Dissertations / Theses: 'Sprint performance'

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Merkes, Paul Franciscus Johannes. "Improving sprint performance in road cycling: The forward standing sprint position." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2315.

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The majority of road cycling races finish with a sprint and as such sprints are a key determinant of success. Surprisingly, the scientific literature on this specific topic is scarce, with limited to few studies describing the characteristics of road cycling sprinters and the demands of road sprinting. Cyclists’ sprinting velocity, which is mostly influenced by power output and aerodynamic drag (CdA) is critical to performance outcomes. However, to date, there is very limited research specifically examining how to maximise road sprint velocity. Thus, the overall objective of the four studies outlined in this thesis was to manipulate CdA, physiology, and coaching cues to improve road sprint cycling velocity and performance. The first study examined the validity of the Velocomp PowerPod, which calculates power output based on opposing/resistive forces experienced. When power output is known (using a direct force power meter), the Velocomp PowerPod is able to calculate a continuous CdA which was the reason why this study was included into this thesis. The research was split in to two separate studies: i) 12 recreational male road cyclists completed a power profile test (5-600 s); and ii) 4 elite male road cyclists completed 13 outdoor cycling training sessions. In both studies, power output of cyclists was continuously measured using both the Velocomp PowerPod and Verve Cycling InfoCrank power meters. The results showed that rolling resistance estimated by the Velocomp PowerPod (0.011 ± 0.0) was higher than what has been previously reported (0.006), which likely occurred due to errors in the subjective selection of road surface type in the device setup. This overestimation of rolling resistance increased the calculated power output, which was significantly greater than the power output measured by the Verve Cycling InfoCrank power meter in both study i and ii (27 to 39% and 16 to 49%, respectively). When rolling resistance was adjusted to previously reported values (0.006), the Velocomp PowerPod power meter was shown to be comparable to the Verve Cycling InfoCrank power meter during a controlled field test (−0.57 to 0.24%) but not dynamic training sessions (8.94 to 33.14%). Consequently, the Velocomp PowerPod power meter was not used in subsequent studies within this thesis. The following two studies examined the effect of a seated, standing, and novel forward standing (lower and further forward head and torso) sprint position on performance. In study 2, eleven recreational male road cyclists rode 250 m at approximately 25, 32, and 40 km·h−1 and in each of the three positions. Riding velocity, power output, wind direction and velocity, road gradient, temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure were measured and used to calculate CdA using regression analysis. Sprinting in a forward standing position resulted in a 23% and 26% lower CdA, when compared with a seated and standing position, respectively. Furthermore, in contradiction with previous research no difference in CdA was observed between a seated and standing position. Additionally, despite no significant difference in CdA between the two test days a poor between-day reliability was observed. In study 3, eleven recreational male road cyclists performed a 14 s sprint in the three different sprint positions before and directly after a 10 min high-intensity lead-up. Peak and mean power output were similar between the forward standing (1126 ± 49 W and 896 ± 33 W, respectively) and both the seated (1043 ± 47 W and 857 ± 29 W, respectively) and standing positions (1175 ± 45 W and 928 ± 29 W, respectively). Collectively the results from studies 2 and 3 indicate that sprinting in the forward standing position may result in an increase in sprint cycling velocity of 5.6-6.5 km·h-1 and 2.1-5.1 km·h-1, when compared with the seated and standing sprint positions, respectively. In study 4, 28 recreational road cyclists completed a two-week (3 sessions per week) sprint training intervention during which they received either i) visual and external focused verbal instructions, and positive feedback on their cycling sprint position (intervention group), or ii) neutral verbal instructions and feedback (control group). The combination of these coaching techniques did not enhance the training induced improvement in forward standing sprint performance. While improvements in peak (4%) and mean power output (3%), and peak torque (5%) were observed in both groups, it is unclear if these improvements are entirely due to the training programme because of the absence of a non-sprint training control group. This thesis has shown that sprinting in the novel forward standing sprint position could result in an increase of cycling velocity by approximately 5 km·h-1, when compared with more traditional sprint positions. In unaccustomed cyclists, sprint performance in this position might be further improved by a short two-week sprint training programme, however, further research is needed in this area. The results from this thesis have implications in training and tactical decisions of cyclists, coaches, and support staff aiming to be successful in competitive road cycling sprints.

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Menaspa, Paolo. "Analysis of road sprint cycling performance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1575.

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Sprint cycling ability is a key determinant of road cycling performance, with many races designed specifically for sprinters. The ability to excel in the final sprint is relevant for both individual riders and teams. Despite the importance of sprints within professional road cycling, the characteristics of professional road sprints and sprinters have yet to be extensively described. Thus, the overall objective of the five research studies contained within this doctoral thesis was to describe road cycling sprint performance and improve the general understanding of the physical, technical and tactical factors associated with such performances. The first two descriptive field studies document the physical and physiological demand of sprint races during actual road cycling competitions. Specifically, Study 1 was designed to quantify the demands of sprinting in the male professional category. Seventeen competitions from six male professional cyclists (mean ± SD: age, 27.0 ± 3.8 y; height, 1.76 ± 0.03 m; weight, 71.7 ± 1.1 kg) who placed Top 5 in professional road races were analysed. Calibrated SRM power meters were used to monitor power output, cadence and heart rate. Data were averaged over the entire race, different durations prior to the sprint (60, 10, 5 and 1 min) and during the actual sprint. Variations in power during the final 10 min of the race were quantified using Exposure Variation Analysis. Power, cadence and heart rate were different between various phases of the race, increasing from 316 ± 43 W, 95 ± 4 rpm and 88 ± 3 % of maximal heart rate in the last 10 min to 487 ± 58 W, 102 ± 6 rpm and 96 ± 2 % of maximal heart rate in the last minute prior to the sprint. The peak power during the sprint was 17.4 ± 1.7 W∙kg-1. Exposure Variation Analysis revealed a significantly greater number of short duration and high intensity efforts in the final five minutes of the race, compared with the penultimate five minutes (p=0.01). These findings quantified the power output requirements associated with high level sprinting in men’s professional road cycling and highlighted the need for both aerobic and anaerobic fitness. In Study 2, the characteristics of successful road sprints in professional and under 23 y male cycling races were compared. As in Study 1, Study 2 also described the exercise intensity for the sprinters throughout final 10 min of the race. Nine successful (Top 3) sprints performed by a professional (PRO: 23 y, 1.76 m, 71.8 kg) and an under 23 (U23: 18 y, 1.67 m, 63.2 kg) cyclist sprinter were analysed in this study. No statisticaldifferences were found between PRO and U23 in the absolute peak power, mean power, duration and total work during the sprint (PRO: 1370 ± 51 W, 1120 ± 33 W, 14.5 ± 2.4 s, 16.2 ± 2.6 KJ; U23: 1318 ± 60 W, 1112 ± 68 W, 12.8 ± 1.1 s, 14.2 ± 1.4 KJ). However, the intensity of the race recorded in the last 10 min prior to the sprint was significantly higher in PRO compared with U23 (4.6 ± 0.3 and 3.7 ± 0.2 W·kg-1, respectively). Race duration, total elevation gain (TEG) and mean power were similar between PRO and U23. In conclusion, the physiological demands leading into road sprints (intensity of the last 10 min) were found to be higher in PRO compared to U23 races. Nevertheless, a similar sprint power output (> 2500 W·Ap-1 or > 15.5 W·kg-1 for approximately 14 s, with a peak power output > 3100 W·Ap-1 or > 19 W·kg-1; where Ap is Projected Frontal Area) indicates that sprint characteristics may be similar in PRO and U23. As a result of the findings observed in the first two studies of this thesis, Study 3 was designed to better understand the effects of variable and non-variable exercises that replicate the intensity of the final portion of road competitions on maximal sprint performance. In this laboratory trial, ten internationally competitive male cyclists (age, 20.1 ± 1.3 y; height, 1.81 ± 0.07 m weight, 69.5 ± 4.9 kg; and VO2max, 72.5 ± 4.4 ml·kg-1·min-1) performed a 12-s maximal sprint in a rested state and again following: i) 10 min of non-variable cycling, and ii) 10 min of variable cycling. Variable and non-variable trials were conducted in a randomized, crossover fashion. The intensity during the 10 min efforts gradually increased to replicate the pacing observed in final sections of cycling road races. During the variable cycling subjects performed short (2 s) accelerations at 80% of their peak sprint power, every 30 s. Mean power output, cadence and heart rate during the 10 min efforts were similar between conditions (5.3 ± 0.2 W∙kg-1, 102 ± 1 rpm, and 93 ± 3 %, respectively). Post exercise blood lactate concentration and perceived exertion immediately after exercise were also similar (8.3 ± 1.6 mmol∙L-1, 15.4 ± 1.3 (6-20 scale), respectively). Peak and mean power output and cadence during the subsequent maximal sprint were not significantly different between the three experimental conditions (p≥0.14). These results indicate that neither the variable nor the non-variable 10 min efforts performed within this study impaired the sprint performance in elite competitive cyclists. Due to the importance of the elevation gain variable in road cycling, the fourth study of this thesis was methodological and investigated the consistency of commercially available devices used to measure the TEG during races and training. This chapter was separated in two observational validation studies. Garmin (Forerunner 310XT, Edge 500 Edge 750 and Edge 800; with and without elevation correction) and SRM (Power Control 7) devices were used to measure TEG over a 15.7 km mountain climb performed on 6 separate occasions (6 devices; Study 4a) and during a 138 km cycling event (164 devices; Study 4b). TEG was significantly different between Garmin and SRM devices (p The final study of this thesis was an analysis of technical and tactical factors that influence sprint performance in professional competitions; particular focus was put on the TEG which was a factor identified as a potential cause of fatigue. More specifically, the subject of Study 5 was the highest international ranked professional male road sprint cyclist during the 2008-2011 seasons. Grand Tour sprint stages were classified as WON, LOST, or DROPPED from the front bunch prior to the sprint. Video of 31 stages were analysed for mean speed of the last km, sprint duration, position in the bunch and number of teammates at 60, 30, and 15 s remaining. Race distance, TEG and mean speed of 45 stages were determined. Head-to-head performances against the 2nd to 5th most successful professional sprint cyclists were also reviewed. Within the 52 Grand Tour sprint stages the subject started, he WON 30 (58%), LOST 15 (29%), was DROPPED in 6 (12%) and had one crash. Position in the bunch was closer to the front and the number of team members was significantly higher in WON compared to LOST at 60, 30 and 15 s remaining (p In conclusion, the general findings of this thesis were as follows: as expected, exercise intensity significantly increases in the last 10 min of relatively flat road races; there is a significantly greater number of short duration and high intensity efforts in the final 5 min of competitive road cycling races when compared with the penultimate 5 min; sprint duration and peak power output does not differ between PRO and U23 races and is approximately 13 s and 17 W∙kg-1, respectively; the physiological demands in the 10 min before the sprint are higher in PRO compared to U23 races; neither a variable nor a non-variable 10 min lead up effort appears to impair the sprint performance of elite competitive cyclists; measurements of elevation gain are consistent within devices of the same brand, but differed between brands or when different settings were used; and technical and tactical aspects of road sprinting are related to performance outcomes.

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Benz, Adam Christopher. "Coaching instructions, attentional focus and sprint performance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1934.

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Sprint performance is one of the major determining factors for success in many land-based sports. To improve sprint performance, coaches provide task-oriented verbal instructions to athletes, which could affect how the athlete focuses their attention while sprinting. Adopting an external focus of attention has been shown to enhance a number of motor skills, including sprinting, while an internal focus of attention has been shown to be detrimental to skill performance. However, there is a current gap in the literature regarding how track and field coaches provide internal and external focus instructions to sprint and hurdle athletes during practice and competition. Additionally, there is very little research on how sprint kinematics and kinetics are changed under different attentional focus conditions. Therefore, this PhD research project assessed instructions that coaches provided to sprint and hurdle athletes during practice and competition in study one, followed by evaluating the underlying kinetic, kinematic, neuromuscular and psychophysical components of sprint performance under internal and external attentional focus conditions in comparison to a control condition during sprint acceleration in studies two and three. In study one, sprint and hurdle coaches (n = 111) completed a questionnaire consisting of a number of questions related to what type of verbal instructions they provide to the athletes they coach. It was found that the coaches provided more internal focus (54%) than external focus instructions (42%) during practice, and provided less internal focus instructions (20%) than external focus instructions (35%) or neutral focus instructions (46%) during competition. In study two, 12 trained men (age: 22.4 ± 4.0 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 76.6 ± 6.3 kg) performed three sprint sessions separated by at least 48 hours, which included two sets of three 40 m sprints at 100% of maximal effort under control, internal and external focus conditions. Kinetics, kinematics and peak muscle activation (sEMG) were collected at ~10 m, and compared among the three conditions. Sprint times at 10 m, 20 m, 30 m and 40 m were similar between the conditions, but vastus lateralis peak sEMG activity was lower in external focus than control condition (CON: 109.4 ± 29.7%; EXT: 74.6 ± 24.8%, d = -1.28, p < 0.01). Semitendinosus peak sEMG activity was also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the external (89.2 ± 26.4%) compared to the internal condition (108.5 ± 34.34%). No significant differences between conditions were found for other variables. In study three, 13 trained male athletes (age: 22.8 ± 3.6 years; height: 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass: 76.2 ± 6.6 kg) performed 6 x 10 m sprints in three conditions: control, internal, and external focus conditions, in which kinetics and kinematics from the first and second steps of the sprint acceleration were analysed. No statistical significance or moderate-to-large effect sizes were found for any of the dependent variables measured. It was concluded that simply providing an external focusing instructions to trained athletes may not necessarily result in enhanced key performance indicators or performance measures while sprinting. Collectively, these studies suggest that coaches provide more internal focus than external focus instructions during training, which may reduce movement efficiency during sprinting. The results of studies two and three did not show improved sprint performance with an external focus of attention. However, the results of study two partially supported the constrained action hypothesis in that adopting an internal focus of attention potentially disrupted the automatisation of sprinting through increasing redundant muscle activation of the semitendinosus potentially causing increased muscular co-contraction, while the external focus condition reduced muscle activation and may have potentially enhanced neuromuscular efficiency. It may be that more global, movement-oriented instructions improves sprint performance more so in trained athletes, as has been shown in previous studies. Thus, further studies are warranted.

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Vinet, Andrea M. "The design, construction and evaluation of sprint footwear to investigate increased sprint shoe bending stiffness on sprint performance and dynamics." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14881.

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Bezodis, Neil. "Biomechanical investigations of sprint start technique and performance." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512297.

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Shorten, James. "Relationships between sprint performance, power output and fatigue." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022010-020148/.

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Pullinger, S. "Factors affecting the ability to undertake repeated sprint performance." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4340/.

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The aims of this thesis were to: 1) to review research in the area of repeated sprint (RS) performance and diurnal/circadian rhythmicity; 2) to develop a new RS protocol that conforms to field based team sport time-motion analysis and determine its reliability and compare this with a RS protocol previously utilised in the literature; 3) to assess the sensitivity of the RS protocol following acute altitude exposure and simulated soccer specific exercise 4) to investigate diurnal variation of RS performance and assess whether modulating rectal and/or muscle temperatures lead to changes in RS performance. A review of the published research literature investigating the relationship between RS performance and time-of-day variation was conducted. Six studies made it through the whole analysis process for systematic review. It was established that there was evidence to support a late/early afternoon peak in peak power in RS performance around the peak of the rhythm of core temperature. However, there is a clear demand for more rigorous investigations which control factors specifically related to chronobiological investigations. A reliability study was then performed using running as the mode of exercise for the RS test using two different RS protocols to determine the number of trials required to establish high levels of reliability. The first RS test (consisting of a total of 10 sprints, 6-s in duration with 30-s of passive recovery) was a commonly used protocol in the literature and the second was a newly created RSA protocol which is better representative of field based team sports activity (consisting of a total of 10 sprints, 3-s in duration with 30-s of passive recovery). It was established that a number of performance measures of RSA non-motorised treadmill running in both protocols were reliable. However, measures of fatigue were not. Further, it was found that both protocols took 3 sessions to fully familiarise individuals. The main aim of the next study was to investigate the sensitivity of the RSA protocol by examining the effect of altitude and fatigue on RS performance. The first finding was that acute altitude exposure reduces RS performance by 3.1 to 6.5% at 1500-m and 6.2 to 12.8% at 3000-m. The second finding was that RS performance was reduced by 4.6 to 5.8% in a fatigued state. The newly created RS performance protocol is sensitive enough to detect a negative change following altitude acute exposure and a 90-min football-specific intermittent treadmill fatiguing protocol. A diurnal protocol was then employed in order to address the clear demand for more rigorous investigations in chronobiological studies of RS performance. A total of 20 participants took part in this study and it was found that RS performance was significantly higher in the evening compared to the morning ranging from 3.3 to 8.3% in all measures except fatigue index. Diurnal variation now established in RS performance, two studies assessed whether modulating rectal and/or muscle temperature leads to a change in RS performance and further determine how much can be attributed to the influence of an endogenous, temperature-dependent component. The first study (n = 12) established that raising morning rectal temperature to evening values by active warm-up did not increase RS performance to evening values. However, lowering evening rectal or muscle temperatures to morning values by pre-cooling decreased RS performance to values normally observed in the morning. The second study (n = 12) found passively raising morning rectal temperature to evening values, or passively raising morning and evening rectal temperatures to 38.5ºC did not increase RS performance nor offset diurnal variation. Both studies concluded that although central temperature may provide some endogenous rhythm to RSA, the exact mechanism(s) for a causal link between central temperature and human performance are still unclear, and may involve multiple of components and mechanisms.

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Glaister, Mark, Michael H. Stone, Andrew M. Stewart, Michael G. Hughes, and Gavin L. Moir. "Aerobic and Anaerobic Correlates of Multiple Sprint Cycling Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4611.

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Aerobic and anaerobic correlates of multiple sprint cycling performance. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20(4):792-798. 2006.--The aims of this study were to examine (a) the relationship between maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) and several performance indices of multiple sprint cycling; (b) the relationship between maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) and those same performance indices; and (c) the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those relationships. Twenty-five physically active men completed a O2max test, a MAOD test, and 2 maximal intermittent (20 x 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 seconds or 30 seconds). Mean +/- SD for age, height, and body mass were 20.6 +/- 1.5 years, 177.2 +/- 5.4 cm, and 78.2 +/- 8.2 kg, respectively. All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer with subsequent data normalized for body mass. Moderate (0.3 r < 0.5) positive correlations were observed between power output data and MAOD (range, 0.31-0.46; 95% confidence limits, -0.10 to 0.72). Moderate to large positive correlations also were observed between power output data and O2max, the magnitude of which increased as values were averaged across all sprints (range, 0.45-0.67; 95% confidence limits 0.07-0.84). Correlations between fatigue and O2max were greater in the intermittent protocol with 30-second recovery periods (r = -0.34; 95% confidence limits, 0.06 to -0.65). The results of this study reflect the complex energetics associated with multiple sprint work. Though the findings add support to the idea that multiple sprint sports demand a combination of speed and endurance, further longitudinal research is required to confirm the relative importance of these parameters.

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Thompson, Christopher. "Dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid in sprint exercise performance and as an adjunct to sprint training." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/27834.

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In some circumstances, dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can favourably alter the physiological response to exercise. Recent research highlights a potential preferential effect of NO3- supplementation on type II muscle fibre function. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the practical applications of NO3- supplementation in sport and exercise settings requiring a substantial contribution of type II muscle fibre recruitment such as team and sprint sports. Specific questions addressed in this thesis include whether NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation can influence the performance of sprint and high-intensity intermittent exercise and if BR supplementation, when combined with sprint interval training (SIT), can enhance performance and muscle metabolic adaptations in competitive team sport players. In addition, since cognitive performance is a key aspect of team sport performance, the effect of BR supplementation on decision-making during high-intensity intermittent exercise was also assessed. Chapter 4: Total work done during a prolonged intermittent sprint test (IST) designed to mimic the metabolic demands of team sport play was 3.5% greater following short-term BR supplementation (123 ± 19 kJ) compared to short-term NO3--depleted beetroot juice (PL) supplementation (119 ± 17 kJ) (P < 0.05). Decision-making reaction time was shorter in the second half of the IST in BR (817 ± 86 ms) compared to PL (847 ± 118 ms) (P < 0.05). Chapter 5: Short-term BR supplementation improved the performance of sprint running compared to PL over distances of 20 m (1.2% improvement; BR: 3.98 ± 0.18 vs. PL: 4.03 ± 0.19 s; P < 0.05), 10 m (1.6% improvement; BR: 2.53 ± 0.12 vs. PL 2.57 ± 0.19 s; P < 0.05) and 5 m (2.3% improvement; BR: 1.73 ± 0.09 vs. PL: 1.77 ± 0.09 s; P < 0.05). Relative to PL, BR supplementation also increased the distance covered in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 by 3.9% (BR: 1422 ± 502 vs. PL: 1369 ± 505 m; P < 0.05). Decision-making reaction time was shorter in BR (615 ± 98 ms) compared to PL (645 ± 120 ms) (P < 0.05) at rest but not during the Yo-Yo IR1 test. Chapter 6: 4 weeks BR ingestion significantly reduced the O2 cost of moderate intensity exercise (by 5%; P < 0.05) and significantly increased the peak work rate (WR) attained during incremental exercise (P < 0.05). When 4 weeks SIT was combined with 4 weeks of BR ingestion, peak WR increased more than when SIT was combined with PL supplementation (SIT+BR: 24 ± 8 W increase vs. SIT+PL: 16 ± 15 W increase; P < 0.05). Although the change in time to task failure during severe-intensity exercise was not statistically different between SIT+BR (69% increase) and SIT+PL (55% increase), there was evidence of a more favourable muscle metabolic response to severe-intensity exercise in SIT+BR. Specifically, at the 3-min iso-time during severe-intensity exercise, muscle pH was higher and muscle (and blood) [lactate] was lower in SIT+BR only (P < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that BR supplementation may be ergogenic in sprint cycling, sprint running and high-intensity intermittent exercise and that when combined with SIT, BR supplementation may enhance the resultant exercise performance adaptations and some muscular adaptations to exercise. The results of this thesis also suggest that BR supplementation may improve cognitive performance, specifically decision-making reaction time, during team sport exercise.

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Wittekind, Anna. "Warm up : selective physiological effects of intensity on sprint performance." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528863.

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Kairouz, Kaissar. "Hyperventilation et exercice de sprint prolongé : conséquences sur la performance." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00987444.

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Dans ce travail nous nous sommes centré sur les effets d'une hyperventilation volontaire (alcalose respiratoire) sur la fatigue lors d'un sprint prolongé. Il s'agit de mesurer les effets d'une augmentation pré exercice du pH lors de type d'exercice anaérobique. Dans un premier temps, sept sujets ont réalisé le test de Wingate, soit dans des conditions normales, soit après six cycles inspiration/expiration maximaux réalisés en 30 secondes (HV). Les échanges gazeux étaient mesurés en cycle à cycle durant tout le test. Les performances pic mesurées n'ont pas différées significativement entre les deux tests, en revanche, l'index de fatigabilité a été supérieur lorsque le test fut réalisé après une hyperventilation. Lors d'une seconde étude, 11 sujets ont réalisé le test de Wingate soit dans des conditions normales soit 1 minute après avoir réalisé une hyperventilation de 30 secondes. L'hyperventilation a entrainé une diminution significative de la pression partielle en CO2 dans l'air de fin d'expiration (PETCO2) en dessous de 30 mmHg suggérant une baisse significative du pH sanguin. Cependant, la puissance pic, la puissance moyenne et la contribution aérobie n'étaient pas significativement différentes entre les deux tests. Enfin, lors d'une dernière étude, nous avons recruté 9 nageurs de bon niveau, pour effectuer un 50m crawl ce soit dans des conditions normales ou bien après une HV suivie de 30 secondes de récupération passive. Dans cette étude, la vitesse moyenne de nage sur 50m crawl était significativement plus élevée dans lesconditions HV comparées aux conditions normales. Le nombre de cycles respiratoire enregistrés durant chaque course était significativement inférieur dans les conditions HV. Nous avons ainsi pu conclure qu'une hyperventilation volontaire maximale pré exercice peut significativement augmenter les performances de nageurs de bon niveau lors d'un 50m crawl

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Kårström, Andreas. "The effect of carbohydrate mouthrinse on simulated XC-sprint performance." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22998.

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The purpose with this study was to investigate the effect of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse protocol on simulated cross country (XC) sprint. The primaryaim was to investigate ifa 10 secCHO solutionmouth rinsingprotocolimprovedthe finish timein a simulated cross country (XC) sprint(800 meters for female and 1000 meters for male) compared with control (CON).The second aim was to examif post-finish blood lactateconcentrationwouldbe lowercompared with CONwith mouth rinsing. Seven participants(four males and three females)completed four simulated sprints, two CON and two experimentalrinse protocols, CHO solution and placebo (PLA).Time to completion was not different with CHO compared with CON or PLA (203.0 ±16.5 sec, 202.3 ± 15.7 sec, 203.3 ± 14.6respectively.p >.05).Mean power output was CON 264 ± 73, PLA 258 ± 65, CHO 261± 70.Blood lactateat 15 minweresimilar between CHO, CON and and PLA(9.9 ± 3.9 mmol 7.6 ± 4.0 mmol, 10.1 ± 3.7 mmol respectively.p >.05).We concludethat mouth rinsing a CHO solutionfor 10 sechave no effect on high intensity exercise with duration lasting between 3 and 4 minutes.

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Hancock, Andrew P. "EFFECT OF POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION (PAP) ON SWIM SPRINT PERFORMANCE." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1346001907.

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Glaister, Mark, Michael H. Stone, Andrew M. Stewart, Michael G. Hughes, and Gavin L. Moir. "The Influence of Endurance Training on Multiple Sprint Cycling Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4608.

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The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance and to evaluate the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those effects. Twenty-one physically active male university students were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 12) or a control (n = 9) group. The experimental group cycled for 20 minutes each day, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks at 70% of the power output required to elicit maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max). Multiple sprint performance was assessed using 2 maximal (20 X 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Relative to controls, training resulted in a 0.2 L·min-1 increase in mean JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max (95% likely range: −0.04 to 0.44 L·min-1). Changes in anaerobic capacity (determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) over the same period were trivial (p = 0.96). After training, the experimental group showed significant improvements (∼40 W), relative to controls, in multiple sprint measures of peak and mean power output. In contrast, training-induced reductions in fatigue were trivial (p = 0.63), and there were no significant between-protocol differences in the magnitude of any effects. In summary, 6 weeks of endurance training resulted in substantial improvements in multiple sprint cycling performance, the magnitude of the improvements being largely unaffected by the duration of the intervening recovery periods. The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of endurance training on multiple sprint cycling performance and to evaluate the influence of recovery duration on the magnitude of those effects. Twenty-one physically active male university students were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 12) or a control (n = 9) group. The experimental group cycled for 20 minutes each day, 3 times per week, for 6 weeks at 70% of the power output required to elicit maximal oxygen uptake (JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max). Multiple sprint performance was assessed using 2 maximal (20 X 5 seconds) sprint cycling tests with contrasting recovery periods (10 or 30 seconds). All tests were conducted on a friction-braked cycle ergometer. Relative to controls, training resulted in a 0.2 L·min-1 increase in mean JOURNAL/jscr/04.02/00124278-200705000-00055/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-07-20T235331Z/r/image-pngO2max (95% likely range: −0.04 to 0.44 L·min-1). Changes in anaerobic capacity (determined by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit) over the same period were trivial (p = 0.96). After training, the experimental group showed significant improvements (∼40 W), relative to controls, in multiple sprint measures of peak and mean power output. In contrast, training-induced reductions in fatigue were trivial (p = 0.63), and there were no significant between-protocol differences in the magnitude of any effects. In summary, 6 weeks of endurance training resulted in substantial improvements in multiple sprint cycling performance, the magnitude of the improvements being largely unaffected by the duration of the intervening recovery periods.

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Faccioni, Adrian, and n/a. "Relationships between selected speed strength performance tests and temporal variables of maximal running velocity." University of Canberra. Human & Biomedical Sciences, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060707.160114.

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The relationships between selected sprint specific bounding exercises and sprint performance were analysed using fourteen sprint athletes (7 elite performers, 7 sub-elite performers). Subjects were required to perform sprints over 60m, Counter Movement Jumps with and without loading (20kg), High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding over 30m and High Speed Single Leg Hopping over 20m. All athletes were subject to anthropometric measurement (Height, Weight and Leg Length). Of all variables measured, the Elite group were significantly better (p<0.001) in Counter Movement Jump, Time to 60m, Time from 30m to 60m and in their Maximal Running Velocity. Linear regressions were carried out on all variables that correlated with Time to 30m (Acceleration Phase) and Maximal Running Velocity at both the pO.OOl and p<0.01 level of significance. This allowed several prediction tables to be compiled that had performance measures (sprints and jumps) that could be used as testing measures for sprint athletes to determine their Acceleration Phase and Maximal Running Velocity. A stepwise multiple regression demonstrated that Time to 60m was the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity. Time to 60m, Leg length, High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding and Sprint Stride Rate were the best predictors of the Acceleration Phase. A Stepwise cross-validation linear discriminant function analysis was used to determine the best predictors from both sprint and jump measures that would distinguish an athlete as an elite or sub-elite performer. From sprint variables, Time to 60m and Time to 30m were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. From the bounding variables, Counter Movement Jump and the Ground Contact Time of the High Speed Alternate Leg Bounding were the two variables that best placed a sprint subject in either the Elite or Sub-elite group. The present study suggests that Time to 60m is the best predictor of Maximal Running Velocity and Acceleration Phase. Counter Movement Jumping and High speed Alternate Leg Bounding are also useful tools in developing and testing elite sprint athlete performance.

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Watterdal, Øyvind. "The impact of warm up intensity and duration on sprint performance." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2933.

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A traditional warm-up (WU) for track sprinters usually includes a general WU, a series of mobility drills and some short sprint strides lasting 30-60 min in total. A WU of this duration might cause significant fatigue and impair sprint performance. Aim: To test the hypothesis that a traditional high intense warm-up of long duration would elicit fatigue and impair sprint performance. Methods: Five highly trained males competitive in endurance sports performed three different WU protocols on separate days in their postseason period. Their mean ± SD age, body mass and height were 24.2 ± 1.6 years, 78.4 ± 7.8 kg, 179.6 ± 8.8 cm. The study participants performed a timed 60 meter sprint on an indoor track. The traditional warm-up (LONG), started with 10 min of easy running; then 7 min of mobility drills followed by five sprints performed with 3-min break in between. The total duration of LONG was 35 minutes. The experimental warm-up (SHORT) was shorter and less intense; 10 min of easy running was followed by just one sprint. Both warm-up protocols were followed by 10 min of recovery, where participants were not allowed to sit down. A third test occasion served as control (CON), where participants did not conduct physical activity prior to the time trial, only 10 min of recovery. Participants also rated the satisfaction of their performance on a 10 point scale. Results: The results of 60 m time trial performance showed no significant differences among the different WU protocols (P = 0.20). The 60 m performance was better for SHORT (8.02 ± 0.10 sec) than for LONG (8.08 ± 0.16 sec) and CON (8.20 ± 0.21 sec). 4 of 5 participants experienced their fastest time trial following SHORT. It appeared that participants were significantly faster following SHORT (7.99 ± 0.22 ms-1) compared to LONG (7.77 ± 0.33 ms-1) in the final 10 m of the time trial (P = 0.05). The satisfaction after SHORT scored highest (6.9), followed by LONG (5.9) and CON (4.5). Conclusions: There is no significant difference between a traditional WU compared to a WU of shorter duration and lower intensity. The traditional WU showed a significant decline in running speed in the final stage of the time trial, which might be caused by fatigue.

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Rousseau-Demers, Marie. "Stratégie de performance et régulation de la fatigue musculaire en sprints répétés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35419.

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Les entraînements en sprints répétés et de courte durée sont bien connus du domaine des sports collectifs. En effet, la capacité à répéter des sprints est une composante physiologique ayant une forte corrélation avec la performance sportive. Ayant un impact sur l’amélioration de la filière aérobie et l’augmentation de la vitesse maximale, ce type d’entraînement consiste à effectuer un sprint, à récupérer de façon partielle puis à sprinter de nouveau (Bishop & Castagna, 2002).Cette technique peut être effectuée de plusieurs façons, par exemple sur ergocycle, sur piste d’athlétisme ou sur tapis roulant. Toutefois, les dernières recherches montrent que les athlètes utiliseraient des stratégies d’anticipation, de façon consciente ou non, qui pourraient altérer la qualité de l’entraînement et ainsi potentiellement nuire aux adaptations chroniques. Actuellement, il y a très peu d’études qui ont étudiées le phénomène d’anticipation et de régulation de l’intensité lors d’entraînement en sprints répétés. À l’aide de l’électromyogramme et de mesures de fatigue centrale et périphérique, nous avons examiné les effets de ce type de séance d’entraînement sur la fatigue musculaire et déterminé une des origines probables de ce phénomène. Nos résultats montrent une régulation de l’intensité à laquelle une personne s’exerce lors de sprints répétés. La raison première serait de limiter la fatigue périphérique extrême pouvant augmenter le risque de causer des dommages internes. De plus, notre recherche montre que le phénomène d’anticipation serait régulé grâce au contrôle exercé par le système nerveux central. Les séances d’entraînement en sprints répétés pourraient amener les athlètes à améliorer leur seuil de fatigue et ainsi optimiser leurs entraînements et améliorer leurs performances.
Repeated sprints ability (RSA) trainings are well known in team sports. Indeed, the ability to repeat sprints is a physiological component that has a strong correlation with performances. Having an impact on improving the aerobic chain and increasing the maximum speed, this type of training consists of sprinting, recovering and sprinting again.(Bishop & Castagna, 2002). This technique can be performed in several ways, for example on an ergocycle, track or treadmill. However, the last research shows that athletes would use pacing strategies consciously or not, which could alter the training quality and there by training adaptations. Currently, there are very few studies that have studied the phenomenon of pacing during repeated sprints. We combined the electromyogram and a muscle stimulator to examine the effects of this type of training on muscle fatigue. Our results show that there is pacing during RSA trainings. The first reason would be to limit extreme muscle fatigue that may increase the risk of causing internal damage. Moreover, our research shows that the phenomenon of anticipation is regulated by the central nervous system. Training via repeated sprints could lead athletes to improve their fatigue threshold and thus optimize their training and improve their performances.

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Okuno, Nilo Massaru. "Capacidade de sprints repetidos: efeito do treinamento de força com e sem plataforma vibratória e potencialização pós-ativação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-19092011-150742/.

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O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a ocorrência da potencialização pós-ativação (PPA) e o efeito do treinamento de força (TF) sem e com a plataforma vibratória na capacidade de sprints repetidos (CSR). O estudo foi divido em duas partes: a primeira analisou o efeito do TF associado à plataforma vibratória na CSR; e a segunda verificou a ocorrência da PPA na CSR. No primeiro estudo participaram 29 sujeitos, os quais foram divididos em 3 grupos: TF, TF+vibração a 30 Hz e amplitude de 2-4 mm (TF+V30) e TF+vibração a 50 Hz e amplitude de 4-6 mm (TF+V50). Os sujeitos realizaram inicialmente análise da área de secção transversa do quadríceps (ASTQ), teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício agachamento e o teste de CSR. Após isso, os sujeitos foram submetidos a 10 semanas de treinamento de força, de acordo com o seu respectivo grupo e, ao final da intervenção, realizaram as mesmas avaliações aplicadas antes das sessões de treinamento. No segundo estudo, 12 jogadores de handebol realizaram teste de 1RM, e em sequência, de maneira aleatória o teste de CSR sem e com a atividade condicionante. A atividade condicionante foi realizada no exercício agachamento e consistiu de cinco séries de uma repetição a 90% de 1RM. O treinamento de força sem e com a vibração aumentou na mesma magnitude a força muscular e a ASTQ. Para o grupo TF+V30, o tempo do melhor sprint (CSRmelhor) melhorou significantemente após as 10 semanas de treinamento, no entanto, sem diferença em relação aos outros grupos. O tempo médio dos sprints (CSRmédio) diminuiu significantemente em todos os grupos. Contudo, para o percentual de decréscimo nos sprints (CSR%dec) apenas foi verificado melhoria no grupo TF em relação à situação pré-treinamento e ao grupo TF+V30 na mesma situação experimental. No segundo estudo foi verificado que o protocolo de PPA melhorou significantemente o CSRmelhor e o CSRmédio, sem alterar o CSR%dec. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o treinamento de força sem e com a plataforma vibratória aumenta a força muscular, a ASTQ e o desempenho na CSR. No entanto, o treinamento de força com a plataforma vibratória não aumentou o desempenho em maior magnitude quando comparado a situação sem este tipo de equipamento. Além disso, o protocolo de PPA melhorou também o desempenho de CSR (CSRmelhor e CSRmédio) em jogadores de handebol. Assim, estratégias para melhorar a força muscular de maneira aguda (PPA) e crônica (TF) aumentam também o desempenho no teste de CSR.
The purpose of this study was to verify the occurrence postactivation potentiation (PAP) and the effect of strength training (ST) with and without vibration platform on repeated sprint ability (RSA). The study was divided in two parts: in the first part, it was analyzed the effect of ST with vibration platform on RSA; and in the second part, it was verified the occurrence of PAP on RSA. Twenty nine subjects participated in the first study, which were divided into 3 groups: ST, ST+vibration at 30 Hz and amplitude of 2-4 mm (ST+V30) and ST+vibration at 50 Hz and amplitude of 4-6 mm (ST+V50). Initially, the quadriceps cross sectional area measurement (QCSA), one repetition maximum (1RM) test on squat exercise and the RSA test were performed. After this, the subjects performed 10 weeks of strength training according to their groups and, at the end of intervention, they were undertook the same evaluations applied before training sessions. In the second study, 12 handball players performed the 1RM test and subsequently they were submitted at random, to the RSA test with and without conditioning activity. The conditioning activity was performed in squat exercise with five sets of one repetition at 90% of 1RM. The strength training with and without vibration platform increased in the same magnitude the muscular strength and QCSA. For ST+V30 group, the best sprint time (RSAbest) was significantly improved after 10 weeks of training, but without difference when compared with other groups. Mean sprint time (RSAmean) was significantly reduced in all groups. However, the percentage of sprint decrement (RSA%dec) only decreased in ST group when compared with the situation before training and the ST+V30 group in the same experimental situation. In the second study, the PAP protocol significantly improved the RSAbest and RSAmean, without change the RSA%dec. From the results, we conclude that the strength training with and without vibration platform improves the strength, QCSA and performance on RSA. However, the strength training with vibration platform did not increase the performance in higher magnitude when compared to the situation without this equipment. Furthermore, PAP protocol improved the RSA performance (RSAbest e RSAmean) in handball players. Thus, strategies to improve muscle strength in acute (PAP) and chronic manner (ST) also increase the performance on RSA test

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Hillergren, Fredrik. "Kinetic and kinematic factors influence on ice-hockey skating sprint performance." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-35704.

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Skridskoåkning är en viktig färdighet för ishockeyspelare. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka olika variabler inom kinetik och kinematik och dess association med hastighet på skridskoåkning över en kort distans. Tolv manliga elit ishockeyspelare deltog i studien. Pedar mobile system inläggssulor placerades i båda skridskorna. Deltagarna genomförde tre maximala försök där det åkte så snabbt de förmådde mellan den förlängda mållinjen och den närmsta blålinjen. Den bästa tiden av de tre försöken användes vid analysen. Kraftdata insamlades för att räkna ut medelkraft, högsta kraft, relativa medelkraft, relativa högsta kraft, impuls, kontakttid, rörelsefrekvens för skridskoskären och asymmetri mellan extremiteterna, därefter korrelerades data mot åktiden. Frekvensen på skären visade en signifikant korrelation med åktiden (r= -0,586; p<0,05). Övriga variabler visade inget samband med åktiden. Enligt denna studie så är rörelsefrekvens en viktig faktor för att ishockeyspelare ska kunna generera skridskohastighet över en kort sträcka.

Godkännande datum: 2019-09-03

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20

Kawamori, Naoki. "Sprint acceleration performance in team sports : biomechanical characteristics and training methods." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2008. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/224.

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Sprinting is a fundamental activity in many team sports such as soccer, rugby, football, field hockey, and basketball. Specifically, the ability to rapidly increase sprint running velocity over short distances, which is often referrcd to as sprint acceleration ability, is of major importance to team-sport athletes since sprint efforts during team-sport matches are typically of short duration (e.g., 10-20 m, 2-3 s). Biomechanical characteristics of the acceleration phase of sprinting has previously been studied in track sprinters from a block start, but there is a dearth of research exploring tile biomechanieal charactcristics of sprint acceleration in team-sport athletes from starting positions that are specific to team-sport match situations (e.g., standing start). In addition, resisted sprint training such as weighted sled towing is a popular training modality that athletes often use in an effort to improve sprint acceleration ability, but its use is largely based on choaches' observation and lacks experimental evidence. In particular, the optimal training load for resisted sprint training is currently unknown. This thesis explored to fill the research gap in such areas.

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Kielsmeier, Kaitlyn J. "Sex-Specific Metabolic Response to High-Intensity Intermittent Sprint Work." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1435236876.

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Schäfer, Sergej. "Performance Requirements and Capacity Profiles in Triathlon : Sprint and Olympic Distance Triathlon." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Tränarlänken, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2260.

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Gilpin, Michael P. "The effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on anaerobic performance during sprint training." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/MQ34366.pdf.

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Dias-Johnson, Georgy. "The effects of concurrent training on sprint performance in moderately trained cyclists." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2803.

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Aim: The purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of an 8 week period of combined endurance and resistance training (concurrent training) with that of only endurance training on both maximum strength (1 RM) in the leg press test and performance in the 30 s Anaerobic Wingate Test (WANT) in moderately trained endurance cyclists. Method: Twenty male moderately trained cyclists were recruited for the investigation and were assigned to either an Endurance training group (E; n=10) or an Endurance Resistance training group (ER; n=10). Subjects underwent 8 weeks (2 training sessions per week, 16 sessions in total) of concurrent training (60 min steady state cycling session followed by 6 sets 12 repetitions of leg press) or cycling only. Furthermore the subjects of the intervention completed both Pre and Post intervention testing in the 1RM leg press and the Wingate 30 s cycle test which was conducted twice (SRM cycle sprint 1 and SRM cycle sprint 2) within each testing session. Results: The results attained from the intervention were that the ER group demonstrated an increase in concentric leg strength within the one repetition maximum (1 RM) leg press test by 18.7 % from pre-test values 339 ± 42 to post test values 402 ± 59 kg. With regard to the Wingate cycle sprints there was significant improvement from pre to post test results in peak power of cycle sprint 1 from 1019 ± 110 watt to 1077 ± 153 watt 5.7 % and cycle sprint 2 from 1001 ± 131 to 1054 ± 161 watt, 5.3 % (P < 0.05) respectively. The E group showed no significant change in l RM or the Wingate cycle sprints after training. Conclusions: The main findings of the study is that an 8-week concurrent training intervention can lead to significant concentric strength gains in 1 RM leg press development and increased peak power within the Wingate 30 s cycle sprint when conducted by moderately trained cyclists.

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Linderoth, Frida. "Foam rolling compared to dynamic stretch and 20 meter sprint time performance." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28412.

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Background: Foam rolling (FR) is, compared to dynamic stretch (DS), a relatively new method used in warm-up routines prior athletic performances in for example, sprinting and soccer. The research on the subject is limited and further investigation is needed to better understand about the possible effects of foam rolling on performance. By comparing FR to DS this study focused on how foam rolling may affect sprint time on 20 meter. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare FR to DS included in warm-up routines prior 20 meter sprint performance. The study was done on young male soccer players. Method: Fifteen subjects participated in the study aged 16-17 years. A randomized cross over design was used over two test sessions with one week apart. Half group began with FR included in the warm-up routine and half began with DS included in the routine. The fastest sprint times in 20 meter were analyzed in a dependent t-test to investigate possible different effects between the two warm-up routines. Results: The result showed no statistical significant difference between the two warm-up routines on sprint time (p=0.54). Mean sprint time was 3.05 for FR and 3.05 for DS. Standard deviation (SD) was 0.14 for FR and 0.16 for DS. Conclusion: This study showed no difference on 20 meter sprinting performance when FR was compared to DS. That indicates that FR as well as DS can be included in warm-up routine prior short sprints without differences in performance. However, studies with larger sample size are needed to investigate the possible affects of foam rolling on physical impact and sprint performance.

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Highton, Jamie M. "Multiple-sprint sport exercise and carbohydrate-protein ingestion in humans." Thesis, University of Chester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10034/253533.

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The aim of the present thesis was to examine the potential for acute carbohydrate-protein (CHO-P) ingestion to enhance performance and recovery from exercise designed to simulate the demands of multiple-sprint sports (MSSs). Chapter 3 of the thesis explored the inter- and intra-day reliability and concurrent validity of non-motorised treadmill ergometry (NMT) for the assessment of short-distance sprint performance [i.e. 10-30 m). There were no significant mean differences between NMT variables recorded on the same day or between days. Ratio limits of agreement indicated that the best agreement was in 20 [1.02 */-=- 1.09) and 30 m [1.02 */* 1.07) sprint times, peak [1.00 */T 1.06) and mean (0.99 */+ 1.07) running speed and step length (0.99 */-=- 1.09) and frequency (1.01 */+ 1.06). The poorest agreement was observed for time to peak running speed (1.10 */* 1.47). Significant differences were observed between NMT and over-ground sprint times across all distances, with times being lower (faster) by approximately 25-30% over-ground. The correlations between NMT and over-ground variables were generally modest (r5 = 0.44 - 0.67), and optimal for time to cover 30 m on Day 2 (rs = 0.8). Chapter 4 sought to examine the efficacy of CHO-P ingestion during 4 h of recovery from the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) when compared to CHO matched for energy (ISOEN) or CHO (ISOCHO) in a typical CHO beverage. There were significant increases over time in muscle soreness, and reductions in extensor and flexor peak torque (by approximately 9%, 9% and 8%, and 13 %, 13% and 11% at 60 deg-s-1) and jump performance (10%, 7% and 5%) with the ingestion of CHO-P, ISOEN and ISOCHO, respectively. Beverage type x time interactions were not significant for any of these variables, indicating that changes in each variable were similar for all groups. Decrements in sprint performance assessed on the NMT were typically small and not different between beverage types (<4%), although sprint times over 20 and 30 m remained elevated for 48 h post-exercise. Accordingly, Chapter 4 provided no clear evidence for a benefit of ingesting CHO-P in the hours after exercise to enhance recovery of muscle function and selected performance variables following MSS activity. Chapters 5 and 6 of the thesis aimed to examine the effect of CHO-P ingestion during simulated MSS exercise. In Chapter 5, it was observed that sprint times, HR and gut fullness increased over the course of the LIST, with no influence of consuming each of the different beverages. In contrast, there was a main effect of time (P < 0.001), and drink (P = 0.042) observed for RPE, which was lower (P < 0.001) during the LIST in the CHO-P condition (16.9 ± 1.4) than in either the ISOCHO (17.8 ± 1.1) or ISOEN (17.7 ± 1.3). However, time to exhaustion was not different (P = 0.29) between CHO-P (468.3 ± 268.5 s), ISOCHO (443.4 ± 286.3 s) and ISOEN (446.2 ± 282.08 s), although these times did equate to a non-significant mean improvement of 4% in the CHO-P trial. Chapter 6 demonstrated that during a modified version of the LIST with two self-regulated blocks of exercise intensity, participants had a higher average speed (8.1 ± 0.3 cf. 7.9 ± 0.5 knvlr1) during the final (self-regulated) 15 min block of the LIST in the CHO-P condition compared to CHO. Whilst the mechanisms for such an improvement are not certain, the attenuated rise in RPE observed in Chapter 5, and increased blood urea concentration observed in Chapter 6, with CHO-P ingestion may suggest altered central fatigue and/or increased protein oxidation enhances performance during MSSs.

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Derakhti, Mikael. "Very Heavy Resisted Sprint Training for Adolescent Football Players : A training intervention on acceleration, sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5323.

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Abstract Aim The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of a very heavy resisted sprint training regimen and a unresisted sprint training regimen on sprint, acceleration and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent football (soccer) players at mid- to post-PHV and >95% PAH. Method In total 27 male football players were recruited as volunteer participants. The participants had no previous experience with resisted sprint training. The participants were randomly assigned to either the resisted sprint (RST) (n=9) or unresisted sprint (UST) (n=10) training group. However, the grouping was matched based on the force-velocity (F-v) profiling. A control group (i.e. TAU group n=8) was matched with the experimental groups based on age and anthropometrics. The training was done twice a week for four weeks, consisting of either resisted or unresisted sprints. 24 of the original 27 participants could later be included for statistical analysis. During intervention the TAU group performed the regular team training with no additional stimuli from the researchers. Anthropometrics, sprint, acceleration and jump performance testing was tested pre- and post-training intervention. Results The four-week training intervention resulted in significant improvements of sprint- and acceleration for the RST-group. The improvements were 3,8% (±0.05) in T30, 4,2% (±0.06) in T20, 5,7% (±0.06) in T10, and 7,9% (±0.06) in the T5. The RST and UST groups also had significant improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. Further there were several significant between group changes in both sprint and jump performance favoring the RST group over both the UST and TAU groups. Conclusion The conclusions are that in this population a very heavy RST regimen elicits improvements in sprint and acceleration performance whilst a UST regimen does not. Further, both the RST- and UST- training regimens elicit improvements in both vertical and horizontal jump performance. The improvements of the present study follow the pattern of previous studies in the field indicating a greater horizontal force generating ability. However, the improvements in the present study are larger than previously seen, indicating that this type of training might be extra beneficial to enhance sprint and jump performance in late pubertal adolescent athletes. The findings of the present study also contradict the typical recommendations of using light resistance loads (i.e. the 10% rule) when it comes to RST. Heavier loads, as in this case 103,5% of body weight on average, can indeed be used to produce sprint and acceleration gains in a late pubertal adolescent athlete population. The improvement in these short sprints (5-30m) versus the eventual performance decrease in longer sprints 40-70m (e.g. due to less effective maximal velocity phase) is a trade off which logically should be worthwhile for team sport athletes.
Abstrakt Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var att undersöka och jämföra effekterna av väldigt tungt belastad sprintträning och obelastad sprintträning på sprint-, acceleration och hopprestation hos unga fotbollsspelare i sena tonåren som ligger på en mognadsgrad av ”mid- post-PHV” samt >95% PAH. Metod Totalt 27 fotbollsspelare rekryterades som frivilliga deltagare. Deltagarna hade ingen tidigare erfarenhet av belastad sprintträning. Deltagarna blev slumpmässigt indelade till antingen den belastade (RST) eller den obelastade (UST) träningsgruppen. Dock skedde grupperingen med deltagarnas kraft- hastighetsprofilering som bas, då grupperna blev matchade efter denna. Kontrollgruppen (TAU n=8) matchades med experimentgrupperna efter ålder och antropometri. Träningen bestod av väldigt tungt belastad eller obelastad sprintträning och utfördes två gånger i veckan under fyra veckor. 24 av de initialt 27 deltagarna kunde inkluderas för vidare analys. Under interventionen genomförde TAU den vanliga lagträningen utan ytterligare träningsstimuli från forskarna. Antropometri, sprint, acceleration och hopprestation testades före respektive efter interventionen. Resultat Den fyra veckor långa träningsinterventionen resulterade i signifikanta förbättringar i sprint och acceleration för RST-gruppen. Förbättringarna var 3,8% (±0.05) i T30, 4,2% (±0.06) i T20, 5,7% (±0.06) i T10, och 7,9% (±0.06) i T5. RST och UST grupperna hade också signifikanta förbättringar i både vertikal och horisontell hopprestation. Vidare fanns det flera signifikanta mellangruppsskillnader i både sprint- och hopprestation till fördel för RST gruppen över både UST och TAU grupperna. Konklusion Konklusionen är att ett väldigt tungt RST-träningsprogram framkallar signifikanta förbättringar i både sprint, acceleration och hopprestation medan ett UST-träningsprogram inte gör det. Vidare kan konkluderas att både ett RST- och ett UST-träningsprogram signifikant förbättrar både vertikal och horisontell hopprestationen. Förbättringarna följer mönstret från tidigare studier på området och indikerar en större horisontell kraftproduktion. Dock är förbättringarna större än vad som tidigare observerats vilket indikerar att denna typ av träning kan vara extra förtjänstfull för denna population. Resultaten motsäger även den typiska rekommendationen kring lätta vikter (dvs. 10% regeln) vid belastad sprintträning. Tyngre belastning, som i detta fall i genomsnitt 103,5% av kroppsvikten, kan användas för att producera sprint- och accelerationsförbättringar i denna population. Förbättringen av denna typ av korta sprinter (5-30m) gentemot den eventuella prestationsförsämringen i längre sprinter (40-70m) torde vara ett byte som är värt att göra för lagidrottare.

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Emanuelsson, Eric. "The relationship between power output in different squats and sprint performance in young male soccer players." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Bio- och miljösystemforskning (BLESS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28409.

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Background: Research has displayed a strong relationship between lower body strength and power, both in eccentric-concentric and concentric only exercises, in male soccer players. However the relationship between different types of squats and sprint performance has not been studied thoroughly in young male soccer players. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between sprint performance and power output in different squat variations in young male soccer players. Methods: Eleven young male soccer players, 17-19 years old, were tested in 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat (S), 1RM concentric squat (CS) and in 5m, 10m, 15m and 30m sprint performance. Power testing in S and CS were performed at 30%, 50% and 70% of 1RM and registered as absolute power (W) and as power relative to body weight (W/kg). Results of the power output in S and CS were correlated with sprint performances. Correlations of rs ≥0.6 were considered to indicate a strong relationship. Results: There were strong correlations (rs = -0.61 to -0.68) between CS power output at 50% of 1RM, relative to body weight (W/kg), and all the sprint distances. S power output at 50% of 1RM, relative to body weight (W/kg), showed strong correlations (rs = -0.64 to -0.67) to 5m, 10m and 15m sprint. The only absolute power output (W) value to strongly correlate (rs = -0.62) with sprint performance was S at 50% of 1RM and 5m sprint. Conclusion: Both S and CS performance showed strong correlations with sprint start performance in young male soccer players. In conflict with previous research, this study showed a stronger correlation between CS and 30m sprint performance than S did. The results support previous findings that strength and power divided by body weight are stronger associated with sprint performance than absolute measures are. Both S and CS should be performed in the general strength training program to improve maximal strength and power, and thereby enhance soccer performance.

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Jaskolski, Kristin. "The Effects of Graston Technique Treatment Times on Sprint Performance in Collegiate Wrestlers." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28086.

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The aim of this study was to provide insight on how treatment times of 5-minutes and 8-minutes of GT? affect a 30-yard sprint performance. Interventions: 15 healthy college-aged male wrestlers received two treatments (5-minute and 8-minute) of Graston Technique? separated by approximately 48 hours. After a 5-minute bike warm-up, participants received GT? treatment on both quadriceps muscles. Participants completed a 10-minute active rest followed by a 30-second standing quadriceps stretch, 30 straight leg raises and quadriceps stretch again. Participants then sprinted 3 30-yard sprint tests. Results: Significance was found between the baseline (4.63 ? 0.18 seconds) and 5-minute GT? treatment (4.53 ? 0.18 seconds) sprint times; t(14)=3.34, p = 0.005. No significance was found between the baseline and the 8-minute GT? treatment (4.57 ? 0.19 seconds) sprint times; t(14)=1.49, p = 0.159. Conclusions: Shorter GT? treatments provide a warm-up for the tissue allowing for better tissue function.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Michael W. Ramsey, D. A. Williams, G. Gregory Haff, William A. Sands, and Michael H. Stone. "The Acute Effect Of Whole Body Vibration On 30 Meter Fly Sprint Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4091.

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31

Thomasian, Ben Campbell. "The effect of vertically- and horizontally-directed plyometric exercise on sprint running performance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1598.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of 6 weeks of vertically- and horizontally-directed lower-body plyometric exercise with vertically versus horizontally biased ground force application, on 40-m sprint running time, vertical jumping height, body composition and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle architecture. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 20) recreational athletes were recruited and stratified according to 40 m sprinting ability, then randomly allocated to one of two groups: horizontally-directed plyometric training (HT) and vertically-directed plyometric training (VT). The groups performed the experimental procedures twice each week with the same number of total ground contacts, while maintaining their usual weekly training load. During training the subjects performed bounding exercises with maximum effort with either a horizontal or vertical directional bias, depending on the allocated group. Sprinting performance was undertaken on an indoor, sprung-cork running track with the times recorded using infra-red timing gates recording to the nearest 0.01s. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were recorded using in-ground, multi-component, peizo-electric force platforms. Changes in performance and muscle function were assessed during counter-movement jumps (CMJs), squat jumps (SJs), and depth jumps (DJs) from 0.20 m (reactive strength index (RSI-20)) and 0.40 m (RSI-40). Muscle fascicle length (FL) and angle pennation (AP) of the GM were assessed using ultrasonography, while dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to determine body fat percentages (BF%) and composition of the shank of the subjects’ dominant legs (push-off leg during sprinting). Multivariate, repeated measures analyses of variance were used to determine differences between training groups and percentage of change scores were calculated for each variable. Both HT and VT presented statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) with small-to-moderate standardised effect (d) improvements in 10-m (HT: d = 0.22; VT: d = 0.09), 20-m (HT: d = 0.20; VT: d = 0.15), 30-m (HT: d = 0.24; VT: d = 0.23) and 40-m (HT: d = 0.40; VT: d = 0.39) times, with no differences between the groups. No statistical change was seen for either experimental group at 5-m, however a small and trivial practical change was observed for HT (d = 0.20) and VT (d = 0.04) groups. Significant changes were observed for CMJ, SJ, RSI-20 and RSI-40 for both HT and VT groups, without a significant difference between groups. No significant or practical benefit in the change following training was observed for FL (HT: d = 0.02; VT: d = 0.05) or AP (HT: d = 0.04; VT: d = 0.08), with no between group significant differences. Following training significant changes in both experimental groups were observed for BF% (HT: d = 0.13; VT: d = 0.18) and total body mass (HT: d = 0.09; VT: d = 0.09), however there was no significant difference between groups. The outcomes suggest that HT and VT were similarly effective at improving sprinting and vertical jumping performance, in recreational athletes. The observed outcomes support the use of either movement-specific training paradigms or kinetically dissimilar exercises for the purpose of improving sprinting performance, even though greater forces may be applied.

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Girold, Sébastien. "Entraînement en sprint assisté et contre résistance : relation avec la force et la performance en natation." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET009T.

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De nombreuses méthodes d’entraînement et de préparation physique ont été décrites en natation pour développer les qualités de force musculaire, influençant directement le rapport fréquence/distance par cycle, paramètres déterminants pour la performance. Pour la musculation à sec, les avis divergent sur son effet sur les performances en natation. Au niveau des méthodes spécifiques, l’entraînement en sprint assistés et contre résistance sont utilisés depuis des années par les entraîneurs dans différents sports. Si l’entraînement contre résistance a démontré son utilité, l’efficacité du sprint assisté, bien que supposée, restait encore a démontré en natation. Le but de cette étude a été de déterminer si le sprint assisté ou le sprint contre résistance (seuls ou en associant les deux méthodes), pouvaient développer la force musculaire et améliorer les performances en natation, comparativement à la musculation à sec. L’évolution de la force musculaire des extenseurs et des fléchisseurs du coude, l’évolution des paramètres technique de fréquence et de distance par cycle et l’évolution des performances sur 50 et 100 m, a été étudiée sur des périodes de 3 à 12 semaines. L’ensemble de ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que : le sprint contre résistance a été plus efficace que le sprint assisté pour développer la force musculaire et les performances sur 100 m. La force et la technique ont été des facteurs déterminants de la performance sur 100 m. Les entraînements associant natation et musculation et natation et sprint assisté ont été plus efficaces que l’entraînement en natation seule pour améliorer la force physique et les performances sur 50 m. La force concentrique des extenseurs du coude et les fréquences et profondeurs des cycles de bras ont été des facteurs déterminants de la performance sur 50 m. Les gains de performance observés ont été expliqués respectivement pour le 100 m, par une augmentation de fréquence de mouvement et de force musculaire en sprint contre résistance et pour le 50 m, par un gain de force en musculation et une augmentation de fréquence de mouvement en sprint assisté et contre résistance. D’autres études seront nécessaires pour déterminer l’influence précise de ces méthodes d’entraînement, sur les modifications du geste lors des phases propulsives sous-marines.

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Miller, James. "Changes in Sprint Kinematics Between Phase Potentiation and Linear PRogressive Models of Resistance Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3309.

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Fifteen well-trained males, mid-thigh pull peak force (IPF 4403.61 ± 664.69N) and isometric peak force allometrically scaled (IPFa 226.04 ± 25.81) were assigned to two groups: repetition maximum training (RM) and relative intensity training (RI) for a twelve-week training intervention. The main effect of time showed a statistically significant difference in mean sprint performance and IPFa at the different time points (p < 0.001). There was a larger magnitude of within-subject effect with respect to sprint performance pre – post with the RI group (ES = 1.06, 7.19%) as compared to the RM group (ES = 0.567, 4.23%, p < 0.001), as well as a larger magnitude of within-subject effect with respect to IPFa pre – post with the RI group (ES = 0.426, 7.51%) as compared to the RM group (ES = 0.270, 13.29%). Furthermore, there was a non-statistically significant, moderate between-group difference in the change in IPFa from pre-post in favor of the RI group (ES=.75), and a large between-group difference in the change in sprint performance pre-post in favor of the RI group (ES=1.50). Results lead investigators to suggest the utilization of RI training tactics for the development of sprint performance when minimal sprint skill training is available.

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Peyrebrune, Michael C. "Effect of training strategies and creatine supplementation on performance and metabolism during sprint swimming." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6809.

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Many scientific studies have considered physiological aspects of swimming, but largely in the areas of endurance or strength and power. This thesis includes six studies that attempt to provide more information about the metabolic responses to single and repeated sprint swimming and the physiological mechanisms behind the limitation to sprint swimming performance. The first experimental chapter describes the metabolic responses to single and repeated sprinting in male and female swimmers. Peak blood lactate (male 18.7 and female 14.4 mmol 1-1;P <0.01) and ammonia (male 232.0 and female 154.3 ýtmol 1-1;P <0.05) values following repeated swimming (8 x 50 yards) were almost double those measured during a single 50 yards sprint and were significantly higher in males than females. It is likely that differences in body dimensions and composition between male and female swimmers account for the majority of the -12% performance differences and higher metabolic response in males than females. Energy contribution to single and repeated tethered swimming sprints was examined in chapter V. Determination of energy contribution by an accumulated oxygen deficit test found estimated anaerobic contribution of -67% in 30 s sprinting and -74%, -53%, -51% and -47% during four 30 s sprint bouts. These were much lower than values estimated previously and recommended to coaches and swimmers in popular swimming texts. Energy contribution to 55 s maximal tethered swimming in chapter VI found anaerobic contributions of -30-40%. Metabolic responses to Controlled frequency breathing (CFB) have been studied previously in endurance swimming, but not in splint swimming (chapter VI). There was increased hypercapnia, but no significant reduction in performance during 55 s maximal sprint tethered swimming between self-selected breathing and breathing every 10 strokes. Differences in metabolic responses (higher extraction of oxygen from inspired air and lower ventilation, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and respiratory exchange ratio) suggest a greater efficiency during swimming with CFB. Swimmers who can train to overcome the urge to breath should not compromise performance, but benefit from avoiding an increase in drag resistance while turning the head to breath. Active recovery following intense swimming has been suggested to increase the speed of recovery and improve subsequent performance. Chapter VII illustrates that the timing and intensity of active recovery is crucial when prescribing repeated sets of repeated sprint training. Lower blood lactate was matched by a tendency for poorer performance in the trial using active recovery between repetitions. This demonstrates that the blood lactate concentration does not reflect the metabolic state of the muscle and therefore the ability to perform subsequent sprint swims. Chapters VIII and IX consider the effects of creatine supplementation on sprint swimming. No differences in single sprint swimming performance were found, but creatine supplementation improve times in a typical training set of 8x 50 yards by -4 s. Faster times recorded in the creatine group support the hypothesis that increasing resting levels of creatine and phosphocreatine will enhance recovery during repeated sprints. Supplementing with 3g creatine day-' for 22-27 weeks had no additional benefit to race performance than just 'loading' before the training period and immediately prior to the major swimming race of the year. It is likely that any enhanced training adaptation would have to be from creatine supplementation allowing swimmers to perform more training rather than just supplementation per se. The studies in this thesis describe the physiological and metabolic responses of elite male and female swimmers to single and repeated sprint swimming in detail for the first time. By manipulating breathing frequency during sprinting, metabolism altered but without compromising performance. Active recovery was successful in reducing blood lactate concentration, but performance was poorer. The blood metabolite and respiratory response to sprint training following interventions of this type allow us to determine the mechanisms behind the limitation to swimming performance. Creatine supplementation enhances repeated sprint swimming performance, but not training for success in competition. Results of this thesis suggest that phosphocreatine availability or energy supply are not limitations to sprint swimming training performance.

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Morin, Jean-Benoit. "Facteurs mécaniques de la performance en sprint appréhendés par de nouvelles méthodes de mesure." Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STET004T.

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Nous avons étudié lors de ce travail les paramètres mécaniques de puissance et raideur musculo-tendineuse des membres inférieurs et leurs liens avec la performance en sprint en course à pied sur 100-m, notamment par l'utilisation de nouvelles méthodes de mesure. Dans la première partie, nous avons proposé et validé une méthode de correction a posteriori de la puissance maximale mesurée lors de sprints sur bicyclette ergométrique à courroie de friction. Cette méthode, basée sur une décélération linéaire au cours du temps, permet de recalculer la valeur de puissance maximale en intégrant l'inertie du volant. Par ailleurs, nous avons montré, conformément aux données de la littérature, que le fait de ne pas tenir compte de l'inertie au volant menait à une sous-estimation significative de la puissance maximale. Cette nouvelle méthode pourra permettre de ré-examiner le cas échéant, des résultats expérimentaux obtenus lors de l'évaluation de puissance maximale des membres inférieurs ne prenant pas en compte l'inertie. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons évalué les qualités de force-vitesse et puissance de sprinters afin de les corréler avec leurs performances dans les trois parties de la course de 100-m. Nos résultats ont confirmé le lien significatif mis en avant dans la littérature entre puissance mécanique et performance dans la phase d'accélération du sprint. En revanche, aucun paramètre mécanique de force, vitesse ou puissance tels que nous les avons évalués lors de sprints sur bicyclette ergométrique n'était lié avec les paramètres de performance dans les phases à vitesse quasi-maximale et de décélération lors du 100-m. Nous avons donc formulé l'hypothèse de l'intervention d'un facteur mécanique inhérent à la course à pied et non mesuré lors du pédalage : le cycle étirement-détente représenté par la raideur musculo-tendineuse du membre inférieur. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons proposé et validé une nouvelle méthode de calcul de la raideur verticale et du membre inférieur lors de la course. En effet, mesurer la raideur du membre inférieur requiert des outils d'analyse dynamométrique (tapis de course ou plate-forme de force), rendant impossible l'évaluation de la raideur pendant la course en conditions de terrain, a fortiori aux allures maximales. Cette méthode, basée sur une modélisation des courbes F(t) par une fonction sinus, permet les calculs de raideur à partir de paramètres mécaniques simples : les temps de contact et de vol, la vitesse de déplacement, la masse et la longueur du membre inférieur des sujets, sur tapis roulant comme sur plate-forme de force, chez des sujets non spécialistes et coureurs d'élite, y compris à vitesse maximale. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, nous avons utilisé la méthode préalablement validée lors d'expérimentations de terrain pour étudier les liens raideur-performance lors du 100-m et lors de la répétition de trois autres 100-m induisant une fatigue importante, chez des sujets non spécialistes. Les résultats ont montré une absence de lien raideur-performance lors du premier 100-m, mais une corrélation significative entre la diminution de performance et la "détérioration" des paramètres du modèle masse-ressort : augmentation du déplacement vertical du centre de masse pendant le contact, perte de raideur verticale avec la fatigue induite par la répétition des sprints. Cette étude a permis de réfuter l'hypothèse d'un lien raideur-performance dans les phases de course à vitesse maximale et de décélération lors d'un 100-m. La performance dans ces parties de la course reste donc obscure d'un point de vue biomécanique. En revanche, nous avons pu montrer le lien significatif entre diminution de raideur verticale et de performance lors de sprints répétés. En conclusion, cette étude montre, à travers l'utilisation de nouvelles méthodes de mesure, que la puissance mécanique des membres inférieurs est liée avec la performance dans la phase d'accélération du sprint sur 100-m. En revanche, la raideur du membre inférieur n'a pas de lien avec la performance dans les différentes parties d'un 100-m, mais sa diminution avec la répétition de sprints est liée avec la diminution de performance.

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Creekmur, Ceith Clifford-Craig. "Effects of Plyometrics Performed During Warm-up on 20 and 40 Meter Sprint Performance." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1305666816.

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37

Tsampoukos, Antonis. "Effects of endurance training on performance and metabolism during a repeated treadmill sprint in females." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14222.

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A small number of previous cross-sectional studies have examined the relationship between endurance training status on recovery of performance and metabolites from sprinting. However, no longitudinal studies have been undertaken. In addition, there is a dearth of information on female subjects and on running exercise which prompted the need, in the present thesis, to address the effect of menstrual cycle phase on performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run. Thus, the overall purpose of the present thesis was to examine the effect of short-term endurance training on a repeated sprint in female subjects. A number of methodological studies (for which 25 subjects volunteered) were undertaken as preparation for the main experimental chapters of the thesis (Chapter 3). The first methodological study examined the reliability of performance during a 30-s sprint on the non-motorised treadmill. Performance was reproducible as indicated by the 95% limits of agreement for PPO (5 ± 42 W) and by the ratio limits of agreement for MPO (1.01 */÷1.06) during the 30 s sprint. In the second methodological study it was found that capillary lactate concentrations were significantly higher than venous blood lactate after a 30 s sprint (P < 0.05). The third methodological study revealed that a repeated sprint run caused an additional plasma volume loss when compared with the loss caused by a change in posture alone (12.7 % vs 7.5 % for sprint and posture change, respectively, P < 0.05). Finally, it seems that prolonged freezing (up to 13 months) does not have a detrimental influence on whole blood lactate concentration, but repeated defrosting may result in errors in the determination of blood lactate at high lactate concentrations (methodological study 4). The first mam experiment examined the effects of menstrual cycle phase on performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run (2x30 s, with a 2 min passive recovery) in 8 volunteers (chapter 4). Performance was unaltered during the follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle as reflected by PPO (461 ± 51 and 395 ± 48, 443 ± 43 and 359 ± 44, 449 ± 52 and 397 ± 48 W, for the first and second sprint, during the follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phase, respectively, P > 0.05) and MPO (302 ± 41 and 252 ± 29, 298 ± 37 and 248 ± 29, 298 ± 39 and 252 ± 35 W, for the first and second sprint, at follicular, mid-cycle and luteal phases, respectively, P > 0.05). Similarly, blood metabolic responses were unaffected by menstrual cycle phase as reflected by the unchanged metabolic profile of blood lactate, plasma' ammonia, blood pH and % changes in plasma volume across menstrual cycle. These results suggest that the hormonal fluctuations of 17-,β-estradiol (estradiol) and progesterone, due to menstrual cycle phase, have no effect on repeated sprint performance and possibly on the metabolic responses as reflected by the blood metabolic responses. The second main experiment examined the effects of short-term endurance training on power output recovery and metabolic responses to a repeated sprint run (2x30 s with a 2 min passive recovery) (chapter 5, n = 16). Six weeks of endurance training resulted in a 3% increase (P < 0.05) in V̇ 0₂ max (from 48.7 ± 4.4 before training to 50.17 ± 5.1 mL.kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ after training) in the training group (n = 8) in comparison with 1.9% decrease (from 50.4 ± 1.3 to 49.4 ± 1.2 mL.kg⁻¹·min⁻¹ post-trial) in the control group (n = 7). In addition, % V̇ 0₂ max @ 4 mmol·L⁻¹ [the relative intensity (% V̇ 0₂ max) corresponding to blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol·L⁻¹] was 3% higher (from 82 to 84%) in the training group as compared with the 1% decrease in the control group (from 81 to 80%) (P < 0.05). These endurance adaptations were accompanied by a 7% improvement in MPO recovery (in the second of two 30 s sprints) in the training group in comparison with 2% increases in the control group after training (P < 0.05). Metabolic responses to sprints were unaltered after training, but there was a tendency for higher pH immediately after sprint 1 in the training group in comparison with the control group (7.12 ± 0.07 vs 7.19 ± 0.06 and 7.09 ± 0.07 vs 7.10 ± 0.06, before and after training, in the training and control group, respectively, P = 0.082). These findings suggest that endurance training can be beneficial in terms of quicker recovery of performance during a repeated sprint run. The third main experiment examined the effects of endurance training on performance recovery and muscle metabolites (chapter 6, n=14). Endurance training resulted in a tendency towards lower blood lactate concentrations during sub-maximal exercise in the training group in comparison with the control group (P = 0.063) whilst time to exhaustion for the incremental V̇ 0₂ max test was 12.7% longer for the training group in comparison with 4.1% decrease in the control group (P = 0.095). These endurance training adaptations were accompanied by a 7% improvement (77 ± 7 to 84 ± 5 W) in MPO recovery in the second of two 30 s sprints in the training group while in the control group MPO recovery improved by just 2% (87 ± 8 to 89 ± 8%) (P < 0.05). In addition, similar increases in the recovery of peak speed (3.4% vs 1%, P < 0.05), and mean speed (5% vs 0.9%, P < 0.05) were also evident in the training in comparison with control group. Endurance training resulted in 5.6% decrease in ATP provision from PCr degradation ≈ 14 s post-sprint 1 (P < 0.05) while glycogen degradation was 10% lower (P = 0.063). The latter alterations, in turn, resulted in a tendency towards less reliance on anaerobic energy resources for energy supply after training in the training group (11%, P = 0.098). These results corroborate the findings of chapter 5, but it is still unclear which physiological mechanisms were instrumental in enhancing recovery of performance. It is possible that a faster initial PCr resynthesis or an improved mechanical efficiency or an increased reliance on aerobic metabolism, independently, all together, or in any combination, could have contributed to these improvements in performance recovery. In conclusion the present thesis has shown that: the non-motorised treadmill is a reliable tool for the examination of sprint running performance in the laboratory; that performance and metabolic responses during a repeated sprint run are unaffected by menstrual cycle phase and; that endurance training enhances the recovery of power in female subjects during a repeated sprint run of 2 x 30 s duration with a 2 min passive recovery. The mechanisms underlying the performance improvement following endurance training are unknown, but it is possible that faster PCr resynthesis during the initial phase of recovery (< 1 min) after the sprint is the dominant factor, while greater reliance on aerobic metabolism and improved mechanical efficiency can not be excluded.

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Gottlieb, Hanna. "Test-retest reliability of the 300-yard Shuttle Run Test." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28486.

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Background: Several field-based team sports contain repeated, maximal effort sprints with varying rest lengths in between. This puts high demands on athletes’ metabolic and neuromuscular systems. Testing the anaerobic capacity of athletes is essential to improve and evaluate the progression. One test being utilised for assessing anaerobic capacity is the 300-yard shuttle run test. The test is field-based with stopwatches as the sole equipment. However, the test has not been properly tested for reliability. Aim: The aim of this bachelor thesis was therefore to investigate the reliability of the 300-yard shuttle run test. Methods: The study was performed with a test-retest method and included a familiarisation meeting, test session and retest session. Test subjects performed the 300-yard shuttle run test at two different occasions with seven or fourteen days in between. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilised to quantify the reliability. An ICC>0.8 was considered acceptable. Results: 17 American football players participated in the study (median age 20, min. =18, max. =38 y; median weight 83, min. =67, max. =133 kg; median height 184, min. =169, max. =194 cm). The ICC for the test-retest was 0.97 (95% CI 0.91-0.99). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study 300-yard shuttle test is proposed as a test providing reliable results.

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Hughes, Michael Gerard. "Development of a non-motorised treadmill procedure to assess the performance of repeated-sprint exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2007. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5802/.

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Rebold, Michael. "The Influence of a Resistance Training Apparatus on Vertical Jump and 40-Yard Sprint Performance." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1301351580.

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Kavanaugh, Ashley A., Satoshi Mizuguchi, Michael H. Stone, and G. Gregory Haff. "Whole-Body Vibration Does Not Affect Sprint Performance in Ncaa Division I Sprinters and Jumpers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4625.

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Whole-body vibration (WBV) may positively influence performance acutely through the potentiation of the muscle’s series elastic components and neuromuscular mechanisms. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of WBV on sprint performance in NCAA Division I collegiate male sprinters and jumpers. Twenty-one athletes (n=21) completed a control or WBV protocol (30 seconds, 50 Hz, low amplitude ~3mm) one minute before a 30 m flying sprint. Each athlete participated in three separate trials using randomized treatment sessions (1 treatment per session) over 12 weeks of preparation training prior to the indoor season. The control condition consisted of no vibration, while treatment 1 (T1) and treatment 1 repeated (T1-R) incorporated vibration. The vibration-sprint protocol was repeated after a five minute rest period following the first sprint (test-re-test ICC≥0.81). The sprint consisted of a 15 m run-in from a standing start and a 30 m flying sprint with a total distance of 45 m. A two-way factorial ANOVA with repeated measures (p ≤ 0.05) was used to compare treatments. Statistics showed no differences between the treatments at all distances (average sprint time of control vs. T1, control vs. T1-R, and T1 vs. T1-R). The results of this study indicate that WBV at 50 Hz and low amplitude has no potentiation effect on sprint times (15, 30, 45, or 30 m fly). Further research is needed to determine if different WBV protocols may elicit enhanced results in 30 m flying sprint performance. The present WBV protocol does not appear to have practical acute value for sprinting.

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Barber, James Jeremy M. S. C. S. C. S., Todd Ph D. Hagobian, Karen Ph D. McGaughey, Ann Yelmokas Ph D. M. S. LDN McDermott, and Jennifer Davis M. S. C. S. C. S. Olmstead. "The Effects of a Combined Supplementation of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Repeated Sprint Performance." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/386.

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Abstract The Effects of a Combined Supplementation of Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Repeated Sprint Performance James Jeremy Barber There is well-established research that suggests both creatine and sodium bicarbonate are effective ergogenic aids. However, only one published study has examined the combined effects of creatine and sodium bicarbonate. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if a combined supplementation of creatine monohydrate and sodium bicarbonate would further enhance the well-documented effects of creatine supplementation alone on repeated sprint performance. Thirteen healthy and fit males (Mean age = 21.15 ± 0.65 years and mean VO2 max = 66.72 ± 5.78) participated in this experimental study using a double-blinded crossover study design in which each subject was used as his own control. All subjects completed 3 conditions, followed by a 3-week washout period between each condition: 1) Placebo (Pl; 5 g maltodextrin + 0.5 g/kg maltodextrin), 2) Creatine (Cr; 5 g + 0.5 g/kg maltodextrin), and 3) Creatine plus sodium bicarbonate (Cr+Sb; 5g + 0.5 g/kg sodium bicarbonate). Each condition was a 2-day supplementation. In the morning after each supplementation, peak power, RPP, mean power, RMP, fatigue index, and perceptions of fatigue and GI distress were assessed during six 10-second repeated Wingate tests. Blood bicarbonate, pH, and lactate were measured 5 minutes before testing and immediately after the last Wingate sprint. The main findings were; 1) Cr+Sb produced 7% greater relative peak power and 4.6% greater peak power values than placebo, and 2) Cr+Sb demonstrated the greatest attenuation of decline in relative peak power over six repeated sprints. However, in contrast to our hypotheses, no benefits from either supplementation were observed for relative mean power, fatigue index, and perception of fatigue. Considering that this current study found benefits from combining creatine and sodium bicarbonate, it suggests that combining the supplements may improve repeated sprint performance. Future research on a greater sample size, a specific athletic population, various exercise modes, and comparing results with a sodium bicarbonate alone supplementation would be beneficial in determining if this combined supplementation is worthwhile.

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Farley, Oliver. "Assessment of competitive requirements, repeated sprint paddle ability and trainability of paddling performance in surfers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1912.

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Studies examining the physical demands of surfing, the physiological characteristics of surfers, training techniques and various indices important to surfing performance are limited and characterised by methodological discrepancies. This thesis consists of five studies to assess the competitive requirements, test specific repeat sprint fitness and the trainability of sprint paddling in surfers. Initially an understanding of surfing movement patterns and a determination of the reliability and validity of custom-made GPS units was established (SurfTraX, Gold Coast, Australia) (Study 1: The validity and inter-unit reliability of custom-made SurfTraX GPS units and use during surfing). Durations, intensities, external loads and velocity of movements during competitive surfing were then examined (Study 2: Workloads of competitive surfing: A performance analysis of three surfing competitions). During competition surfers paddle 44% of the total time and have a significantly higher work to rest ratio at a beach-break compared to point-breaks. Further, point-breaks involve longer continuous durations of paddling, with significantly longer rides, compared to the beachbreak. Data from Study 2 aided in forming the rationale for developing and determining the reliability of a novel repeat sprint paddle test (RSPT) (Study 3: The repeat-sprint paddle test: A protocol for measuring surfing athletes’ sprint paddle performance). With lacking appropriate and valid testing protocols for evaluating physiological qualities in surfing athletes, Study 3 determined that the measurements of RSPT total time, best 15m time, and peak velocity from recreational and competitive surfers were reliable between days. Additionally, the smallest worthwhile change ranged from 0.02 to 2.7 s, demonstrating high sensitivity in detecting performance changes. After determining the reliability of the RSPT, this study investigated the durations that adolescent competitive surfers spend surfing and physically training. In the pilot study (Study 4: Tracking 6 Weeks of Training/Surfing Sessions of Adolescent Competitive Surfers: Just what are these young surfers up to?) adolescent surfers provided details on the amount of time spent free surfing, being coached, competing, strength training, conditioning and undertaking balance work over six weeks. It was found that adolescent surfers spent 14 more hours surfing than doing any form of land-based training, including no form of specific paddle training. Following the conclusions of Study 4, Study 5 examined the effectiveness of implementing structured training on the paddling abilities of adolescent surfers (Study 5: Five weeks of sprint and high intensity interval training improves paddling performance in adolescent surfers). It was discovered that high intensity interval training (HIT) (30 s sprint paddling) decreased athletes 400m endurance paddle time, and sprint interval training (SIT) (10 s sprint paddling) decreased the total RSPT time. Such training can be implemented to improve aerobic and repeat sprint paddle ability, which are key aspects of the sport. Additionally, the 400m paddle and RSPT can possibly discriminate between aerobic and anaerobic training adaptations, with aerobic gains likely from HIT and anaerobic gains likely from SIT. Overall, this thesis established greater in-depth information on competitive surfing, an innovative and reliable test to assess repeat sprint ability, and two training methods that produced beneficial sprint and endurance paddle improvements.

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Stefanescu, Viktoria. "Effects of Back Squat Post Activation PotentiationProtocol on 30 Meter Sprint Performance : Amongst male Crossfit athletes." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32969.

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Background: Post activation potentiation (PAP) is an increased muscular performance thatoccurs after maximal voluntary contraction. Previous studies have shown a significantincrease in explosive movements, such as sprint and jump performance, as an effect ofthese maximal contractions. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze if PAP, in terms of heavy squats, has aperformance enhancing effect on 30 meter sprint, with a hypothesis that the maximal effortin the squat has a performance enhancing effect on 30 meter sprint. Method: Twelve healthy male Crossfit athletes from Crossfit Halmstad, age between x-x,volunteered to participate in the study, eleven of these completed all of the test sessions in thiscross-sectional study. During the first test session, the subjects attempted to set a onerepetition max (1RM) in the back squat. During the second and third test session, the subjectswere randomly divided into two groups and the subjects got to perform both the non-PAP andthe PAP protocol during different sessions, depending on which group they were in. Thesprint time was measured with a handheld stopwatch. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was usedto determine significant differences between sprint time after the two different protocols, andthe level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Result: The result showed that there was no significant difference between PAP and non-PAPprotocols (p = 0,679). With a median value of 4,78 seconds, a minimum value of 4,59seconds and a maximum value of 5,54 seconds for the sprint trials after PAP and a medianvalue of 4,82 seconds, a minimum value of 4,59 seconds and a maximum value of 5,31seconds for the sprint trials without PAP, the results did not confirm the hypothesis. Conclusion: As an effect from the low number of participants, the result could be deceptive.The study could have show a different result if the number of participants would exceed atleast 25 subjects. There are no performance enhancing effects in the sprint after PAP, in thisstudy. Further research is required, to determine possible performance enhancing effectsfrom PAP.

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Berberi, Ilias. "Performance Trade-Offs in Wild White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus Leucopus)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38382.

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Various aspects of performance (e.g., sprint speed, grip strength) are thought to be important determinants of the success of animals in natural activities such as foraging, mating, and escaping from predators. However, it is generally known that morphological properties enhancing one type of performance (e.g., speed) can lead to a reduction in another (e.g., strength). Such performance trade-offs have been quantified at the inter-specific level, but evidence at the inter-individual level remains equivocal. To test for the presence of a performance trade-off, I initiated a study on wild white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus). In summer 2016, I captured a total of 186 individuals, 87 of which were repeatedly phenotyped for grip strength and sprint speed. A significant positive relationship was found between body mass and grip strength (but not for sprint speed). Individual differences in performance were repeatable through time for both grip strength and sprint speed. Using a bivariate mixed model, I detected a significant negative correlation between grip strength and sprint speed at the among-individual level. By contrast, the within-individual correlation between grip strength and sprint speed tended to be positive, suggesting that some unquantified aspects of the mouse phenotype (e.g., body condition, age) may have a positive effect on both performance traits. Given the relatively low repeatability of grip strength and sprint speed, a failure to properly partition the correlation at the among- and within-individual level generates a counter-intuitive, positive correlation. This study is one the first to detect a performance trade-off at the among-individual level in a wild animal population.

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Pickett, Craig. "Factors determining 200-m kayak performance: Muscle strength, aerobic capacity, stroke kinematics and training." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2325.

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200-m sprint kayaking requires repeated cyclic force production, and athletes typically incorporate resistance training programs aimed at improving muscular strength and power and the ability to produce high forces over the course of the race (i.e. 31-40 s). Whilst upper body strength and whole-body maximal oxygen uptake have been associated with faster race times in sub-elite athletes, it is not known whether strength and aerobic capacity, or changes in them, influence performances in high-level kayak athletes. In Study 1 of the present thesis, relationships between isoinertial strength (i.e., bench press, bench row, chin-up and deadlift), VO2max, and 200-m race times were quantified in 22 national- and elite-level kayak athletes, including three Olympic finalists. Strong relationships were found between race time and both upper body strength (r = -0.81 to -0.73) and VO2max (r = -0.70), but not deadlift strength. However, isometric force testing might be of greater diagnostic value as it allows for the quantification of time-specific force production (i.e. matching the time available for force production within the stroke) at joint angles similar to those of the limbs during the kayak stroke. Therefore, Study 2 examined relationships between lower-body isometric force and 200- m race times. Relationships between the mid-thigh pull force and 200-m race time were found to be poor-to-moderate (r = -0.49 to 0.07), suggesting (along with the results of Study 1) that maximal lower body force production might not be as closely associated with 200-m kayak time as upper body strength. Whether performances in isometric bench press and bench row tests might be more associated with 200-m race time than isoinertial tests was then examined in Study 3. Despite limited test familiarisation, isometric force produced to time points >0.2 s after force onset were both reliable (ICCs > 0.91 to 0.97 for bench press measured to different time points) and strongly-to-very strongly related (r > -0.51 to -0.80) to both race times and performances in the corresponding isoinertial strength tests. However, relationships with race time for the isometric tests were of a similar magnitude to those of the isoinertial tests, and they thus provided no additional information than those tests. In Study 4, pacing patterns and stroke kinetics were quantified during 200-m kayak races in 19 high- and elite-level athletes. The athletes executed “fast-start” pacing plans in which the acceleration rate to maximal velocity was a key determinant in race times (r=-0.95 ± 0.04). Further, better-performed athletes used higher stroke rates, although stroke rate did not discriminate between those better athletes. Within the cohort of faster athletes, stroke length (r=-0.48 to -0.85) and the effective work produced within each stroke (r = -0.81 to -0.95) were determining factors in final race times. Athletes who displayed lower fatigue-induced decrements in stroke length and effective work per stroke had faster race times. In the final study, the effects of altering muscular strength on 200-m race time as well as changes in aerobic capacity and kayak technique were examined through the use of an 8-week eccentric-biased strength training (ECC-b) block as compared to their standard concentric-eccentric (CON-ECC) strength training. ECC-b led to greater improvements than CON-ECC in race time (adjusted mean difference: 1.86 s), stroke length (0.19 to 0.43 m), and effective work per stroke (14.7 to 19.1), total isoinertial strength (the sum of all lifts =15.3 kg), isometric strength (232 to 293 N) and absolute (0.18 Lmin-1) and relative VO2max (3.74 mL kg∙min-1). CON-ECC resulted in a reduced performance in the race time (? s) and some tests, perhaps due to training-induced fatigue. When viewed collectively, the studies of the current thesis indicate that upper body muscular contractile force capacity and wholebody maximal oxygen uptake are key factors influencing 200-m kayak race time. These factors, as well as 200-m time and stroke effectiveness, were positively influenced by the completion of a block of heavy, eccentric-biased strength training even though the contraction mode and movement pattern of exercises was dissimilar to that of the kayak stroke. Future research might examine the effects of eccentric-biased strength training on performance in other sports such as cycling, swimming and rowing, which require the repeated performance of concentric muscular contractions

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Robinson, Leah E. "The Effects of Land versus Aquatic Plyometrics on Power, Torque, Velocity, and Muscle Soreness." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1029768218.

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48

Rockwell, John A. "The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Fuel Stores, Body Composition, and Exercise Performance During Energy Restriction." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45219.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of a four day creatine load and simultaneous energy restriction on muscle creatine content, exercise performance, and body composition in 24 male recreational resistance trainers, age 18-26. Sixteen subjects were randomly divided into placebo (Pl, n=8) and creatine supplement (CrS, n=8) groups. Control (C, n=8) subjects of the same age were recruited separately g Ã d-1 to complete the performance and body composition tests while consuming their normal diet. The CrS group was administered 20 g Ã d-1 of creatine monohydrate (Cr) mixed with 5 g Ã d-1 of sucrose, while the Pl group was administered 25 of sucrose. Both CrS and Pl consumed a formula diet of 75.3 kJ (18 kcal) Ã kg-1 Ã d-1 for 4 d. Testing before and after energy restriction consisted of a repeated sprint cycle performance test (10 sprints of 6s, with 30s rest), hydrostatic weighing, and resting needle muscle biopsy. Testing revealed that subjects in CrS and Pl demonstrated significant decreases in body weight and % body fat (%BF) with no difference between groups. However, Pl demonstrated a significantly greater % loss in FFM (2.4 Â± 0.25%) compared to CrS (1.4 Â± 0.4%) (p<0.05). The muscle fuel stores of CrS and Pl responded significantly to the diet. Significant increases in muscle total Cr (p<0.01), free Cr (p<0.01), and CrP (p<0.05) of 16.5%, 16.8%, and 16% respectively were demonstrated by CrS over the energy restriction period, while Pl demonstrated significant decreases of 7.2% and 8.2% respectively in muscle total Cr (p<0.01) and free Cr (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for performance during the cycle test, however, there were trends toward group by time interactions for performance enhancement in CrS relative to Pl, as total work (p=0.078) and work capacity (p=0.058) increased 3.8 Â± 2.2% in CrS and decreased 0.5 Â± 0.4% in Pl. It was concluded that short-term energy restriction resulted in decreased muscle Cr storage, and that Cr supplementation during energy restriction increased muscle Cr and CrP stores. Consumption of Cr allowed CrS to lose a significantly lower % FFM compared to Pl. Cr supplementation resulted in trends toward improved performance in CrS relative to Pl after energy restriction, but did not influence losses in body weight or %BF.
Master of Science

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49

Schultz, Adrian Brent. "The influence of an adapted knee angle, as determined by isokinetic assessment, on sprint starting performance." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/317.

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Muscle strength has been identified as an important contributor to athletic performance. Little attention however, has been paid to the specific relationship between peak isokinetic muscle strength and sprint starting performance. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of an adapted front knee angle, as determined by isokinetic assessment (the angle of peak torque production), on starting performance. Sixteen track sprinters, of elite-national or competitive-regional standard, were asked to perform eight sprints over 50m using four separate starting techniques. Technique 1 featured the athlete’s usual starting preferences while Techniques 2, 3 and 4 featured a standardised set of starting preferences with experimental modifications of the front knee angle in the “set” position. Isokinetic muscle strength was measured at slow (60°/s) and fast (240°/s) test speeds in order to determine the angle of peak torque production for concentric knee extension of each subject’s lead leg. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc analysis (LSD), no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between the experimental techniques for: block time, force-time measures during block time, sprint times, sprint velocity and acceleratio n measures at intervals up to 50m. Significant differences (p<0.05) were however observed between reaction times for the experimental techniques. Slower reaction times are most likely due to increased upper body pretension, resulting from the increased hip elevation seen for these techniques. The results indicate that increased hip elevation may have delayed the initiation of the relevant motor response required to affect an optimal sprint start. Technique 1 resulted in the shortest reaction times, shortest block times, fastest sprint times and greatest sprint velocities for all four techniques. This result was possibly due to the athlete’s experience with, and repeated use of, this technique. The experimental techniques therefore provided no added advantage over the subject’s preferred starting technique and did not significantly optimise sprint starting performance. The results show that modification of the front knee angle had no significant influence on sprint starting performance and sprint running ve locity or acceleration patterns up to 50m. Using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient to determine the strongest correlations between isokinetic knee strength and sprint starting performance, analysis revealed that the strongest relationships were found between sprint starting performance expressed as acceleration and isokinetic knee strength expressed as relative peak torque and absolute peak torque. For Technique 1 the strongest correlation was found between acceleration (30m - 40m) and relative peak torque as measured at a test speed of 240°/s (r = 0.62). For the remaining experimental techniques, the strongest correlation was found between acceleration (10m - 20m) and relative peak torque as measured at a test speed of 60°/s (r = 0.53) for Technique 2, between acceleration (40m - 50m) and peak torque measured at a test speed of 60°/s (r = 0.72) for Technique 3, and between acceleration (0m - 5m) and peak torque as measured at a test speed of 240°/s (r = 0.71) for Technique 4. These results suggest that isokinetic muscle strength does not correlate strongly with sprint starting performance and that additional factors, such as neuromuscular organisation and muscle fibre typing, possibly make a greater contribution to optimal sprint starting performance.

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Axner, Markus. "Repeated-sprint performance in junior ice-hockey players following a 3-week "train low" nutritional intervention." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-31229.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sprint performance'

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