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Journal articles on the topic 'Sprinkler Systems'
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1
Vaidogas, Egidijus Rytas, and Jurgita Šakėnaitė. "A BRIEF LOOK AT DATA ON THE RELIABILITY OF SPRINKLERS USED IN CONVENTIONAL BUILDINGS / TRUMPA DUOMENŲ APIE ĮPRASTINIUOSE PASTATUOSE ĮRENGTŲ SPRINKLERIŲ PATIKIMUMĄ APŽVALGA." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 17, no. 1 (April 13, 2011): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2011.559908.
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Failures of sprinklers to extinguish fires generate a basic need for the assessment and increase of reliability of these crucial safety systems. This in turn creates a demand for input data used for reliability assessment. Broadly speaking, data on sprinkler failures are available in large amounts and some countries have well-established systems of data collection and reporting. Data are accumulated in the sprinklered environments of conventional buildings and some industrial facilities. The compilation of data sets necessary for reliability assessment may face several problems: differences in definition and naming failure modes; differences in the failure of data reporting; the prevalence of a human factor among the causes of sprinkler failures in a conventional building; the influence of ageing, modifications and repairs on sprinkler reliability. The size of data sets can be limited by such factors as limited relevance of data collected in different sprinklered environments, differences in operation conditions and components, ageing of data collected in the past, the concealment of data and/or a high cost of data, poor documentation and explanation of data in available databases. Data on sprinkler component failure rates necessary for fault tree models can be extracted from generic databases. However, databases containing information on the failure rates of sprinkler-specific components do not seem to exist in literature or on the Internet. Scarce data on sprinkler failures can be utilised within the Bayesian format. The potentially critical issue of reliability dependence on sprinkler aging and other changes in time remains unsolved from the standpoint of both theoretical modelling and data collection. Santrauka Nereti sprinklerių atsakai, gesinant gaisrus, verčia vertinti šių kritinių saugos sistemų patikimumą. Dėl to reikia kaupti ir apdoroti duomenis, kurių reikia vertinant patikimumą. Duomenų apie sprinklerių atsakus yra daug. Kai kurios šalys turi gerai sudarytas sprinklerių patikimumo duomenų rinkimo ir skelbimo sistemas. Duomenys renkami apie sprinklerius, įrengtus tiek įprastiniuose pastatuose, tiek pramoniniuose objektuose. Tačiau duomenų patikimumui vertinti rinkimas susiduria ir su kai kuriais sunkumais. Nėra sutartinės sprinklerių atsakų apibrėžimo ir įvardijimo praktikos, ataskaitos apie atsakus dažnai labai skiriasi, patikimumo vertinimą sunkina ir tai, kad vyraujanti įprastinių pastatų sprinklerių atsakų priežastis yra žmonių klaidos. Patikimumo vertinimą apsunkina ir sprinklerių senėjimo reiškinys, sistemų modifikavimai ir remontai. Patikimumo duomenų kiekį riboja ir tai, kad duomenys, gauti skirtingose eksploatavimo aplinkose, tinka tik toms aplinkoms. Sprinklerių eksploatacija ir aplinkos sąlygos gali būti skirtingos. Duomenų kiekį riboja ir jų kaina, senėjimas bei slėpimas. Duomenys, kaupiami kai kuriose bazėse, būna nepakankamai paaiškinti ir netinkamai dokumentuoti. Kai sprinklerių sistemos patikimumas vertinamas taikant atsakų medžio analizę, įvesties duomenys gali būti gauti ir iš bendrųjų patikimumo duomenų bazių. Tačiau literatūroje ir internete negalima rasti duomenų bazės, kurioje būtų sukaupti duomenys būtent apie sprinklerių sistemų komponentų patikimumą. Kai patikimumo duomenų trūksta, jį galima vertinti taikant Bajeso metodus. Tiek teorinis modeliavimas, tiek duomenų rinkimas šiandien dar neleidžia atsižvelgti į fizinį sprinklerių senėjimą bei modifikacijas, kurios gali labai paveikti šių sistemų patikimumą.
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Prado, Giuliani do. "Water distribution from medium-size sprinkler in solid set sprinkler systems." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 3 (March 2016): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n3p195-201.
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ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the water distribution from a medium-size sprinkler working in solid set sprinkler systems. Water distribution radial curves from the sprinkler operating under four nozzle diameter combinations (4.0 x 4.6; 5.0 x 4.6; 6.2 x 4.6 and; 7.1 x 4.6 mm) and four working pressures (196; 245; 294 and 343 kPa) were evaluated on the sprinkler test bench of the State University of Maringá, in Cidade Gaúcha, Paraná, Brazil. The sixteen water distribution curves were normalized and subjected to clustering analysis (K-Means algorithm), identifying the occurrence of normalized distribution curves with three different geometric shapes. A computer algorithm, in Visual Basic for Applications in Excel spreadsheet, was developed to simulate the water application uniformity (Christiansen's Coefficient - CU) from the sprinklers working with rectangular and triangular layouts in solid set sprinkler systems. For the three geometric shapes of the normalized water distribution curves, digital simulation results of water distribution uniformity for the sprinklers on mainline and lateral line spaced between 10 to 100% of wetted diameter indicated that sprinkler spacings around 50% of the wetted diameter provide acceptable CU values.
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Cui, Fan Lin, Fang Qu, Yong Yi Cui, and Lei Mai. "Studies on Sprinklers Arrangement in Sprinkler Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 1686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.1686.
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To improve the fire suppressing efficiency and reliability of the sprinkler systems, in this paper we analysis and discuss a problem about sprinklers arrangement. Use the water distribution curve of ZST-15 and the MATLAB to accomplish a 3D surface fitting among radius of protection, working pressure and mounting height as well as get a function expression about them. After that, aiming at the problems happened in engineering practice, we propose a method of determine the sprinklers arrangement distance and their mounting height, in addition give suggestions about choosing fire pools and work out the flow rate of sprinkler systems through calculation as well.
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Ali, E. H., Y. T. Baker, and B. F. Al-Douri. "EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON WHEAT PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY USING A STOCHASTIC FRONTIER ANALYSIS." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 53, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i2.1542.
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This study was aimed to director wheat production's technical efficiency grown under two irrigation systems(fixed and pivot sprinkler irrigation systems)using random border analysis.Samples were collected randomly from267farmers from Salah Al-Din Governorate/Iraq.The samples were divided into two groups;187farmers used a pivot sprinkler irrigation system with three categories of possession(80,60and120dunums),while the other group used a fixed sprinkler irrigation system with four categories of possession(40,30,20and10dunums).Transcendent production function was used to study the effect of production factors on wheat yield. The results indicated that the mechanization work and the amount of added irrigation water increased by 1% while the wheat yield increased by0.08and0.15%,respectively.The pivot sprinkler irrigation system's technical efficiency averaged0.86,while the fixed sprinkler irrigation system's efficiency was0.84.The technical efficiency and experience increased with the farmers' experience with supplementary irrigation, the cultivated area and age. On the other hand, technical efficiency and experience decreased with the family's size and wheat cultivating experience. Furthermore, farmers who owned mechanization were more efficient than the lessors. The sprinklers' highest productivity was in the pivot sprinkler irrigation system at120dunums and was 108,930 kg. The highest productivity per water unit was0.86in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system of10 and 40 dunums. The efficiency of water use was 86% when the cultivated area was120dunums with the pivot sprinkler irrigation system and87% at40 dunums with the fixed sprinkler irrigation system.
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Šakėnaitė, Jurgita. "The Problem of Sprinkler Reliability." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 1, no. 5 (April 13, 2011): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2009.5.07.
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Sprinkler systems allow a considerable reduction of fire risk in buildings. Unfortunately, sprinklers are not fail-safe technical systems. Relatively high rates of sprinkler failures evoke the problem of reliability. A solution to this problem is considered from several viewpoints. The diversity of sprinklers' failure modes is the first challenge for estimating reliability (failure probability). It is found that the use of the available data for estimation is problematic. The second challenge is that the published data is insufficiently described to allow a verification of its relevance to the specific case of failure probability estimation. It is suggested to apply the published data with partial relevance to Bayesian inference about failure probabilities. The data is used for developing prior distributions of the unknown values of the probabilities. Bayesian inference is carried out on the basis of binomial distribution used to model the operation of sprinklers on demand basis. A problem of aging and a possible increase in failure probability in the course of sprinkler service is shortly discussed.
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Karpenko, Serhii, Yurii Lebedenko, Hanna Rudakova, and Antonina Rudakova. "Modeling of the scheme of location of active raining equipment of the closed irrigation system." System technologies 2, no. 133 (March 1, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1562-9945-2-133-2021-10.
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The purpose of the study is to develop a procedure for determining the parameters of the layout of active sprinkler equipment in closed irrigation systems. This paper presents the importance of transforming agricultural production into a highly developed sector of the economy which is impossible without reducing its dependence on adverse climatic conditions. The introduction of modern computer-integrated technologies, including precision farming, due to the need for economic use of visible and energy resources, is considered. Closed irrigation systems with the use of reclamation equipment such as universal sprinklers have become widespread. The existing fleet of efficient sprinklers will consist of 64% of frigate sprinklers. The article considers a complex of sprinklers, which will consist of eight irrigation fields, the total number of sprinklers in the system is eight. The article discusses in detail the principle of operation of the presented closed irrigation system, namely the system of water supply pipelines to sprinklers, and equipment that controls the operation of this system, such as booster pumps, hydrants, transformers, valves, communication lines. The article considers the process of calculating the total number of options for connecting sprinklers. In the considered system 4 sprinkler installations which are connected and disconnected in pairs can be in work at the same time. Consider problems that arise in the system due to pressure jumps in the hydraulic system. Schematically, the options for placing active sprinkler equipment are presented. The possibility of specifying the structure of the connection scheme of active sprinkler equipment using a matrix is considered. The procedure of definition of parameters of the scheme of placement of the active sprinkler equipment is offered. Timely switching of modes of operation of the pumping equipment of ZSS, is possible in the presence of correctly working control system, the confirmed efficiency. The work must be based on the results of computer simulations.
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Liu, Xun, Jing xian Shi, and Jing Meng. "Analysis on Hydraulic Calculation of Pipelines in Automatic Sprinkler Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2206, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2206/1/012006.
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Abstract This paper discusses the hydraulic calculation of automatic sprinkler systems in the following aspects: hydraulic calculations respectively in accordance with the GB50084-2001(2005 edition) and the GB50084-2017 and their comparison. Through the comparison, it’s found there is little difference between the results of hydraulic calculations with the flow rate of sprinklers calculated based on their actual pressure or with the flow rate of each sprinkler as a fixed value. To simplify the calculation, it is recommended to use a fixed value for calculation.
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Zhang, Kai, Bo Song, and Delan Zhu. "The Influence of Sinusoidal Oscillating Water Flow on Sprinkler and Impact Kinetic Energy Intensities of Laterally-Moving Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." Water 11, no. 7 (June 27, 2019): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071325.
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Laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure experience problems including small spraying range, low uniformity, surface runoff, and low water utilization rate. To solve these problems, experiments were carried out on a laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system using a Nelson D3000 sprinkler (Nelson Irrigation Co., Walla Walla, WA, USA) under low pressure, sinusoidal oscillating water flow. The sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity distribution were investigated for sprinklers both static and in motion. The test data were used to calculate combined sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity for different nozzle spacings, and were compared with constant water pressure test results. It was found that sinusoidal oscillating water flow can effectively increase spraying range, as well as reducing the peak value of the sprinkler intensity and impact kinetic energy intensity. Within an optimal range of amplitude and nozzle spacing, sinusoidal oscillating water flow significantly improves the combined sprinkler intensity, impact kinetic energy intensity uniformity, and the spraying quality of laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems under low pressure conditions. When the average water pressure is 100 kPa, the optimal range of amplitude of sinusoidal oscillating flow applied to the laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation system is 50–60 kPa. When the amplitude is 50 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4 m; when the amplitude is 60 kPa, the optimal nozzle spacing is 3.5–4.5 m. The related parameters can provide a reference for the application of sinusoidal oscillating water flow in laterally-moving sprinkler irrigation systems.
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Menezes, Paulo L. de, Carlos A. V. de Azevedo, Eduardo Eyng, José Dantas Neto, and Vera L. A. de Lima. "Artificial neural network model for simulation of water distribution in sprinkle irrigation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 9 (September 2015): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n9p817-822.
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ABSTRACTDetermining uniformity coefficients of sprinkle irrigation systems, in general, depends on field trials, which require time and financial resources. One alternative to reduce time and expense is the use of simulations. The objective of this study was to develop an artificial neural network (ANN) to simulate sprinkler precipitation, using the values of operating pressure, wind speed, wind direction and sprinkler nozzle diameter as the input parameters. Field trials were performed with one sprinkler operating in a grid of 16 x 16, collectors with spacing of 1.5 m and different combinations of nozzles, pressures, and wind conditions. The ANN model showed good results in the simulation of precipitation, with Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) ranging from 0.92 to 0.97 and Willmott agreement index (d) from 0.950 to 0.991, between the observed and simulated values for ten analysed trials. The ANN model shows promise in the simulation of precipitation in sprinkle irrigation systems.
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Копылов, Сергей Николаевич, Леонид Тимофеевич Танклевский, Александр Алексеевич Таранцев, Игорь Александрович Бабиков, and Александр Валерьевич Аракчеев. "Calculated estimation of geometric parameters of automatic water fire extinguishing systems for high rise racks." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.007.
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Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с применением спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Проанализированы соответствующие нормативные документы. Описаны варианты решения задач определения расхода воды из оросителя, координат места его установки, а также углов распыла огнетушащего вещества и наклона оси оросителя. Приведены примеры расчета геометрических параметров спринклерных автоматических установок водяного пожаротушения стеллажей. Fires at objects whith high-rack storage of combustible materials are particularly dangerous because of the rapid spread of the flame vertically, the risk of collapse of the racks and the damaging effects of high temperature on structural elements of the building. The main method of extinguishing such fires at the initial stage is the use of automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems (AUP). The requirements for AUP parameters (types of detectors and sprinklers, their characteristics and distances) depending on the height of the room and storage are currently set out in two normative documents: the set of rules (SP 241.1311500.2015) and the organization standard (VNPB 40-16). Unlike the SP, where there is provided only the supply of a fire extinguishing substance (FES) - water vertically down with high-flow sprinklers of type SOBR (ESFR) and there are no requirements for the type of fire detectors, VNPB provides the use of different types of detectors (aspiration, smoke, heat), forced start-up of AUP sprinklers, which reduces the time of free fire development and the supply of FES by a flow shaper with the spray angle ≈ 600 at an angle to the vertical both to the horizontal and lateral surfaces of the racks. This article discusses the issues of determining the parameters of automatic sprinkler systems for water fire extinguishing of racks. Variants of solving synthesis problems are given - the choice of the places for installing sprinklers depending on the height and width of the racks, their axis of inclination, and also the spray angle. To solve these problems, the computer program called struja.exe was created, a series of calculations on which showed a negligible effect of aerodynamic drag due to relatively small distances. Examples are given. Thus, the features of the sprinkler AUP for the protection of rooms with high-rack storage and the task of determining its geometric parameters are considered. In this case, forced activation of the sprinkler follows in order to avoid a delay in the start of extinguishing. In the future, it is also desirable to conduct additional field experiments with sprinkler water supply and also (if possible) evaluate the effect of ascending flows of combustion products on the water flow from the sprinkler.
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Prado, Giuliani, Alberto Colombo, and Antônio C. Barreto. "Water distribution model for center pivot end gun sprinklers." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 7 (July 2019): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p477-483.
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ABSTRACT End gun sprinklers can increase the irrigated area by center pivot irrigation systems without a substantial investment. This study was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, MG state, Brazil, and aimed to describe and validate a water distribution model for center pivot end gun sprinklers. The gun sprinkler PLONA-RL250®, attached at the end point of a center pivot, was used to evaluate the model in field tests. The sprinkler working conditions considered were nozzle diameters of 14 x 6 mm, working pressure of 292 kPa, and four asymmetric wetted angle adjustments (95 + 20º; 90 + 90º; 60 + 60º; 45 + 45º). These tests were carried out for wind speed lower than 0.9 m s-1. The measured and simulated irrigation depths showed an average absolute difference of 0.65 mm and determination coefficients from 71.55 to 89.37%. Based on the confidence coefficient (c = 0.82) the model can be classified as very good (0.76 ≤ c ≤ 0.85). Sprinkler wetted angle adjustment of 110º (95 + 20º) resulted in uniform water distribution and, for effective radius of throw between 70 to 90% of the gun sprinkler´s radius of throw, this working condition resulted in Christiansen’s uniformity greater than 80%.
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Chen, Rui, Hong Li, Jian Wang, and Chao Chen. "Effects of Plate Structure and Nozzle Diameter on Hydraulic Performance of Fixed Spray Plate Sprinklers at Low Working Pressures." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13958.
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HighlightsThe hydraulic performance of fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS) was evaluated at low working pressures.The effects of geometric structure on the hydraulic performance of FSPS were studied.A model was developed for estimating the application depth and uniformity of FSPS under a linear-move system.The recommended values of the most effective sprinkler combination spacing for FSPS are given.Abstract. Reducing the working pressure of sprinklers can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sprinkler irrigation systems. Fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS) have a simple structure, and their working pressure has potential to be reduced to 40 kPa. To evaluate the hydraulic performance of FSPS at low pressure, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, plate structure, and nozzle diameter on sprinkler flow rate, wetted radius, and water application distribution. Two plates (FSPSB and FSPSY) and five nozzles were used in the tests. The cumulative water application depth and irrigation uniformity coefficient were calculated under a linear-move system. The results show that sprinklers with larger nozzle diameters and higher working pressures produce greater coefficients of discharge. The wetted radius gradually increases with the increase in working pressure and nozzle diameter. Two empirical equations for estimating the wetted radius of the two plates are proposed. The FSPSB has a concave trajectory structure that produces a longer wetted radius than the FSPSY, which has a flat trajectory structure. Along the wetted radius, the water application rate increases and then decreases, with a peak value at a certain distance. For the FSPSB, the peak rate of water application decreases with increasing working pressure. However, the FSPSY shows the opposite trend, with the maximum peak value occurring at the highest working pressure of 250 kPa. The water distribution for a single FSPSB sprinkler is discrete due to the greater water dispersal caused by the deeper grooves in the plate. In contrast, a single FSPSY sprinkler provides a more uniform water distribution. The irrigation uniformity of the FSPSY is higher than that of the FSPSB. The recommended values for the most effective sprinkler combination spacings for FSPSB and FSPSY are given in this article. The results may be useful for selecting appropriate sprinklers in hydraulic design procedures. Keywords: Cumulative spray water depth, Irrigation uniformity, Sprinkler irrigation, Water distribution, Working condition.
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Bakirov, Sergey, Sergey Eliseev, and Elena Ryzhova. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Improvement of the Sprinkler Machine with an Accumulator Power Source." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 1, no. 42 (January 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2021-68-1-29-33.
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In all operating conditions, electrified sprinklers are provided with energy from a centralized source or a portable diesel generator. The energy efficiency of these power supply methods is characterized by losses of electricity during transmission. Battery power sources of sprinkler machines are used in rare cases, there are no such machines on the agricultural lands of the Volga region. If the battery power source is installed next to the electric drive on a support trolley, then there is no loss of electricity during transmission and there is the possibility of using renewable sources, the cost of electricity is close to zero. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in evaluating the increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source and renewable energy sources in comparison with traditional energy supply. (Materials and methods) Authors used theoretical and empirical methods of scientific knowledge, namely mathematical analysis, systematic approach, literature analysis, observation. (Results and discussion) The power consumption of irrigation systems fed the cable line from the centralized grid will consist of the energy consumed by the actuators support trucks irrigation systems and the energy consumed for transmission. The increase in the energy efficiency of a sprinkler machine with a battery power source in comparison with a cable line consists in saving energy for transmission. Found that when comparing the line cable from the battery feeding method should take into account the losses in transmission of energy along the entire length of the construction of irrigation machines and energy loss during transmission from the transformer substation to the fixed support irrigation systems. (Conclusions) The energy loss along the length of the sprinkler machine logarithmically depends on the number of sections. In relation to the operating conditions of sprinklers in the Saratov region, it is possible to reduce energy consumption even without taking into account the starting modes from 0.20 to 2.01 percent for water distribution by circular sprinklers.
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Tanklevskiy, L. T., A. A. Tarantsev, O. A. Zybina, and I. A. Babikov. "The efficiency assessment of an automatic sprinkler system." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2021.30.01.42-53.
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Introduction. Сases of ineffective activation of automatic sprinkler fire-fighting systems (AFFS), designed pursuant to current standards, have made it necessary to address the following three issues: a) identification of reasons for ineffective activation; b) examination of AFFS systems to ensure their successful activation in case of fire; c) making a list of recommendations for AFFS designers. These issues can be resolved with reference to Appendix B to new SP (Construction Regulations) 485.13130.2020.Maximal critical height of sprinkler placement. Models of fire development were used to design the roof height limit and the AFFS bulb heating time. If the ceiling height exceeds the limit value, sprinklers cannot be activated in a timely manner. This leads to delays in the AFFS activation, and, as a result, the fire area exceeds the one safeguarded by the sprinkler.Acceptable sprinkler height. The analysis of fire scenarios and bulb heating models allows to more accurately project the feasibility of timely AFFS activation. This, in turn, allows to solve the three above listed problems.Using a differential heat detector to activate sprinklers. If it is established that the use of the AFFS, activating sprinklers by means of thermal destruction of a bulb, is ineffective in a given room, the feasibility of forced AFFS activation using a differential heat detector responding to the temperature rise in a room may be considered. The ratios, thus obtained, are applied to identify the acceptable height of premises protected by the AFFS equipped with such detectors. Problem solutions, including the identification of the reason for the ineffective operation of the AFFS, examination of the AFFS in operation, and provision of recommendations to designers, are demonstrated using the exhibition hall as an example.Conclusions. The above-mentioned problems are resolvable with the help of Appendix B to new Construction Regulations 485.13130.2020 and the above models.
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Ryazantsev, Anatoly, Sergey Turapin, Evgeniy Evseev, and Alexey Antipov. "Justification of the regulation of the flow of sprinklers of wide-reach circular machines." Melioration and Water Management 2022, no. 3 (September 8, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32962/0235-2524-2022-3-6-10.
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The article discusses the issues of substantiating the reliability of the movement of wide-reach circular sprinkler machines on elevated slopes by eliminating surface runoff in the movement zone of their running systems, especially in the end part, by equipping sprinkler machines with advanced membrane-type flow regulators. Laboratory studies have determined that the accuracy of regulation by the im-proved regulator is within the same limits as for its serial model, and is ± 5%. It has been found that the regulation of the flow rate of sprinklers in the end part of the DM on a sloping surface increases the value of the bearing capacity of the soil, from 40-50 to 80-90 kPa, or that at a specific pressure of running systems, on average, about 85 kPa, provides sufficient permeability
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Zhuravleva, L. A., and N. V. Tkhuan. "Reduced rutting of wide-grip sprinklers." Izvestia MGTU MAMI 1, no. 4 (2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/2074-0530-2020-46-4-38-45.
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During the process of irrigation, when moving sprinklers across the field, the wheels of the run-ning supports create a track. As the number of passes increases, so does the depth of the track. At the end of the irrigation season, it can reach 0.3-0.45 m, lead to slipping wheels and excessive wa-tering. The intensity of the process of rutting and reducing the coupling properties of the running systems of sprinkler machines is further increased in the presence of free, not absorbed water, caus-ing the formation of runoff on the track. The greatest depth of the track by the end of the season in the last undercarriages occurs due to the increase in the intensity of irrigation and the diameter of the drops of sprinklers located at the end of the pipeline. The choice of running systems should be made taking into account the characteristics of irrigated surfaces, rational ratios of span lengths, di-ameters of pipelines and sprinkler arrangement schemes. The aim of the study is to consider the im-pact of the irrigation process on the bearing properties of the soil and the formation of a track. The article presents theoretical dependences for determining the depth and width of the track for two-wheeled and three-wheeled undercarriages of wide-grip sprinkler machines. Field studies were con-ducted on “Kuban-LK1M” (Cascade) and “CASCADE” sprinkler machines. The article presents the dependence of the track depth on the number of the undercarriages with a soil bearing capacity of 110-125 kPa. The research made it possible to determine the approximate zones of application of wheel systems, depending on the bearing capacity of the soil. Analysis of the data shows that it is advisable to equip sprinklers with narrow pneumatic wheels on soils of increased strength. On soils with low bearing capacity and significant irrigation rates from 600 m3 / ha - wide-profile pneumatic tires 18-24; 23-26, 21.3-24 for “Kuban-LK1”, “Kuban-LK1M” (KASKAD), KASKAD with a pro-file width of 0.30-0.54 m, including the installation of wider tires at the end part of the machines. In addition, in conditions of low soil strength, it is possible to use tires on sprinklers with smaller profile widths than the recommended ones, but for reduced span lengths or a reduced diameter of the water pipeline.
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Walters, Doug. "Sprinkler systems: Your silent partner." Chemical Health and Safety 8, no. 5 (September 2001): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(01)00253-2.
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Thomas R. Gohring and W. W. Wallender. "Economics of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems." Transactions of the ASAE 30, no. 4 (1987): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30524.
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Al-Baaj, Aymen A. Al, and Andrew Lewis. "Variable Pulsed Irrigation Algorithm (VPIA) to Reduce Runoff Losses Under a Low-Pressure Lateral Move Irrigation Machine." Horticulturae 5, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae5010010.
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Due to restrictions and limitations on agricultural water worldwide, one of the most effective ways to conserve water in this sector is to reduce the water losses and improve irrigation uniformity. Nowadays, the low-pressure sprinkler has been widely used to replace the high-pressure impact sprinklers in lateral move sprinkler irrigation systems due to its low operating cost and high efficiency. However, the hazard of surface runoff represents the biggest obstacle for low-pressure sprinkler systems. Most researchers have used the pulsing technique to apply variable-rate irrigation to match the crop water needs within a normal application rate that does not produce runoff. This research introduces a variable pulsed irrigation algorithm (VPIA) based on an ON–OFF pulsing technique to conserve irrigation water through (1) decreasing the runoff losses by considering the soil infiltration rate, surface storage capacity, and sprinkler wetting diameter; and (2) ensuring a high level of water distribution uniformity in the direction of machine movement. From a wide range of pulse numbers and widths tested applying a certain water depth to a sandy loam soil, the best solution that gives the lowest runoff and highest uniformity while delivering an acceptable water depth was selected. A MATLAB code was written to simulate the soil infiltration rate, the sprinkler application rate, and to apply the proposed algorithm. The simulation results showed a runoff reduction of at least 90.7% with a high level of distribution uniformity in the direction of movement while delivering the highest possible irrigation depth using the lowest number of pulses.
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O’Shaughnessy, Susan A., Steven R. Evett, Paul D. Colaizzi, Manuel A. Andrade, Thomas H. Marek, Derek M. Heeren, Freddie R. Lamm, and Jacob L. LaRue. "Identifying Advantages and Disadvantages of Variable Rate Irrigation: An Updated Review." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 6 (2019): 837–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13128.
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Abstract. Variable rate irrigation (VRI) sprinklers on mechanical move irrigation systems (center pivot or lateral move) have been commercially available since 2004. Although the number of VRI, zone or individual sprinkler, systems adopted to date is lower than expected there is a continued interest to harness this technology, especially when climate variability, regulatory nutrient management, water conservation policies, and declining water for agriculture compound the challenges involved for irrigated crop production. This article reviews the potential advantages and potential disadvantages of VRI technology for moving sprinklers, provides updated examples on such aspects, suggests a protocol for designing and implementing VRI technology and reports on the recent advancements. The advantages of VRI technology are demonstrated in the areas of agronomic improvement, greater economic returns, environmental protection and risk management, while the main drawbacks to VRI technology include the complexity to successfully implement the technology and the lack of evidence that it assures better performance in net profit or water savings. Although advances have been made in VRI technologies, its penetration into the market will continue to depend on tangible and perceived benefits by producers. Keywords: Center pivots, Crop water use efficiency, Irrigation, Management zones, Moving sprinkler irrigation systems, Precision irrigation, Sensor based systems.
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Kim, Jaedong, Seokjae Lee, and Joonseo Yang. "Comparative Study on Pressure Reduction of Sprinkler Piping Systems with an Orifice." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.6.111.
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The recent increase in the number of high-rise buildings has led to increased pressure on sprinkler piping systems. This overpressure results in the supply of large quantities of water to a small number of open sprinkler heads due to the aging of buildings or malfunctioning of sprinkler heads. This induces significant water damage during incidents such as fires, resulting in long-term restoration needs of electrical and infrastructure facilities. Therefore, this study intends to mitigate this damage by introducing an orifice in sprinkler piping systems to reduce the water pressure at sprinkler head openings. Various types of data values were calculated by increasing the pressure and simultaneously varying the orifice specifications for each type of pipe. Currently, there are no test data of this kind, rendering the obtained data useful in the design and construction of orifices for pressure reduction in sprinkler piping systems.
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Liu, Junping, Umair Gull, Daniel H. Putnam, and Isaya Kisekka. "Variable-Rate Irrigation Uniformity Model for Linear-Move Sprinkler Systems." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 4 (2021): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14313.
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HighlightsUsing different nozzle sizes on a linear-move sprinkler irrigation system is a simple method for implementing VRI.This study established a variable-rate sprinkler irrigation model for a linear-move system with different nozzles.Uniformity parameters were predicted for different tests, and prediction accuracy ranged from 1.6% to 13.0%.The simulation model can be applied to other sprinkler systems with variable-rate irrigation.Abstract. Variable-rate irrigation (VRI) can vary the application rate by either changing the amount of water flowing through sprinkler nozzles (zone control) or varying the speed of a moving irrigation system across parts of a field, referred to as speed/sector control. The uniformity of sprinkler irrigation in each management zone under VRI directly affects crop growth and yield. The use of different nozzle diameters on a linear-move sprinkler irrigation system is a simple and affordable method for achieving VRI. There are few studies on modeling the uniformity of VRI on linear-move sprinkler irrigation systems. In this study, a cubic spline difference-value model was used to simulate the variable-rate water distribution and uniformity of a linear-move system. Nine tests were designed to evaluate VRI uniformity with different nozzle diameters. A simulation and corresponding field experiments were carried out. The application rate of the simulation model was higher than the experimental values because of wind drift. The uniformity coefficients of the simulation with nozzle diameters of 1.98, 2.97, and 4.17 mm in tests 1, 2, and 3 were 86.56%, 85.24%, and 79.94%, respectively. The uniformity coefficients of the VRI simulations with combinations of nozzle diameters in tests 4 through 9 were 76.89%, 80.70%, 76.67%, 69.58%, 76.64%, and 81.87%, respectively. The smallest error between the simulation and experiment was 1.6%, and the largest error was 13.0%. The simulation model and prediction method can be applied to other sprinkler irrigation systems. Keywords: Linear move, Simulation model, Sprinkler irrigation, Uniformity, VRI.
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Танклевский, Леонид Тимофеевич, Александр Алексеевич Таранцев, and Игорь Александрович Бабиков. "Features of application of the methodology for assessing the possibility of using automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems (Appendix "B" to SP 485.1311500.2020)." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 1(106) (March 21, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2022.16.79.002.
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Рассмотрены особенности практического применения Методики оценки возможности использования спринклерных АУП, входящей в состав СП 485.1311500.2020 (приложение В). Методика позволяет: выявлять вероятную причину неэффективной работы спринклерной автоматической установки пожаротушения (активировалась при пожаре, но не выполнила свои функции); проводить экспертизу ранее спроектированной и смонтированной автоматической установки пожаротушения для оценки возможности ее эффективной работы при пожаре в защищаемом помещении; давать рекомендации проектировщику спринклерной автоматической установки пожаротушения по выбору способа активации при пожаре - от теплового разрушения запирающей колбы или по сигналу от дифференциального теплового извещателя. Приведены примеры применения Методики. The prerequisite for writing this article were cases when automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing systems (ASFES) triggered during a fire in a room, but did not perform their functions - as the sprinklers with locking flasks were activated, the fire continued anyway. At the same time, the subsequent analysis revealed no violations either during the design of the ASFES in accordance with SP 5.13130.2013, or during the installation of the ASFES, or during the maintenance of the ASFES. The reason for the ineffective operation of the ASFES turned out to be the following. The height H of the rooms protected by the ASFES was so high that convective flows from burning products, rising up, cooled to a temperature insufficient for timely sprinkler activation. They were activated belatedly when the fire area was already larger than the area protected by the sprinkler. The fire area increased and the ASFES sprinklers continued to be activated by the "domino effect". As a result, ASFES could not fulfil its main function - to suppress burning in a timely manner. Understanding of such a process led to the need to develop a special "Methodology for assessing the possibility of using ASFES", which was issued in the form of Appendix B to SP 485.1311500.2020 "SPP. Fire extinguishing installations are automatic. Norms and rules of design". In Appendix B there were used mathematical expressions to solve the following tasks: a) to identify the probable cause that the sprinkler ASFES worked in a fire but did not perform its functions; b) to carry out an examination of the previously designed and installed ASFES for the purpose of assessing the possibility of its effective operation in case of a fire in the protected room; c) to give recommendations to the designer on the choice of the method of switching on the sprinkler ASFES in case of fire. However, the limited volume of SP 485.1311500.2020 did not allow to give examples of calculations in Appendix B, which made it difficult to use Appendix B. The purpose of this article is to maximize the ease of application of Appendix B to SP 485.1311500.2020 by providing computational examples of solving problems "a-b" and thereby ensuring the design of effective sprinkler ASFES.
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Былинкин, Владимир Александрович, Екатерина Юрьевна Романова, Светлана Юрьевна Колесникова, and Владимир Васильевич Виноградский. "Analysis of application possibility of automatic fire extinguishing for residential sector protection." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 1(106) (March 21, 2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2022.30.70.009.
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Для тушения пожаров в жилых помещениях распыленной водой широко используются спринклерные установки пожаротушения. Быстродействие установок обусловлено применением спринклерных оросителей, которые являются извещателями обнаружения возгораний. Низкое быстродействие оросителей приводит к значительному развитию пожара по площади и требует большого расхода воды на пожаротушение. Применение оросителей с принудительным пуском обеспечивает их срабатывание на начальной стадии развития пожара и, следовательно, сводит к минимуму расход воды. Предлагается методика определения эффективности тушения модельных очагов при использовании оросителей с принудительным пуском различного монтажного исполнения. The sprinkler fire extinguishing systems are widely used to extinguish fires with sprayed water in residential premises. The operating speed of installations is due to the use of sprinklers which are the detectors of ignition. The low operating speed of the sprinklers leads to a significant development of a fire in the area and requires high water consumption for fire extinguishing. The use of sprinklers with forced launch ensures their activation at the initial stage of fire development, and therefore minimizes water consumption. There is proposed the method for determining the efficiency of extinguishing standardized fire sources when using sprinklers with forced launch of various mounting designs. There were carried out fire tests to extinguish standardized fires with sprinklers with an increased irrigation area of 20 m and 30 m, which were triggered by satellite detectors with thermal and light sensors of infrared radiation. Tests carried out for sprinkler fire extinguishing installations have shown the possibility of expanding the irrigation area with one sprinkler from 12 m to 30 m with an intensity of sprayed water supply 4 times less than the standard, without reducing the quality of the entire fire extinguishing system. There is concluded the feasibility of conducting research on the creation of a modular fire extinguishing installation with the supply of finely sprayed water.
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Nur Lina Abdullah, Norul Fadhilah Ismail, Saiful Bahri Safaron, Nurazeera Md Suder, and Nurul Wahidah Omar. "Water Overlapping Area for The Arrangement of Field’s Sprinkler Irrigation." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 88, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.88.1.140148.
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The design and arrangement of sprinkler irrigation systems are presented and discussed in this paper. The design is based on a rotating sprinkler system to irrigate the field. Information is provided concerning the components of irrigation systems and the characteristics of the system that affect water application efficiency. The mathematical model is developed to account for water overlapping area throughout a fixed sprinkler system and to evaluate the number of sprinkler irrigation for the whole field using water projection profiles from the experimental data analysis. As a result, a set of recommendations for the design of sprinkler irrigation system management are obtained. Finally, this problem is alleviated using the Maplet interface. By simply typing information in the text boxes and using drop-down menus in Maplet windows, the characteristic of sprinkler irrigation systems can be studied with relative ease.
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Tian, Yuan, Andre Filiatrault, and Gilberto Mosqueda. "Experimental Seismic Fragility of Pressurized Fire Suppression Sprinkler Piping Joints." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 4 (November 2014): 1733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/111011eqs278m.
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Pressurized fire suppression sprinkler piping is a critical nonstructural system that must remain operational after an earthquake, particularly in critical facilities. Observations from past earthquakes have demonstrated that the locations most susceptible to damage in sprinkler piping systems are the joints, sprinkler heads, support hangers, and bracing systems. However, field observations and previous experimentations are insufficient to fully characterize the response of sprinkler piping systems under seismic actions and to develop effective solutions to improve their performance. This paper presents the results of an experimental program designed to evaluate the seismic behavior of sprinkler piping joints. Forty-eight tee joints made of various materials (black iron with threaded joints, thermoplastic (CPVC) with cement joints, and steel with groove-fit connections) and nominal diameters (¾ in. to 6 in.) were tested under reverse cyclic loading to determine their rotational capacities at which leakage and/or fracture occur. The ATC-58 framework is applied to develop a seismic fragility database for pressurized fire suppression sprinkler joints considering joint rotation as the demand parameter. Fragility functions in terms of more global demand parameters, such as floor accelerations, can be developed using data presented here combined with structural analysis models of sprinkler piping systems.
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Tanklevskiy, L. T., A. A. Tarantsev, I. A. Babikov, and D. V. Polyakov. "Calculated assessment of effectiveness of class B fire suppression using automatic fire sprinkler systems." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.88-98.
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Introduction. The problem of timely activation of fire sprinkler systems is highly relevant for effective fire suppression before the critical moment, when calculated values applied to extinguish the fire, become ineffective. A number of works address the problem of effective application of the fire sprinkler system to Class A fires. The application of such methods to Class B fires has not yet been considered.The model simulating a fire in a room with an automatic fire extinguishing system. The response time assessment model, developed by the co-authors for an automatic water-consuming fire sprinkler system, allows to identify the velocity of flame spreading over the surface of an HFL/CL spillage and the temperature rise rate in the ceiling area in the case of a B class fire.A sprinkler is triggered by the bulb bursting caused by the thermal effect produced by the ascending convection flow. A model has been developed to determine the response time of a fire sprinkler system exposed to the effect of a heat flow, caused by the Class B fire, on a heat-sensitive sprinkler bulb.Activation of a fire sprinkler system by the rate-of-rise heat detector. A model, designated for determining the activation time of a rate-of-rise heat detector, was developed.Examples. A number of examples, illustrating the response time of traditional, deluge, and forced launch fire sprinkler systems, are provided in the article.Conclusions. The obtained formula allows to quickly check the applicability of different types of fire sprinkler systems to ensure the effective protection of premises in which class B fires may break out.
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Afzaal, Hassan, Aitazaz A. Farooque, Farhat Abbas, Bishnu Acharya, and Travis Esau. "Precision Irrigation Strategies for Sustainable Water Budgeting of Potato Crop in Prince Edward Island." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062419.
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Climate change induced uneven patterns of rainfall emphasize the use of supplemental irrigation in rainfed agriculture. The Penman–Monteith method was used to calculate supplemental irrigation for water budgeting of a potato crop in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Cumulative gaps between rainfall and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during August and September of the study years were due to high crop coefficient factor, justifying the need for supplemental irrigation. Pressurized irrigation systems, including sprinklers, fertigation, and drip irrigation were installed, to evaluate the impact of scheduled supplemental irrigation in offsetting deficits in irrigation water requirements in comparison with conventional practice of rainfed cultivation (control). A two-way ANOVA examined the effect of irrigation methods and year on potato tuber yield, water productivity, tuber quality, and payout. Sprinkler and fertigation systems performed better than drip and control treatments. In terms of payout returns and potato tuber quality (percentage of marketable potatoes), the sprinkler treatment performed significantly better than the other treatments. However, for water productivity, fertigation treatment performed significantly better than control and sprinkler treatments during both years. The use of supplemental irrigation is recommended for profitable cultivation of potatoes in soil, agricultural, and environmental conditions resembling to those of Prince Edward Island.
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Lee, Ho Yeol, Seung bok Choi, and Don Mook Choi. "Improvement of the Daily Management System for Sprinkler Systems." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.6618930c.
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The maintenance and status of institutional maintenance of sprinkler facilities are examined to identify problems and suggest improvement plans for the daily maintenance system for sprinkler facilities over time. In addition, the details of poor inspection practices of sprinkler facilities installed in buildings in the Seoul metropolitan area and records prepared by the agency for fire safety management are analyzed. Suggested improvement measures include drafting legislation to establish maintenance guidelines, standardizing work on fire safety management, handling defective contents, strengthening education of business supervisors, and establishing a maintenance space to prevent corrosion and flooding.
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Souza, Elves Almeida, Eugênio Ferreira Coelho, Marcelo Rocha Santos, and Diego Magalhães Melo. "Agronomic performance of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana under fertigation and mulching." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 979–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n3p979.
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Banana is one of the most produced fruit crops in Brazil and has great economic, social and nutritional importance. Factors such as water availability and well-managed fertilization are fundamental to achieving profitable yields. The aim of this study was to examine the agronomic performance and water use efficiency of ‘BRS Princesa’ banana under combinations of irrigation systems, fertilization methods and mulching, during three production cycles. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with four replicates. Treatments consisted of a combination of the localized irrigation system, fertilization strategy and mulching, as follows: Drip irrigation with manual fertilization; Micro-sprinkler irrigation with manual fertilization; Drip fertigation with mulch; Drip fertigation without mulch; Micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulch; and Micro-sprinkler fertigation without mulch. The plants were irrigated every three days, using three 4-L h-1 drippers per plant or a 64-L h-1 micro-sprinkler for every four plants. The following variables were analyzed: number of leaves, plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of hands, hand yield, water and nutrient (nitrogen and potassium) use efficiency and earliness. The micro-sprinkler system provided a greater pseudostem circumference without the presence of mulch. Plants under micro-sprinkler fertigation with mulching grew taller. The banana yield was higher when fertigation was used than with manual fertilization, regardless of the irrigation system. Plants grown in mulched soil were more productive than those grown in bare soil. The use of mulch increased water, nitrogen and potassium use efficiency when compared with cultivation in bare soil. Drip-irrigated plants showed earlier production than those irrigated with micro-sprinklers.
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Jevtić, Radoje. "Stabile systems for fire protection: Sprinkler type systems." Tehnika 73, no. 5 (2018): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1804581j.
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Augenstein, Sheyenne M., Meredith A. Harrison, Sarah C. Klopatek, and James W. Oltjen. "262 Heat stress alleviation and dynamic temperature measurement for growing beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.354.
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Abstract Heat stress continues to be a challenge for feedlot producers, forcing physiological adaptations in beef cattle that can have a negative impact on gain and carcass quality. Feedlots may want to incorporate systems that aid in mitigating heat stress, including sprinkler systems, which are commonly found on dairies. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sprinkler systems on the body temperature of growing feedlot steers applied at three different temperature thresholds. Thirty-two Angus-cross beef steers (298 ± 15 SD days of age) were randomly assigned to 8 pens. Treatments were assigned to pens according to location to avoid drainage issues, with one replicate located on the eastern side of the feedlot and the other replicate located on the western side. Treatments including no sprinklers (C), high temperature threshold sprinklers (HT), moderate temperature threshold sprinklers (MT) or low temperature threshold sprinklers (LT). Sprinklers (flow rate: 5.11 L/min) were activated at 33°C (HT), 28°C (MT), and 23°C (LT) for five minutes at corresponding temperatures every thirty minutes for 57 days. Rectal temperature of steers in their pens was measured in the morning (0800 h), afternoon (1500 h), and evening (1900 h) three days each week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for a total of 19 experimental days. Weather measurements, including ambient temperature, windspeed, humidity and solar radiation were recorded at each measurement time along with the maximum values for each day. The change in body temperature (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon was affected by ambient temperature (P < 0.01); MT (P = 0.02) and LT (P = 0.02) – different than C. There was no significant difference between sprinkler treatments and the control group (P > 0.05). Day affected (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon (P < 0.05) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.05). When averaged by day, the control group was significantly higher than MT (P = 0.04) between the morning and afternoon. The control group was also significantly higher than LT between the morning and afternoon (P = 0.03) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.01). The change in steer body temperature between afternoon and morning was affected by ambient temperature, and averaged across days, lowering the temperature threshold for sprinkling decreased in the afternoon and evening body temperature increase in steers.
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Khalil, M. F., S. Z. Kassab, A. A. Elmiligui, and F. A. Naoum. "Applications of Drag-Reducing Polymers in Sprinkler Irrigation Systems: Sprinkler Head Performance." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 128, no. 3 (June 2002): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:3(147).
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Mila, AJ, AR Akanda, SK Biswas, PK Sarkar, and S. Pervin. "Yield and water productivity of mustard under sprinkler and basin irrigation systems." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 28, no. 2 (February 22, 2016): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v28i2.26784.
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Field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years (2011-12 and 2012-13) to investigate the yield and water productivity (WP) of mustard (BARI Sarisha-14 variety) using sprinkler irrigation. There were six irrigation treatments (sprinkler irrigation at vegetative (T1), pre-flowering (T2) and pod formation (T3) stage, sprinkler irrigation at vegetative and pod formation stage (T4), sprinkler irrigation at pre-flowering and pod formation stage (T5); and basin irrigation at vegetative, pre-flowering, and pod formation stage (T6) (farmers practice). Results indicate that yield and yield components responded positively against different soil moisture regime. The significant highest yield (1.41 and 1.37 t/ha) was obtained by applying basin irrigation at three growth stages, with no statistical difference in yield (1.38 and 1.34 t/ha) with the application of sprinkler irrigation at vegetative and pod formation stages. Vegetative stage was the most critical stage to sprinkler irrigation and pod formation is the next most sensitive stage for mustard cultivation. Sprinkler irrigation can save more than 65 and 35 % of water with the yield reduction of 12.96 and 2.16%, respectively, in treatment T1 and T4 compared to treatment T6. These treatments (T1 and T4) also gave higher water productivity, irrigation water productivity, and net revenue than treatment T6. The results will be helpful for policy planning regarding efficient irrigation and water management under water scarce situation.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(2): 137-149, Dec-2015
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Ibrahim, Ahmad, and Haqqi Yasin. "UNIFORMITY FOR PORTABLE GRID SPRINKLER SYSTEMS." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 24, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2019.164333.
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A. Y. Ranjha, R. C. Peralta, R. W. Hill, A. M. Requena, L. N. Allen, H. M. Deer, and M. Ehteshami. "Sprinkler Irrigation-Pesticide Best Management Systems." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 8, no. 3 (1992): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.26075.
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Hoffman, N., E. R. Galea, and N. C. Markatos. "Mathematical modelling of fire sprinkler systems." Applied Mathematical Modelling 13, no. 5 (May 1989): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0307-904x(89)90073-5.
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Chapman, Pete. "Backflow Protection for Fire Sprinkler Systems." Opflow 13, no. 5 (May 1987): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.1987.tb01179.x.
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Maroufpoor, E., A. Faryabi, H. Ghamarnia, and G. Y. Moshrefi. "Evaluation of uniformity coefficients for sprinkler irrigation systems under different field conditions in Kurdistan Province (Northwest of Iran)." Soil and Water Research 5, No. 4 (December 1, 2010): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/42/2009-swr.
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In the past few decades, several coefficients of uniformity were developed to express the uniformity of water distribution for different sprinkler irrigation systems. Christiansen's uniformity coefficient seems to be the most popular uniformity coefficient used by researchers on the global scale. However, more coefficients have also been proposed by other researchers. Therefore, this study focused on evaluating different uniformity coefficients proposed and on investigating the effects of field conditions on the results obtained by means of those coefficients. In doing so, sprinkler uniformity tests were conducted by using rain-gauge in order to measure the uniformity coefficients of ten fields irrigated by solid set sprinkler irrigation systems in Dehgolan Plain located in the Kurdistan Province, northwest of Iran. All fields selected differed in prevailing conditions such as the wind speed, size and type of nozzle, raiser height, operating pressure and sprinklers spacing. The coefficient of uniformity for each field was computed using the equations proposed by Christiansen (1942), Hawaiian Cane Society Specialists Hart and Reynolds (1965), Wilcox and Swailes (1947), Karmeli (1978), Criddle et al. (1956), Benami and Hore (1964), and Beale (1966). Data analysis was performed using the general linear model procedure of Statistical Analysis System Software. The results indicated that should not the field effect be considered in the statistical model, significant differences (P < 0.05) would be observed between the aforesaid coefficients; however, by considering the field effect in the statistical model, no significant differences (P > 0.05) would be observed. The results of this study conclusively indicated that the application of various coefficients of uniformity depends on the field conditions and as any specific coefficient of uniformity is suitable only for specific field conditions.
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O'Neill, C. J., E. Humphreys, J. Louis, and A. Katupitiya. "Maize productivity in southern New South Wales under furrow and pressurised irrigation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06093.
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Irrigation farmers in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia are under considerable pressure to reduce the amount of water they use for irrigation, while sustaining production and profitability. Changing from surface to pressurised irrigation systems may provide some or all of these outcomes; however, little is known about the performance of alternative irrigation methods for broadacre annual crops in this region. Therefore, a demonstration site for comparing furrow, subsurface drip and sprinkler irrigation was established on a representative clay soil in the Coleambally Irrigation Area, NSW. The performance of maize (Zea mays L.) under the three irrigation systems was compared during the 2004–05 season. Subsurface drip irrigated maize out-performed sprinkler and furrow irrigated maize in terms of grain yield (drip 11.8 t/ha, sprinkler 10.5 t/ha, furrow 10.1 t/ha at 14% moisture), net irrigation water application (drip 5.1 ML/ha, sprinkler 6.2 ML/ha, furrow 5.3 ML/ha), net irrigation water productivity (drip 2.3 t/ML, sprinkler 1.7 t/ML, furrow 1.9 t/ML) and total water productivity (drip 1.7 t/ML, sprinkler 1.4 t/ML, furrow 1.3 t/ML). Thus, subsurface drip irrigation saved ~30% of the total amount of water (irrigation, rain, soil water) needed to produce the same quantity of grain using furrow irrigation, while sprinkler irrigation saved ~8% of the water used. The higher net irrigation with sprinkler irrigation was largely due to the lower soil water content in the sprinkler block at the time of sowing. An EM31 survey indicated considerable spatial soil variability within each irrigation block, and all irrigation systems had spatially variable water distribution. Yield variability was very high within all irrigation systems, and appeared to be more strongly associated with irrigation variability than soil variability. All irrigation blocks had large patches of early senescence and poor cob fill, which appeared to be due to nitrogen and/or water deficit stress. We expect that crop performance under all irrigation systems can be improved by improving irrigation, soil and N management.
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Fallahi*, Esmaeil. "Effects of Various Irrigation Regimes on Tree Growth, Water Use, and Mineral Nutrients of `Fuji' and `Gala' Apples." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 842A—842. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.842a.
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Effects of seven different irrigation systems for `Fuji' and two irrigation systems for `Gala' on five rootstocks on tree growth, water use, and mineral nutrients were studied. All forms of drip system used significanly less water than sprinkler systems. Patial root drying sprinkler system used 50% less water than full sprinkler. Application of partial root drying drip at 50% rate of full drip was not sufficient and trees had to receive 75% of full drip to survive. Trees under full sprinkler used about 28 inches of water while those with drip used less than 8 inches of water during the 2003 growing season. Leaf minerals, particularly N and K were affected by irrigation systems. Trees with buried drip required less water than those with above-ground drip system. Calculation of water requirement on a tree-use basis provided an excellent guide for irrigation.
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Lamm, Freddie R., James P. Bordovsky, and Terry A. Howell Sr. "A Review of In-Canopy and Near-Canopy Sprinkler Irrigation Concepts." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13229.
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Abstract. The use of in-canopy and near-canopy sprinkler application with mechanical-move systems is prevalent in the U.S. Great Plains. These systems can reduce evaporative losses by nearly 15%, but they introduce a much greater potential for irrigation non-uniformity and other water losses. This article is a review of these application technologies for mechanical-move sprinkler irrigation systems that have been widely adopted in the region, where irrigation capacities are typically less than those required to meet “fully irrigated” crop water demand and there is limited seasonal precipitation. Close attention to the design, installation, management, and operating guidelines for these systems can prevent many of the non-uniformity and water loss issues that reduce system performance and crop water productivity. Keywords: Center pivot, In-canopy sprinkler application, LEPA, LESA, LPIC, MESA, PARM, Sprinkler irrigation.
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Fliszkiewicz, Mateusz, and Karol Kreński. "Numerical analysis on Smoke and Heat Control System and Sprinkler System in covered car parks." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700042.
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We provided numerical analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics tools to find out the effects of the systems interaction in representative car park building and different configuration of smoke control systems. We conducted the qualitative and quantitative research to obtain the patterns and times of the sprinklers activation. We analysed the influence of Smoke Control System on the effectiveness of the Sprinkler System. As a results of the research we created general conclusions which can be used as a set of guidelines during designing process. Moreover some results can encourage other scientists for further numerical analysis or real scale tests.
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Rawashdeh, Rola N., Ahmad M. Abu-Awwad, and Mohammad J. Tabbaa. "Impact of Treated Wastewater on Soil and Crops Irrigated Using Drip and Sprinkler Systems." Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjas.v17i2.69.
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The Jordanian standards (JS893/2006) governing the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) in agricultural irrigation only permit the use of drip and/or surface irrigation, and ban Sprinkler irrigation usage except for golf fields, and only during the night. This research was conducted to investigate the impact of using drip and sprinkler irrigation systems using TWW on soil nutrients and crop quality. Three fields were irrigated with TWW (i) Alfalfa using sprinkler (AS), (ii) Barley using sprinkler (BS), and (iii) Barley using drip (BD). To give a comparison, another barley field received only rainwater (BR). Results showed that no E. coli was detected (< 3 MPN/gm) on the plants (alfalfa and barley) irrigated with TWW using either drip or sprinkler. The negligible presence of E. coli, if any, in the middle and lower parts of the alfalfa plant could be attributed to the sampling time and the dense leaf of alfalfa. Results revealed that irrigation systems have no significant effect on soil chemical properties. However, the effect of TWW on soil chemical properties was significant. The significant increase in soil chemical properties could be attributed to the TWW content and the amount of its usage.
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Hoseini, Yaser, and Manochehr Shiri Janaghard. "Using a fuzzy control system to optimise the parametric method for selecting the appropriate irrigation system." Research in Agricultural Engineering 65, No. 2 (July 2, 2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/59/2018-rae.
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In this study, a fuzzy logic system was used to optimise a parametric evaluation system in surface and sprinkler irrigation systems. This study was performed on a surface area of 5,175 ha in the Fath-Ali region located in the Ardabil province of Iran. It was indicated that for the sprinkler and surface irrigation system, an area of about 385.06 ha (7.4%) and 159.81 ha (3%) of land is “highly suitable” and an area of about 286.1 ha (5.5%) and 312.69 ha (6%) is “moderately suitable”, respectively. About 2,810.08 ha (54.3%) and 2,744.17 ha (53.02%) were respectively “marginally suitable” for the sprinkler and surface irrigation systems. The “currently not suitable” suitability included about 1,322.88 ha (25.5%) and 1,746.05 ha (33.7%) and the “permanently not suitable” suitability included about 370.91 ha (7.1%) and 212.28 ha (4.1%) in the zone under study. According to the results, there is a major difference between the “highly suitable” land obtained through the two methods and the area of the “highly suitable” land using the sprinkler irrigation method is about two times the area of the “highly suitable” obtained through the surface irrigation method.
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Ati, A. S., and H. A. Razin. "The Effect Irrigation Scheduling and Potassium Fertilization on Water Consumption of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Under Modern Irrigation Systems." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 904, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012008.
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Abstract A field experiment was conducted in Yusufiya sub-district - Mahmudiya township/Baghdad governorate in silty loam texture soil during the spring season of 2020. The experiment included three treatments with three replicates, as the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used according to the arrangement of the split design block. The treatments are in the irrigation system, which included surface drip irrigation (T1) and sprinkler irrigation (T2). Secondly, the Irrigation levels including the irrigation using 0.70 Pan Evaporation Fraction PEF (I1), irrigation using 1.00 PEF (I2), and irrigation using 1.30 PEF (I3). Coupled with, Potassium fertilization treatments that include (0.0 kg k ha-1 (K1), 150 kg k ha-1 (K2) and 300 kg k ha-1 (K3)). The results showed that the actual seasonal water consumption reached its peak at irrigation level I1, which reached 390.03 and 256.41 mm for the sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, respectively. However, the actual seasonal water consumption at irrigation level I2 was 373.92 and 255.63, and it was 353.82 and T255.15 mm at irrigation level I3 for the sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, respectively. The lowest values of the crop coefficient at the tuber maturity stage using the sprinkler irrigation system were 0.49, 0.46, and 0.44, and at the vegetative growth stage using the surface drip irrigation system by 0.37, 0.32, and 0.38 for irrigation levels I1, I2, and I3, respectively. Even though the greatest values were in the tuber Initiation and bulking stages, as they reached 0.86, 0.66, and 0.79 using the sprinkler irrigation system, while they reached 0.49, 0.54, and 0.51 using the surface drip irrigation system for I1, I2, and I3 levels, respectively. The highest water productivity for treatment I3K3 was 15.70 and 27.20 kg m-3 of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. In contrast, the lowest water productivity was 8.73 and 17.72 kg m-3 for treatment I1K1 of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Whereas, the highest value of crop water use efficiency was 11.70 and 17.58 kg m-3 for I3K3 treatment of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Although, the lowest value of crop water use efficiency was 6.71 and 11.49 kg m-3 for I1K1 treatment of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems, respectively. Lastly, the highest yield was 44.87 Mg ha-1 at treatment T1I3K3.
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Park, Jeonghwa, and Jihyun Kwark. "Experimental Study on Fire Sources for Full-Scale Fire Testing of Simple Sprinkler Systems Installed in Multiplexes." Fire 4, no. 1 (February 14, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4010008.
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Fires are accidents that can cause numerous human casualties in multiplexes. The simple sprinkler systems applied in South Korea employ sprinklers to protect people against residential fires, as specified by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard 13D. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the fire control performance of multiplexes, which are at a greater risk than residential facilities. This study aims to verify the fire control performance of simple sprinklers in multiplexes and to develop a fire source that can be used as a protocol for testing fire suppression methods. The fire source was evaluated by using a 3 MW large-scale calorimeter (ISO 13784). The proposed fire source for multiplexes was applied in various forms according to the application methods, with ignition sources including cotton wick, wood crib, and heptane, and then the fire tests were conducted.
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Butry, David T. "Economic Performance of Residential Fire Sprinkler Systems." Fire Technology 45, no. 1 (April 29, 2008): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-008-0054-8.
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Bortolini, Lucia, Carlo Nicoletto, Paolo Sambo, and Michael R. Evans. "Radicchio cultivation under different sprinkler irrigation systems." Contemporary Engineering Sciences 9 (2016): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ces.2016.613.
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Simões, Welson Lima, Victor Pimenta Andrade, Maria Aparecida Mouco, Jucicléia Soares Silva, and Weslley Oliveira Silva. "PRODUCTION AND POST HARVEST OF ‘KENT’ MANGO UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION SYSTEMS." REVISTA ENGENHARIA NA AGRICULTURA - REVENG 28 (December 3, 2020): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v29i1.9277.
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Facing the fruit market’s search for more efficient production systems, this research aimed to identify an arrangement of efficient irrigation systems for the productive and postharvest characteristics of ‘Kent’ mango fruits, under the conditions of the Brazilian semiarid. The research was performed in an agricultural property in the municipality of Petrolina-PE, with the soil classified in Quartzarenic Neosol. Four irrigation system arrangements were tested: a micro sprinkler below the canopy; a micro sprinkler between plants; two lateral dripper lines per row of plant; and a ring-shaped drip strip around the plant in a randomized block design with five repetitions. The productive characteristics were evaluated, such as number and average weight of fruits and productivity; and qualitative parameters (evaluated by plant quadrant): volume, density, firmness, soluble solids content and titratable acidity. A micro sprinkler between plants provided a greater number of fruits and productivity, as well as greater firmness and titratable acidity for mangoes of the South and West quadrants; these characteristics associated with the lowest soluble solids content of the pulp, at the time of harvest, was also obtained with a micro sprinkler between plants and induce a longer post harvest time to the fruits.