designed to take advantage of the soil spatial structure was installed in a small field (60 ft by 90 ft), and water was applied according to the local soil properties. Bulk density values as well as the soil-water retention curve parameters (field capacity and wilting point) were determined in order to ascertain the irrigation system management. Measurements of the volumetric water content "in situ" were recorded on a daily basis with the help of a T.D.R. probe, and those values were used to indicate the irrigation timing and the water amount to be applied in each plot in the field. Crop yield values were obtained throughout the season, and an analysis of variance was performed in each of the field sub-units. Production was compared within all the sub-units comprising the entire agricultural field, as well as a comparative study between the plots where the soil spatial variability was considered against those previously assumed to be homogeneous. Statistically, no differences in crop yield were observed when the soil was treated as homogeneous or heterogeneous for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf. However, a decrease in 20% of the seasonal water was observed when the soil spatial structure was taken into account. For this particular study, the economy associated with the lower water consumption was not sufficient to overcome the higher installation costs for the spatially variable irrigation system.
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Rizzatti, Gilcileia dos Santos [UNESP]. "Consumo e custo de energia elétrica em feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) irrigado, afetado por quatro métodos de manejo de irrigação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100848.

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A irrigação é responsável por grande parte do consumo de energia elétrica no meio rural. O correto manejo da irrigação evita o desperdício de energia elétrica e de água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o consumo e custo de energia elétrica em cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IAC-Carioca, irrigado por aspersão convencional, submetido a quatro manejos de irrigação: T1 – irrigação em função do método do tanque “Classe A”; T2 – irrigação em função da umidade do solo, medida com tensiômetros; T3 – irrigação em função do método de Penman-Monteith; T4 – irrigação em função da razão de Bowen; comparados com o tratamento T5 – sem irrigação, após o estabelecimento da cultura, em dois anos 2009 e 2010. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Área Demonstrativa e Experimental de Irrigação - ADEI, da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal – SP, Brasil. O consumo de energia elétrica do sistema de irrigação foi monitorado e o custo analisado para dois grupos tarifários: A e B. Os preços do kWh dos sistemas tarifários de energia elétrica foram obtidos na CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). O sistema tarifário Grupo B, com desconto especial para irrigantes no período noturno foi a opção mais adequada para a cultura do feijoeiro, nos dois anos estudados. Em 2009, o consumo e o custo de energia elétrica foram maiores no manejo da irrigação pelo método do tanque “Classe A”; em 2010 o consumo e o custo de energia elétrica foram maiores no manejo da irrigação por tensiometria. Observou-se uma tendência de maior retorno econômico, adotandose o manejo de irrigação pelo método do tanque “Classe A”.
Irrigation is responsible for much of the energy consumption in rural areas. The correct management of irrigation avoids the waste of electric energy and water. The objective of this work was analyze the consumption and cost of electric energy in culture of bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), IAC-Carioca, irrigated by conventional sprinkler, submitted by four irrigation management: T1- irrigation in function of the method Class A pan, T2- irrigation depending on soil moisture, measured with tensiometers; T3- irrigation according to the Penman- Monteith; T4- irrigation according to the Bowen ratio; compared with the treatment T5- without irrigation, after culture establishment in two years 2009 and 2010. The research was developed at the Demonstrative and Experimental Area of Irrigation - ADEI, of FCAV/UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The irrigation electric energy consumption was monitored and the cost analyzed for two tariff groups: A and B. The prices of kWh of the tariff systems of electric energy had been gotten in the CPFL (São Paulo Company of Force and Light). The tariff system Group B, with special discount for irrigation during the night was the most appropriate option for the bean crop in the two years studied. In 2009, the consumption and cost of electric energy was higher in irrigation management by Class A pan; in 2010 the consumption and cost of electric energy was higher in irrigation management by tensiometers. A trend of bigger economic return was observed adopting the management of irrigation by the method of the Class A pan.
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Books on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

1

Lang, Susan. Garden watering systems. Edited by Sunset Books. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Books, 1999.

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Association, National Fire Protection. Installation of sprinkler systems. Quincy, MA (1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy 02269): National Fire Protection Association, 1994.

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E, Solomon Robert, and National Fire Protection Association, eds. Automatic sprinkler systems handbook. 6th ed. Quincy, Mass: National Fire Protection Association, 1994.

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Trimmer, Walter L. Offsets for stationary sprinkler systems. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Cooperative Extension, University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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Association, National Fire Protection, ed. Automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems. 3rd ed. Quincy, Mass: National Fire Protection Association, 1997.

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Martin, William. Fire sprinkler systems made easy. Winter Springs, FL (P.O. Box 195787, Winter Springs 32719-5787): WWM Pub., 1997.

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Association, National Fire Protection, ed. Automatic sprinkler and standpipe systems. 2nd ed. [United States]: National Fire Protection Association, 1990.

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Nash, P. Automatic sprinkler systems for fire protection. 2nd ed. Borehamwood: Paramount, 1991.

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Apprenticeship training: Sprinkler systems installer program. Edmonton, Alberta]: Alberta Career Development and Employment, Apprenticeship and Industry Training Division, 1991.

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Hansen, Hugh J. Converting sprinkler systems to lower pressure. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, Washington State University Cooperative Extension, University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service, and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

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Wass, Harold S., and Russell P. Fleming. "Reliability of Automatic Sprinkler Systems." In Sprinkler Hydraulics, 187–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02595-3_32.

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Gilley, James R. "Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture, 291–307. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_17.

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Christiansen, Jerald E., and John R. Davis. "Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." In Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 885–904. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr11.c49.

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Wass, Harold S., and Russell P. Fleming. "Automatic Sprinkler Systems—A Brief Overview." In Sprinkler Hydraulics, 5–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02595-3_2.

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Wass, Harold S., and Russell P. Fleming. "A Simplified Method for Calculating Pipe Schedule Systems." In Sprinkler Hydraulics, 107–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02595-3_21.

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Wass, Harold S., and Russell P. Fleming. "Existing Sprinkler Systems—The Inspector’s Problem: What Do We Have?" In Sprinkler Hydraulics, 173–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02595-3_29.

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Waller, Peter, and Muluneh Yitayew. "Turf Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." In Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 229–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_13.

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Isman, Kenneth E. "Combined Sprinkler/Standpipe Systems." In Standpipe Systems for Fire Protection, 157–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47750-3_7.

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Ravikumar, V. "Layout of Sprinkler Systems." In Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation, 47–57. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2775-1_3.

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Till, Robert C., and J. Walter Coon. "Hydraulic Calculations of Sprinkler Systems." In Fire Protection, 125–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90844-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

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Motewar, Aditya, Rushikesh Patil, Rohit Khandagale, Dnyaneshwar Bansode, and Sandeep S. Wangikar. "Study of Different Positions of Sprinklers for Irrigation System." In National Conference on Relevance of Engineering and Science for Environment and Society. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.118.8.

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The use of sprinkler is becoming prevalent day by day. A sprinkler system should be designed to apply water homogeneously without erosion or runoff. The sprinkler application rate of the system should be harmonized to the infiltration rate of the most restrictive soil in the field. If the application rate exceeds the soil intake rate, the water will run off the field or relocate within the field resulting in over and under watered areas. Three different sprinkler systems for irrigation purpose are proposed in this paper. The three different systems are stating the configuration of the sprinklers as at between 2 rows but on height with 2 sprinklers, on plants at topmost position and on plants at topmost position but 2 sprinklers at position. The comparison based on the eleven points amongst the three configurations along with the traditional sprinkling system is made and further the most suitable configuration of sprinkler system is predicted.
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Mai, Lei, Yongyi Cui, Fang Qu, and Fan Wu. "Studies on Water Distribution Characteristics of Sprinkler in Sprinkler Systems." In 2015 Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdea.2015.188.

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Lin, Fan-Ru, Juin-Fu Chai, Yung-An Tsai, Chang-Chen Yeh, and Kuo-Chun Chang. "Seismic Evaluation Methods for Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Buildings." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93443.

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Abstract Based on recent earthquakes experiences in Taiwan, losses do not necessarily result from damages of building structures but non-structural components. For instance, the leakage of the fire protection sprinkler systems in hospitals during small earthquakes could results in shortage of medical function and fire protection, and malfunction and repairs of medical equipment. The break of sprinkler systems caused by strong earthquakes could even harm the life safety. Taking a medium-scale hospital as an example, this research aims to conduct a simplified seismic evaluation method to improve seismic performance of the fire protection sprinkler system in critical buildings. The content of this research is summarized below: 1. Numerical analysis of the sample sprinkler piping system: a detailed numerical model of the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital was established with SAP2000 v.20 software. Proper parameters to simulate the threaded joint of piping and the gap between adjacent partition walls or ceiling systems were proposed and verified by the results of component tests and shaking table tests. Ambient vibration tests in the sample hospital were conducted with velocimeters to clarify the structural characteristics of the building structure and the sprinkler piping system. 2. Fragility analysis of sprinkler piping systems: seismic fragility curves the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital were conducted according to a mount of detailed analysis results and verified by the real damage state under Jiaxian earthquake. The effects of engineering demand parameters and categories of ground motion on fragility results are discussed for three types of failure modes. 3. Simplified seismic evaluation method for sprinkler piping systems: according to the results of shaking table tests and detailed analysis, a reliable simplified evaluation method was established to predict seismic behavior of typical sprinkler piping systems in hospitals by the information obtained from in-situ survey. The conservative level and accuracy of simplified evaluation results were verified by comparing the results of fragility analysis of numerical model and simplified evaluation.
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Vitor Miguel Abreu and Luís Santos Pereira. "Sprinkler irrigation systems design using ISADim." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10438.

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"Moved-Lateral, Gun, and Traveler Sprinkler Systems." In Irrigation Systems Management. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ism.2021.12.

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Soroushian, Siavash, Arash E. Zaghi, Manos Maragakis, Alicia Echevarria, Yuan Tian, and Andre Filiatrault. "Seismic Fragility Study of Fire Sprinkler Piping Systems." In Structures Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.135.

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Soroushian, Siavash, Manos Maragakis, Arash E. Zaghi, and Alicia Echevarria. "Numerical Simulation of Integrated Suspended Ceiling-Sprinkler Systems." In Structures Congress 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479117.162.

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Fleming, Russell P. "The Evolution of Seismic Design of Fire Sprinkler Systems." In Structures Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40946(248)56.

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Zhang, C. F., R. Huo, Y. Z. Li, and W. K. Chow. "Stability of Smoke Layer Under Sprinkler Water Spray." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72482.

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Stability of smoke layer induced by a fire will be studied in this paper. A series of full-scale burning tests were carried out to study the interaction of the hot smoke layer with a sprinkler water spray. A new rig was built to give a smoke layer. The results show that the stability of a smoke layer will be disturbed by the discharged water spray. The operating pressure of the sprinkler system is a key point. When the smoke layer lost its stability, the dragging force acting on the smoke layer was found to be less than the buoyancy.
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Thomas F. Scherer. "Design and Control of Sprinkler Systems for Crop Disease Research." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18953.

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Reports on the topic "Sprinkler Systems"

1

Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Russell P. Fleming. Review of residential sprinkler systems:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6941.

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Brown, Hayden. Economic analysis of residential fire sprinkler systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7277.

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Butry, David T., M. Hayden Brown, and Sieglinde Fuller. Benefit-cost analysis of residential fire sprinkler systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7451.

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Ben-Hur, Menahem, John Letey, and Zvi Plaut. Controlling Runoff on Soils Irrigated by Moving Sprinkler Irrigation Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7603509.bard.

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Chou, Frederick. Optimal Real-Time Pump and Irrigation Scheduling for Center-Pivot Sprinkler Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5425039.

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Dow, Nick, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that would discharge water low in the fire room and directly onto burning surfaces of the contents in the room. Where as current sprinkler design discharges water in a manner that cools the hot gas layer, wets the walls and wets the surface of the contents in the fire room. A series of eight full-scale, compartment fire experiments with residential furnishings were conducted with low flow nozzles. While the 23 lpm (6 gpm) of water was the same between experiments, the discharge density or water flux around the area of ignition varied between 0.3 mm/min (0.008 gpm/ft2) and 1.8 mm/min (0.044 gpm/ft2). Three of the experiments prevented flashover. Five of the experiments resulted in the regrowth of the fire while the water was flowing. Regrowth of the fire led to untenable conditions, per UL 199 criteria, in the fire room. At approximately the same time as the untenability criteria were reached, the second sprinkler in the hallway activated. In a completed system, the activation of the second sprinkler would reduce the water flow to the fire room, which would potentially lead to flashover. The variations in the burning behavior of the sofa resulted in shielded fires which led to the loss of effectiveness of the reduced flow solid cone water sprays. As a result of these variations, a correlation between discharge density at the area of ignition and fire suppression performance could not be determined given the limited number of experiments. An additional experiment using an NFPA 13D sprinkler system, flowing 30 lpm (8 gpm), demonstrated more effective suppression than any of the experiments with a nozzle. The success of the sprinkler compared with the unreliable suppression performance of the lower flow nozzles supports the minimum discharge density requirements of 2 mm/min (0.05 gpm/ft2) from NFPA 13D. The low flow nozzle system tested in this study reliably delayed fire growth, but would not reliably prevent flashover.
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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room attached to a hallway in an L-shaped configuration. Three types of experiments were conducted to evaluate nozzles at different flow rates and under different fire conditions. The performance of the nozzles was compared to the performance of a commercially available residential sprinkler. The first set of experiments measured the distribution of the water spray from each of the nozzles and the sprinkler. The water spray measurements were made without the presence of a fire. The other two sets of experiments were fire experiments. The first set of fire experiments were designed to measure the ability of a water spray to cool a hot gas layer generated by a gas burner fire. The fire source was a propane burner which provided a steady and repeatable flow of heat into the test structure. Two water spray locations were examined, in the fire room and in the middle of the hallway. In each position, the burner was shielded from the water spray. The results showed that for equivalent conditions, the nozzle provided greater gas cooling than the sprinkler. The tests were conducted with a fire size of approximately 110 kW, and water flow rates in the range of 11 lpm (3 gpm) and 19 lpm (5 gpm). The second set of fire experiments used an upholstered sofa as the initial source of the fire with the water spray located in the same room. As a result of the compartment size and water spray distribution, the nozzle flowing water at 23 lpm (6 gpm) provided more effective suppression of the fire than the sprinkler flowing 34 lpm (9 gpm) did. The nozzle was similarly effective with the ignition location moved 1.0 m (3.2 ft) further away. However, the nozzle failed to suppress the fire with a reduced water flow rate of 11 lpm (3 gpm). The results of this limited study demonstrate the potential of low flow nozzles, directly flowing water on to the fuel surface, with the goal of preventing flashover. Additional research is needed to examine larger room sizes, fully furnished rooms, and shielded fires to determine the feasibility of a reduced water flow flashover prevention system.
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KERSTEN, J. K. Solid Waste Operations Complex (SWOC) Facilities Sprinkler System Hydraulic Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/814775.

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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Robert L. Vettori. A sprinkler fire suppression algorithm for the GSA engineering fire assessment system. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4833.

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den Braber, Harmen, Saskia Houben, M. Blom-Zandstra, and N. P. R. Anten. Irrigation system performance in potato production in Northern Algeria : a case study of the portable sprinkler system. Wageningen: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Plant, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/459593.

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