Journal articles: 'Sprinting performance'

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Glaister, Mark, Stephen D. Patterson, Paul Foley, Charles R. Pedlar, John R. Pattison, and Gillian McInnes. "Caffeine and Sprinting Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26, no. 4 (April 2012): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822ba300.

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Van Den Tillaar, Roland, Amaro Teixeira, and Daniel Marinho. "Acute effect of resisted sprinting upon regular sprint performance." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 23 (January 18, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2017.23.02.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of resisted sprinting upon running sprint performance. Thirty male athletes from track and field (age: 21.2±2.9 yrs, body mass: 69.8±9.8 kg, height: 1.75±0.08 m) performed two different test sessions (one day of 7×60 m runs alternating between regular and resisted sprinting and the other day 7×60 m of regular sprints) with 5 min between each run. Sled towing individually weighted to 10% of each participant’s body mass was used as resistance for the resisted sprints. It was found that training with or without resistance had the same effect; there is no acute effect of resisted sprinting upon sprint performance after using resisted runs. It was concluded that resisted sprinting does not have any acute positive effect upon regular sprints of 60 m, but only a fatiguing effect.

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Nagahara, Ryu, Mirai Mizutani, Akifumi Matsuo, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Association of Step Width with Accelerated Sprinting Performance and Ground Reaction Force." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 07 (May 8, 2017): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106191.

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AbstractThis study aimed to describe changes in step width (SW) during accelerated sprinting, and to clarify the relationship of SW with sprinting performance and ground reaction forces. 17 male athletes performed maximal-effort 60 m sprints. The SW and other spatiotemporal variables, as well as ground reaction impulses, over a 52 m distance were calculated. Average values for each 4 steps during acceleration were calculated to examine relationships among variables in different sections. The SW rapidly decreased up to the 13th step and slightly afterward during accelerated sprinting, showing a bilinear phase profile. The ratio of SW to the stature was significantly correlated with running speed based on average values over the 52 m distance and in the 9th–12th step section during accelerated sprinting. The SW ratio positively correlated with medial, lateral and mediolateral impulses in all step sections, except for medial impulse in the 17th–20th step section. These results indicate the importance of wider SW for better sprinting performance, especially in the 9th–12th step section. Moreover, the wider SW was associated with larger medial impulse and smaller lateral impulse, suggesting that a wide SW contributes to the production of greater mediolateral body velocity during accelerated sprinting.

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Sporiš, Goran, Vlatko Vučetić, and Marjan Jerković. "Relationship between kicking and sprinting performance." International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport 7, no. 2 (May 2007): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868394.

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Simitzi, Vasiliki Ε., Athanasios Tsoukos, Ioannis N. Kostikiadis, Charalampos A. Parotsidis, Christos Paizis, George P. Nassis, and Spyridon K. Methenitis. "The acute effects of different high-intensity conditioning activities on sprint performance differ between sprinters of different strength and power characteristics." Kinesiology 53, no. 2 (2021): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.2.2.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of different conditioning activities (CAs) on short-term increase in sprint performance. In twelve male sprinters (21.1±2.6 years, 100 m performance: 11.5±0.6 s) their body composition, half squat maximum strength, 100 m sprinting and countermovement jump performances were evaluated. The performance of a 50 m sprint (splits at 10 m, 30 m and 50 m) was evaluated before and 5, 10 and 15 min after four postactivation performance enhancement CAs on different occasions: [1] 3 sets x 4 s maximum isometric half squat (IHF), [2] 3 sets x 3 consecutive countermovement jumps (cCMJs), [3] 3 repetitions x 30 m overspeed sprinting (OVSP) and [4] dynamic submaximal half squat (2 sets x 2 reps x 90% of 1-RM half squat; HSQ). Significant improvements of sprinting performance were found 10 and 15 min following the cCMJs, OVSP and HSQ’s interventions, in all distances (p<.05; -2.14±1.21% and -3.56±2.47%), without any significant difference between these interventions and time points (p>.05). Significant inter-individual differences were found in the magnitude of sprint performance improvements as well as in the optimal time window (p<.05), with the stronger sprinters responding better after HSQs, while the more powerful sprinters after cCMJs and OVSPs. In conclusion, it seems that cCMJs, OVSP and HSQ can acutely increase sprinting performance after 10 min, but CA’s induced increases in sprinting performance are highly related to the strength and power characteristics of each sprinter.

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Hogarth, Luke, Mark McKean, Max McKenzie, and Tyler Collings. "Utility of an Isometric Midthigh Pull Test to Assess Lower Body Muscular Strength in Professional Netball Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0900.

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Purpose: This study established the relationship between isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) performance in professional netball players. The change in IMTP peak force in response to sport-specific training was also examined. Methods: IMTP peak force and court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD were collected in 18 female athletes contracted to a Suncorp Super Netball team. Linear regression models established the relationship between absolute and normalized strength values and court-based performance measures in the participant cohort. Changes in IMTP peak force and court-based performance measures were examined following 2 consecutive preseason training blocks in a subset of participants. Results: The IMTP peak force values normalized to body mass were found to be determinants of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance in the participant cohort (R2 = .34–.65, P ≤ .016). The participants showed increases in absolute (mean ± SE = 398 ± 68.5 N, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.70 [−0.05 to 1.35]) and normalized IMTP peak force (mean ± SE = 4.6 ± 0.78 N·kg−1, P < .001, Hedge g = 0.47 [−0.04 to 0.97]) over 2 consecutive training blocks that coincided with improvements in jumping, sprinting, and COD performances. Conclusion: IMTP peak force is a determinant of court-based jumping, sprinting, and COD performance and is sensitive to training in professional netball players. These results support the utility of the IMTP test to monitor the development and maintenance of maximal lower body muscular strength in these athletes.

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Kulmala, Juha-Pekka, Marko T. Korhonen, Sami Kuitunen, Harri Suominen, Ari Heinonen, Aki Mikkola, and Janne Avela. "Which muscles compromise human locomotor performance with age?" Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 100 (November 6, 2014): 20140858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0858.

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Ageing leads to a progressive decline in human locomotor performance. However, it is not known whether this decline results from reduced joint moment and power generation of all lower limb muscle groups or just some of them. To further our understanding of age-related locomotor decline, we compare the amounts of joint moments and powers generated by lower limb muscles during walking (self-selected), running (4 m s −1 ) and sprinting (maximal speed) among young, middle-aged and old adults. We find that age-related deficit in ankle plantarflexor moment and power generation becomes more severe as locomotion change from walking to running to sprinting. As a result, old adults generate more power at the knee and hip extensors than their younger counterparts when walking and running at the same speed. During maximal sprinting, young adults with faster top speeds demonstrate greater moments and powers from the ankle and hip joints, but interestingly, not from the knee joint when compared with the middle-aged and old adults. These findings indicate that propulsive deficit of ankle contributes most to the age-related locomotor decline. In addition, reduced muscular output from the hip rather than from knee limits the sprinting performance in older age.

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Nagahara, Ryu, Yohei Takai, Miki Haramura, Mirai Mizutani, Akifumi Matsuo, Hiroaki Kanehisa, and Tetsuo Fukunaga. "Age-Related Differences in Spatiotemporal Variables and Ground Reaction Forces During Sprinting in Boys." Pediatric Exercise Science 30, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.2017-0058.

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Purpose:We aimed to elucidate age-related differences in spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during sprinting in boys over a broad range of chronological ages.Methods:Ground reaction force signals during 50-m sprinting were recorded in 99 boys aged 6.5–15.4 years. Step-to-step spatiotemporal variables and mean forces were then calculated.Results:There was a slower rate of development in sprinting performance in the age span from 8.8 to 12.1 years compared with younger and older boys. During that age span, mean propulsive force was almost constant, and step frequency for older boys was lower regardless of sprinting phase. During the ages younger than 8.8 years and older than 12.1 years, sprint performance rapidly increased with increasing mean propulsive forces during the middle acceleration and maximal speed phases and during the initial acceleration phase.Conclusion:There was a stage of temporal slower development of sprinting ability from age 8.8 to 12.1 years, being characterized by unchanged propulsive force and decreased step frequency. Moreover, increasing propulsive forces during the middle acceleration and maximal speed phases and during the initial acceleration phase are probably responsible for the rapid development of sprinting ability before and after the period of temporal slower development of sprinting ability.

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Diker, Gürken, Sürhat Müniroğlu, Sadi Ön, Hüseyin Özkamçı, and Abdulkerim Darendeli. "The relationship between sprint performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 25, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2021.0102.

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Background and Study Aim. Sprint performance plays a major role in success of field-based team sports such as soccer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sprinting performance and both lower and upper extremity explosive strength in young soccer players. Material and Methods. One hundred forty-seven soccer players (mean±SD; age 11.6±1.66 years, height 143.2±11.8 cm, body mass 37.1±10.2 kg and training experience 1.11±1.5 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The sprinting performance of each player was determined using their 5, 10, 20 and 30m single sprint times. The lower and upper extremity explosive strength were evaluated by standing long jump and medicine ball throwing tests respectively. Prior to the study, each of the players was given detailed information about the risks and injuries they could encounter during the study, and parental consent was obtained by their signatures on informed voluntary consent forms since the subjects were under the age of 18. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from Ankara University Medical Faculty’s Surgical and Medical Research Ethics Committee. Results. The results indicated a strong relationship between sprinting performance and horizontal jump performance (r=-.671 ̶ -.764; p=0.001) and also a large relationship between sprinting performance and upper extremity strength (r=-.633 ̶ -.703; p=0.001). The sprint performance (n=147) also significantly correlated with body weight (r=-.345 ̶ -.373; p=0.001) and height (r=-.445 ̶ -.505; p=0.001). Conclusions. The study results suggest that upper extremity strength is as important as the lower extremity strength for sprinting performance and that trainers should emphasize lower and upper extremity strength in training intended to improve sprinting performance.

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Hutchison, D. J., and J. W. Yates. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN INCLINE TREADMILL SPRINTING PROGRAM VERSUS A GROUND-BASED SPRINTING PROGRAM." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-00541.

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Pandy, Marcus G., Adrian K. M. Lai, Anthony G. Schache, and Yi‐Chung Lin. "How muscles maximize performance in accelerated sprinting." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 31, no. 10 (July 27, 2021): 1882–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.14021.

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Stafilidis, Sawas, and Adamantios Arampatzis. "Track compliance does not affect sprinting performance." Journal of Sports Sciences 25, no. 13 (November 2007): 1479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410601150462.

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Bolger, Richard, Mark Lyons, Andrew J. Harrison, and Ian C. Kenny. "Sprinting Performance and Resistance-Based Training Interventions." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 4 (April 2015): 1146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000720.

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Rosas, Fabián, Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Cristian Martínez, Alexis Caniuqueo, Rodrigo Cañas-Jamet, Emma McCrudden, Cesar Meylan, et al. "Effects of Plyometric Training and Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Maximal-Intensity Exercise and Endurance in Female Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 58, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0072.

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AbstractPlyometric training and beta-alanine supplementation are common among soccer players, although its combined use had never been tested. Therefore, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of a plyometric training program, with or without beta-alanine supplementation, on maximal-intensity and endurance performance in female soccer players during an in-season training period. Athletes (23.7 ± 2.4 years) were assigned to either a plyometric training group receiving a placebo (PLACEBO, n = 8), a plyometric training group receiving beta-alanine supplementation (BA, n = 8), or a control group receiving placebo without following a plyometric training program (CONTROL, n = 9). Athletes were evaluated for single and repeated jumps and sprints, endurance, and change-of-direction speed performance before and after the intervention. Both plyometric training groups improved in explosive jumping (ES = 0.27 to 1.0), sprinting (ES = 0.31 to 0.78), repeated sprinting (ES = 0.39 to 0.91), 60 s repeated jumping (ES = 0.32 to 0.45), endurance (ES = 0.35 to 0.37), and change-of-direction speed performance (ES = 0.36 to 0.58), whereas no significant changes were observed for the CONTROL group. Nevertheless, compared to the CONTROL group, only the BA group showed greater improvements in endurance, repeated sprinting and repeated jumping performances. It was concluded that beta-alanine supplementation during plyometric training may add further adaptive changes related to endurance, repeated sprinting and jumping ability.

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Spriet, Lawrence L. "Caffeine and Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 5, s1 (June 1995): S84—S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.5.s1.s84.

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Caffeine ingestion (3-9 mg/kg body weight) prior to exercise increases performance during prolonged endurance exercise and short-term intense exercise lasting ~5 min in the laboratory. These results are generally reported in well-trained elite or recreational subjects. However, there is a lack of well-controlled field studies to determine the applicability of laboratory results to the athletic world. Caffeine does not appear to enhance performance during incremental exercise tests lasting 8-20 min and during sprinting lasting less than 90 s, although research examining sprinting is rare. In addition, the mechanisms responsible for any improvement in endurance and short-term exercise have not been clearly established. The ergogenic effects of caffeine are present with urinary caffeine levels that are below the limit of 12 µg/ml allowed by the International Olympic Committee, which raises serious ethical issues regarding the use of caffeine to improve athletic performance. One solution would be to add caffeine to the list of banned substances, thereby requiring athletes to abstain from caffeine ingestion 48-72 hr prior to competition.

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Mattes, Klaus, Stefanie Wolff, and Shahab Alizadeh. "Kinematic Stride Characteristics of Maximal Sprint Running of Elite Sprinters – Verification of the “Swing-Pull Technique”." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0008.

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Abstract Maximum sprinting speed constitutes an optimum relation between the stride length and the step rate in addition to an appropriate sprinting technique. The kinematics of the sprint step at maximum sprinting speed have already been examined in numerous studies, without reaching a consensus. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between maximum sprinting speed and the stride kinematics based on the “Swing-Pull Technique”. German elite sprinters (N = 26, body height = 182 ± 6 cm, leg length 93.8 ± 4.1 cm) were tested while performing a 30-meter flying sprint at maximum sprinting speed. The relationship between sprinting speed and kinematic variables was determined via Pearson correlation. Sprinting speed (10.1 – 11.3 m/s) correlated with stride length (r = 0.53), ground contact time (r = -0.53) and variables from the technique model: the knee angle at the end of the knee lift swing (r = 0.40), the maximum knee angle prior to backswing (r = 0.40), the hip extension angle velocity (r = 0.63), and vertical foot velocity (r = 0.77) during pre-support, the ankle angle at the take-on (r = -0.43), knee flexion (r = -0.54), and knee extension (r = -0.47) during support. The results indicate that greater stride length, smaller contact time, and the mentioned kinematic step characteristics are relevant for the production of maximum sprinting speed in athletes at an intermediate to advanced performance level. The association of sprinting speed and these features should primarily be taken into account in conditioning and technical training.

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McCrory, P. "The time lords – measurement and performance in sprinting." British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 11 (October 21, 2005): 785–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports/39/11/785.long.ret.

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Opheim, Maximilian N., and Janet W. Rankin. "Effect of Capsaicin Supplementation on Repeated Sprinting Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26, no. 2 (February 2012): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182429ae5.

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Whelan, Niamh, Ciaran OʼRegan, and Andrew J. Harrison. "Resisted Sprints Do Not Acutely Enhance Sprinting Performance." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28, no. 7 (July 2014): 1858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000357.

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Tomar, R., and S. Pandey. "Effects of different training methods on sprinting performance." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S147—S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.357.

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Glaister, Mark, Stephen D. Patterson, Paul Foley, Charles Pedlar, John R. Pattison, and Gillian McInnes. "Caffeine And Sprinting Performance: Dose Responses And Efficacy." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (May 2011): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000401767.74100.90.

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Tsampoukos, Antonios, Esther A. Peckham, Rhian James, and Mary E. Nevill. "Effect of menstrual cycle phase on sprinting performance." European Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 4 (March 3, 2010): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1384-z.

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Ando, Ryosuke, Fumiya Tanji, Hayato Ohnuma, Tatsuaki Ikeda, Ryo Yamanaka, and Yasuhiro Suzuki. "Thigh Muscularity and Sprinting Performance of National‐Level Long‐Distance Runners." Journal of Human Kinetics 81, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0006.

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Abstract Long-distance runners require aerobic capacity as well as sprinting ability for superior performance; however, the factors which determine the sprinting ability of long-distance runners remain undetermined. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to examine the association between thigh muscle size and sprinting ability in national-level male long-distance runners. Nineteen male long-distance runners with 5000 m personal-best times of 13:12.63–14:14.87 participated in this study, and transaxial images of their right thighs were collected using magnetic resonance imaging. The cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, and adductor muscles were calculated from the transaxial images at 30%, 50%, and 70% of the distance from the greater trochanter to the lower edge of the femur; these areas were normalized by body mass. Sprint times for 100 m and 400 m were recorded on an all-weather track. The results revealed positive correlations between the normalized cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps femoris at 50% and 70% of the thigh length and the 100 m (r = 0.666, p = 0.002 and r = 0.531, p = 0.019, respectively) and 400 m sprint times (r = 0.769, p < 0.001 and r = 0.580, p = 0.009, respectively); hence, the larger the quadriceps, the slower the sprint speed. However, no association was found between the normalized cross-sectional areas of the hamstrings or adductor muscles and sprinting performance. Therefore, running motions which activate the quadriceps femoris much more than the hamstrings and adductor muscles should be avoided by national-level long-distance runners.

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Lam, Wing-Kai, Winson Chiu-Chun Lee, Wei Min Lee, Christina Zong-Hao Ma, and Pui Wah Kong. "Segmented Forefoot Plate in Basketball Footwear: Does it Influence Performance and Foot Joint Kinematics and Kinetics?" Journal of Applied Biomechanics 34, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2017-0044.

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This study examined the effects of shoes’ segmented forefoot stiffness on athletic performance and ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics in basketball movements. Seventeen university basketball players performed running vertical jumps and 5-m sprints at maximum effort with 3 basketball shoes of various forefoot plate conditions (medial plate, medial + lateral plates, and no-plate control). One-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the differences in athletic performance, joint kinematics, and joint kinetics among the 3 footwear conditions (α = .05). Results indicated that participants wearing medial + lateral plates shoes demonstrated 2.9% higher jump height than those wearing control shoes (P = .02), but there was no significant differences between medial plate and control shoes (P > .05). Medial plate shoes produced greater maximum plantar flexion velocity than the medial + lateral plates shoes (P < .05) during sprinting. There were no significant differences in sprint time. These findings implied that inserting plates spanning both the medial and lateral aspects of the forefoot could enhance jumping, but not sprinting performances. The use of a medial plate alone, although induced greater plantar flexion velocity at the metatarsophalangeal joint during sprinting, was not effective in improving jump heights or sprint times.

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Lemmink, Koen A. P. M., Baukje Dijkstra, and Chris Visscher. "Effects of Limited Peripheral Vision on Shuttle Sprint Performance of Soccer Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 1 (February 2005): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.1.167-175.

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This study examined the effect of limited peripheral vision on the shuttle sprint performance of soccer players. Participants were 14 male soccer players of a student soccer club ( M age = 22.1 yr., SD = 1.3 yr.). They performed a repeated shuttle sprint with full and limited peripheral vision. Mean total sprint time and mean turning time increased significantly with limited peripheral vision. It is concluded that only turning during shuttle sprint performance decreases when sprinting with a restricted peripheral field of view, indicating the use of peripheral vision for the control of directional changes while sprinting.

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Chen, Che-Hsiu, Yu-Chun Chen, Ren-Shiang Jiang, Lok-Yin Lo, I.-Lin Wang, and Chih-Hui Chiu. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Decreases the Decline of Speed during Repeated Sprinting in Basketball Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 6967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136967.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve countermovement jump performance, fatigue index and alleviate the speed decline during repeated shuttle sprints in trained basketball players. Thirteen trained basketball players were divided into the tDCS trial and sham trial by the random crossover design. The tDCS trial was stimulated with 2-mA current in the M1 area in the middle of the top of the head for 20 min. For the sham trial, the current was turned off after 5 s, stopping the electrical stimulation. After warming up, the players underwent countermovement jump test, weighted countermovement jump test and then performed 40 × 15-m sprints with with a 1:4 exercise: rest ratio. The jump height, sprinting time, fatigue index, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed by paired-sample t-test, when significance was discovered by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The study results revealed that the tDCS trial significantly increase the countermovement jump performance (p = 0.04), decrease the sprinting time (p = 0.016), and had improved fatigue index during the sprinting process (p = 0.009). However, the heart rate and RPE during sprinting were nonsignificantly different between the trials. This study has identified that tDCS can decrease the speed decline, fatigue index during sprinting and increase countermovement jump performance without affecting heart rate or the rating of perceived exertion.

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Chekle, Belayneh, Tefera Tadesse, and Zerihun Birhanu. "Chronological Age and Training Age as Determinants of Soccer Specific Speeds." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs19411.

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The main purpose of this study was to unveil how chronological and training age or maturity of soccer players relate or affect linear sprinting speed, repeated sprinting ability (RSA), and change-ofdirection speed (CODS) performance. Competitive soccer players at the Ethiopian national soccer league level participated in the study. A total of 88 volunteered soccer players (age, 22.25±2.27 years old; training age; 9.38±2.78 years) who were free from any kind of injury at the time of data collection completed the study protocol. While age was calculated using a player’s birth certificate, fitness performance was measured using specific test protocols for each fitness element. For credibility, fitness test was conducted on a weekly basis for about five consecutive weeks and the average was taken. Bivariate correlation, partial correlation and GLM analyses were used. The bivariate correlation showed that sprinting speed (r (88) = - .254, p=.017), CODS (r (88) = -216, p.043) and RSA best (r (88) = 0.235, p=.028) significantly correlated with age (p<.05). However, RSA total time, RSA average and RSA worst did not correlate with age. With training age, only CODS showed small, but significant negative correlation (r (88) = -.230, p=.031). While sprinting speed significantly correlated with maturity, other qualities that rely on the ability to produce the best performance repeatedly did not relate with age or training age. These findings suggest that speed and speed related performances depend on maturity and genetic make-up and these are less trainable qualities that may not significantly improve over time.

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Lepers, Romuald, Paul J. Stapley, and Thomas Cattagni. "Variation of Age-Related Changes in Endurance Performance Between Modes of Locomotion in Men: An Analysis of Master World Records." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0222.

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Background: Age-related declines in sport performance are characteristic of all endurance and sprinting disciplines. However, it is not known if the mode of locomotion (ie, swimming, cycling or running) influences the age-related decline in sport performance in sprinting and endurance events. Methods: To examine the age-related decline in 3 different modes of locomotion (ie, swimming, cycling, and running) for endurance and sprint events, the world-best performances achieved for men in the age groups 18–39, 40–44, 45–49, 50–54, 55–59, 60–64, 65–69, 70–74, 75–79, and 80–84 y were compared in swimming (1500 and 50 m), cycling (1 h and 200 m), and running (10 and 100 m). Each performance was considered as an average speed (throughout the distance), and the age-related decline in performance was expressed as a percentage of the world record (regardless of age group) for that discipline. Results: The age-related decline in 1-h track cycling is less pronounced than in 1500-m swimming and 10-km running after 60 y. In contrast, the age-related decline was similar among the 3 locomotion modes for the sprinting events. Conclusion: The data show that the maintenance of high performance in cycling persists longer into old age than in running and swimming.

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Clark, Kenneth P. "Determinants of Top Speed Sprinting: Minimum Requirements for Maximum Velocity." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 8289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168289.

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Faster top sprinting speeds require shorter ground contact times, larger vertical forces, and greater thigh angular velocities and accelerations. Here, a framework using fundamental kinematic and kinetic relationships is presented that explores the effect of body dimensions on these mechanical determinants of sprinting performance. The analysis is applied to three hypothetical runners of different leg lengths to illustrate how these mechanical determinants of speed vary with body dimensions. Specific attention is focused on how the following variables scale with leg length and top speed: ground contact time, step rate, step length, ratio of step length to leg length, ratio of vertical force to body weight, total thigh range of motion, average thigh angular velocity, and maximum thigh angular acceleration. The analysis highlights the inherent biological tradeoffs that interplay to govern the optimal dimensions for sprinting speed and underscores that accounting for leg length may facilitate interpretation in future investigations examining the relationship between these mechanical variables and top speed. Furthermore, for athletes with given body dimensions and sprinting performance goals, this framework could help to establish the minimum requirements for maximum velocity.

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Yamanaka, Ryo, Hayato Ohnuma, Ryosuke Ando, Fumiya Tanji, Toshiyuki Ohya, Masahiro Hagiwara, and Yasuhiro Suzuki. "Sprinting Ability as an Important Indicator of Performance in Elite Long-Distance Runners." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0118.

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Purpose: Increases in maximal oxygen uptake () and running economy improve performance in long-distance runners. Nevertheless, long-distance runners require sprinting ability to win, especially in the final phase of competitions. The authors determined the relationships between performance and sprinting ability, as well as other abilities in elite long-distance runners. Methods: The subjects were 12 elite long-distance runners. Mean official seasonal best times in 5000-m (5000 m-SB) and 10,000-m (10,000 m-SB) races within 1 year before or after the examination were 13:58.5 (0:18.7) and 28:37.9 (0:25.2) (mean [SD]), respectively. The authors measured 100-m and 400-m sprint times as the index of sprinting ability. They also measured and running economy ( at 300 m·min−1 of running velocity). They used a single correlation analysis to assess relationships between 5000 m-SB or 10,000 m-SB and other elements. Results: There were significant correlations between 5000 m-SB was significantly correlated with 100-m sprint time (13.3 [0.7] s; r = .68, P = .014), 400-m sprint time (56.6 [2.7] s; r = .69, P = .013), and running economy (55.5 [3.9] mL·kg−1·min−1; r = .59, P = .045). There were significant correlations between 10,000 m-SB and 100-m sprint time (r = .72, P = .009) and 400-m sprint time (r = .85, P < .001). However, there was no significant correlation between 5000 m-SB or 10,000 m-SB and (72.0 [3.8] mL·kg−1·min−1). Conclusions: The authors' data suggest that sprinting ability is an important indicator of performance in elite long-distance runners.

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Haugen, Thomas A., Espen Tønnessen, Jonny Hisdal, and Stephen Seiler. "The Role and Development of Sprinting Speed in Soccer." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 9, no. 3 (May 2014): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0121.

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The overall objective of this review was to investigate the role and development of sprinting speed in soccer. Time–motion analyses show that short sprints occur frequently during soccer games. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action before goals, both for the scoring and assisting player. Straight-line sprinting velocity (both acceleration and maximal sprinting speed), certain agility skills, and repeated-sprint ability are shown to distinguish groups from different performance levels. Professional players have become faster over time, indicating that sprinting skills are becoming more and more important in modern soccer. In research literature, the majority of soccer-related training interventions have provided positive effects on sprinting capabilities, leading to the assumption that all kinds of training can be performed with success. However, most successful intervention studies are time consuming and challenging to incorporate into the overall soccer training program. Even though the principle of specificity is clearly present, several questions remain regarding the optimal training methods within the larger context of the team-sport setting. Considering time-efficiency effects, soccer players may benefit more by performing sprint-training regimens similar to the progression model used in strength training and by world-leading athletics practitioners, compared with the majority of guidelines that traditionally have been presented in research literature.

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Imamura, Minako, Benny Hung-Junn Chang, Motoyuki Kohjima, Ming Li, Byounghoon Hwang, Heinrich Taegtmeyer, Robert A. Harris, and Lawrence Chan. "MondoA deficiency enhances sprint performance in mice." Biochemical Journal 464, no. 1 (October 23, 2014): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20140530.

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MondoA, a transcription factor that binds to carbohydrate-response elements of putative target genes involved in glucose metabolism, is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. We show that MondoA-knockout (KO) mice display enhanced capacity for glycolysis and sprinting, but not for endurance exercise.

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Möck, Sebastian, René Hartmann, and Klaus Wirth. "VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE RELATES TO SPRINTING PERFORMANCE OVER SHORT DISTANCES AND DIFFERENT SECTIONS." Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, no. 2021 (December 20, 2021): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2021.02.2.

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A high level of sprinting performance is relevant in various sports. Because of the transition of movement patterns in different sprint sections there is a shift in the relevance of speed-strength of the knee and hip extensors, and stretch-shortening cycle performance seems conceivable. Fifty-six physical education students (23.70 ± 3.00 years, 176.9 ± 8.10cm, 74.20 ± 10.30kg) were investigated. They performed sprints up to 30m in which different sections were analyzed and vertical jumps (squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump from different dropping heights). Vertical jumping tests in squat jump and countermovement jump revealed mean values of 31.95 ± 6.56cm and 34.28 ± 7.47cm, respectively, while the drop jumps showed mean RSI values between 155.11 ± 36.77 and 168.24 ± 36.29 dependent on the dropping height. The sprint test showed a mean performance of 4.464 ± .343s (30m). The correlational analysis showed significant correlations (p < .01) for vertical jumping height with all sprinting sections (r = −.652 to −.834). Drop jump performance also showed significant correlations (p < .01) with all the sections (r = −.379 to −.594). The results let us hypothesize that the observed sample generated similar ground-reaction forces in the sprint and drop jump from a height of 40 cm.

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Slater, Gary J., Jennifer Sygo, and Majke Jorgensen. "SPRINTING. . . Dietary Approaches to Optimize Training Adaptation and Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0273.

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Although sprint athletes are assumed to primarily be interested in promoting muscle hypertrophy, it is the ability to generate explosive muscle power, optimization of power-to-weight ratio, and enhancement of anaerobic energy generation that are key outcomes of sprint training. This reflects the physique of track sprinters, being characterized as ecto-mesomorphs. Although there is little contemporary data on sprinters dietary habits, given their moderate energy requirements relative to body mass, a carbohydrate intake within the range of 3–6 g·kg−1·day−1 appears reasonable, while ensuring carbohydrate availability is optimized around training. Similarly, although protein needs may be twice general population recommendations, sprint athletes should consume meals containing ∼0.4 g/kg high biological value protein (i.e., easily digested, rich in essential amino acids) every 3–5 hr. Despite the short duration of competitions and relative long-recovery periods between races, nutrition still plays an important role in sprint performance. As energy expenditure moderates during competition, so too should intake of energy and macronutrients to prevent unwanted weight gain. Further adjustments in macronutrient intake may be warranted among athletes contemplating optimization of power-to-weight ratio through reductions in body fat prior to the competitive season. Other novel acute methods of weight loss have also been proposed to enhance power-to-weight ratio, but their implementation should only be considered under professional guidance. Given the metabolic demands of sprinting, a few supplements may be of benefit to athletes in training and/or competition. Their use in competition should be preceded with trialing in training to confirm tolerance and perceived ergogenic potential.

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Chu, Don, and Remi Korchemny. "CLASSIC SPORTS PERFORMANCE: Sprinting Stride Actions: Analysis and Evaluation." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 15, no. 1 (1993): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1993)015<0048:ssaaae>2.3.co;2.

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Barbosa, Tiago M., Jorge E. Morais, Mário C. Marques, Mário J. Costa, and Daniel A. Marinho. "The Power Output and Sprinting Performance of Young Swimmers." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29, no. 2 (February 2015): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000626.

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Rodbell, B. L., T. Shepherd, W. Taylor, and W. P. Marley. "BICARBONATE LOADING AND PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT IN HALF MILE SPRINTING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00345.

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Luo, Geng, and Darren Stefanyshyn. "Ankle moment generation and maximum-effort curved sprinting performance." Journal of Biomechanics 45, no. 16 (November 2012): 2763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.010.

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Chu, Don, and Remi Korchemny. "SPORTS PERFORMANCE SERIES: Sprinting stride actions: Analysis and evaluation." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 11, no. 6 (1989): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1989)011<0006:ssaaae>2.3.co;2.

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RADZIMINSKI, LUKASZ, and ZBIGNIEW JASTRZEBSKI. "Evolution of physical performance in professional soccer across four consecutive seasons." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 13, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.13.3.10.

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Background: Main purpose of this research was to investigate the changes of physical match performance in Polish Ekstraklasa across four consecutive seasons. Material and methods: A total of 949 official matches from season 2017/2018 to 2020/2021 were analyzed. Such match running performance variables as total distance, high-speed running, sprinting, and number of high-intensity runs were involved. Each season data were divided into two rounds (spring round and autumn round). Due to the pandemic of COVID-19 additional post-lockdown round (Spring I 2019/2020) occurred. Results: Comparison in the results between Spring 2017/2018 and Spring 2020/2021 indicated significant increases in total distance (2.1%, p<0.001), high-speed running (11.9%, p<0.001), sprinting distance (7.7%, p<0.01) and number of high-intensity runs (9.7%, p<0.001). Moreover, within season analysis exhibited that during spring rounds Ekstraklasa teams covered significantly longer (p<0.01) distances in high-speed running than during autumn rounds. Reduction in physical match performance was reported after the 12-week pandemic lockdown. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the growing importance of such match activities as high-speed running, sprinting and number of high intensity runs which increased in Polish Ekstraklasa by 8-12% within last 4 years. This growing tendency was disrupted by unexpected off-season period caused by COVID-19 lockdown.

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Rittweger, Jörn, Pietro Enrico di Prampero, Nicola Maffulli, and Marco V. Narici. "Sprint and endurance power and ageing: an analysis of master athletic world records." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1657 (October 28, 2008): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1319.

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Human physical performance is notably reduced with ageing. Although the effects of ageing are often compounded by disuse, the study of master athletes provides an opportunity for investigating the effects of ageing per se . It is often held that sprinting is more affected than endurance performance. However, past analyses of master athletic world record data have yielded opposite observations. We argue here that our understanding of these data improves by considering how, biomechanically, metabolic power is related to athletic performance. In line with earlier studies, our analysis showed that running speed declines with age in a more pronounced way for endurance events than for sprinting events, confirming former studies. However, when assessing the metabolic power required to achieve the running world records, sprint and endurance events show a relatively uniform decline with age across the different events. This study has reconciled formerly conflicting scientific results and improves our understanding of the ageing process. However, it is unclear as to which are the governing mechanisms that cause the different systems in our body, responsible for sprinting and for endurance performance, to be affected by ageing in a remarkably uniform way.

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Baena-Raya, Andrés, Alberto Soriano-Maldonado, Manuel A. Rodríguez-Pérez, Antonio García-de-Alcaraz, Manuel Ortega-Becerra, Pedro Jiménez-Reyes, and Amador García-Ramos. "The force-velocity profile as determinant of spike and serve ball speed in top-level male volleyball players." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): e0249612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249612.

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Understanding the relationship between mechanical variables derived from actions such as jumping, sprinting, or ballistic bench press throwing and sport-specific performance moves is of scientific and practical interest for strength and conditioning coaches for improving training programs. We examined the association between mechanical variables derived from the force-velocity (FV) profiles of the aforementioned actions and spike and serve ball speeds in elite volleyball players. Twenty-two male elite volleyball players (age: 24.3 ± 4.5 years; height: 1.89 ± 0.06 m; body mass: 86.3 ± 8.6 kg) were tested in two sessions. Squatting, sprinting, and bench press throwing FV profiles were determined in the first session, while spike and serve ball speeds were assessed in the second session. The theoretical maximal force (F0) of vertical jumping, the theoretical maximal velocity of sprinting, and the F0 of bench press throwing in ascending order, were strongly associated (rs range 0.53–0.84; p<0.05) with spike and serve ball speeds. These mechanical variables explained 20%-36% of the variability in spike and serve ball speeds, with a greater influence on the serve speed. These results suggest that assessing jumping, sprinting, and bench press throwing force-velocity profiles might help provide player-specific training programs and optimize performance in these technical-tactical actions in male elite volleyball players.

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Merkes, Paul, Paolo Mensapà, and Chris Abbiss. "Sprinting in road cycling – literature review." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/1220.jsc.03.

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A road cycling sprint can be described as the acceleration which occurs toward the end of competitions in order to reach the finish line in front of other competitors. The ability to sprint in road cycling is important since most races are decided in either a head-to-head, small group, or mass sprint finish. Cycling velocity during sprints is important. Factors influencing cycling velocity include the cyclist’s physiology, biomechanics and application of force, resistive forces caused by the environment, and the interaction between cyclists. To perform well in sprints, road cyclists are required to have a very well developed aerobic function but also extremely well established anaerobic capacity. Cyclists can produce higher power outputs while adopting a standing position when compared with a seated position, with professional male and female sprinters producing approximately 14.2 and 10.0 W·kg-1 during road sprints which last 14 and 22 s, respectively. Additionally, lowering the torso and head during the standing sprint position results in an aerodynamicimprovement of around 25%. Before starting the sprint, road cycling sprinters can save energy by drafting behind other cyclists. However, being close to the front of the peloton during the last part of the race, together with several supporting teammates, is of high importance for cycling performance outcomes. Road cycling sprinting performance could be improved via increasing power output, reducing aerodynamic drag, and smart positioning in the peloton.

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Haralabidis, Nicos, Gil Serrancolí, Steffi Colyer, Ian Bezodis, Aki Salo, and Dario Cazzola. "Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach." PeerJ 9 (March 8, 2021): e10975. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10975.

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Biomechanical simulation and modelling approaches have the possibility to make a meaningful impact within applied sports settings, such as sprinting. However, for this to be realised, such approaches must first undergo a thorough quantitative evaluation against experimental data. We developed a musculoskeletal modelling and simulation framework for sprinting, with the objective to evaluate its ability to reproduce experimental kinematics and kinetics data for different sprinting phases. This was achieved by performing a series of data-tracking calibration (individual and simultaneous) and validation simulations, that also featured the generation of dynamically consistent simulated outputs and the determination of foot-ground contact model parameters. The simulated values from the calibration simulations were found to be in close agreement with the corresponding experimental data, particularly for the kinematics (average root mean squared differences (RMSDs) less than 1.0° and 0.2 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) and ground reaction force (highest average percentage RMSD of 8.1%). Minimal differences in tracking performance were observed when concurrently determining the foot-ground contact model parameters from each of the individual or simultaneous calibration simulations. The validation simulation yielded results that were comparable (RMSDs less than 1.0° and 0.3 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) to those obtained from the calibration simulations. This study demonstrated the suitability of the proposed framework for performing future predictive simulations of sprinting, and gives confidence in its use to assess the cause-effect relationships of technique modification in relation to performance. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide dynamically consistent three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations of sprinting across different phases.

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Cavar, Mile, Marin Corluka, Ivana Cerkez, Zoran Culjak, and Damir Sekulic. "Are Various Forms of Locomotion-Speed Diverse or Unique Performance Quality?" Journal of Human Kinetics 38 (September 1, 2013): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0045.

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Abstract The forward-sprint is considered to be, and is regularly performed as, a unique measure of “on-ground” linearspeed performance. Thus far, no investigation has simultaneously studied different forms of linear-speed or investigated whether different forms of linear-speed should be observed as unique performance quality. The purpose of this study was to determine (I) the achievements (i.e. execution time), and (II) the reliability and inter-relationships between various linear-speed performances. The participants were 42 male physical education students with substantial sport-specific backgrounds. We applied a total of six tests: three quadrupedal (supine backward, supine forward, and pronate backward locomotion) and three bipedal-performances (forward sprinting, backward sprinting, lateral shuffling). All of the tests showed appropriate reliability parameters (Cronbach Alpha ranged from 0.91 to 0.97; Inter-Item-R 0.78-0.92; Coefficient-of-Variation 1.3-9.1). The tests used in this study shared between 9% and 50% of the common variance. Our results suggest that different activities require activity-specific tests of linear-speed. This is particularly significant in those sports and activities in which quadrupedal locomotion patterns are highly important (wrestling, physically trained military services, law enforcement, fire and rescue, protective services).

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Martínez-Serrano, Antonio, Elena Marín-Cascales, Konstantinos Spyrou, Tomás T. Freitas, and Pedro E. Alcaraz. "Electromyography, Stiffness and Kinematics of Resisted Sprint Training in the Specialized SKILLRUN® Treadmill Using Different Load Conditions in Rugby Players." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 7482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227482.

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This study’s aim was to analyze muscle activation and kinematics of sled-pushing and resisted-parachute sprinting with three load conditions on an instrumentalized SKILLRUN® treadmill. Nine male amateur rugby union players (21.3 ± 4.3 years, 75.8 ± 10.2 kg, 176.6 ± 8.8 cm) performed a sled-push session consisting of three 15-m repetitions at 20%, 55% and 90% body mas and another resisted-parachute session using three different parachute sizes (XS, XL and 3XL). Sprinting kinematics and muscle activity of three lower-limb muscles (biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM)) were measured. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) showed that higher loads during the sled-push increased (VL) (p ≤ 0.001) and (GM) (p ≤ 0.001) but not (BF) (p = 0.278) activity. Furthermore, it caused significant changes in sprinting kinematics, stiffness and joint angles. Resisted-parachute sprinting did not change kinematics or muscle activation, despite producing a significant overload (i.e., speed loss). In conclusion, increased sled-push loading caused disruptions in sprinting technique and altered lower-limb muscle activation patterns as opposed to the resisted-parachute. These findings might help practitioners determine the more adequate resisted sprint exercise and load according to the training objective (e.g., power production or speed performance).

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Weyand, Peter G., Cherie S. Lee, Ricardo Martinez-Ruiz, Matthew W. Bundle, Matthew J. Bellizzi, and Seth Wright. "High-speed running performance is largely unaffected by hypoxic reductions in aerobic power." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 6 (June 1, 1999): 2059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.2059.

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We tested the importance of aerobic metabolism to human running speed directly by altering inspired oxygen concentrations and comparing the maximal speeds attained at different rates of oxygen uptake. Under both normoxic (20.93% O2) and hypoxic (13.00% O2) conditions, four fit adult men completed 15 all-out sprints lasting from 15 to 180 s as well as progressive, discontinuous treadmill tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake and the metabolic cost of steady-state running. Maximal aerobic power was lower by 30% (1.00 ± 0.15 vs. 0.77 ± 0.12 ml O2 ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ s−1) and sprinting rates of oxygen uptake by 12–25% under hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions while the metabolic cost of submaximal running was the same. Despite reductions in the aerobic energy available for sprinting under hypoxic conditions, our subjects were able to run just as fast for sprints of up to 60 s and nearly as fast for sprints of up to 120 s. This was possible because rates of anaerobic energy release, estimated from oxygen deficits, increased by as much as 18%, and thus compensated for the reductions in aerobic power. We conclude that maximal metabolic power outputs during sprinting are not limited by rates of anaerobic metabolism and that human speed is largely independent of aerobic power during all-out runs of 60 s or less.

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Brown, Scott, Matt Cross, Olivier Girard, Franck Brocherie, Pierre Samozino, and Jean-Benoît Morin. "Kinetic Sprint Asymmetries on a non-motorised Treadmill in Rugby Union Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 13 (October 1, 2017): 1017–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-117607.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to present a potential link between sprint kinetic (vertical [F V] and horizontal force [F H]) asymmetries and athletic performance during acceleration and maximal velocity (v max) sprinting. Thirty un-injured male rugby athletes performed 8-s sprints on a non-motorised treadmill. Kinetic data were divided into ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ legs based on individually averaged peak values observed during sprinting and were analysed to evaluate asymmetry. Large differences were found between the strong and weak legs in F H during acceleration (4.3 vs. 3.5 N·kg−1) and v max (3.7 vs. 2.8 N·kg−1) sprinting (both ES=1.2), but not in F V (21.8 vs. 20.8 N·kg−1, ES=− 0.6 for acceleration; 23.9 vs. 22.8 N·kg−1, ES=− 0.5 for v max, respectively). Group mean asymmetry was lower in F V compared to F H during acceleration (1.6 vs. 6.8%) and v max (1.6 vs. 8.2%). The range of asymmetry was much lower in F V (0.03–4.3%) compared to F H (0.2–28%). In un-injured rugby athletes, the magnitude and range of asymmetry scores in F H, occurring during acceleration and v max phases, where much greater than those found in F V. These findings highlight the potential for some un-injured athletes to possess kinetic asymmetries known as crucial components for acceleration performance in sprinting.

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Muniroglu, Surhat, and Erdem Subak. "A Comparison of 5, 10, 30 Meters Sprint, Modified T-Test, Arrowhead and Illinois Agility Tests on Football Referees." Journal of Education and Training Studies 6, no. 8 (June 11, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i8.3360.

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The ability of change of direction quickly, in other words agility, and short distance sprinting speed are two of the most important performance components for football referees. The tests used by FIFA and UEFA such as Cooper Test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Test, 40 × 75 m tests do not include testing the agility skills of the referees. However, especially the field referees changing their activities constantly. Otherwise, the short distance sprinting is another important factor to well positioning of the football referees. Especially, the assistant referees frequently performs short sprints to follow the offside line. For these reasons, we have compared 5 m, 10 m, 30 m sprint tests, T-Test, Arrowhead Agility Test and Illinois Agility Test scores of the football referees working in Ankara (City referees). All referees performed sprint tests twice and performed the agility tests one time. All tests have shown normal distribution frequencies. Our results showed that all of the six tests have shown positive correlations between (P<0,01). Additively, it could be said that the agility skill has a relationship with short distance sprinting because of the referees who showed better sprint performances were also found to have higher agility scores. Consequently, each of the 5 m, 10 m, 30 m, T-Test, Arrowhead and Illinois Agility Test could be used to assess the performance of the referees.

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Hermassi, Souhail, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Lina Majed. "Body Fat Is a Predictor of Physical Fitness in Obese Adolescent Handball Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 8428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228428.

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We examined the relationships between body fat (BF) and field measures of physical fitness in adolescent handball players. Twenty nine players (age: 16.6 ± 1.72 years; body mass: 79.8 ± 17.0 kg; height: 1.70 ± 0.12 m; body fat: 27.7 ± 8.67%) from Qatar handball first league performed a series of anthropometric and fitness tests related to their performance in sprinting (i.e., 15 m and 30 m sprint), jumping (i.e., countermovement and squat jumps), throwing (i.e., 3 kg medicine ball seated front throw) and running (i.e., agility T-Half and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 tests). Significant differences between obese and non-obese groups, classified based on age-stratified %BF norms, were found, with the largest difference being attributed to aerobic performance on the Yo-Yo test. Results indicated no significant relationships between anthropometric variables and sprinting or jumping abilities. %BF predicted a significant 8–15% portion in running performances of agility and aerobic capacity, while the latter were mainly explained by body height and mass. %BF was the only and strongest predictor of throwing performance, being an important determinant of performance in handball. Optimizing %BF should be considered as a training and nutrition goal in order to improve sport performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sprinting performance'

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