Journal articles: 'Spruce Bark Beetle outbreak'

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Lukášová, K., J. Holuša, and Š. Grucmanová. "Reproductive performance and natural antagonists of univoltine population of Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) at epidemic level: a study from Šumava Mountains, Central Europe." Beskydy 5, no. 2 (2012): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/beskyd201205020153.

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Population ofI. typographuswas studied in one locality with small-scale and short-term outbreak distant from large-scale and long-term outbreak area by several hundred meters. In total, ten spruce trees infested by the spruce bark beetle were examined. Always four stripes of bark (sample area) with the length equal to half the circumference of the trunk and the width of approximately 0.5 m were analyzed. The local spruce bark beetle population was characterized by high population density (1.5±1.2 entry holes per dm2), low number of eggs per female, and short maternal galleries. Relatively low reproductive success (0.8 female offspring per one mother beetle, percentage of surviving individuals varies between 1and 18 % was documented. The parasitism rate of living developmental stages of spruce bark beetle by larval parasitoids averaged 14 %. The level of infestation by pathogens and endoparasitoids in maternal beetles from their galleries was low. Highly likely, it is a result of short-term outbreak during which response of parasitoids was delayed in time.

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Mezei, Pavel, Mária Potterf, Jaroslav Škvarenina, Jakob Gulddahl Rasmussen, and Rastislav Jakuš. "Potential Solar Radiation as a Driver for Bark Beetle Infestation on a Landscape Scale." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070604.

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In recent decades, Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) forests of the High Tatra Mountains have suffered unprecedented tree mortality caused by European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.). Analysis of the spatiotemporal pattern of bark beetle outbreaks across the landscape in consecutive years can provide new insights into the population dynamics of tree-killing insects. A bark beetle outbreak occurred in the High Tatra Mountains after a storm damaged more than 10,000 ha of forests in 2004. We combined yearly Landsat-derived bark beetle infestation spots from 2006 to 2014 and meteorological data to identify the susceptibility of forest stands to beetle infestation. We found that digital elevation model (DEM)-derived potential radiation loads predicted beetle infestation, especially in the peak phase of beetle epidemic. Moreover, spots attacked at the beginning of our study period had higher values of received solar radiation than spots at the end of the study period, indicating that bark beetles prefer sites with higher insolation during outbreak. We conclude that solar radiation, easily determined from the DEM, better identified beetle infestations than commonly used meteorological variables. We recommend including potential solar radiation in beetle infestation prediction models.

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Lynch, Ann M., Nurjan S. Mukhamadiev, Christopher D. O’Connor, Irina P. Panyushkina, Nursagim A. Ashikbaev, and Abay O. Sagitov. "Tree-ring Reconstruction of Bark Beetle Disturbances in the Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey. Forests of Southeast Kazakhstan." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100912.

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Ips hauseri Reitter is the most important bark beetle on Picea schrenkiana in southeast Kazakhstan, but its biology, ecology, and outbreak dynamics are poorly known. We dendrochronologically reconstructed a 200-year history of disturbances in the Kazakh Tien Shan P. schrenkiana forests. Only localized, low-severity bark beetle events occurred during the reconstructed period, indicating that extensive high-severity bark beetle outbreaks have not occurred historically in the Tien Shan spruce forest, unlike bark beetle outbreaks in spruce forests in North America, Europe, and Russia. Disturbance frequency doubled after about 1965, probably due to warming climate. Results, combined with the failure of an outbreak to fully develop after blowdown events associated with hurricane-force windstorms in 2011, indicate that prolonged drought may be necessary to sustain I. hauseri outbreaks, or that year-to-year variation in the Tien Shan weather prevents outbreak development. I. hauseri is probably less aggressive than I. typographus, at least on their natural hosts within their natural ranges.

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Jonášová, Magda, and Ivona Matějková. "Natural regeneration and vegetation changes in wet spruce forests after natural and artificial disturbances." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-062.

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An extensive area of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests in the Šumava Mountains, Central Europe, has been affected by a massive bark beetle ( Ips typographus L.) outbreak since the mid-1990s. One part of the area was left without intervention and two types of intervention have been applied in other parts: (1) the classical forest approach, based on the logging of attacked trees and (2) “sanitation”, in which attacked trees were cut down, debarked, and left lying in the stand. The main goal of our research was to test the impact of nonintervention and both types of intervention on the regeneration of the Norway spruce forests. The Norway spruce forests influenced by natural disturbances (bark beetle outbreak and windfalls) regenerated very well if left without intervention. The bark beetle outbreaks and windfalls do not represent a threat to the long-term persistence of the forests. Clearcuts resulted in formation of pioneer stages with a postponed spruce regeneration. In sanitation plots, the reduction of both previous vegetation and tree regeneration was obvious. Generally, both interventions against bark beetle delayed the recovery of Norway spruce forests.

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Eisenhart, Karen S., and Thomas T. Veblen. "Dendroecological detection of spruce bark beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 1788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-104.

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Episodic outbreaks of Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the spruce bark beetle, have greatly influenced the structure of subalpine forests in northern Colorado. During the 1940s, much of the subalpine zone of northwestern Colorado was severely affected by beetle outbreak; also, tree-ring and photographic evidence suggest that large-scale outbreaks occurred in the 19th century. The present study focused on tree-ring methods to examine the regional extent and synchrony of pre-20th-century beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado. Results from examination of both live and dead Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) tree rings in nine stands were compared with results of previous tree-ring studies in the same region. Evidence of past canopy disturbance included episodes of tree mortality in conjunction with sustained increases in radial growth rates. We identified regional outbreaks of spruce beetle by synchronous and sustained growth release in trees from disjunct stands. These new tree-ring records, along with previously published records, indicate that severe and widespread canopy disturbances, probably spruce beetle outbreaks, affected northwestern Colorado in 1716-1750, 1827-1845, 1860-1870, and 1940-1960. These results support earlier findings that large-scale outbreaks of spruce beetle have long been an important component of the dynamics of subalpine forests in Colorado.

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Grodzki, Wojciech, Jerzy R. Starzyk, and Mieczysław Kosibowicz. "Impact of selected stand characteristics on the occurrence of the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the Beskid Żywiecki Mountains." Forest Research Papers 75, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/frp-2014-0015.

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Abstract Recently, Norway spruce stands in Beskid Żywiecki (Western Carpathians) have been plagued by bark beetle outbreak affecting an extensive area over a large range of altitudes. Georeferenced data (2356 records) from 2009-2011 of the volume of felled spruces showing insect infestation in forest sub-compartments were analysed with respect to selected site and stand characteristics. The infestation intensity varied between individual parts of the examined area. Spruce mortality, recorded evenly across all slope expositions, was higher in the zones 800 m - 1000 m and above 1000 m than in the zone below 800 m. The infestation intensity increased slightly with spruce representation in the stands and was higher in stands older than 80 years. There was no clear correlation between spruce mortality and site quality. However, in areas with more diverse and fertile sites mortality was lower. In overall, the results obtained in this study are in line with previous knowledge on the subject, but patterns describing bark beetle preferences in infested areas appear to be less pronounced than those found in earlier publications. Risk assessment and current planning of forest protection measures in stands affected by bark beetle outbreaks should be based on the here described characteristics of spruce susceptibility to insect infection.

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Vakula, Jozef, Milan Zúbrik, Juraj Galko, Andrej Gubka, Andrej Kunca, Christo Nikolov, and Michal Bošeľa. "Influence of selected factors on bark beetle outbreak dynamics in the Western Carpathians." Forestry Journal 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0023.

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Abstract In the period from 1992 to 2013, more than 3.8 million m3 of spruce wood from an area of 55 thousand ha of forests in the Kysuce region (Western Carpathians) was affected by bark beetles. This region has had the highest volume of salvage fellings in Slovakia. While before 1991, bark-beetle outbreak usually occurred after snow and wind disturbances, since 1992 they have occurred in the years with extremely warm and dry growing seasons and the years following them. These years were also characterised by high volumes of wood affected by honey fungus (Armillaria spp.), which only rarely took part in the calamities before 1992. Extreme deterioration of the situation occurred after 2003. In fragmented and sparse stands, the volume of wood damaged by wind increased. Artificial origin of spruce stands, their high occurrence, high age and even-agedness are likely pre-disposing factors of spruce forest decline. Bark beetles have become the most important factor of spruce decline. The most important factors driving the bark beetle attack on forest stands in the period 1973–2013 were the amount of unprocessed wood in the previous year; the amount of wood affected by honey fungus, precipitation total, and average temperature in the current growing season. Another important factor that complicated the situation was also the inferior quality of forest management.

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Hilszczański, Jacek, and Jerzy R. Starzyk. "Is it possible and necessary to control European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) outbreak in the Białowieża Forest?" Forest Research Papers 78, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0009.

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Abstract In response to the information published in ‘Forest Research Papers’ (vol. 77(4), 2016), regarding the problem of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the Białowieża Forest, we present our viewpoint on this issue. The role of the European spruce bark beetle in the Białowieża Forest is discussed based on the experience gained in Europe’s forests. We present the effects of I. typographus outbreaks on forest biodiversity as well as outbreak mitigation in the context of the processes taking place in semi-natural forests.

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Grodzki, W. "Spatio-temporal patterns of the Norway spruce decline in the Beskid Śląski and Żywiecki (Western Carpathians) in southern Poland." Journal of Forest Science 53, Special Issue (April 2, 2008): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2155-jfs.

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A dramatic forest decline due to the bark beetle outbreak, which occurs in the Norway spruce stands in the Western Beskidy (southern Poland) since 2003, was started after severe physiological drought during winter time. An analysis describing some spatio-temporal characteristics of this process, with special regard to the patterns of bark beetle occurrence related to root fungal diseases, is presented. In 2003 the bark beetle occurrence level assessed as high and catastrophic was recorded on 40% of the area, while in 2006 – on 59%. The range of <I>Armillaria</I> root disease and bark beetle outbreak increased towards higher altitudes, including the zone above 1,000 m a.s.l. The wind damage in 2004 and 2007, and high temperatures in the summer 2006, further stimulated the increase in bark beetle populations level. Some conclusions on possible development of the outbreak and recommendations concerning related needs in forest protection, are given.

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Bryk, Maja, Beata Kołodziej, and Radosław Pliszka. "Changes of Norway Spruce Health in the Białowieża Forest (CE Europe) in 2013–2019 during a Bark Beetle Infestation, Studied with Landsat Imagery." Forests 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010034.

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Among the largest disturbances affecting the health of spruce forests is the large-scale appearance of bark beetles. Knowledge on the spatial distribution of infected-spruce areas is vital for effective and sustainable forest management. Medium-spatial-resolution (20–30 m) satellite images are well-suited for spruce forest disturbance monitoring at a landscape and regional scale following bark beetle outbreaks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of a Norway spruce stand after a bark beetle outbreak based on Landsat 8 images and thematic and vector data, supplemented with selected climate variables. This research was conducted for a spruce stand in the Białowieża Forest District in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. We hypothesised that the changes in spruce health would significantly influence the NDVI distributions during the studied years. Our research revealed that the weather conditions in the period of May–September were beneficial for beetle development and detrimental for the spruce stand, particularly in 2015, 2018, and 2019. SWIR-NIR-G and NDVI images showed a gradual deterioration in spruce health. The quantitative NDVI distributions varied; the minimum, mean, and median decreased; and the distribution shape of the index values changed over the studied years. An analysis of the spatial NDVI distributions revealed that the threshold NDVI value separating spruce stand areas in good and poor health was ca. 0.6. This study confirmed the applicability of NDVI for monitoring alterations in spruce stands, and indicated that spatial NDVI distributions can provide valuable support in forest monitoring at a landscape scale, since medium-resolution, ready-to-use NDVI images are easily available from the Landsat archives, facilitating the routine assessment of stand health.

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Hroššo, Branislav, Pavel Mezei, Mária Potterf, Andrej Majdák, Miroslav Blaženec, Nataliya Korolyova, and Rastislav Jakuš. "Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121290.

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Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

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Grodzki, Wojciech. "Mass outbreaks of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in the context of the controversies around the Białowieża Primeval Forest." Forest Research Papers 77, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2016-0033.

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Abstract Spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) outbreaks occur in managed and protected forests alike, but although known of for a long time, management and control of this insect is a controversial subject due to the forests’ diverse nature and protection status. In this paper, an overview of the bark beetle, conditions leading to outbreaks, natural enemies and the efficiency of control measures is presented and put into perspective with regards to the current controversies concerning outbreak management. The Białowieża Primeval Forest is central to this discussion, because the area remains divided into parts with different nature protection statuses. Ideas concerning the current but also future outbreak progress and possible issues with the management of natural resources in this area are presented.

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Hyblerová, Silvia, Juraj Medo, and Marek Barta. "Diversity and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) in epidemic populations of bark beetles (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) in spruce forests of the Tatra National Park in Slovakia." Annals of Forest Research 64, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15287/afr.2021.2152.

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Bark beetles are serious forest pests in Slovakia. Their outbreaks may have significant ecological and economic impacts on spruce forests. There is a variety of natural enemies that activate themselves during population outbreaks of insects and entomopathogenic fungi belong to important antagonists with a potential to regulate populations of their hosts. In 2014–2016, species richness and prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated during the bark beetle outbreaks in spruce forests affected by windstorms in the Tatra National Park in Slovakia. Three Beauveria species, B. bassiana, B. caledonica and B. pseudobassiana, with Metapochonia bulbillosa were identified from 271 specimens of three bark beetle species, Ips typographus, Ips amitinus and Pityogenes chalcographus. Beauveria bassiana was the dominant pathogen and infected all three bark beetle species. Phylogenetic analysis identified three phylogenetic groups of B. bassiana in the evaluated host populations. M. bulbillosa was reported for the first time from bark beetle hosts and Slovakia. The prevalence of fungal infection in natural populations of I. typographus was low, varied between 0.07 and 0.72%, and have little influence on the bark beetle abundance.

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Hadley, Keith S., and Thomas T. Veblen. "Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 479–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-066.

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The montane forests (i.e., below ca. 2900 m) of the Colorado Front Range have experienced repeated outbreaks of western spruce budworm (Choristoneuraoccidentalis Free.) and Douglas-fir bark beetle (Dendroctonuspseudotsugae Hopk.), both of which locally attack Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco). In this study we examine the effects of historically documented outbreaks of these insects on succession, stand structure, and radial growth of host and nonhost species in Rocky Mountain National Park. The most recent budworm (1974–1985) and bark beetle (1984–present) outbreaks resulted in the most severe and widespread disturbance of these forests since the late 1800s. Stand response to these outbreaks is primarily a function of stand structure and age characteristics of Douglas-fir prior to an outbreak. Young, vigorous postfire stands show minimal budworm defoliation, and in these stands only remnant trees from the prefire generation appear susceptible to beetle-caused mortality. Dense stands exhibit higher budworm-induced mortality, which hastens the natural thinning process and shifts dominance towards the nonhost species. The stands most severely disturbed by the combined insect agents are multistoried stands with high host densities and a wide range of stem sizes. The stand response to these disturbances include the growth release of shade-intolerant, seral species, and in some cases, a higher survivorship among midsized individuals of the host Douglas-fir. The net result of the combined insect outbreaks is the temporary slowing of the successional trend towards a steady-state Douglas-fir forest. Fire suppression, by increasing the density of suppressed Douglas-fir, has previously been shown to favor increased outbreak severity of western spruce budworm in the northern Rockies. However, in the Front Range, recent increases in outbreak severity and their synchroneity may also be the result of large areas of forest, burned during the late 19th century during European settlement, simultaneously entering structural stages susceptible to insect outbreak.

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Grodzki, Wojciech, and Mieczysław Kosibowicz. "An attempt to use the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. in forest protection against the bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in the field." Forest Research Papers 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2015-0001.

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Abstract In 2011-2013, trials on the use of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against bark beetle (Ips typographus) populations were carried out under open field conditions in Norway spruce stands suffering from an outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. Modified pheromone traps were deployed to capture and thereafter release fungus-infected bark beetles to the forest environment. Infested spruce trees felled next to the traps remained unaffected by the transmission of the fungus to insect populations. Direct spraying or dusting of lying trap logs and suspended caged rearing bolts did not have any effect on spruce infestation by I. typographus, its reproduction success and development or natural enemies inside the bark. A very small effect on mortality rates of target as well as non-target insects overwintering in the dusted litter was observed. Treated stands, unlike control stands, were indirectly affected by the treatment, evidenced by the reduction of tree mortality due to bark beetle infestation. At present, no recommendations concerning the potential use of the fungus in forest protection can be given. However such an environmentally friendly approach represents a promising future prospect.

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de Groot, Maarten, Jurij Diaci, Kaja Kandare, Nike Krajnc, Rok Pisek, Špela Ščap, Darja Stare, and Nikica Ogris. "Private Forest Owner Characteristics Affect European Spruce Bark Beetle Management under an Extreme Weather Event and Host Tree Density." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030346.

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In the last few decades, an increasing number and intensity of bark beetle outbreaks have plagued the forests of Europe and North America. Bark beetle management is directly related to forest owner characteristics, although this relationship is not well understood. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of forest owner characteristics on the amount and timing of sanitary felling under different disturbance regimes and quantities of Norway spruce. We combined different databases on sanitary felling, the timing of sanitary felling, and forest owner characteristics for Slovenia from 2014 to 2018 and analyzed the amount and timing of sanitary felling in relation to forest owner characteristics. We found that the timing in winter and the amount of sanitary felling were positively associated with the distance of the owner’s residence to the forest parcel. Larger parcels were more affected by bark beetles but did not have later timing of cutting in the summer period as was hypothesized. The timing of sanitary felling decreased with property size, while with the probability of sanitary felling, the effect of property depended on the ice storm and the amount of spruce. The size of the settlement, the permanent address of the private owner, and timing of sanitary felling were positively associated but also depended on the amount of spruce. Gender and age did not have an important influence on the amount and timing of sanitary felling. Forest owners are an important factor in effective bark beetle management. This study highlights the private forest ownership characteristics that should be emphasized in order to fight bark beetle outbreaks in the event of large-scale disturbances. Governments should support forest owners who are at greater risk of bark beetle outbreaks and less efficient in managing outbreaks. Furthermore, landowner characteristics should be included when forecasting bark beetle outbreaks.

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Šebeň, Vladimír, Bohdan Konôpka, Michal Bošeľa, and Jozef Pajtík. "Contrasting development of declining and living larch-spruce stands after a disturbance event: A case study from the High Tatra Mts." Forestry Journal 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2015-0024.

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AbstractThe decline of spruce stands caused by bark beetle outbreaks is a serious economic and ecological problem of forestry in Slovakia. In the preceding period, the decline affected mainly secondary spruce forests. Over the last decade, due to large bark-beetle outbreaks this problem has been observed also in natural spruce forests, even at high elevations. We dealt with this issue in a case study of short-term development of larch-spruce stands in the High Tatras (at a site called Štart). We compared the situation in the stand infested by bark beetles several years after the wind-throw in 2004 with the stand unaffected by bark beetles. We separately analysed the development of the mature (parent) stands and the regeneration. The results indicated that forest decline caused by bark beetles significantly depended on the stand structure (mainly tree species composition), which affected the period of stand disintegration. Mortality of spruce trees slowed down biomass accumulation (and thus carbon sequestration) in the forest ecosystem. In the new stand, pioneer tree species dominated (in the conditions of the High Tatras it is primarily rowan), although their share in the parent stand was negligible. The results showed different trends in the accumulation of below-ground and above-ground biomass in the declined and living stands. In the first years after the stand decline, rowan accumulated significantly more biomass than the main tree species, i.e. spruce. The reverse situation was under the surviving stand, where spruce trees accumulated more biomass than rowan. The different share of spruce and pioneer tree species, mainly rowan, affected the ratio between fixed (in woody parts of trees) and rotating (in foliage) carbon in the undergrowth. Forest die-back is a big source of carbon emissions from dead individuals, and the compensation of these losses in the form of carbon sequestration by future stands is a matter of several decades.

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Netherer, Sigrid, Dineshkumar Kandasamy, Anna Jirosová, Blanka Kalinová, Martin Schebeck, and Fredrik Schlyter. "Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought." Journal of Pest Science 94, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 591–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y.

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AbstractResilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and I. typographus interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of I. typographus, and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, I. typographus is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of I. typographus differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.

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Marini, Lorenzo, Bjørn Økland, Anna Maria Jönsson, Barbara Bentz, Allan Carroll, Beat Forster, Jean-Claude Grégoire, et al. "Climate drivers of bark beetle outbreak dynamics in Norway spruce forests." Ecography 40, no. 12 (February 3, 2017): 1426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02769.

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Tinker, Dan. "The Influence of Forest Management on Future Forest Structure Following a Moutain Pine Beetle Outbreak in Lodgepole Pine Stands in Northwestern Wyoming." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 34 (January 1, 2011): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3885.

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Forest managers in the western U.S. are currently confronted with a bark beetle epidemic that is unprecedented in extent, severity, and duration. Several species of native bark beetle including the mountain pine beetle (MPB), spruce beetle, western balsam bark beetle, and Douglas-fir beetle are simultaneously affecting over 5 million ha of forest in the Intermountain West (Logan et al. 2003, Hicke et al. 2006). Estimates of the total area affected by the current bark beetle outbreak are updated annually, typically using aerial surveillance and manual mapping techniques. However, these estimates are often inaccurate and do not provide quantitative information on stand-level beetle activity and/or tree mortality. More importantly, these annual estimates of âspreadâ of the epidemic do not provide any information on the abundance of the surviving understory trees, which may be substantial, nor do they provide information on post-disturbance tree seedling establishment. This âadvance forest regenerationâ represents the future forests in these regions. Therefore, understanding the current structure of the forests is critical for making predictions about future structure and function.

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Sierota, Zbigniew, and Wojciech Grodzki. "Picea abies–Armillaria–Ips: A Strategy or Coincidence?" Forests 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091023.

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Norway spruce trees weakened by soil drought and progressive die-off of mycorrhizas in root systems become susceptible to infection by rhizomorphs of Armillaria spp. The developing mycelium of this necrotroph induces resin channels in wood, and the induced resin releases some volatile compounds which falsely signal bark beetles that it is safe to invade the host. As a result of the developing beetle outbreak, host trees die, becoming a long-term stock of substrate for the fungus in its saprotrophic stage. This hypothesis is discussed as a fungal survival strategy.

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Grodzki, Wojciech, Jerzy R. Starzyk, and Mieczysław Kosibowicz. "Variability of Selected Traits of Ips Typographus (L.) (Col.: Scolytinae) Populations In Beskid Żwiecki (Western Carpathians, Poland) Region Affected By Bark Beetle Outbreak." Folia Forestalia Polonica 56, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2014-0008.

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Abstract In 2010-2012, investigations on Ips typographus populations were carried out in Norway spruce stands recently affected by bark beetle outbreak in the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in Poland. The aim of the study was to test the usefulness of several traits describing I. typographus populations for evaluation of their actual outbreak tendency. Infestation density, sex ratio, gallery length, progeny number and beetle length were used as the traits. Trait variability was analyzed in relation to infested tree mortality in the current year of observation and outbreak tendency defined by the comparison of data on tree mortality in the current year and that in the year before. The highest infestation density was found in the stands representing the highest tree mortality in the current year and in those characterized by decreasing outbreak tendency. The gallery system with 2 maternal galleries dominated. The sex ratio of attacking beetles inclined towards females (63.8%) and remained stable during 3 years of observations; the highest percentage of females was found in locations being in stabilization/latency outbreak phase. The length of maternal galleries was somewhat negatively affected by infestation density and positively correlated with the number of progeny in the gallery. The average beetle length was 4.800 mm (± 0.293), ranging between 3.718 and 5.817 mm and being the highest in the uppermost class of tree mortality recorded in the current year of observation. The shortest beetles were collected in the stands with increasing outbreak tendency, and slightly longer - in the stands with outbreak stable and decreasing tendencies. None of the traits tested can be selected as a direct indicator for prediction of outbreak tendency in I. typographus populations. Possible reasons of variability in the analyzed traits are discussed. The traits indicate that I. typographus in the study area represent very high reproductive potential, thus the risk of repeated outbreak is very high

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Zimová, Soňa, Karolina Resnerová, Hana Vanická, Jakub Horák, Jiří Trombik, Magdalena Kacprzyk, Åke Lindelöw, Mihai-Leonard Duduman, and Jaroslav Holuša. "Infection Levels of the Microsporidium Larssoniella duplicati in Populations of the Invasive Bark Beetle Ips duplicatus: From Native to New Outbreak Areas." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020131.

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The microsporidium Larssoniella duplicati (Weiser, Holuša, Žižka, 2006) is a specific pathogen of the bark beetle Ips duplicatus (C.R. Sahlberg, 1836), which is a serious pest of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) in Europe. From 2011 to 2016, infection levels of L. duplicati and other pathogens in I. duplicatus populations were assessed along a gradient, ranging from areas in the north, where the beetle is native, to areas in the south, where the beetle has only recently invaded. The 21 study sites ranged in altitude from 229 to 1009 m a.s.l. We found that pathogen infection levels in I. duplicatus populations decreased from the native areas in the north to the new areas of beetle expansion in the south. We also found that pathogen level increased with altitude. The L. duplicati infection levels were not associated with the infection levels of other beetle natural enemies. The infection level decreased with the length of time of beetle establishment in an area. The infection level increased with the number of beetles trapped and dissected at a site.

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Honkavaara, E., R. Näsi, R. Oliveira, N. Viljanen, J. Suomalainen, E. Khoramshahi, T. Hakala, et al. "USING MULTITEMPORAL HYPER- AND MULTISPECTRAL UAV IMAGING FOR DETECTING BARK BEETLE INFESTATION ON NORWAY SPRUCE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 21, 2020): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-429-2020.

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Abstract. Various biotic and abiotic stresses are threatening forests. Modern remote sensing technologies provide powerful means for monitoring forest health, and provide a sustainable basis for forest management and protection. The objective of this study was to develop unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based spectral remote sensing technologies for tree health assessment, particularly, for detecting the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) attacks. Our focus was to study the early detection of bark beetle attack, i.e. the “green attack” phase. This is a difficult remote sensing task as there does not exist distinct symptoms that can be observed by the human eye. A test site in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated forest was established in Southern-Finland in summer 2019. It had an emergent bark beetle outbreak and it was also suffering from other stress factors, especially the root and butt rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s. lato). Altogether seven multitemporal hyper- and multispectral UAV remote sensing datasets were captured from the area in August to October 2019. Firstly, we explored deterioration of tree health and development of spectral symptoms using a time series of UAV hyperspectral imagery. Secondly, we trained assessed a machine learning model for classification of spruce health into classes of “bark beetle green attack”, “root-rot”, and “healthy”. Finally, we demonstrated the use of the model in tree health mapping in a test area. Our preliminary results were promising and indicated that the green attack phase could be detected using the accurately calibrated spectral image data.

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Jakuš, R., M. Edwards-Jonášová, P. Cudlín, M. Blaženec, M. Ježík, F. Havlíček, and Ivo Moravec. "Characteristics of Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) surviving a spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak." Trees 25, no. 6 (May 25, 2011): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-011-0571-9.

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Basham, J. T. "Biological factors influencing stem deterioration rates and salvage planning in balsam fir killed after defoliation by spruce budworm." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-217.

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Balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) trees dead between 0 and 5 years were sampled in three widely separated areas that had distinctly different population levels of the secondary, stem-attacking, balsam fir bark beetle (Pityokteinessparsus (Lec.)). The percentage of stem volume affected by sap rot increased significantly with the number of years since tree death. The wood volume lost in debarking tests, simulating pulp mill conditions, averaged 23% in trees dead 4–5 years in the two areas with the most sap rot, and in individual trees, debarking losses were significantly correlated with the extent of sap rot. Sap rot developed most quickly where stems had the most bark beetle activity, whereas where the bark beetle population was very low, sap rot development was significantly slower. These results are consistent with those of many earlier studies and observations in which a close relationship has been noted between the extent of sap rot and the intensity of bark beetle attack in stands of budworm-killed balsam fir. Evidence is presented indicating that stem deterioration rates and beetle activity frequently change with time in specific regions during any one budworm outbreak. It is postulated that inoculum levels of Polyporusabietinus (Dicks ex Fr.), the fungus responsible for the sap rot, and population levels of the balsam fir bark beetle are similarly and greatly affected by earlier occurrences of balsam fir mortality in a region. The average density of bark holes, caused by bark beetle tunneling in recently killed trees, can be used as a nondestructive and quick indicator of the average rate of development and probable extent of stem sap rot in budworm-damaged balsam fir stands. This information can be useful in assessments of the economic feasibility of proposed salvage operations.

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Chen, Fei, Guo Zhang, Michael Barlage, Ying Zhang, Jeffrey A. Hicke, Arjan Meddens, Guangsheng Zhou, William J. Massman, and John Frank. "An Observational and Modeling Study of Impacts of Bark Beetle–Caused Tree Mortality on Surface Energy and Hydrological Cycles." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 744–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0059.1.

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Abstract Bark beetle outbreaks have killed billions of trees and affected millions of hectares of forest during recent decades. The objective of this study was to quantify responses of surface energy and hydrologic fluxes 2–3 yr following a spruce beetle outbreak using measurements and modeling. The authors used observations at the Rocky Mountains Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site (GLEES), where beetles killed 85% of the basal area of spruce from 2005–07 (prebeetle) to 2009/10 (postbeetle). Observations showed increased albedo following tree mortality, more reflected solar radiation, and less net radiation, but these postoutbreak radiation changes are smaller than or comparable to their annual preoutbreak variability. The dominant signals from observations were a large reduction (27%) in summer daytime evaporation and a large increase (25%) in sensible heat fluxes. Numerous Noah LSM with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP) simulations incorporating beetle-caused tree mortality effects were conducted to assess their impact on the surface hydrological cycle components that were not directly observed. Model results revealed substantial seasonal variations: more spring snowmelt and runoff, less spring–summer transpiration, and drier soil in summer and fall. This modeled trend is similar to observed runoff changes in harvested forests where reduced forest density resulted in more spring snowmelt and annual water yields. Model results showed that snow albedo changes due to increased litter cover beneath killed trees altered the seasonal pattern of simulated snowmelt and snow water equivalent, but these changes are small compared to the effect of leaf loss. This study highlights the need to include the transient effects of forest disturbances in modeling land–atmosphere interactions and their potential impacts on regional weather and climate.

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Farská, Jitka, Kristýna Prejzková, Josef Starý, and Josef Rusek. "Soil microarthropods in non-intervention montane spruce forest regenerating after bark-beetle outbreak." Ecological Research 29, no. 6 (August 28, 2014): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1197-3.

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Rahmani, Rizan, Erik Hedenström, and Martin Schroeder. "SPME collection and GC-MS analysis of volatiles emitted during the attack of male Polygraphus poligraphus (Coleoptera, Curcolionidae) on Norway spruce." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 70, no. 9-10 (September 1, 2015): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-5035.

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Abstract Tree mortality caused by bark beetles has increased in recent decades in both Europe and North America. In a large recent outbreak in central Sweden the bark beetle Polygraphus poligraphus was often found together with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus in killed trees. To increase the understanding of the aggregation behavior of P. poligraphus we used solid phase microextraction (SPME) to collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from single P. poligraphus males, with and without added females, colonizing Norway spruce stem sections and analyzed the sampled compounds by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High amounts of terpinen-4-ol, a substance found in the hindguts of P. poligraphus males in earlier studies, were released by colonizing males. The emission of both enantiomers of terpinen-4-ol was monitored by GC-MS over time as the males aged in the absence and presence of females. Single males emitted (R)-(–)-terpinen-4-ol for up to 60 days in high enantiomeric purity but the enantiomeric excess (ee) varied between males, and also for the same individual, over time from 96.3% to 99.3% ee. In the presence of females, males also emitted terpinen-4-ol for up to 50 days but now in lower amounts and with lower enantiomeric purity varying from 67.7% ee to 99.3% ee. Small quantities of other volatile compounds were emitted from the colonizing beetles including cis- and trans-4-thujanol, both of which were previously shown to be present in the hindguts of males. In earlier studies frontalin was found to attract P. poligraphus, but in our study it was not identified among emitted compounds from colonizing beetles.

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Balková, Marie, Aleš Bajer, Zdeněk Patočka, and Tomáš Mikita. "Visual Exposure of Rock Outcrops in the Context of a Forest Disease Outbreak Simulation Based on a Canopy Height Model and Spectral Information Acquired by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050325.

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This research was focused on the study of visual exposure evolution in the locality of the Drátenická skála nature monument (in the Czech Republic) and the surrounding forest complex in terms of history and through modelling for further possible stand development. The local forests underwent conversion from a natural fir-beech composition to an intensive spruce monoculture with few insect pests or windbreak events to an actual bark beetle infestation. Historic maps, landscape paintings, photographs, and orthophotos served as the basic materials for the illustration of the past situation. Further development was modelled using canopy height models and spectral properties captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). As an example, the possible situation of total mortality among coniferous spruce trees after a bark beetle outbreak was modelled. Other options and a practical use of such preprocessed data are, for example, a model for opening and transforming the stands around the rock as one of the ongoing outcrop management trends in the protected landscape area (PLA) of Žďárské vrchy.

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Hýsek, Štěpán, Radim Löwe, and Marek Turčáni. "What Happens to Wood after a Tree Is Attacked by a Bark Beetle?" Forests 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091163.

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Advancing climate change is affecting the health and vitality of forests in many parts of the world. Europe is currently facing spruce bark beetle outbreaks, which are most often caused by wind disturbances, hot summers, or lack of rainfall and are having a massive economic impact on the forestry sector. The aim of this research article was to summarize current scientific knowledge about the structure and physical and mechanical properties of wood from bark beetle-attacked trees. Spruce stands are attacked by a number of beetles, of which Ips typographus is the most common and widespread in Central Europe. When attacking a tree, bark beetles introduce ophiostomatoid fungi into the tree, which then have a greater effect on the properties of the wood than the beetles themselves. Fungal hyphae grow through the lumina of wood cells and spread between individual cells through pits. Both white rot and brown rot fungi are associated with enzymatic degradation of lignin or holocellulose, which is subsequently reflected in the change of the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Wood-decay fungi that colonize wood after infestation of a tree with bark beetles can cause significant changes in the structure and properties of the wood, and these changes are predominantly negative, in the form of reducing modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, discolouration, or, over time, weight loss. In certain specific examples, a reduction in energy consumption for the production of wood particles from beetle-attacked trees, or an increase in surface free energy due to wood infestation by staining fungi in order to achieve better adhesion of paints or glues, can be evaluated positively.

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Kosunen, Maiju, Päivi Lyytikäinen-Saarenmaa, Paavo Ojanen, Minna Blomqvist, and Mike Starr. "Response of Soil Surface Respiration to Storm and Ips typographus (L.) Disturbance in Boreal Norway Spruce Stands." Forests 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040307.

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Disturbances such as storm events and bark beetle outbreaks can have a major influence on forest soil carbon (C) cycling. Both autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration may be affected by the increase in tree mortality. We studied the effect of a storm in 2010 followed by an outbreak of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) on the soil surface respiration (respiration by soil and ground vegetation) at two Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) dominated sites in southeastern Finland. Soil surface respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured in three types of plots—living trees (undisturbed), storm-felled trees, and standing dead trees killed by I. typographus—during the summer–autumn period for three years (2015–2017). Measurements at storm-felled tree plots were separated into dead tree detritus-covered (under storm-felled trees) and open-vegetated (on open areas) microsites. The soil surface total respiration for 2017 was separated into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components using trenching. The soil surface total respiration rates at the disturbed plots were 64%–82% of those at the living tree plots at one site and were due to a decrease in autotrophic respiration, but there was no clear difference in soil surface total respiration between the plots at the other site, due to shifts in either autotrophic or heterotrophic respiration. The soil surface respiration rates were related to plot basal area (living and all trees), as well as to soil temperature and soil moisture. As storm and bark beetle disturbances are predicted to become more common in the future, their effects on forest ecosystem C cycling and CO2 fluxes will therefore become increasingly important.

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Grodzki, Wojciech, and Wojciech Gąsienica Fronek. "Occurrence of Ips typographus (L.) after wind damage in the Kościeliska Valley of the Tatra National Park." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0012.

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Abstract At the end of 2013, Norway spruce stands in the area of the Tatra National Park were severely damaged by strong storms especially in the Kościeliska Valley region. In the following spring of 2014, a survey recording the occurrence of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) was initiated in order to describe the dynamics of beetle reproduction in relation to protection measures executed in wind-damaged stands. Ten research plots with 20 trees each were established in a socalled active protection zone, where the broken and fallen trees had been processed and removed in 2014, and in a passive protection zone, where no actions were taken, and the dynamics of Norway spruce mortality due to bark beetle infestation including quantitative parameters (infestation density, sex ratio of beetle populations) were examined. The entomological analyses were performed on 25 × 25 cm large bark samples taken from four (active zone) or two (passive zone) tree sections. In the first year of the survey, no infested standing trees were recorded on the plots and the colonisation of fallen and broken trees was very weak. In the second year (2015), infestations appeared in larger numbers on the plots with passive compared to active protection but the infestation density was 0.89 mating chambers per 1 dm2 regardless of the protection status. In the third year (2016), most of the remaining living spruces had been infested with a mean density of 0.82 m.ch. per 1 dm2. In 2015, the proportion of females in the beetle population was 65.8% being higher in the active (68.4%) than the passive (64.0%) protection zone, while in 2016 the proportion was 63.5% and in this case slightly higher in the passive protection zone (63.9% as compared to 63.2%). These results are in accordance with patterns observed in wind-damaged Norway spruce stands of other areas in Poland and Europe and demonstrate the usefulness of forest management procedures in mitigating I. typographus outbreaks.

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Fischer, Anton, Hagen S. Fischer, Martin Kopecký, Martin Macek, and Jan Wild. "Small changes in species composition despite stand-replacing bark beetle outbreak in Picea abies mountain forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 9 (September 2015): 1164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0474.

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In the mid-1990s, a Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus L.) outbreak affected the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests in the higher elevations of the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany. To monitor the effect of this large-scale disturbance on the understory vegetation, a series of permanent plots was established in 1998. Until 2000, most of the trees of the spruce-dominated forests at elevations > 1.100 m a.s.l. died. To explore the long-term vegetation development after the disturbance, we resurveyed these plots in 2010. We hypothesised that as a consequence of the stand-replacing disturbance, (i) species composition would change substantially, (ii) shade-tolerant forest species would be replaced by light-demanding species, and (iii) the expansion of the light-demanding species would homogenize species composition. Comparing the 1998 and 2010 situations, we found that species composition did not change substantially after the dieback of the tree layer, shade-tolerant species survived, light-demanding species increased only marginally, and vegetation heterogeneity did not change. The main reason is the missing forest floor disruption: there is no open space emerging for species to establish when trees die standing. As a consequence, a dramatic change in ecosystem structure (loss of the whole canopy layer) is not necessarily connected with a general change in species composition.

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Nowakowska, Justyna Anna, Tom Hsiang, Paulina Patynek, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Ireneusz Olejarski, and Tomasz Oszako. "Health Assessment and Genetic Structure of Monumental Norway Spruce Trees during A Bark Beetle (Ips typographus L.) Outbreak in the Białowieża Forest District, Poland." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060647.

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A current ongoing unprecedented outbreak of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) has nearly eliminated Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) as a major forest tree species there, since over 1 million trees have died. In this part of Europe, Norway spruce has grown for hundreds of years, previously accounting for 30% of forest species composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate 47 “Monuments of Nature” of Norway spruce as follows: (i) their current health status in the managed forests of Białowieża Forest District; (ii) possible causes and changes in their health during the last bark beetle outbreak; and (iii) potential losses from the gene pool. Our findings from ground and remote sensing inventories showed that only 12 out of 47 (25%) monumental trees protected by law survived until 2017 in the study area. The rest (75%) of the investigated trees had died. An analysis of meteorological data from Białowieża suggested that the beginning of the I. typographus outbreak in 2012 was associated with diminishing precipitation during growing seasons prior to this time and subsequent increases in annual temperature, coupled with heavy storms in 2017 toppling weakened trees. A comparison of old-growth “Monuments of Nature” spruce in the region (n = 47, average age 225 years) to seven reference spruce stands (n = 281, average age 132 years) revealed a loss of unique genetic features based on frequencies of eleven nuclear microsatellite loci. Although all studied populations had similar genetic background (FST(without NA) = 0.003 and no STRUCTURE clustering), all monumental spruce trees shared the highest parameters such as the mean observed and expected number of alleles per locus (Na = 15.909 and Ne = 7.656, respectively), mean allelic richness (AR(11) = 8.895), mean private alleles (Apriv = 0.909), and mean Shannon diversity index (I = 1.979) in comparison to the younger stands. Our results demonstrate that the loss of the old spruce trees will entail the loss of genetic variability of the Norway spruce population within the exceptionally valuable Białowieża Primeval Forest.

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Økland, Bjørn, Christo Nikolov, Paal Krokene, and Jozef Vakula. "Transition from windfall- to patch-driven outbreak dynamics of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus." Forest Ecology and Management 363 (March 2016): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.12.007.

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Jakuš, R. "Types of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) infestation in spruce forest stands affected by air pollution, bark beetle outbreak and honey fungus (Armillaria mellea)." Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 71, no. 3 (April 1998): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02770619.

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Koreň, Milan, Rastislav Jakuš, Martin Zápotocký, Ivan Barka, Jaroslav Holuša, Renata Ďuračiová, and Miroslav Blaženec. "Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms for Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Bark Beetle Infestation." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040395.

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Machine learning algorithms (MLAs) are used to solve complex non-linear and high-dimensional problems. The objective of this study was to identify the MLA that generates an accurate spatial distribution model of bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) infestation spots. We first evaluated the performance of 2 linear (logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis), 4 non-linear (quadratic discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbors classifier, Gaussian naive Bayes, support vector classification), and 4 decision trees-based MLAs (decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, extra trees classifier, gradient boosting classifier) for the study area (the Horní Planá region, Czech Republic) for the period 2003–2012. Each MLA was trained and tested on all subsets of the 8 explanatory variables (distance to forest damage spots from previous year, distance to spruce forest edge, potential global solar radiation, normalized difference vegetation index, spruce forest age, percentage of spruce, volume of spruce wood per hectare, stocking). The mean phi coefficient of the model generated by extra trees classifier (ETC) MLA with five explanatory variables for the period was significantly greater than that of most forest damage models generated by the other MLAs. The mean true positive rate of the best ETC-based model was 80.4%, and the mean true negative rate was 80.0%. The spatio-temporal simulations of bark beetle-infested forests based on MLAs and GIS tools will facilitate the development and testing of novel forest management strategies for preventing forest damage in general and bark beetle outbreaks in particular.

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Pirtskhalava, Nana, Aleksandr Karpov, Mikhail Grishchenko, and Evgeniy Kozlovskiy. "RESEARCH OF FOREST SITES AFFECTED BY THE INFLUENCE OF EIGHT-DENTATED BARK BEETLE (IPS TYPOGRAPHUS) IN THE KURILSKIY RESERVE (KUNASHIR ISLAND)." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/5.

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Climate change has a major impact on forest pest outbreaks. In recent years, there have been several major climatic events in the South Kuril Islands that have cascaded impacts on forest pests. One of these effects was exerted by the typhoon of 2014, after which the coniferous forests began to dry out in the Kurilskiy Nature Reserve, as well as in the protected zone. Drying of forests on the island of Kunashir is one of the main problems. The aim of this study was to detect and study the sites of attack of eight-dentated bark beetle (Ips typographus) in the reserve, laying test areas in the distribution foci. This study showed that spruce aged 50-70 are mainly susceptible to the attacks of eight-dentated bark beetle. However, it is worth noting that the attack of the bark beetle was seen more on Sakhalin spruce (Piceaglehnii), less - on Yezo spruce (Piceajezoensis) in the places where the test plots were laid. In addition, the study has identified significant differences between healthy, weakened trees and neighboring dead trees attacked by Ipstypographus. These differences were most pronounced in: individual shading, collective shading, and distance and tier factors. Forest pests have not been relatively studied previously. This study will give a new understanding of its ecology, as well as practical opportunities for its management

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Pirtskhalava-Karpova, Nana, Aleksandr Karpov, Evgeniy Kozlovski, and Mikhail Grishchenko. "Grishchenko. Protection of Spruce Forests from Outbreaks of Ips typographus (Review)." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 4 (July 21, 2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-4-55-67.

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Outbreaks of Ips typographus (L.) caused by catastrophic natural phenomena in Central Europe, Siberia and the Far East have been the subject of numerous scientific studies. Molecular methods were used to analyze the relationships and origin of Ips species. The review article shows in detail the biological characteristics of I. typographus, such as the effect of temperature on vital parameters and flight behavior. It was found that the spruce bark beetle disperses within 500 m. However, new attacks occur in the immediate vicinity of the old foci. The susceptibility and protection mechanisms of trees are critical to a successful bark beetle attack. The newly attacked trees react with preformed resin, reactions to wounds, and, ultimately, systemic changes in physiology. The risk assessment in the studies was carried out both at the tree level and at the forest level as a whole. The risk of an attack of I. typographus is associated with the growth of the forest in a particular area, age, the flow of nutrients and water to the tree. The dynamics of outbreaks, to a large extent, depend on the abundance of I. typographus, susceptibility of trees, weather conditions and phytosanitary measures. Bark beetle I. typographus is an integral component of any forest ecosystem. It colonizes weakened, weak or dead trees, and thus begins the decomposition of bark and wood. This pest is able to use short-lived resources and quickly multiply to extremely large numbers, for example, after winds. In such epidemic situations, I. typographus can pose a serious threat to spruce-rich forests, especially for stands planted outside their optimal range. The spatial development of I. typographus infections can be analyzed using GIS and multiple regression methods to investigate potential correlations between climatic, specific and phytosanitary factors and infection dynamics. Also, the article discusses various methods of forest control and emphasizes the need for more sophisticated risk assessment tools.

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Boháč, Jaroslav, and Karel Matějka. "Communities of epigeic beetles in tree line from montane spruce forest to secondary meadow in the different stage of the forest decline in the area of Modrava (Bohemian forest, Czech Republic)." Ekológia (Bratislava) 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0027.

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Abstract Communities of epigeic beetles were studied using pitfall trapping on 10 plots with the different stage of decline and clear-cut plots without coarse woody debris. Species richness (number of all species, S), total species diversity as the Shannon-Wiener’s index (H) and equitability (e) were calculated in the DBreleve. The Ward’s method of hierarchical agglomerative classification with Euclidean distance was used for the differentiation of the communities on the plots. Species data for this analyse were represented by logarithm-transformed activities [log(x+1)]. The single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical testing of differences in structural parameters (e.g. species richness and diversity) amongst distinguished groups of the plots. The species diversity and activity differs on glades without trees and coarse woody debris. The highest number of species was found in clear-cut areas. The lowest number of species was found on the plots with the living forest particularly invaded by bark beetle. This fact is caused by the fact that the clear-cut plots are invaded by ubiquitous and anthropotolerant species with good migration possibilities. These species are adapted to habitats without trees and are able to leave even in the habitats with very sparse or without vegetation. Species living in the forest even under the bark beetle attack are often stenotopic and adapted to the forest microclimate (higher humidity and low average temperature). These species are very sensitive to great difference in the daily changes of microclimate. The study of beetle communities support the hypothesis that the keeping of dead tree stands on plots after bark beetle outbreak is better for biodiversity conservation than the cutting down of trees and the abolishment of stems.

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Hart, Sarah J., Thomas T. Veblen, Nathan Mietkiewicz, and Dominik Kulakowski. "Negative Feedbacks on Bark Beetle Outbreaks: Widespread and Severe Spruce Beetle Infestation Restricts Subsequent Infestation." PLOS ONE 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2015): e0127975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127975.

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Ostaff, Donald P., and David A. MacLean. "Spruce budworm populations, defoliation, and changes in stand condition during an uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreak on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-164.

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Effects of an uncontrolled spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak in 20 mature balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) stands on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, were studied from 1976 to 1985. Spruce budworm populations were extremely high, higher than peak levels recorded for other outbreaks, and averaged over 380 third-instar larvae per square metre of foliage from 1976 to 1980. As many as 1570 third-instar larvae per square metre occurred 5 to 7 years after the start of the outbreak, resulting in complete current defoliation and back-feeding on older foliage. Stands were divided into three groups, based on the pattern of cumulative current defoliation; the sum of current annual defoliation during the outbreak was 343, 445, and 543% for these groups, equivalent to the removal of 3.5 to 5.5 age-classes of foliage. Budworm defoliation caused the death of 78, 80, and 89% of the merchantable balsam fir volume in the three groups of stands, respectively, as well as 27% of the spruce (Picea sp.) volume; another 39% of the spruce volume died as a result of spruce beetle (Dendroctonusrufipennis Kby.) activity. Fir mortality commenced 3 years after the start of the outbreak and spruce mortality 2 to 3 years later. About one-half of the total mortality occurred in the 4 years after budworm populations and defoliation returned to low levels. Tree mortality and loss of foliage opened the stands, and 4 years after the collapse of the outbreak, 4% of the surviving trees and 17% of the dead trees had blown down, whereas 60% of all trees had broken tops.

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JALINIK, MIKOŁAJ, and BOLESŁAW HRYNIEWICKI. "Assessment of the possibility of tourism development in Białowieża Forest after the spruce bark beetle outbreak." Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki 44 (2018): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/ept.2018.4.44-12.

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Kędziora, Wojciech, Roman Wójcik, and Katarzyna Szyc. "Impact of Climate Change on Forest Management: Białowieża Primeval Forest Case Study." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecf2020-07882.

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Ecosystems of the Białowieża Primeval Forest are characterized by a high degree of naturalness and biodiversity. Changes in species and age structure in the long-term period resulted from both natural processes and human impact (indirectly and directly). The assessment of changes and knowledge about the current state allows to decide what protective measures should be taken to improve the condition of forest ecosystems. One can also evaluate the processes taking place and their direction, and therefore also assess the need for any actions. In the conducted research, the changes occurring in forest ecosystems with particular emphasis on spruce were assessed. An almost 100-year process of evolution of the species share in stands was analyzed up to 2015 using historical forest management and present spatial information data. Habitat data were used to assess the suitable and unsuitable conditions for spruce dominance. In addition, long-term development model was used for forecasting of the share of this species using data from beginning of 2015. Those results were compared with data from more than 500 sample plots measured in 2016–2018, just after bark beetle (Ips typographus) outbreak in 2015. Spruce has doubled, from 12% to 25%, its share of the Bialowieża Forests area in the first half of 20th century and was stable for the second half. The development model run just before the outbreak suggested stable decrease of spruce share in the horizon of 2065 down to 23%. The habitat model from 2015 was suggesting that spruce suitable sites covered only 12% of the area and only 50% of that area being dominated by spruce; the residue growing in unfavorable habitat conditions. The recent outbreak, with no management control, has dwindled spruce share down below 9%, showing habitual model results being better than the development model scenario.

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Jankovský, L., P. Cudlín, and I. Moravec. "Root decays as a potential predisposition factor of a bark beetle disaster in the Šumava Mts." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 3 (January 16, 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4687-jfs.

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Root decay infection and potential relations to Ips typographus L. outbreaks in the &Scaron;umava Mts. (Bohemian Forest) were monitored in 3 permanent sample plots. As an originator of root decays honey fungus predominated, in particular cases Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. was also recorded. As for honey fungus species, Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink predominated, however, A. cepistipes Velenovský and A. borealis Marxmüller et Korhonen were also determined. Other wood-destroying fungi were also recorded, e.g. Stereum sanguinolentum (ALB. & SCHW.: FR.) FR. and Climacocystis borealis (FR.) KOTL. Although Armillaria foci were localized directly in a forest edge after bark beetle disaster, it is not possible to state definite relationships between Ips typographus L. invasion and root system infection by Armillaria. The found out rate of infection is, with respect to an altitude over 1,100 m, extremely high not corresponding to existing knowledge on the behaviour of Armillaria in the region of Central Europe. The extent of Norway spruce infection by Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink can give evidence of the chronic stress load of spruce trees in the area.    

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Qin, Hua, and Courtney Flint. "Changing Community Variations in Perceptions and Activeness in Response to the Spruce Bark Beetle Outbreak in Alaska." Sustainability 9, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010067.

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Hlásny, Tomáš, and Marek Turčáni. "Persisting bark beetle outbreak indicates the unsustainability of secondary Norway spruce forests: case study from Central Europe." Annals of Forest Science 70, no. 5 (April 5, 2013): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0279-7.

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Orman, Olga, and Dorota Dobrowolska. "Gap dynamics in the Western Carpathian mixed beech old-growth forests affected by spruce bark beetle outbreak." European Journal of Forest Research 136, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-017-1054-3.

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Jonášová, Magda, and Karel Prach. "Central-European mountain spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forests: regeneration of tree species after a bark beetle outbreak." Ecological Engineering 23, no. 1 (August 2004): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.06.010.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spruce Bark Beetle outbreak'

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