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Hipkins, David B. "Class A Foam Water Sprinkler Systems." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8274.
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Class A foam is often used in the suppression of wildland and structural fires, with manual application methods. This report examines the feasibility of utilising class A foam extinguishing medium in automatic wet pipe sprinkler systems.
Previous researchers report that for certain applications the addition of class A foam solution to a sprinkler system increases suppression effectiveness. Researchers investigating applications with manual fire fighting techniques, using this extinguishing medium, report mixed conclusions.
The integration of class A foam hardware with standard wet pipe sprinkler technology is discussed. Consideration is given to potential corrosion effects and compatibility with sprinkler hardware items. A review of environmental issues revealed that some products are readily biodegradable, while others are not, and that results vary with the test method used.
Tests undertaken to investigate the relationship between the applied sprinkler head pressure and the foam expansion ratio, revealed that only a slight increase in the expansion ratio occurred when the pressure was increased from 50 kPa to 85 kPa. Expansion ratios obtained were similar to those obtained by other researchers using AFFF type foam solution. Foam-water distribution tests indicated that the distribution densities obtained with class A foam sprinkler arrays are within close proximity to the densities obtained using pure water.
It is suggested that future work in this area should be based around the protection of extreme class A hazard type fires.
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Eber, Robert Mark. "Dry chemical fire suppression system discharge modeling and testing." Link to electronic thesis, 2001. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0104101-114046/.
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Rahmanian, F. "An Analysis of Domestic Sprinkler Systems for use in New Zealand." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8290.
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This report evaluates the economics of domestic sprinkler systems in New Zealand. It includes a literature search, review and comparison of sprinkler codes around the world, costs and benefits of a domestic sprinkler system, and case studies for two single dwellings in Christchurch, followed by three cost-benefit scenarios.
The study concludes that domestic sprinkler systems have tremendous potential for saving life and property.
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Kilaka, Eric Kisambuli. "The effects of windbreaks on the effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation systems." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10420.
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In the Canterbury region, New Zealand, water is a contentious issue when irrigation and dairy farming are involved. The Canterbury region accounts for 70% of the total irrigated land area in New Zealand and is one of the most productive agricultural regions. Traditionally, water has been seen as an abundant resource, but growing water demands are now outstripping the supply of water, hence threatening the sustainability of agricultural productivity. In the long term, this problem may worsen as a result of climate change, which is predicted to increase water demands and reduce supply in many parts of Canterbury.
In the recent and on-going expansion of irrigation systems, modern sprinkler irrigation methods, namely centre pivot and lateral spray irrigation technology, have replaced the old border-dyke systems. This has been due to the need to increase irrigation flexibility and efficiency to guarantee pasture growth for dairy production in dry periods. This conversion has resulted in a reduction of windbreaks to 2 m heights or sometimes led to 100% removal of windbreaks so as to accommodate centre pivot or linear move irrigation systems. Removal of windbreaks or reduction of windbreak height may increase wind speed across a field. Both spray evaporation loss and evapotranspiration are a function of wind speed. Hence, any increase in wind speed may lead to an increase in irrigation requirements. There is little information currently available on outlining how reduction of windbreak height or the complete removal of windbreaks affects efficiency in water application. Thus, this research was done to quantify the effects of windbreaks on water savings under sprinkler irrigation systems in the Canterbury region under various climatic conditions.
The research was done in three major steps: (1) spray evaporation loss (SEL)was measured under various climatic conditions for two typical spray nozzles(Nelson Irrigation Corporation Rotator R3000 and Spinner S3000 nozzles) to develop SEL prediction models; (2) wind speed reduction behind windbreaks was quantified for fields under various wind conditions; and (3) the effects of wind speed reduction by windbreaks was modelled for evapotranspiration, spray evaporation loss and irrigation. The results showed that an increase of wind speed, due to the removal of windbreaks or a reduction of height of windbreaks, leads to an increase in evapotranspiration and spray evaporation losses in irrigated agriculture. For the size of the fields considered in this study which are 80 m by 80 m (Site 1 with medium porosity windbreaks) and 120 m by 120 m (Site 2 with low porosity windbreaks), extra irrigation water of up to 14% is needed in one growing season when windbreaks are reduced to 2 m in height. When windbreaks are completely removed from the field, extra irrigation water of up to 38% and 64% is needed when irrigating using the Rotator R3000 nozzle and the Spinner S3000 nozzle, respectively. Thus, reduction of water resource use can be achieved in irrigated agriculture if irrigation systems can be designed to operate under existing windbreaks. Other savings can follow, from reduced requirements for pumping, fuel and labour costs. Lastly, with future climate change projections showing that the Canterbury region will get windier and hotter, windbreaks can help mitigate water losses associated with sprinkler irrigation
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Stegman, Christiana E. "The Impact of Residential Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems: An Examination of the Opposition Toward the Implementation of Automatic Fire Extinguishing Equipment in Pennsylvania." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1374109997.
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Schifiliti, Robert P. "Use of Fire Plume Theory in the Design and Analysis of Fire Detector and Sprinkler Response." Digital WPI, 2000. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1155.
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This thesis demonstrates how the response of fire detection and automatic sprinkler systems can be designed or analyzed. The intended audience is engineers involved in the design and analysis of fire detection and suppression systems. The material presented may also be of interest to engineers and researchers involved in related fields. National Bureau of Standards furniture calorimeter test data is compared to heat release rates predicted by a power-law fire growth model. A model for calculating fire gas temperatures and velocities along a ceiling, resulting from power-law fires is reviewed. Numerical and analytical solutions to the model are outlined and discussed. Computer programs are included to design and analyze the response of detectors and sprinklers. A program is also included to generate tables which can be used for design and analysis, in lieu of a computer. Examples show how fire protection engineers can use the techniques presented. The examples show how systems can be designed to meet specific goals. They also show how to analyze a system to determine if its response meets established goals. The examples demonstrate how detector response is sensitive to the detector's environment and physical characteristics.
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Gardiner, A. J. "The mathematical modelling of the interaction between sprinkler sprays and the thermally buoyant layers of gases from fires." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234279.
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Madeira, Maria Manuel Picanço. "Estudo comparativo de dois sistemas de rega por aspersão com enrolador - canhão e barra - com aplicação de poliacrilamida." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/14690.
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Existe uma grande interdependência entre a agricultura e o meio ambiente. A agricultura convencional tem exercido efeitos negativos nos solos (erosão), o que por sua vez origina a deterioração da qualidade das águas superficiais (sedimentos erodidos são transportados nas águas de escorrimento). Problemas como estes são bastante comuns no Alentejo, o que é também agravado pelo facto de 40% dos seus solos serem Mediterrâneos, com um Horizonte A bastante permeável mas delgado e um Horizonte B pouco permeável (argiloso). A erosão e a baixa infiltração são problemas inerentes a estes solos, factores estes que podem ser melhorados, com a aplicação do condicionador do solo, Poliacrilarnida Aniónica, na água de rega. No presente trabalho caracterizou-se e avaliou-se o desempenho do equipamento de rega automotor - canhão móvel e barra de rega. Os ensaios de campo consistiram na avaliação dos sistemas mediante uma rede de pluviómetros colocados na área dominada pelos aspersores. Os valores da Uniformidade de Distribuição e do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christhiansen obtidos nas diferentes avaliações foram baixos, especialmente nas regas efectuadas com o canhão móvel, dependendo fundamentalmente da velocidade do vento. As perdas originadas pelo vento foram superiores na modalidade canhão, originando baixas Eficiências Potenciais de Aplicação. Verificou-se a existência de escorrimento especialmente junto da linha de passagem do aspersor e com a velocidade de deslocação de 10 m/h, quando a intensidade pluviométrica é superior à infiltrabilidade do solo. A aplicação do condicionador polimérico PAM, na água da 1a rega, utilizando o canhão móvel e a barra de rega, num solo cultivado, foi efectuada nas concentrações 1, 2 e 4 kg/ha. O escorrimento foi quantificado com anéis infiltrómetros. Com o canhão, a infiltração aumentou 21% nos anéis em que se efectuou o tratamento com 1 e 2 kg/ha de PAM e 2.5% nos anéis em que se aplicou a concentração de 4 kg/ha. Com a modalidade barra os aumentos da infiltração foram de 16, 17 e 5%, nos anéis infiltrómetros em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1, 2 e 4 kg/ha de PAM. Face aos resultados obtidos, muito semelhantes quando se aplicou PAM a 1 e 2 kg/ha, houve necessidade de realizar outro ensaio, tentando a obtenção de diferenças significativas entre os valores observados com ambos os equipamentos. Realizou-se pois outro ensaio, em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1 e 2 kg/ha. O ensaio foi realizado num solo não cultivado e apenas com a modalidade canhão. O escorrimento foi quantificado em talhões de escorrimento e a perda de solo com cones de Imhoff. O efeito da PAM é bastante mais significativo na perda de solo, originando diminuições de 67.9 e 90.8% nos talhões em que se aplicaram as concentrações de 1 e 2 kg/ha. Quanto ao escorrimento, verificaram-se aumentos na infiltração de 9.9 e 20.9%, respectivamente. Sendo assim, para o equipamento de rega em estudo no solo Pmg, é a concentração de 2 kg/ha de PAM que resulta em menor perda de solo e maior aumento da quantidade de água infiltrada.
*** Abstract - There is a large interdependence between agriculture and the environment. Conventional agriculture has had adverse impact on soil (by erosion) and on water quality. Such problems are still very common in southern Portugal, with Mediterranean soil, characterized by having a thin sandy A Horizon and a compact (clay) B Horizon. Erosion and low infiltration are common problems in these soils. These problems can be significantly reduced by applying PAM (Anionic Polyacrilamide) in the irrigation water. In this work two types of moving sprinkler equipment have been characterized and evaluated: a gun sprinkler and a moving lateral equipped with medium pressure impact sprinklers. This evaluation in the field was done by a set of catch cans conveniently placed on the area irrigated by the sprinklers. The values of Uniformity and Efficiency observed in different evaluations are lower, especially those relative to the gun sprinkler, depending on the wind speed during the evaluation. Losses due to wind were higher with the gun sprinkler, when low values of Potential Application Efficiency were observed. PAM was applied in the water of the first irrigation, using a lateral bar and a gun sprinkler, at three concentration levels (l, 2 and 4 kg/ha). The infiltration was increased 21% with the gun sprinkler when PAM was applied at rates 1 and 2 kg/ha, and 2.5% to the concentration 4 kg/ha. With the lateral bar, infiltration increased 16, 17 and 5%, wehen PAM concentrations were 1, 2 and 4 kg/ha. The results are not conclusive. Using the same gun sprinkler another field application was done. The runoff and soil loss have been controlled. PAM was more effective in reducing erosion than in reducing runoff. The treatments caused significantly less soil loss and runoff than the control. Applying PAM at 1 and 2 kg/ha, reduces soil loss approximately 67.9 90.8%, respectively. Compared to the control, infiltration increases 9.9 and 20.9% (1 and 2 kg/ha). These preliminary results are encouraging. Under field conditions, the results are conclusive, the effect of PAM concentration in reducing runoff and soil loss with sprinkler irrigation is better at 2 kg/ha.
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Tessler, Marcus Henrique. "The influence of the soil spatial variability on management and design of micro-sprinkler irrigation systems and its impact on turf grass production." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186689.
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Not very many studies measuring the effects of soil spatial variability in irrigation management and design have been conducted, and those who have tested this concept in the field have obtained mixed results. More research is necessary especially due to the potential of saving water and to the high water cost in certain areas of the world. In this study, the effects of the soil spatial variability upon the management and design of a micro-sprinkler irrigation system has been addressed. An irrigation system designed to take advantage of the soil spatial structure was installed in a small field (60 ft by 90 ft), and water was applied according to the local soil properties. Bulk density values as well as the soil-water retention curve parameters (field capacity and wilting point) were determined in order to ascertain the irrigation system management. Measurements of the volumetric water content "in situ" were recorded on a daily basis with the help of a T.D.R. probe, and those values were used to indicate the irrigation timing and the water amount to be applied in each plot in the field. Crop yield values were obtained throughout the season, and an analysis of variance was performed in each of the field sub-units. Production was compared within all the sub-units comprising the entire agricultural field, as well as a comparative study between the plots where the soil spatial variability was considered against those previously assumed to be homogeneous. Statistically, no differences in crop yield were observed when the soil was treated as homogeneous or heterogeneous for perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf. However, a decrease in 20% of the seasonal water was observed when the soil spatial structure was taken into account. For this particular study, the economy associated with the lower water consumption was not sufficient to overcome the higher installation costs for the spatially variable irrigation system.
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Rizzatti, Gilcileia dos Santos [UNESP]. "Consumo e custo de energia elétrica em feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) irrigado, afetado por quatro métodos de manejo de irrigação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100848.
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A irrigação é responsável por grande parte do consumo de energia elétrica no meio rural. O correto manejo da irrigação evita o desperdício de energia elétrica e de água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o consumo e custo de energia elétrica em cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IAC-Carioca, irrigado por aspersão convencional, submetido a quatro manejos de irrigação: T1 – irrigação em função do método do tanque “Classe A”; T2 – irrigação em função da umidade do solo, medida com tensiômetros; T3 – irrigação em função do método de Penman-Monteith; T4 – irrigação em função da razão de Bowen; comparados com o tratamento T5 – sem irrigação, após o estabelecimento da cultura, em dois anos 2009 e 2010. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Área Demonstrativa e Experimental de Irrigação - ADEI, da FCAV/UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal – SP, Brasil. O consumo de energia elétrica do sistema de irrigação foi monitorado e o custo analisado para dois grupos tarifários: A e B. Os preços do kWh dos sistemas tarifários de energia elétrica foram obtidos na CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). O sistema tarifário Grupo B, com desconto especial para irrigantes no período noturno foi a opção mais adequada para a cultura do feijoeiro, nos dois anos estudados. Em 2009, o consumo e o custo de energia elétrica foram maiores no manejo da irrigação pelo método do tanque “Classe A”; em 2010 o consumo e o custo de energia elétrica foram maiores no manejo da irrigação por tensiometria. Observou-se uma tendência de maior retorno econômico, adotandose o manejo de irrigação pelo método do tanque “Classe A”.
Irrigation is responsible for much of the energy consumption in rural areas. The correct management of irrigation avoids the waste of electric energy and water. The objective of this work was analyze the consumption and cost of electric energy in culture of bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), IAC-Carioca, irrigated by conventional sprinkler, submitted by four irrigation management: T1- irrigation in function of the method Class A pan, T2- irrigation depending on soil moisture, measured with tensiometers; T3- irrigation according to the Penman- Monteith; T4- irrigation according to the Bowen ratio; compared with the treatment T5- without irrigation, after culture establishment in two years 2009 and 2010. The research was developed at the Demonstrative and Experimental Area of Irrigation - ADEI, of FCAV/UNESP, Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The irrigation electric energy consumption was monitored and the cost analyzed for two tariff groups: A and B. The prices of kWh of the tariff systems of electric energy had been gotten in the CPFL (São Paulo Company of Force and Light). The tariff system Group B, with special discount for irrigation during the night was the most appropriate option for the bean crop in the two years studied. In 2009, the consumption and cost of electric energy was higher in irrigation management by Class A pan; in 2010 the consumption and cost of electric energy was higher in irrigation management by tensiometers. A trend of bigger economic return was observed adopting the management of irrigation by the method of the Class A pan.
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Yau, Candy. "KRAVBILD FÖR AUTOMATISK SLÄCKSYSTEM -SPRINKLER." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-215422.
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Myndighetskraven som ställs på tekniska egenskaper vid uppförande av byggnader uppdaterasårligen och blir alltmer skarpare. I Boverkets byggregler 19 infördes automatiskt släcksystem somföreskriftskrav. Tidigare tillämpades de endast under allmänna råd. Syftet med denna rapport är attidentifiera kravbilden för installation av sprinkleranläggning i byggnader i Sverige, främst urmyndighetsperspektiv genom litteraturstudie samt informationsinsamling via intervjuer med diverseerfarna nyckelpersoner med olika bakgrund inom branschen.Kravbilden för installation av sprinkler styrs redan från riksdagsnivån via Plan- och bygglagen. Kravenförtydligas och specificeras mer detaljerat för varje instans fram till Svensk standard där reglernafinjusterats in i detaljer som bland annat aktiveringstid, tryck och vattentäthet. Reglerna ärdimensionerande och anpassad för olika typer av verksamheter samt områden.Myndighetskrav reglerar krav för installation av sprinkler i vissa vård- och omsorgslokaler medanförsäkringsbolagen reglerar villkor för installation av sprinkler i bland annat industrilokaler. Slutsatsenför rapporten är att kravbilden för installation av sprinklersystem skiljer sig mellan myndighetskravoch villkor enligt försäkringsbolagen. Myndighetskraven identifierar risker för människans liv ochhälsa och tar inte hänsyn till egendomsskydd, vilket försäkringsbolagen gör.I denna rapport kartläggs kravbilden för installation av sprinkler utifrån samhället krav från Plan- ochbygglagen till tidigare RUS 120 för att ge en inblick i hur juridiken inverkar på tekniken inombyggbranschen.For every year, the authority requirements regarding building technology gets more acute andintense. In Boverkets byggregler 19 automatic sprinkler system changed from advice to requirement.Purpose of this report is to identify pretension for installation of automatic sprinkler system inbuildings in Sweden with focus in authority requirements through literatures and interviews.Requirements for installation of automatic sprinkler system are controlled by the parliament byPlanning and Building Act. The requirements clarify and gets clearer for every authority all the way toSvensk standard where the requirements adjust into details and regulates terms like response time,pressure and design density. The requirements are dimensional and customized for different activityand section.Authority requirements settles the pretension for installation of automatic sprinkler system in somebuildings for care in the same time insurance companies settles the pretension for installation ofautomatic sprinkler system in industry buildings. Conclusion for this report is that requirements forinstallation of automatic sprinkler system are different depends on if authority or insurancecompanies settles them. Requirements from authority focus in protection of lives while insurancecompanies focus in property loss. Boverket wants insurance companies to be more responsible foruse of automatic sprinkler system in other buildings than buildings for care.Different requirements from different parts of the society specifies in this report just to let thereader have an insight how jurisprudence affects technology in building industry.
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Frank, Kevin Michael. "Fire Safety System Effectiveness for a Risk-Informed Design Tool." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8495.
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The purpose of this research is to identify how uncertainty in fire safety system effectiveness should be considered in a new risk-informed design fire tool, B-RISK. Specific objectives were to collect the available data on fire safety system effectiveness from the literature, investigate methods to improve fire safety system effectiveness data collection, develop the risk-informed design fire tool to propagate the uncertainties, and recommend methods to rank the sources of uncertainty for fire safety system effectiveness for appropriate model selection. The scope of the research is limited to the effects of systems on fire development and smoke spread and does not include the effects of the fire on systems (such as loss of structural integrity) or interactions with occupants. Sprinkler effectiveness data from recent New Zealand Fire Service data is included with a discussion of the uncertainty in this type of data and recommendations for improving data collection. The ability of the model to predict multiple sprinkler activations is developed in conjunction with a hydraulic submodel in B-RISK to include water supply pressure effects on sprinkler effectiveness. A new method of collecting reliability data on passive fire protection elements such as doors was developed. Data collected on the probability for doors in shared means of escape to be open and the time doors are open during occupant evacuation using this method is presented. Available data on smoke management system effectiveness is listed, along with a discussion of why there is more uncertainty associated with these systems compared with sprinkler systems. The capabilities of B-RISK for considering fire safety system effectiveness are demonstrated using Australasian case studies.
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Breytenbach, Adell. "The market potential for the floppy sprinkler irrigation system in the global agricultural sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21378.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.This research study analyses the market potential for the Floppy Sprinkler irrigation system in the global market. It explores the global irrigation market and its environment to identify the driving forces that influence the industry as well as the potential that Floppy Sprinkler could unleash as a competitor. The researcher assesses the industry value chain to determine the fit and alliance opportunities for Floppy Sprinkler in the value chain. The study further analyses the competitive pressures influencing the competitive environment. Applied research is used in this study to gain a comprehensive understanding of the market. Acknowledged diagnostic models in the field of strategic management were used to guide the study. These included the PESTLE analysis to evaluate the macro-environment of the agriculture sector; the value chain analysis to assess the agricultural industry value chain; Porter’s Five Forces Model to analyse the competitive pressures for Floppy Sprinkler; and the SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The relevant data were collected through both primary and secondary sources. Two questionnaires were designed, the first to industry specialists in the agriculture sector with the purpose to gain insight of the irrigation and agriculture environment; and the second to Floppy Sprinkler irrigation system users, with the purpose to obtain a rating, opinion and relevance of the product in the market. The research disclosed that forces within the macro environment influence the industry significantly. These specifically revolved around climate change, water scarcity, land availability, soil degradation, population growth and changing lifestyles. The value chain analysis revealed that opportunities exist in the agriculture industry to create horizontal and vertical alliances to strengthen Floppy Sprinkler’s position in the market. Competitive pressures in the market include direct competitors of Floppy Sprinkler, as well as the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. Threat of new entrants and substitute products are not perceived to be immediate competitive pressures for Floppy Sprinkler owing to its cutting-edge technology, which offers a distinctive competitive advantage. Finally, opportunities were identified, which served as recommendations for Floppy Sprinkler in developing its strategy.
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Lin, Han. "Computational study of smoke suppression by using water mist and sprinkler fire protection system in high rise building fire." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691674.
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Williams, Ischer Sarah Ashlee. "Evaluation of a sprinkler cooling system on inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations in broiler chicken production." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3216.
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Indoor air contaminants such as dust and gases are present in concentrations that may be hazardous to worker health in poultry production. Poultry dust may contain inflammatory agents (e.g., endotoxin) and inhalation exposure has been associated with pulmonary symptoms. The current control practice to reduce worker exposure to poultry dust is the use of respiratory protection (e.g., filtering face-piece respirators). Limited research has been conducted to evaluate engineering controls to reduce dust concentrations in broiler chicken production. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of a water sprinkling system to reduce inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations in a broiler chicken house.
Inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations were measured daily for the production cycle of a flock of broiler chickens (63 days). Inhalable dust was measured gravimetrically using an inhalable sampler and ammonia was measured by a direct reading sensor. Sampling was performed on a stationary mannequin inside two broiler chicken houses. One house used a sprinkler cooling system to deliver a water mist throughout the house and the second house was an untreated control. The sprinkler system activated 5 days after chicken placement and continued through day 63 of the broiler chicken production cycle. The following sprinkler activation program was used each hour from 6am to 10pm: days 5 – 9 five seconds, days 10 – 14 ten seconds, and days 15-63 for fifteen seconds.
Geometric mean (GM) inhalable dust concentrations collected in the treatment house (5.2 mg/m3) were lower than those found in the control house (6.0 mg/m3). The GM ammonia concentration within the treatment house was higher at 10.6 ppm (GSD: 1.80), compared to the control house (GM 9.51 ppm; GSD: 1.77). However, the observed differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.33 and p = 0.34, respectively).
Concentrations of inhalable dust were reduced by 11β when using the water sprinkling system, however the reduction was not statistically significant. The observed reduction in dust concentration was not sufficient to eliminate the need for respiratory protection.
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Braz, Paula Manuela Hilário. "Estudo comparativo de dois sistemas de rega por aspersão: canhão automotor e barra de aspersores." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15710.
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A água é um recurso cada vez mais escasso, em quantidade e em qualidade, cujo consumo crescente aumenta a necessidade de melhorar constantemente a concepção e o dimensionamento dos sistemas de rega. No presente trabalho caracterizou-se e avaliou-se o desempenho de um equipamento de rega automotor com canhão e com barra, esta trabalhando com aspersores de impacto de média pressão, observando-se a capacidade de ajustamento destes equipamentos às condições particularmente difícies de um solo Mediterrâneo. Os ensaios de campo consistiram na avaliação dos referidos sistemas mediante uma rede de pluviómetros colocados na área dominada pelos aspersores. Os valores de Uniformidade de Distribuição e do Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen obtidos nas diferentes avaliações foram muito variáveis, dependendo fundamentalmente da velocidade do vento durante o ensaio e da pressão de funcionamento dos aspersores. Só se alcançaram níveis aceitáveis quando se considerou 35% de sobreposição entre faixas adjacentes, obtendo-se os melhores resultados nos equipamentos funcionando com menor pressão de serviço. As perdas por evaporação e arrastamento pelo vento foram consideráveis, o que originou Eficiências Potenciais de Aplicação baixas. Estas perdas foram superiores no equipamento canhão. Verifica-se a existência potencial de escorrimento superficial, junto da linha de passagem do aspersor, uma vez que a intensidade de precipitação excede a infiltrabilidade do solo. Este escorrimento verificou-se unicamente para uma velocidade de deslocação do equipamento de 10 mlh.
### Abstract - As water availability continuously decreases, irrigation systems must be carefully designed and used. In the present work a hose-drawn travelling sprinkler system was evaluated with two travelling sub-systems: a gun sprinkler and a lateral bar equipped with medium pressure sprinklers. Field experiments consisted on the evaluation of the refered systems, using a set of catch cans conveniently placed on the area irrigated by the sprinklers. The values of the Distribution Uniformity (UD) and Coefficient of Uniformity of Christiansen (UC) observed in the different evaluations were quiet variable, depending on the wind speed during the evaluation and the sprinkler operational pressure. Acceptable values of UD and UC were obtained only when a 35% overlapping between two paths were considered. Wind drift and evaporation tosses were significant. Thus, low values of Potential Application Efficiency were observed. Such tosses were greater with the travelling gun system. Excess water above soil infiltrability, therefore with a potential for runoff and erosion, was observed only for 10 m/h speed of travelling.
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Nogueira, Luis Carlos. "Ebb and flow system versus overhead sprinkler and microirrigation for container-grown woody ornamental production in Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0008382.
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Heydari, Hossein. "Establishment and ecophysiology of four Sonoran Desert woody species under a line-source sprinkler irrigation gradient system." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186916.
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Successful establishment of shrub and tree legumes in the southwestern United States is dependent on rainfall amount, frequency and distribution, seedbed temperatures and available water conditions affecting seed germination and seedling establishment. The line source sprinkler irrigation gradient system (LSSIGS) was used to test effects of different seedbed available water and temperature conditions on seedling emergence and establishment, and morphological and physiological characteristics of catclaw (Acacia greggii), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), velvet mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. velutina) and blue paloverde (Cercidium floridum) during the summers of 1992 and 1993 at the Tucson Plant Materials Center. Irrigation plus precipitation in July and August added 356.7, 344.6, 265.1, 209.8, 106.9 and 76.2 mm of water in 1992 and 285.2, 252.6, 207.7, 186.6, 106.6 and 68.1 mm in 1993 for distances of 1.5, 4.5, 7.5, 10.5, 13.5 (lowest irrigation) and 16.5 (no irrigation) respectively, from the line-source sprinkler. Irrigation created available soil moisture differences between irrigated and unirrigated soils during rainless periods in July but generally created little difference in soil water availability within the irrigation system different distances from the line-source sprinkler. Lack of large soil water availability differences resulted from an initially wet soil profile and natural rainfall in August of both years. Jojoba seedling emergence lagged about 2-3 weeks behind that of the other species which emerged within a week of irrigation. Seedlings emerged on unirrigated soils after August rains on both years. Although seedling establishment and plant growth was generally highest for the highest levels of irrigation, establishment was acceptable (at least 2 plants per meter of row) at all irrigation levels and on unirrigated soils for all species for both years, except for unirrigated jojoba in 1992. Lack of large differences in available soil water precluded precise determination of the significance of physiological and morphological characteristics for drought tolerance during seedling establishment of these species. However, rapid and high seedling emergence and root growth of paloverde, mesquite, and acacia make these species good selections for abandoned farmland revegetation. A possible establishment strategy for these 3 species on similar soils in the Sonoran desert would be to irrigate either pre or post-sowing in July to bring the upper 40-60 cm of soil profile to field capacity, then irrigate daily for about a week until seedlings emerge. Irrigation could then be discontinued and seedlings should survive on subsurface soil moisture. Establishment of jojoba might require longer irrigation periods. A more rigorous comparison of the drought tolerance of these species with the LSSIGS would be to sow and irrigate them on an initially dry soil profile.
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Wiens, Scott Wade. "Collector size effect on the measurement of applied water depth from irrigation systems." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/3894.
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Watson, Mary Carolyn 1949. "Establishment of native Atriplex species evaluated under a line-source sprinkler irrigation system during the summer and winter." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283996.
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Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt., Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats., and Atriplex lentiformis (Torr). Wats. have been considered candidate perennial shrubs for revegetation of abandoned farmlands in southern Arizona. Objectives of the 1992-1994 field studies were to investigate the establishment characteristics of populations of these species and to estimate water requirements for establishing transplants and/or seedlings under a line-source sprinkler irrigation system. During the summer on a sandy loam soil, seedling establishment occurred at total water amounts greater than 200 mm but was absent at amounts less than 150 mm The poor stand establishment was attributed to high soil temperatures at 1 to 3-cm depth which were not optimum for seed germination. Transplant survival percentages were greater than 89% except for accessions of A. canescens var. linearis (S. Wats.) Munz, which were affected by rabbit herbivory. Transplants were successfully established by planting into a wet soil profile followed by cumulative precipitation amounts of 60 to 70-mm. Establishing Atriplex taxa during the summer using transplants was more promising than direct-seeding. On a silt loam soil during the 1993 winter, stand establishment was not increased under cumulative precipitation and irrigation amounts greater than 100 mm compared to 66 mm of precipitation. On a clay loam soil during the 1994 winter, supplemental irrigations increased the probability of seedling emergence and stand establishment was higher under total water amounts greater than 100 mm. Differences between years in response to the line-source irrigation gradient were attributed to the number of consecutive days when soil moisture at 1 to 3-m depth was high for optimal seedling emergence. During the winter, plant heights were not affected by total water amounts between 182 to 248-mm (1993) and between 119 to 150-mm (1994), whereas heights were reduced at total water amounts less than 100 nun in 1993, and less than 90 mm for all species in 1994 except A. polycarpa. In southern Arizona where precipitation is erratic in amount and timing, supplemental irrigations may increase the probability of successful seedling establishment of Atriplex shrubs.
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Pragada, Siva Ramakrishna. "Minimizing the number of collectors to measure uniformity from center pivot systems." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/903.
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Bonifacio, Henry F. "Particulate matter emissions from commercial beef cattle feedlots in Kansas." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/2325.
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SILVA, Jonas Carlos Santino. "Desempenho do sistema de irrigação por aspersão, tipo pivô central rebocável." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2002. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/802.
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JONAS CARLOS SANTINO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 8664728 bytes, checksum: 1073738dd910a18404b200d943f370f2 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T19:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JONAS CARLOS SANTINO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2002..pdf: 8664728 bytes, checksum: 1073738dd910a18404b200d943f370f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-08
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a performance de um pivô central rebocável em nível de campo, na Fazenda Capim, localizada no município de Capim-PB. Os resultados da avaliação do equipamento nas três bases estudada levaram a concluir que: o equipamento apresentou bons resultados quando analisado como um todo para as base, constatou-se problemas de uniformidade e de eficiência em alguns setores quando a análise foi feita por raio individualmente, indicando setores com déficit e outros com excesso de água, o equipamento apresentou seus piores resultados quando foi avaliado na base 5, verificou-se que existe uma dispersão das lâminas de água aplicadas em relação ao valor médio, em todas as bases estudadas, as pressões de entrada do pivô nas bases, 4 e 5 estão muito abaixo da pressão recomendada o que resultou numa baixa vazão nestas bases.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of a towable pivot center in thefield on Fazenda Capim in the municipal district of Capim-PB. The results of the equipment evaluation of the three studied bases showed that the equipment presented goodresults when analyzed as a whole for them. Uniformity and efficiency problems in some sections were analyzed when the analysis was individually made by ratio, indicating sections with deficit and other with excess of water. The equipment presented their worst results when it was evaluated in base 5. It was verified a dispersion of the applied water sheets in relation to the mean value, in ali studied bases. The pressures on pivot in bases 4 and 5 are a lot below the recommended pressure and resulted in low flow in these bases.
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Lin, Shih-Kan, and 林詩淦. "Study on Efficiency Evaluation of Sprinkler Pesticide Application Systems." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59050309923309270102.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業工程學系
84
Manual pesticide applications are recently replaced by automatic pesticide application systems due to lack of labor in Taiwan. Sprinkler irrigation systems are modified, special sprinklers and higher pressure are used for automatic pesticide application. Because there are no design criteria for this kind of applications, most of the systems used on farm are found to be over-designed or over operated in order to guarantee the pest control effectiveness. Soil and groundwater may be polluted by the pesticide residual. The objective of this study is to build an evaluation algorithm for high pressure sprinkler pesticide application systems. Experiments for the sprinklers were done indoor under no wind condition to capture the spray patterns. Different operating pressures and operation duration were used. Water sensitive paper is used simulating the plant leaves for pesticide adherent registration. These data of single sprinkler test are then used for simulation of the sprinkler pesticide application systems for performance evaluation. Because the slow rotation of pesticide application sprinklers, number of rotations are suggested to be used for operation duration control for more uniform field applications. It was also found that the will not be altered much by the increase of pressure when a threshold pressure are surpassed. The system performance are more affected by the operating duration and the arrangement of the sprinklers. Horizontal sprinkling adhesion distribution patterns were also discussed for used in the vine crop cultivation. It was discovered that the horizontal sprinkling patterns are mainly affected by the height of sprinklers and distance between sprinklers. Two layers of sprinklers, one over the top of the canopy and the other beneath, are suggested in vine crops cultivation for better results.
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蔡國保. "A Study of Hydraulic Calculations for the Automatic Sprinkler Systems." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/szx568.
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碩士中央警察大學
消防科學研究所
88
To detect a fire as soon as possible and take an effective action to fire fighting is very important for the fire . Automatic sprinkler systems have a good effect on fire suppression at the initial stage of fire growth. The affecting factors of automatic sprinkler systems , such as the position of sprinklers, the flow rate of individual sprinkler head , the residual pressure of individual sprinkler head etc., all have significant relationship corresponding to the hydraulic calculation. Therefore , the research addressed here is to estimate the Taiwan’s design of automatic sprinkler system by means of the hydraulic calculation of automatic sprinkler systems. The research methods used here include the hydraulic calculation methods and the pipe schedule method described in the NFPA 13,the Japan’s fire codes and the China’s fire codes . We will discuss and review the applying hydraulic calculation formulas used broadly in other countries , the types of automatic sprinkler systems and address a further explanation for those facts related to several commonly held myths about sprinkler systems . Here our intention is to try to use the factors of hydraulic calculation , such as the flow rate of individual sprinkler head , the residual pressure of individual sprinkler head, the number of sprinklers, the coverage of sprinklers, the remote areas, the classification of hazard, the duration time etc., to construct a safe and effective automatic sprinkler system . Three different hazard type of buildings , such as the high-rise building, the movie theater in the 6th floor, the rubber recycling factory , are chosen to be calculated and the results are obtained . We, hopefully , will be able to realize the real meaning of hydraulic calculation’s factors and to get the adaptable values that correspond to the engineer theory. Finally, the objective of this research is to further improve the code of automatic sprinkler system in our country.
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Huang, Chiau-Jiun, and 黃喬俊. "A Study on the Earthquake Performance of Fire Sprinkler Systems." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82332150722421376699.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
91
Global earthquake experiences indicated that: fire suppression system takes a critical role of the post-earthquake building function in important buildings. In Taiwan, there is a growing demand of higher seismic resistant capacity of buildings after 921 earthquake, and so of the equipment in them. But due to the scarce research on the fire suppression system, there is a lack of standards in Taiwan. This thesis performed a basic study of the fire suppression system, and provided conclusions to relevant institutions. To unearth the earthquake failure patterns of fire suppression system and to find a suitable method to improve its earthquake performance, this thesis investigated the earthquakes damage reports inside and outside Taiwan at first. A damage site survey of a parking building in Puli was performed. This building was completed but not operating yet before 921 earthquake. The damage situation of its fire system brings much valuable information. The analysis of reconnaissance reports of several earthquakes in the USA and Japan was performed next. These studies show that suspension systems are the main weak point of the whole fire system. That is, the function of the whole fire system could be improved effectively by reducing the relative movement of the suspension system alone. This thesis studies the relative standards in the USA and Japan. The standard in the USA is NFPA 13 which is formulated by NFPA, and the standard in Japan is HASS. This thesis uses NFPA 13 primarily to design a method improving the earthquake performance of the fire system. NFPA 13 requires installing appropriate elements to reduce the relative movement of the suspension pipes. In order to prove the NFPA 13 is good, this thesis performed a shaking table test which was designed according to Puli parking building’s fire system. The result of this test indicates that NFPA 13 method could reduce the relative displacement to a fifth to tenth. Finally, this thesis utilizes SAP 2000 to analyze the earthquake performance of the fire suspension system.
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Lin, Fan-Ru, and 林凡茹. "Seismic Evaluation Methods for Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Buildings." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89250601970130503737.
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博士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
105
Based on recent earthquakes experiences in Taiwan, losses do not necessarily result from damages of building structures but non-structural components. For instance, the leakage of the fire protection sprinkler systems in hospitals during small earthquakes could results in shortage of medical function and fire protection, and malfunction and repairs of medical equipment. The break of sprinkler systems caused by strong earthquakes could even harm the life safety. Taking a medium-scale hospital as an example, this research aims to conduct a simplified seimic evaluation method to to improve seismic performance of the fire protection sprinkler system in critical buildings. The content of this research is summarized below: 1. Assessment procedure for seismic performance of nonstructural systems: Based on the FEMA P-58 performance evaluation framework, in order to decrease the uncertainty of the assemsment results of the seismic behaviors of nonstructural system in buildings during extremely strong motions, modified assessment procedures for calculations of seismic performance and fragility analysis of nonstructural systems are proposed in this study. 2. Numerical model of the sample sprinkler piping system: a simplified numerical model of the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital was established for fragility analysis with SAP2000 v.15 software. Proper parameters to simulate the threaded joint of piping and the gap between adjacent partition walls or ceiling systems were proposed and verified by the results of component tests and shaking table tests. Ambient vibration tests in the sample hospital were conducted with velocimeters to clarify the structural characteristics of the building structure and the sprinkler piping system. 3. Fragility analysis of sprinkler piping systems: seismic fragility curves the fire protection sprinkler system in the sample hospital were conducted according to a mount of detailed analysis results and verified by the real damage state under Chia-Shen earthquake. The effects of parameters on fragility results are discussed, and a simplified fragility analysis procedure for sprinkler piping systems in buildings was suggested for engineers as well. 4. Simplified seismic evaluation method for sprinkler piping systems: according the tests and detailed analysis results, the seismic behavior of typical sprinkler piping systems in hospitals can be estimated by the information obtained from in-situ survey. The conservative level and accuracy of simplified evaluation results were verified by fragility analysis results.
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蘇家彥. "Environmental analysis of tunnel fires upon the actuation of sprinkler systems." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gu76us.
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Hu, Pei-Wen, and 胡佩文. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospital." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89996154439471740524.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
103
According to the concept of the performance design, the damage caused by earthquake will not necessary result in the damage to the structure. However, the earthquake disaster will cause the non-structural instruments break. The break of the fire protection sprinkler system will result in death, the working error of the medical equipment and even the expense on repairing the equipment. Therefore, evaluating the seismic design of the fire protection sprinkler system to the performance design level is extraordinary. The common failures of the fire protection sprinkler system are from the damage of the threaded joint leading to the leakage of the pipe water, or the collapse of the ceiling. The research expecting to conduct the non-structural fragility curves in the hospital. And take NTU hospital Yunlin branch as an example to demonstrate a fragility analysis procedure. The abstract of each chapter in the research are: 1. The ambient vibration test in the case hospital: Use the velocimeters to conduct the ambient vibration test to clarify the characteristics of the structure. 2. The simplified numerical model of the fire protection sprinkler system in the case hospital: Use the numerical analysis software SAP2000 v.15 to build the piping system in the hospital. And suggest the parameter of the threaded joint, partition wall and the ceiling. 3. The fragility analysis of the fire protection sprinkler system in the case hospital: Conduct the seismic fragility curves of the fire sprinkler components in the hospital and predict the damage situation under Chia-Shen earthquake. Finally, suggest the fragility analysis procedure.
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Ka, Chia-Wei, and 高嘉偉. "Study for the Application of Automatic Sprinkler Systems - An example of Hypermarkets." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2s6782.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
99
Warehouse stores is a concept of warehouse, mostly within the airtight space and deposit many types of goods on the shelves , there is a fire load density, difficult to discharge smoke, sprinkler drain shelf hinder performance and line of sight and so easy to escape cause a fire hazard and the characteristics of failed asylum officers to domestic "Kau", foreign Paraguay "Iraqi storehouse Asia Bola" and other Warehouse stores fire, for example, are causing serious bloodshed. Warehouse stores within the active area with automatic sprinkler system fire-fighting equipment, related research statistics the reasons caused the system failure is the design which does not meet the risk level of the place-based, while the warehouse stores of the uneven distribution of fire load, if the internal sprinkler equipment only in accordance with fire regulations set standards for the average density law system design, high-hazard area will result in failure of sprinkler equipment. Therefore, this study uses FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) fire simulation software, under the diffierent pressure of the same action in different places with different radius method sprinkler protection design concept, and the use of different types of sprinkler heads to be analyzed. The results showed that use of the existing warehouse stores operating pressure 1kgf/cm2 and sprinkler protection radius of 2.1m and can not effectively inhibit the discount store fire load density in the area above the fire 45kgf/m2 to 1.7m radius protection can be effectively suppressed, while the side wall 20 degrees to wall-type fire suppression sprinkler head on the best.
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Tsai, Yung-An, and 蔡詠安. "Seismic Performance Assessment of Strengthened Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospitals." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zx69r2.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
106
Based on the popularization of performance design concepts for structures of critical building (e.g. hospitals and schools) in recent years, non-structural seismic damages (e.g. sprinkler piping systems) are more common than structural ones. Fire protection sprinkler systems plays important roles to prevent fire disasters and ensure occupant safety.However, failure of fire protection sprinkler system will result in not only threat to occupant safety but also the shut down of medical function and relating expense on repairing. Therefore, an accurate assessment method to evaluate the seismic ability of fire protection system is necessary. The common seismic failures resulted from fire protection sprinkler systems are impact damages of ceiling boards, leakages of 1″threaded joints and breaks of hangers. In order to understand the seismic ability of components mentioned above more accurately, this research revise the detailed numerical analysis method (Method A) and the simplified assessment method (Method C) in Yeh (2016)[29]. Referring to NFPA13[5], this study proposes three strengthened cases of piping system. It take NTU Hospital Yunlin branch as an example to conduct the fragility analysis of the component in fire protection sprinkler system. The main results are briefly described below: 1. Performance design method for piping systems: Referring to FEMA P58[1], only when building structures are judged as reparable will assessment of sprinkler piping be meaningful. Therefore, in this study, seismic performance of sprinkler piping will be evaluated only when the structure is reparable. 2. Category of floor response time history: This research select two method to get floor time history. One is inputing original far-field earthquake and near-fault earthquake in a nonlinear numerical model of the RC structure of the example hospital building which established using MIDAS software. The other is referring to AC156[25], using RRS to compatible floor response time history. 3. A detailed numerical model of the horizontal sprinkler piping system was established using SAP2000 software to simulate nonlinear behaviors of hangers and the nonlinear relationship between piping and ceiling systems or partition walls (Method A). There are four configurations, original configuration and three configurations installed strengthened components. The fragility parameters of three seismic performance of piping system were than obtained through incremental dynamic analyses. 4. According to the dynamic characteristics of the sprinkler piping system, a simplified assessment method (Method C) are proposed in this study. Method C is provided to be engineers an additional choice that a rapid but rough judgment in the seismic performances of sprinkler piping systems can be made based on in-situ observations and the floor response spectrum. The fragility results of Method C are more conservative than Method A.
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Shen, Yih-Che, and 沈義哲. "Study for the Application of Sprinkler Systems in High-Tech Factory Buildings." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ft49jm.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
94
The blooming high-tech industries earn Taiwan the fame for “Green Silicon Island”. However, while Taiwan government was actively upgrading high-tech industries, and raising global competitive abilities, a series of serious fires happened in the high-tech factories and caused huge losses. These fires negatively affect the development of high-tech industries. Although there are many complicated potential factors in these fires, it is for sure that installation of proper fire protection systems to decrease the damage and losses is necessary. High-tech factory buildings in Taiwan at construction levels should follow not only local fire regulation, called “Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipments Based on Use and Occupancy” but also international standards, such as NFPA 318 and FM7-7/17-12. This study collects domestic and foreign standards, and related recommendation for sprinklers to be installed in the cleanrooms of high-tech factory buildings. Besides, to understand the applicability of sprinklers used in cleanrooms, FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) computer simulation program is applied to observe the activation of sprinklers under ventilation. The effects of the varied sensitivities (RTI) and delivered water quantity of sprinklers to the fires are studied. For the same environment, the fire simulation results show quick-response sprinklers actuate faster than standard sprinklers. Therefore, the sprinkler systems installed in cleanrooms of high-tech factory buildings should adopt quick-response sprinklers. The RTI of sprinklers should be below 50m1/2s1/2 for more sensitive and quick spray to detect fires and early actuate under special air circulation of cleanrooms, in order to suppress fires at early stage and to decrease loss of lives and properties. Besides, in this research we discovered that delivered water quantity is also an important factor related to the performance of fire control. The higher the delivered water density is the lower temperature in fire sites can reach. However, it doesn’t mean more water delivered is better. A good design of fire protection systems should not only balance both safety and cost but also should meet practical needs.
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郭聰誠. "Fire suppression performance analysis of sprinkler systems in the snow-mountain (the hsueshan) tunnel." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hcy422.
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Huang, Jhen-Gang, and 黃振綱. "A Study on Seismic Behavior of Joints of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospital." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73193104569719025235.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
101
The Emergency Medical Care Law indicates that the emergency care responsibility hospitals must provide patients with medical care for 24 hours continuously. However, the earthquake experiences show that once the first leak occurs in fire protection sprinkler system, amount of water will flow out and cause flooding, secondary injury, and loss of medical function. From the earthquake experiences of sprinkler piping systems, the one-inch threaded joints usually fail in earthquake. To improve the seismic performance of piping system, this research suggests using mechanical joints at critical position instead of threaded joints. Assuming that the damage of threaded joints is controlled by flexure failure, the pure bending tests were completed to obtain the seismic behavior and capacity of joints. In the end, the experiment results were compared with the seismic demands from static and dynamic analyses to evaluate the seismic performance of joints. Summary of research results is as follows: 1. Flexibility testing of mechanical joints: The flexibility of rigid and flexible mechanical joints in three different diameters was tested according to FM 1920. All of the mechanical joints achieved the flexible requirement of NFPA 13. 2. Pure bending testing: The four-point flexural tests were executed under monotonic and cyclic loading. There is a little difference between the seismic capacity of rigid and flexible mechanical joint. When the diameter get small, it’s hard to distinguish the rigid mechanical joint from flexible joint in seismic behavior and capacity. On the other hand, the capacity of mechanical joints at the first-leak state has better results compared with threaded joints. 3. Static analyses: The moment and rotation demands were calculated based on the Seismic Design Specifications and Commentary of Buildings, the NFPA 13 and ASCE 7-10 respectively. Both the threaded and mechanical joints satisfied the requirements according to the pure bending testing results. 4. Dynamic analyses: In order to obtain the seismic demands of piping joints, a hospital sprinkler piping system was simulated which was damaged at one-inch threaded elbow in Jiashian earthquake. The weakest point of the model happened at the T-joint due to flexure failure but not at the real damaged position. To obtain the real seismic demands, it is suggested that the effect of suspended ceiling systems should be considered in dynamic analyses of piping systems
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Txung-LiangHuang and 黃聰良. "A Study on Seismic Retrofit of Suspension Piping Systems in Buildings:A Case Study of Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m2ehf9.
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碩士國立成功大學
建築學系
106
This study investigates foreign specification of piping system seismic design as foundation to develop Taiwamese piping system seismic design specification. First, confirming the structure analysis model is reasonable through model test, then use different pipng system cases to run the seismic design in foreign specification. Finally, dynamic timehistory analysis on the structure analysis model are executed. Discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the foreign specification in different cases. The results show piping system design to specification of NFPA 13, performed better, but it still have some amendable items. Finally, this study proposes the specification amendment, and use the analysis model to be authenticated. Analysis results show the proposed method can raise the piping system’s seismic performance.
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Yeh, Chang-Chen, and 葉昶辰. "Seismic Evaluation and Simplified Methodology of Fragility Analysis for Fire Protection Sprinkler Piping Systems in Hospitals." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31350506785875833237.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
104
Based on the popularization of performance design concepts for structures of critical building (e.g. hospitals and schools) in recent years, non-structural seismic damages (e.g. sprinkler piping systems) are more common than structural ones. Fire protection sprinkler systems plays important roles to prevent fire disasters and ensure occupant safety.However, failure of fire protection sprinkler system will result in not only threat to occupant safety but also the shut down of medical function and relating expense on repairing. Therefore, an accurate assessment method to evaluate the seismic ability of fire protection system is necessary. The common seismic failures resulted from fire protection sprinkler systems are impact damages of ceiling boards, leakages of 1″threaded joints and breaks of hangers. In order to understand the seismic ability of components mentioned above, this research propose several assessment methods and take NTU Hospital Yunlin branch as an example to conduct the fragility analysis of the component in fire protection sprinkler system. The main results are briefly described below: 1. Performance design method for piping systems: Referring to FEMA P58[1], only when building structures are judged as reparable will assessment of sprinkler piping be meaningful. Therefore, in this study, seismic performance of sprinkler piping will be evaluated only when the structure is reparable. 2. In order to investigate the effects of characteristics of input motion on the fragility analysis of piping systems, a nonlinear numerical model was established using MIDAS software for the RC structure of the example hospital building. 3. A detailed numerical model of the horizontal sprinkler piping system was established using SAP2000 software to simulate nonlinear behaviors of hangers and the nonlinear relationship between piping and ceiling systems or partition walls (Method A). The fragility parameters of three seismic performance of piping system were than obtained through incremental dynamic analyses. 4. According to the dynamic characteristics of the sprinkler piping system, a partial detailed analysis method (Method B) and a simplified assessment method (Method C) are proposed in this study. Comparing to the result of Method A, the one of Method B is more conservative but through a more efficient process. Method C is provided to be engineers an additional choice that a rapid but rough judgment in the seismic performances of sprinkler piping systems can be made based on in-situ observations and the floor response spectrum. The fragility results of Method C are very close to those of Method B in terms of median values but are with quite low divergence.
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Hsieh, Pin-Ping, and 謝品蘋. "A Site Investigation Study and Fire Suppression Performance Analysis for Automatic Sprinkler Systems on AS/RS in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73e4hw.
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碩士中央警察大學
消防科學研究所
106
With the development of economy in Taiwan, the logistics industry will continue to prosper nowadays and beyond. People tend to have a variety requirement of material. In order to satisfy the supply demand, saving human power and increase the effectiveness of transportation, the introduce of large-scale AS/RS to store commodities in the factories has become a trend. This kind of large-scale AS/RS often exist in many public or private industrial area. The increased density of the stored commodities has the potential of causing a fire. However, merely general specifications were presented in the Standard for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy. This study has figure out the warehouse fire scenarios through domestic and foreign regulation comparison and literature review. On the other hand, collecting warehouse fire cases in different places to verify with the above fire characteristic mentioned, moreover, trying to realize why the damage still happened when the Automatic Sprinkler System active confidently. Pick out few representative AS/RS warehouse storages in Taiwan, and investigate their individual sprinkler layout and parameters setting. The comparison within different AS/RS warehouse storages shows the on-site design criteria don’t always coincide with regulations. After on-site investigation, continuing to set up rack-storage model to simulate fire scenario by installing different position of in-rack sprinklers to see the fire extinguishing performance. Finally, with the comparison of regulations and simulation consequences from each warehouse, some conclusions of rack-storage configuration could be made and design options could be provided for AHJ.
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Fang, Jei-Wein, and 方瑞文. "The Performance-Based Design of Sprinkler Systems in Temporary Chemical Storage Areas of Multi-Function Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Plants." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95103672044617452816.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生研究所(在職專班)
97
Biotechnology is a leading and important industry in the 21st century. It will also be one of the major industrial developments in Taiwan. Taiwan government focuses on promoting the development of the biotechnology industry in recent years. The biotechnology industry is deeply bound up with the health of people, and it also has many advantages, such as the technological concentrated and the capital concentrated enhancements, less pollution, and a high reward on investment. Many of the flammable organic chemicals are used in the production process of the multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plants in biotechnology industry. They place the chemicals close to the production line, and put 53 gallon drums in the corridor for the convenience of production process in the existing active pharmaceutical ingredient plant. Because the corridor is set up the sprinkler system for protection, the performance-based design of sprinklers in corridors should be studied in order to establish the new safety norms for multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plants. In this study, we simulated the sprinkler actuation for the chemicals temporary storage corridor of multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plant in accordance with the actual situation. The simulation software was FDS (Fluid Dynamics Simulator). The simulation included standard sprinklers, quick response sprinklers, early suppression fast-response (ESFR) sprinklers, raising the height of sprinklers, adding the sidewall sprinklers and additional compartments for assessing the results of improvement. The chemicals temporary storage corridor of multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plant should set up the outlet slope to prevent vapor cloud explosion that may cause sprinkler system failure from this research. Building an additional compartment and adding sprinklers in the compartment ceiling are the best improvement method for 55 gallons drum fires. The best selection of sprinkler in the compartment ceiling is ESFR sprinkler. So, the existing multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plant should set up the outlet slope in the chemicals temporary storage corridor and add ESFR sprinklers in the compartment. This improvement would prevent fire explosion and decrease the risk of temporary storage area. In conclusion, this study proposes that new multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plants should set up a temporary storage area at outdoor in order to constrain and decrease the fire hazards. New multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plants are proposed to set up explosion-proof equipments for avoiding the occurrence of fire explosion. In the temporary storage area, the chemicals should be controlled in the 8-hour or one shift for minimizing the amount of storage. To achieve the purpose of safe production, the hot work permit management should be built. The staffs and contractors should be trained about safety awareness continually in multi-function active pharmaceutical ingredient plants.
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Chakour, Mary-Therese. "Factors determining the success of information technology projects." Thesis, 2000. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/18151/.
Full textAbstract:
Information Technology (IT) is a key component of an organisation's business strategy. By
leveraging from it, organisations are able to create a sustainable competitive advantage and ultimately
enable overall business success. IT has the power to transform an organisation and as a result comes
accompanied with a set of issues that challenge the status quo. These issues need to be addressed
because good implementation alone will not suffice. By adopting a project management view to the
implementation of IT, the structured approach provides a forum within which the transformation can be
managed.
A number of studies conducted on IT projects indicate that they are prone to failure due to
poor management. This research paper seeks to determine the necessary factors that prevail to ensure
IT project success. A field study on Controlled Sprinkler Supplies Pty Ltd is the basis for this research.
The IT project at Controlled Sprinkler Supplies encompasses the changeover of its Unix based
accounting system to a more progressive enterprise business management solution, Navision Software.
Both quantitative and qualitative data is collected by means of administering questionnaires,
conducting interviews with the project manager and the chief executive officer of the company, and by
observations made by the researcher.
An analysis of the data highlights some interesting points. Without a doubt, training plays a
major role in the success of a project. In addition, while management support is of paramount
importance, clear communication of the vision is not enough. Participation by organisational members
should not be overlooked as it enhances ownership and develops champions of the change and the
technology. Furthermore, despite the fact that the literature associates organisational change with
resistance, this study demonstrates the contrary. This is due to the change agent's hands-on approach
and commitment to the project.
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Hung, Chen Che, and 陳哲鴻. "FUZZY Control in Sprinkler Irrigation System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44eb3p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立虎尾科技大學
機械與機電工程研究所
99
In view of recent dramatic climate change, the increase of heavy rainfall and half decrease of little rain cause water resource application in Taiwan, whose terrain is not easy to conserve water resource, is more difficult. Furthermore, the agricultural irrigation water consumption, occupied up of 60.63% of water resource consumption, can not be saved effectively and makes it be worse. In this paper, fuzzy control theory and application simplify the complex parameter of accurate irrigation control from the climate factors like the environment temperature, humidity, rainfall conditions and soil moisture to just the soil water content parameter, thereby reducing the equipment purchase costs and induces its wide use to achieve the goal of saving irrigation water. On basis of the existing soil water content relation, Horton’s Infiltration model calculates the total infiltration volume and access the closed looped of the simulation software to verify that the experiment can manage the irrigation water without the parameters differentiation of the environment temperature, humidity , rainfall conditions and so on. Also, the soil water content can be controlled to keep the growth of vegetation materials and save water consumption. According to the simulation testing result, the single parameter of soil water content through fuzzy control can provide enough soil moisture for the vegetation materials growth. When the water content is not enough, it can supply water for irrigation automatically. If this model is executed on irrigation system such as drip irrigation, the water waste will be reduced from the runoff of irrigation water. Moreover, the system is controlled by a single chip and peripheral equipment. What the cost is just the measurement device of soil water content. It will be great help for the entire water resource saving.
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Gong, Zhe Hui, and 龔哲輝. "Study on computerized sprinkler irrigation system design." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60789340456909964517.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業工程研究所
83
The irrigation in Taiwan was traditionally done for the growth of paddy rice, but the irrigation for other crops is growing tremendously in the recent years. The goverment encourage the pipe line irrigation for upland crop by subsidizing the farmer 49% of the total investment on irrigation facilities. The farm size is very small in Taiwan. As a result, the pipe line irrigation systems are not designed carefully in general because the lack of adequate basic information and man power for decent designs. This study is to develop a computer-aided program for use in the design of the pipe line irrigation systems. Basic information, such as pipe, valves, crop, soil, etc. are collected and are built into a database for the use of design engineers. The digitizer are incorporated into the system for input of geographic data. The system main line is determined manually by the design engineers and the rest are done by the program is tested by the design of a tea faem irrigation system and proved to be effectively usable. The engineers may try different design layout and see the results and impacts quickly. A better system design may be done by this computer-aided program
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Wang, Yi-An, and 王翊安. "Study on Sectional Sprinkler Control to Farmland Irrigation System." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/we26eg.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
資訊工程學系碩士班
106
In recent years, Taiwan’s water resources are seriously deficient, the characteristics of high mountains and rapid rivers, and the dramatic changes in the weather have caused the overall utilization rate of rivers to be too low, and the reservoir water storage capacity has decreased. Therefore, if water resources are to be better utilized, irrigation water needs to be saved. In order to carry out appropriate irrigation in response to the cultivation of diverse crops, the amount of irrigation water can be controlled with the characteristics of crops, and environmental factors. This thesis intends to solve the problem that waste of water and crop roots withered by using precision irrigation techniques.
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Chiu, Chih-Kuo, and 邱治國. "Design of The Discharge Sprinkler System in High-ceiling Space." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53p296.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
98
Due to the fast prosperity of industry and commerce fields as well as technology, transforming the life style into the laid-back type, the demands of life quality are getting higher. To cope with the transformation of life style, modern building space have the tendency to build higher and larger, challenging the limitations of construction technique and technology development, and the match box-like, tedious building mold does not catch up with the steps of modernization any longer. Located in our living environment, various multi-functional buildings such as high-ceiling space, gymnasium and opera hall are increasing. In this high-ceiling building, the conventional automatic sprinkler system will not detect fire effectively and at the same time fail or delay its operation due to the limitation of sprinkler height. Under this circumstance, the blaze has grown up since the sprinkler operation, and the water of Sprinkler System couldn’t suppress fire which leads to failure of putting off fire resulting in lifting up risk of fire damage in this kind of building. This paper will aim at the limitations and features of discharge sprinkler system and analysis of existing fire law along with foreign relevant laws and handbooks of high-ceiling space hoping to provide suitable and effective alternative scheme and reference to related design technicians, governmental sections and research institutions.
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Chen, Yi-Sheng, and 陳奕勝. "An automatic sprinkler system integrating ZigBee and Programmable Logic Controller." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65872087312920244223.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
資訊科學與工程學系所
101
Global warming becoming a popular topical environmental issue in recent years and getting more and more important. For enterprise, through energy saving and carbon reduction not only to fulfill it’s social responsibility, making an effort on environmental protection but also reduces the waste on resources and lower the costs expense. With the rapid development of wireless networks, in addition to the pursuit of high speed network, the low power, low cost wireless network is gradually getting valued. The communication protocol of ZigBee is a product of this background. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) currently used widely in the industry. It is more simple and easy than the traditional control wiring . And it co-operate with human-machine interface making control and operation humanistic. This study, implement ZigBee wireless transmission to communicate with PLC controlling water spray according to the moisture and temperature variation. By means of this to reduce the consumption of water and electricity. Any computer within the enterprise can remote monitor the situation through Web.
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Shih-, Cheng Chen, and 鄭世政. "The Application of Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation System in Landscape Architecture." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53834002595094901326.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
90
Abstract Observing the existed cases about the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation systems in landscape architecture, there are still many shortcomings, so the main purpose of this study is to improve the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation system in landscape architecture with the methods including cases observing and references reading etc. The following are the conclusions of basic research in this study. 1.There are several factors to influence the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation system in Taiwan, includes the economical and social reasons etc. So, in the future, Taiwan will join into WTO. Many traditional farms will change to recreation farms and it will become the market of automatic sprinkler irrigation systems. 2.Analyzing all influential factors and the merits and demerits of the automatic sprinkler irrigation systems application in Taiwan. The conclusion is now the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation systems in Taiwan is still suitable. The following are the results of this study to improve the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation system in landscape architecture. 1. Discussing and analyzing every steps of landscape design and building procedure then suggesting that which steps should the automatic sprinkler irrigation system be considered with. 2. According to the cases observing, there are five kinds of shortcomings in the application of automatic sprinkler irrigation system in landscape architecture, includes affecting the visual quality; system design error; disturb the usage of open space; to damage garden materials and system’s damage. And after, propose several approaches include the education, the procedure, or the right way to use these systems on different kinds of plants in gardens to improve these shortcomings. 3.This study will make suggestions that how to apply the automatic irrigation systems on every kinds of plant types in the garden, and developing a figure to help the reader use these suggestions more easily. 【Keywords】Automatic sprinkler irrigation system、history 、suitability、plant types and application、 procedure.
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馮俊益. "Fire Safety Design for High Rack Storage- the Automatic Sprinkler System." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42971967302833473316.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災技術研究所
90
With highly developed economy and the increase of logistics trade , rationalized space saving and laborsaving, the rack-storages that reduced the cost of logistics trade are becoming more and more popular . In order to increase storage efficiently, the trend of high-rack storage has been developed. In a high-rack storage goods are stacked in a high-density fashion. Packing material and movable goods pallets are made of wood and plastic and the close spacing left in between goods all contribute to a possible serious fire disaster. Fire in these cases cause an extreme loss of goods when the heat ignites the combustible racks and the fire will easily spread within seconds. According to studies conducted abroad the first choice for high-rack storage fire protection is to install the automatic sprinkler systems. Our fire protective regulation about high-rack storage has been followed by Japan’s old regulations. The disastrous high-rack fire of Japan’s TUNG YAN canning factory in November 1995 could not be controlled by the automatic sprinkler system. The analyze, the reason might have been because of the automatic sprinkler system design or perhaps insufficiency of fire regulations. The goal of my research is to provide fire safety design in high-rack storage facilities by installing the automatic sprinkler systems. First, I discuss the space characteristics of each facility being used for high-rack storage then analyze fire hazards, and review previous fire cases. The research methods used to sift out factors that affect fire safety design from characteristics are found in NFPA 13, and in both Taiwan and Japan’s fire codes. The research addressed here is to estimate the design factor and to fully understand the difference among various fire codes. We used AHP to get statistic from the specialist investigations. This helps us to make more suitable design draft and to offer another choice for the fire engineers. Finally, the objective of this research is to further improve the codes of automatic sprinkler system within our country.
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Chih-YaoSu and 蘇芷瑤. "The Case Studies of Single-Room Fires with Automatic Sprinkler System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05364740342853629941.
Full text
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Lee, Tung-Lin, and 李東霖. "The study of piping layout for fire protection automatic sprinkler system." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ctj2ty.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
94
The fire control project is the usually most complicated by automatic sprinkler system during the course of designing, because classification of occupancies , place height , place kind , environment temperature of place , set up position ,etc. factor, and those factor affect design way. So designers must choose the proper design parameter and grade of equipment , enable the system to give play to its best efficiency of fire suppression . The initial point of thesis is to make comparative analysis of sprinkler system design principle among Taiwan, mainland and U.S.A.. Secondly, to establish arborescent (Tree)、ring-type (Loop)、netted (Grid), three kinds of different piping layout as the foundation and to select three kinds of different hazard occupancies which are slight (Light)、moderate (Ordinary)、serious (Extra) type, and to sum up two sprinkler head types which are standard /quick response type for one kind; The large drop type for the other kind, conclude above components to build 15 kinds of research models to make the analysis unit. Then verified via hydraulic calculation software（HASS）, to prove the design on the basis of specification is economic design or should be modified. And use the cost analysis software to obtain the material and labor cost of 15 kinds of research models. Finally, make comparative analysis among three kinds of different piping layout based on cost. Finally, to strengthen and break through the inertia and stray of the fire fighting engineering designer of Taiwan by verifying the result, when carry out and design automatic sprinkler system, should not adhere rigidly to tree type piping layout and pipe schedule method, and should verify and apply with the software, in order to obtain optimization and the most economic design and result. From the result of thesis , we learn that sprinkler system protect target is ordinary hazard class or extra hazard class, no matter sprinkler head is standard type or large drop type, considering according to cost, its lower cost as grid type piping layout, are different from domestic and habitual tree type piping layout. In material cost, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 25.8 %~ 44.4%, in the cost respect of the man-hour, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 9.5%~18.5%, in total cost, the grid type is more cheap than the tree type about 14.1%~ 25.2%. Therefore, it is at protection target for ordinary hazard class or extra hazard class place, in fact, the grid type piping layout is the best choice by fire fighting engineering designer. The result is the greatest meaning of thesis.
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TU, YA-CHU, and 凃雅筑. "The Application of Fire Exhaust and Sprinkler System for Parking Tower." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c47z45.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
107
Currently, there are no clear norms of the law on local fire safety equipment and fire risk factors with regard to hermetic sheet metal buildings, parking towers, oil tanks, and fuel tanks. Article 190 of the Standards for Installation of Fire Safety Equipment Based on Use and Occupancy stipulates that premises need not be equipped with smoke control equipment. In this domestic study, eight parking towers have been surveyed to understand their internal structure, the fire extinguishing equipment, the installation of the detectors, and so on. It was found that there was no smoke-detecting equipment installed in any 8 of them, of which only 5 had air vents for heat dissipation and even the legislation does not clearly define the number of such installations. The current situation of parking towers in the whole nation was investigated by questionnaire survey. It was found that more than 90% of the fire extinguishing equipment used was the CO2 fire extinguishing equipment and the detectors were of the differential air tube type. Most of the parking towers were above 30 meters in height or even as high as 50 meters. In the event of a fire, the smoke layering distribution would be different from that of ordinary buildings and the presence or absence of air vents will affect the smooth venting of billowing smoke during such outbreak. Therefore, this study carried out a reduced scale experiment to observe the distribution of plumes and temperature according to the ignition sources. The result was whether the parking tower had dissipation air vents or not, smoke layering will settle in the vicinity of a fire source position. In order to locate the point of origin, the fire services are recommended to use the smoke layering distribution method to determine it. In the reduced scale experiment, by observing the smoke path, the location of the detector was detected and it was found that the temperature above the fire source was the highest, followed by the walls of the car parking. From the experiment, it was found that the fire flow would soar up from both sides of the parking plate. Thus, in future, the location of the detector can be suggested. FDS computer simulated whether CO2 can successfully extinguish a fire in a parking tower and the results obtained was that CO2 has been effective at lowering temperature at different location of the fire source. Part of the full-scale experiment was divided into fire practice and water sprinkler distribution. Since the interior of the car is mostly combustible (such as sponge foam), the fire will rapidly spread and the glass destroyed. When the temperature reaches 800 ℃, the sidewall-type fire suppression sprinkler is activated, to extinguish the fire. When the front and rear windshields are broken, the distribution of water is started. Most of the water-collecting trays can immediately reach 10 Lpm/m2 and extinguish the fire immediately. Keywords: Hermetic sheet metal building, parking tower fire, FDS, reduced-scale experiment, full-scale experiment.
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Chen, Yu-jen, and 陳佑任. "The Performance-Based Design of Sprinklers System in Hospital." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33694485850671795232.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生學系碩士班
94
These researches evaluated the fire protection systems in hospital and proceed a performance-based design for sprinkler system. The scope was too broad to cover every area in hospital. The sprinkler system was chosen to be the first evaluation item for hospital by using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Sprinkler layout, Fire size, and its location had significant effects for sprinkler actuation. The sprinkler took longer to actuate when 500kW fire was under 30cm thick beam. The sprinkler was accelerated to activate, when 500kW fire was under a 30cm thick beam and the beam was 10cm or 20cm away from the ceiling. The beam effect was insignificant when the fire was 1500kW. If the fire origin was moved 1m horizontally away from the beam and there was no clearance between ceiling and beam, the sprinkler was hard to activate. There was no difference for sprinkler actuation time of 10cm or 20cm clearance between ceiling and beam. They are also the same response time as a free ceiling for the same fire size. 【key word】: performance-based design、CFD model、hospital