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Journal articles on the topic 'SPS Measures'
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박원석. "Legality of SPS Measures under WTO System." CHUNG_ANG LAW REVIEW 9, no. 2 (August 2007): 197–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.21759/caulaw.2007.9.2.197.
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Handoyo, Rossanto Dwi. "NON-TARIFF MEASURES IMPACT ON INDONESIAN FISHERY EXPORT." Journal of Developing Economies 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v4i1.12686.
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This study aims to analyze the impact of Non tariff measures using sanitary and phytosanitary policy (SPS) and technical trade barriers (TBTs) on fishery exports of Indonesia and its trading partner countries such as China, South Korea, Vietnam, Canada, Russia and the European Union in period of 2007 to 2016. SPS and TBT are measured using inventory approach in the form of coverage ratio. In addition, this study uses a gravity model and panel data regression method. The results of this study indicate that the variables GDP of exporting country and GDP of importing country have a positive and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Distance and SPS have a negative and significant effect on Indonesian fishery exports, while TBT has no effect on Indonesian fishery exports. Keywords: Export, SPS and TBT, Fishery Export, coverage ratio
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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. "United States: Certain Measures Affecting Imports of Poultry from China – Just Another SPS Case?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 2, no. 3 (September 2011): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x0000146x.
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The SPS Agreement may apply to budgetary measures if they are motivated by SPS concerns. Equivalence-based measures are subject to regular disciplines of the SPS Agreement, including but not limited to Article 4. This means that WTO Members when engaging in the recognition process need to observe other SPS provisions such as requirement of scientific risk assessment (Articles 5.1–5.3) or quasi-consistency obligation of Article 5.5. An SPS measure which has been found inconsistent with certain provisions of the SPS Agreement (e.g. Articles 2 and 5), cannot be later justified under the general exception of Article XX(b) of the GATT 1994 (author's headnote).
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Brewster, Rachel, and Carolyn Fischer. "Fishy SPS Measures? The WTO's Korea – Radionuclides Dispute." World Trade Review 20, no. 4 (June 11, 2021): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745621000112.
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AbstractThe Korea–Radionuclides case addresses Korean SPS measures imposed on Japanese fishery products after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant meltdown in 2011. Japan challenged these measures as more restrictive than necessary under the SPS Agreement. The panel agreed with Japan, but this ruling was largely reversed by the Appellate Body. Korea's victory at the Appellate Body was based on procedure. The panel accepted Korea's appropriate level of protection (ALOP), which included both quantitative and qualitative elements. However, the Appellate Body found that the panel only addressed the quantitative aspect of Korea's ALOP and reversed on that basis. The Appellate Body's ruling did not affirmatively find that Korea's SPS measures were legal under WTO rules. Instead, the Appellate Body found that panel had not sufficiently addressed Korea's arguments and, thereby, the panel could not determine that the SPS measures were more restrictive than necessary. The case highlights the need for the Appellate Body to be able to conduct its own factual analysis, a power it could be given if the dispute settlement system is reformed. Without independent fact-finding power, the Appellate Body cannot correct panels’ mistakes, and respondents can prevail based on panel error.
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Ardiyanti, Septika Tri, and Ayu Sinta Saputri. "DAMPAK NON TARIFF MEASURES (NTMs) TERHADAP EKSPOR UDANG INDONESIA." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v12i1.244.
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Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan non tarif terhadap ekspor udang dan olahannya dari Indonesia. Untuk mengetahui dampak NTM terhadap ekspor, studi ini menggunakan gravity model dengan panel data. Variabel yang digunakan antara lain volume ekspor udang dan olahannya, PDB negara tujuan ekspor, nilai tukar riil, jarak ekonomi, tarif bea masuk dan variabel NTM berupa SPS dan TBT. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa NTM memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap ekspor udang dan olahan udang nasional. Pengenaan TBT di negara tujuan ekspor memiliki dampak negatif yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan SPS. Volume ekspor udang dan olahan ke negara mitra yang menerapkan TBT 30,2% lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan negara yang tidak menerapkan TBT, sementara ekspor ke negara dengan SPS 21,3% lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan negara yang tidak menerapkan SPS. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia belum mampu untuk memenuhi standar dan persyaratan impor yang diterapkan di negara tujuan ekspor. Dengan demikian, pemerintah diharapkan dapat memberikan bantuan bagi para eksportir udang dengan memberikan bantuan informasi pasar serta regulasi yang berlaku di negara tujuan ekspor. Selain itu, pemerintah juga perlu untuk memberikan dukungan sehingga eksportir dapat memenuhi standar dan persyaratan yang berlaku di negara tujuan ekspor. This study aims to analyze the impact of non-tariff policy on shrimp and processed shrimp in Indonesia. To analyze the impact of NTM on Indonesia's shrimp export, this study uses gravity model with panel data. Variables used are export volume of Indonesia’s shrimp and processed shrimp, GDP of export destination countries, real exchange rate, economic distance, import duty and NTM variables (SPS and TBT). This study shows that NTM has negative impact on shrimp exports. The imposition of TBT in export destination countries has a greater negative impact on shrimp export c than SPS. The shrimp export volume to the partner countries appliying TBT is 30,2% lower than countries that not applying TBT, while exports to cpuntries imposing SPs is 21,3% lower than countries without SPS. This fact indicates that Indonesia’s exporters has not been able to meet standards and requirements applied by export destination countries. Therefore, the government is expected to provide assistance to the exporters by providing market information, regulation and requirements in export destination country. In addition, the government also needs to provide support so that exporters could meet the standards and requirements applied by export destination countries.
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Kim, Cheolsoo. "A Study on the Reasonable Necessity Test of SPS Measures under the SPS Agreement." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2019.21.2.163.
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Fletcher, Iain M., and Mathew M. Monte-Colombo. "An investigation into the possible physiological mechanisms associated with changes in performance related to acute responses to different preactivity stretch modalities." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 1 (February 2010): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-125.
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The aim of this study was to explore the potential mechanisms underlying performance changes linked to different warm-up stretch modalities. Twenty-one male collegiate–semiprofessional soccer players (age, 20.8 ±2.3 years) performed under 3 different warm-up conditions: a no-stretch warm-up (WU), a warm-up including static passive stretches (SPS), and a warm-up incorporating static dynamic stretches (SDS). Countermovement jump, drop jump, peak torque, heart rate, core temperature, movement kinematics, and electromyography (EMG) were recorded for each intervention. Significant increases (p < 0.001) in performance were recorded for the countermovement, drop jump, and peak torque measures when the SDS was compared with the WU and SPS trials. When mechanism data were analysed, heart rate was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the SDS condition compared with the SPS and WU conditions (a pattern also shown with core temperature), whereas the WU condition heart rate was also significantly higher than the SPS condition heart rate. When EMG data were examined for the rectus femoris muscle, significantly greater (p < 0.01) muscle activity was observed in the SDS condition compared with the SPS condition. It seems the most likely mechanisms to explain the increase in performance in the SDS condition compared with the SPS condition are increased heart rate, greater muscle activity, and increased peak torque.
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Gruszczynski, Lukasz. "Science in the Process of Risk Regulation under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures." German Law Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 371–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200004739.
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This article attempts to present a comprehensive and coherent picture of the position occupied by science under the SPS Agreement and in the SPS case law. It claims that the approach adopted by the Appellate Body reflects the explicit language of the SPS Agreement and is predominantly based on a technical paradigm. In consequence, science plays a critical role in distinguishing between legal and illegal SPS measures.The article argues that such an approach is generally compatible with the text of the SPS Agreement and provides a coherent SPS system. However, it also identifies certain areas, which lack coherence, as certain standards seem to violate the right of the Member States to establish an appropriate level of protection. These are: ascertainability of the risk as a precondition for valid risk assessment; strict specifity of the risk assessment in low-risk situations; the proportionality between the risk identified and the SPS measure; the notion of negligible risks; and the concept of likelihood in the quarantine risk assessments. The article claims that these standards cannot be generally applied in SPS disputes as, in certain situations, they will result in the violation of the right of the Member States to establish an appropriate level of SPS protection. Finally, a number of specific issues, which require resolution, are highlighted, namely the quality of minority scientific opinions, the relationship between the insufficiency of scientific evidence and scientific uncertainty. The article suggests that the ultimate role ascribed to science under the SPS Agreement can be assessed only after an interpretation of those issues is provided by future case law.
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DOWNES, CHRIS. "Worth Shopping Around? Defending Regulatory Autonomy under the SPS and TBT Agreements." World Trade Review 14, no. 04 (March 30, 2015): 553–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745615000178.
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AbstractWith its stringent requirements for scientific evidence, the SPS Agreement is commonly considered a greater constraint on WTO Members' regulatory autonomy than the TBT Agreement. It is consequently feared that Members may ‘forum shop’ by reconstructing SPS measures as TBT regulations and hereby circumvent WTO obligations. This article revisits these assumptions in the light of recent TBT jurisprudence and explores the respective challenges of defending policy preferences under the two technical regimes. It argues that in some respects – the characterization of a measure and the chosen level of protection – the SPS Agreement provides a securer basis for Members to defend regulatory choices. While evidential burdens are more explicitly demanding under SPS rules, the challenge of justifying a TBT measure's rationality should not be understated. In light of these reflections, this article concludes that ‘forum shopping’ is an unpromising strategy for protecting controversial SPS measures.
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Mustafa, Khalid. "Barriers against Agricultural Exports from Pakistan: The Role of WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement." Pakistan Development Review 42, no. 4II (December 1, 2003): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.487-510.
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There has been growing recognition that Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement can impede trade in agricultural and food products. Pakistan, in particular experiences problems in meeting the SPS requirements of developed countries and, it is claimed, this can seriously impede its ability to export agricultural and food products. Attempts have been made to reduce the trade distortive effects of SPS measures through, for example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement, although it is claimed that current initiatives fail to address many of the key problems experienced by Pakistan and other developing countries. The present paper explores implications of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement on exports of agricultural and food products from Pakistan. It identifies the problems that Pakistan faces in meeting SPS requirements and how these relate to the nature of SPS measures and the compliance resources available to Government of Pakistan and the supply chain. The paper examines the impact of SPS agreement on the extent to which SPS measures impede exports from Pakistan. It identifies the problems that limit participation of Pakistan in the SPS agreement and its concerns about the way in which it currently operates.
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Laaksonen, M. A., P. Knekt, L. Sares-Jäske, and O. Lindfors. "Psychological Predictors on the Outcome of Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Solution-Focused Therapy in the Treatment of Mood and Anxiety Disorder." European Psychiatry 28, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.12.002.
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AbstractObjectivePatient's pre-treatment suitability for short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) and solution-focused therapy (SFT) has not been compared. The aim of this study was to compare the prediction of psychological suitability measures on outcome of STPP vs. SFT.MethodAltogether 198 patients with mood or anxiety disorder were randomized to STPP or SFT. A 7-item Suitability for Psychotherapy Scale (SPS) was assessed at baseline and a cumulative SPS score was formed. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using SCL-90-GSI at baseline and seven times during a 3-year follow-up.ResultsThe SPS score predicted the outcome of both short-term psychotherapies; for patients with a good score short-term therapies seemed beneficial, whereas for patients with a poor score they did not seem sufficient. There was no difference between STPP and SFT in the prediction of the SPS score.ConclusionsPsychological suitability measures may apparently be useful in the prediction of overall short-term psychotherapy outcomes.
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Vorontsova, N. A. "SPS Measures as Hidden Barriers to International Trade within WTO and EAEU (theory and practice)." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-1-66-78.
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INTRODUCTION. Since there are many threats in the modern world, states consider the essence of security in its various manifestations. A rather extensive understanding of security should be noted, as this concept applies to multiple directions of our life. So-called SPS measures are one of the vectors aimed at ensuring safety (protection) of human life and health. The scientific literature covers rather extensively SPS measures, taken by states, which include mandatory sanitary, veterinary and quarantine phytosanitary requirements and procedures. The novelty of the study is that SPS measures will be analyzed in terms of their use as hidden barriers to international trade, as well as how often they are used when a particular sanitary or phytosanitary measure imposed by a state or maintained in force by a member of an international organization restrains or can potentially restrain export of its goods.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In international trade certain issues of the contemplated problem are regulated by Article XX of GATT, as well as by the Special Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Security measures reflected in the Article XXI of GATT-94 are not considered.RESEARCH RESULTS. Th author concluded that SPS measures construe hidden barriers to international trade. However, it is possible to establish "rules of the game", to agree on this problem in concluded agreements on the rules of application of SPS measures, minimizing the possibility of their unfair use. As for the EAEU law, it affects the development of international norms in the field under consideration.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The urgency of the issues dealt with in the article is based on the fact that every resident of any state in one way or another wants to be sure of the safety of all that he consumes and that the state or a number of states within the framework of an international organization are obliged to ensure this. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is no exception, it also faces similar tasks. The article analyzes the results of activities in the sphere of decision-making on SPS measures and the framework of the international organization of regional economic integration – the EAEU.
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ZAHRNT, VALENTIN. "Transparency of complex regulation: how should WTO trade policy reviews deal with sanitary and phytosanitary policies?" World Trade Review 10, no. 2 (September 24, 2010): 217–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000418.
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AbstractSanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures that protect human, animal, and plant health can impede trade and provoke high-profile disputes. This paper argues that the WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) could play an important role in defusing the trade-disrupting potential of SPS regulation. The most promising avenue is to review in greater detail the policy-making procedures that lead to SPS measures. How transparent and independent are countries' risk assessments of health hazards? Which provisions have countries taken to account for trade effects when selecting SPS measures? Do countries give foreign interests adequate possibility to voice their concerns over proposed SPS regulation? If reviews motivate countries to improve their policy-making processes, this will contribute to making SPS regulation less trade-restrictive and more effective in protecting health. To reach this objective, special trade policy reviews dedicated exclusively to SPS regulation might be introduced as a complement to the current reviews of countries' overall trade policies. Such a move could serve as a model for establishing further issue-specific reviews that address technical barriers to trade, trade in services, and other complex regulatory challenges.
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REGAN, DONALD H. "United States – Certain Measures Affecting Imports of Poultry from China: the fascinating case that wasn't." World Trade Review 11, no. 2 (April 2012): 273–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000462.
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AbstractUS–Poultry (China) was the first Panel decision dealing with an origin-specific SPS measure, or with what the United States referred to as an ‘equivalence regime’. More specifically, it was the first instance in which the basis for the challenged measure was the claimed inability of the complainant country to enforce its own food-safety rules. Unfortunately, as the litigation developed, the very interesting novel issues raised by such a measure were not discussed. This essay discusses those novel issues – in particular, what sort of scientific justification or risk assessment should be required for a measure like this, and what SPS Article 4 says about equivalence regimes. The essay also criticizes the Panel's analysis of some of the issues the Panel does discuss, such as the meaning of the ‘appropriate level of protection’ in SPS 5.5 and 5.6, and the relationship between the SPS and GATT XX(b).
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Thanh Van, Nguyen, Jie Hua Lv, Thi Thanh Huyen Vu, and Van Quang Ngo. "Contradictory impact of the natural forest closing policy and sanitary–phytosanitary measures on the export of non-timber forest products: a case study of Vietnam." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0106.
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The gravity model was used in this paper to clarify the influencing factors of the export value of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for Vietnam from 2003 to 2017. The estimates of this model indicate the importance of the size of economies, distance, common borders, exchange rates, average forest area, the natural forest closing (NFC) policy of the Vietnamese government, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, and the interaction of SPS and importers’ GDP (SPS–GDP) as determinants of Vietnam’s NTFP exports. The main result of this study is the distinct and contradictory effects of the NFC policy and SPS measures. While the NFC policy increases the value of Vietnam’s NTFP exports, SPS measures significantly decrease the exportation. Using the SPS–GDP interaction variable yields a noticeable result: the negative impact of SPS on NTFP trade decreases with increasing income of NTFP importers. Furthermore, the NFC needs to continue to implement policies to increase investments in the NTFP trade and increase the quality of NTFPs from planting, to harvesting, to processing to meet the requirements of future importers. The findings offer several implications both in theory and in practice for trade policies and economic development theory based on Vietnam’s forest resources.
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Lee, Yong-Shik. "Regulatory Autonomy under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures: Implications of Korea–Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides." World Trade Review 20, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474562100001x.
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AbstractThe recent WTO dispute case, Korea–Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides, illustrates complex legal issues and significant political implications associated with the regulatory autonomy of a sovereign country under the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). There has been constant tension between the sovereign right of a WTO member state to determine its own appropriate level of protection (ALOP) and the regulatory constraints imposed under the SPS Agreement to prevent abuse and disguised trade protection. The case emerged from this tension and raises questions on the extent of the regulatory autonomy in the application of an SPS measure. This article addresses these questions and examines the criteria for the qualitative standards for the ALOP, the question that the Appellate Body decision did not fully resolve. The criteria for the qualitative ALOP standards affect the regulatory autonomy significantly under the current SPS rules as they determine the manner and the extent to which a Member may meet the sensitive public interests in the application of an SPS measure. The article proposes a rational basis test to restrain abuse of SPS measures while preserving the regulatory autonomy protected under the SPS Agreement.
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Phu, Tran Vang, Nguyen Thanh Giao, Pham Xuan Ngoc, and Mohamad Ayub Dar. "Sps and tbt measures analysis: Indian Agricultural Export Case Study." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 11 (2020): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.01345.2.
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Sandford, Iain. "Hormonal Imbalance? Balancing Free Trade and the Need for SPS Measures after the Decision in Hormones." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v29i2.6032.
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The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations to ensure that measures taken to protect humans and animals from foodborne risks, and to protect plants, animals and people from the risks of pests and diseases (SPS measures) were imposed only where they were justified. As such, the Agreement implicitly struck a balance between the freedom of World Trade Organization (WTO) Members to impose such legitimate measures and the objective of minimising trade disruptions. This article explores how this implicit balance was tested in the first SPS case to come before the WTO's new dispute settlement system European Communities Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones). This article examines the reasoning of both the Panel and Appellate Body considering the case and concludes that the final decision of the Appellate Body moved the balance too far in favour of Members' right to impose trade restrictive SPS measures.
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Virginia, Andina, and Tanti Novianti. "NON-TARIFF MEASURES (NTMS) AND INDONESIAN NATURAL RUBBER EXPORT TO THE MAIN EXPORT DESTINATION COUNTRIES." Journal of Developing Economies 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v5i1.18609.
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The value of natural rubber exports is declining continuously every year. One of the reasons for the decline in the value of natural rubber exports is due to the implementation of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) by the main export destination countries in international trade. The most widely applied NTMs policies in trading countries are Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT). This study aims to analyze the impact of NTMs on Indonesia's natural rubber exports from 2012 to 2016. The estimation result shows the GDP coverage ratio of SPS and coverage ratio of TBT significantly affect the export value of the natural rubber of Indonesia. SPS variable shows a negative coefficient value while the TBT variable shows a positive coefficient value. Keywords: Natural Rubber, Gravity Model, Inventory Approach, NTMsJEL Classification: F13, F14, Q17
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Shang, Xia, and Glynn T. Tonsor. "Sanitary and phytosanitary regulations and international red meat trade." British Food Journal 121, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 2309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0663.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an ex post econometric examination of SPS measures and their influences on red meat trade. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct multiple new assessments to further assess the particular effects of specific SPS measures related to animal health, human health and maximum residue limits on red meat trade values. This finer assessment provides updated and more detailed insights into the marginal trade impacts of different SPS measures. Findings The current study sheds important light on the determinants of red meat trade. The economic conditions of destination countries and production capability of suppliers are key to determining trade values. Factors including personal income and exporters’ meat supply are identified as trade facilitators. Since the restrictiveness of SPS measures vary across beef and pork sectors, maintaining commodity-specific SPS measures is essential for accurate assessment of trade determinants. Originality/value This paper provides multiple contributions to the existing literature and more broadly the authors’ economic understanding on the increasingly contentious issue of global meat trade. Combined, this study yields several implications for food policy, trade negotiators and industry leaders given the growing role and surrounding controversies of trade in meat and livestock markets around the world. The authors further believe the paper would be of notable interest to fellow researchers consistent with the existence of a sizable published literature and ongoing debates in international meat trade.
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Barza, Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro, and Natália Paulino Bonnomi. "SEGURANÇA ALIMENTAR E ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DO COMÉRCIO: ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DO ACORDO SOBRE A APLICAÇÃO DE MEDIDAS SANITÁRIAS E FITOSSANITÁRIAS - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i2.44801." Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFG 41, no. 2 (December 7, 2017): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i2.44801.
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Resumo: O objeto deste artigo é a análise do impacto do Acordo sobre a Aplicação de Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias (Acordo SPS) nas políticas regulatórias direcionadas à proteção da segurança alimentar. A problematização do trabalho consiste em demonstrar como o Acordo SPS pode orientar a regulação do Estado para que esta alcance o nível desejado de proteção sem ensejar barreiras protecionistas ao comércio. Para tanto, o presente artigo estuda as principais normas contidas no Acordo SPS, bem como avalia a disputa EC-Biotech, de modo a compreender o posicionamento da OMC acerca da regulação relativa à segurança alimentar promovida pelos Estados. Conclui-se que são três os caminhos, que constituem direitos autônomos, para os Estados desenvolverem uma política regulatória de segurança alimentar em observância ao Acordo SPS: medidas que estão em conformidade com os padrões internacionais (Artigo 3.1); medidas, com justificação científica, que resultem em um nível mais elevado de proteção (Artigo 3.3); e, quando a evidência científica for insuficiente, medidas provisórias com base na informação pertinente disponível (Artigo 5.7).Abstract: The object of this paper is to analyze the impact of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) in the regulatory policy directed to the protection of food safety. The problem faced in this paper is to demonstrate how the SPS Agreement can guide the regulation by the State so that it reaches the desired level of protection without placing protectionist barriers to trade. Therefore, this article examines the main rules contained in the SPS Agreement, as well as assesses the EC-Biotech dispute, in order to understand the WTO's perception of the regulation of food safety promoted by the States. It is concluded that there are three paths, which constitute autonomous rights, for States to develop a regulatory policy for food safety in compliance with the SPS Agreement: measures that comply with international standards (Article 3.1); measures, with scientific justification, that result in a higher level of protection (Article 3.3); and, when scientific evidence is insufficient, provisional measures based on relevant available information (Article 5.7).
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Peel, Jacqueline. "OF APPLES AND ORANGES (AND HORMONES IN BEEF): SCIENCE AND THE STANDARD OF REVIEW IN WTO DISPUTES UNDER THE SPS AGREEMENT." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 61, no. 2 (April 2012): 427–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589312000024.
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AbstractThe standard of review applied by WTO decision-makers in disputes under the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Agreement plays a critical role in determining the scope of SPS risk regulatory authority afforded WTO Members by governing the degree to which such measures must be science-based. The standard of review question in SPS jurisprudence finds resonances in international environmental legal adjudication of highly technical disputes, as well as in comparative law concerning judicial review of science-based risk regulation in the United States and European Union. This article considers recent case law of the WTO Appellate Body in Continued Suspension and Australia–Apples and the extent to which these decisions permit a more deferential approach on the part of WTO decision-makers in evaluating the scientific underpinnings of Members' disputed SPS measures. It is argued that the case law has failed to articulate a strong normative rationale for the current interpretation of the standard of review applied in SPS disputes. Drawing on social scientific findings regarding the limitations of science-based risk assessment in diverse risk settings, the article contends that a more coherent and principled approach to application of the standard of review would allow for its adjustment according to the nature of the risk situation under consideration.
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EPPS, TRACEY. "Reconciling public opinion and WTO rules under the SPS Agreement." World Trade Review 7, no. 2 (April 2008): 359–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745608003819.
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AbstractThe WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) allows Members to enact SPS measures necessary to protect health so long as they are based on scientific evidence. This scientific evidence requirement has attracted controversy among academics, policy-makers, and civil society. The argument has been advanced that the requirement inappropriately excludes the consideration of public opinion in the domestic risk regulatory decision-making process. The article addresses the question of whether it is possible to reconcile the SPS Agreement's requirement for scientific evidence with concerns regarding exclusion of the public voice in the domestic regulatory process. It responds positively to this query, subject to certain caveats to ensure that trade liberalization goals are not undermined. It argues that the scientific evidence requirement is not only the most appropriate means available for advancing the SPS Agreement's objectives, but that it provides countries with more flexibility than critics contend, including to respond to public sentiment in cases of scientific uncertainty. Recommendations are made as to how panels and the Appellate Body should proceed in disputes under the SPS Agreement, and how governments can comply with their trade obligations while remaining responsive to public concerns.
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Davis, Christopher J., Jason R. Gerstner, and William M. Vanderheyden. "Single prolonged stress blocks sleep homeostasis and pre-trauma sleep deprivation does not exacerbate the severity of trauma-induced fear-associated memory impairments." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): e0243743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243743.
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Sleep is intimately linked to cognitive performance and exposure to traumatic stress that leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) impairs both sleep and cognitive function. However, the contribution of pre-trauma sleep loss to subsequent trauma-dependent fear-associated memory impairment remains unstudied. We hypothesized that sleep deprivation (SD) prior to trauma exposure may increase the severity of a PTSD-like phenotype in rats exposed to single prolonged stress (SPS), a rodent model of PTSD. Rats were exposed to SPS alone, SD alone, or a combination of SPS+SD and measures of fear-associated memory impairments and vigilance state changes were compared to a group of control animals not exposed to SPS or SD. We found that SPS, and SPS+SD animals showed impaired fear-associated memory processing and that the addition of SD to SPS did not further exaggerate the effect of SPS alone. Additionally, the combination of SPS with SD results in a unique homeostatic sleep duration phenotype when compared to SD, SPS, or control animals. SPS exposure following SD represses homeostatic rebound and eliminates sleep-deprivation-induced increases in NREM sleep delta power. This work identifies a unique time frame where trauma exposure and sleep interact and identifies this window of time as a potential therapeutic treatment window for staving off the negative consequences of trauma exposure.
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Wood, Jacob, Jie Wu, Yilin Li, and Jungsuk Kim. "The Impact of TBT and SPS Measures on Japanese and Korean Exports to China." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216141.
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(1) Background: As countries with troubled histories, China, Japan, and Korea have, in recent times, attempted to overcome political and economic differences in a bid to forge strong trade relationships. However, Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) have emerged in recent times, which has the potential to complicate matters. (2) Method: Our study analyzes the impact that two forms of NTM, technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), have on Japanese and Korean exports to China. In order to effectively measure their impact, we utilize a modified version of the Gravity model and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood method (PPML). Using three measures (coverage ratio, frequency index, and the dummy variable) to determine their impact, our study displayed a range of findings. (3) Results: The key results from our study showed that from a coverage ratio perspective, our research clearly demonstrates that Chinese TBT measures, reduce Japan and Korea’s manufacturing and total exports as a whole, while Chinese SPS measures encourage Korean agricultural exports. Moreover, the frequency index results and dummy variable estimations in the main also supported the coverage ratio findings with SPS measures promoting Korean agricultural goods exports. (4) Conclusions: Our research highlights the important role the TBT measures have played to shelter China’s emerging industrial sector from the rigors of highly competitive Korean and Japanese exporters. In doing so, the Chinese government is able to actively pursue some of its key sustainable development strategies such as “Made in China 2025” and “Industrial 4.0”.
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Smith, Sherri L., Todd Ricketts, Rachel A. McArdle, Theresa H. Chisolm, Genevieve Alexander, and Gene Bratt. "Style Preference Survey: A Report on the Psychometric Properties and a Cross-Validation Experiment." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 02 (February 2013): 089–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.2.3.
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Background: Several self-report measures exist that target different aspects of outcomes for hearing aid use. Currently, no comprehensive questionnaire specifically assesses factors that may be important for differentiating outcomes pertaining to hearing aid style. Purpose: The goal of this work was to develop the Style Preference Survey (SPS), a questionnaire aimed at outcomes associated with hearing aid style differences. Two experiments were conducted. After initial item development, Experiment 1 was conducted to refine the items and to determine its psychometric properties. Experiment 2 was designed to cross-validate the findings from the initial experiment. Research Design: An observational design was used in both experiments. Study Sample: Participants who wore traditional, custom-fitted (TC) or open-canal (OC) style hearing aids from 3 mo to 3 yr completed the initial experiment. One-hundred and eighty-four binaural hearing aid users (120 of whom wore TC hearing aids and 64 of whom wore OC hearing aids) participated. A new sample of TC and OC users (n = 185) participated in the cross-validation experiment. Data Collection and Analysis: Currently available self-report measures were reviewed to identify items that might differentiate between hearing aid styles, particularly preference for OC versus TC hearing aid styles. A total of 15 items were selected and modified from available self-report measures. An additional 55 items were developed through consensus of six audiologists for the initial version of the SPS. In the first experiment, the initial SPS version was mailed to 550 veterans who met the inclusion criteria. A total of 184 completed the SPS. Approximately three weeks later, a subset of participants (n = 83) completed the SPS a second time. Basic analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the SPS including subscale structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness. Based on the results of Experiment 1, the SPS was revised. A cross-validation experiment was then conducted using the revised version of the SPS to confirm the subscale structure, internal consistency, and responsiveness of the questionnaire in a new sample of participants. Results: The final factor analysis led to the ultimate version of the SPS, which had a total of 35 items encompassing five subscales: (1) Feedback, (2) Occlusion/Own Voice Effects, (3) Localization, (4) Fit, Comfort, and Cosmetics, and (5) Ease of Use. The internal consistency of the total SPS (Cronbach's α = .92) and of the subscales (each Cronbach's α > .75) was high. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) showed that the test-retest reliability of the total SPS (ICC = .93) and of the subscales (each ICC > .80) also was high. TC hearing aid users had significantly poorer outcomes than OC hearing aid users on 4 of the 5 subscales, suggesting that the SPS largely is responsive to factors related to style-specific differences. Conclusions: The results suggest that the SPS has good psychometric properties and is a valid and reliable measure of outcomes related to style-specific, hearing aid preference.
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ZHANG, Xiaoqi, Koshi MAEDA, and Xuejun WANG. "The Effects of SPS Measures on The Duration of China’s Agroproduct Exports." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/4363562.
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Torres Rodríguez, Pamela. "Analysis of de Subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to Regulation (EU) No. 488-2014 concerning the maximum cadmium content in chocolate and derived products under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary rules." Revista Internacional de Derecho 2, no. 1 (2021): 54–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37768/unw.rid.02.01.004.
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The requirement for maximum levels of cadmium in cocoa and derived products established in subsection 3.2.7 of the Annex to the European Union (EU) Regulation No. 488/2014 shall be in accordance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Thus, through the dogmatic method it is analysed whether it is a SPS measure that affects international trade and if it complies with the basic principles of the SPS Agreement as if the measure: was issued under the sovereign right of the European Union (EU) Member States (MS) to adopt SPS measures, was adopted to protect human life or health, had scientific basis, and does not imply arbitrary or unjustified discrimination.
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Mbori, Harrison O. "Combating unjustified sanitary and phytosanitary measures in the African tripartite free trade area (SADC–EAC–COMESA): SPS-Plus or SPS-Minus?" Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 58, no. 4 (December 2017): 409–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2017.58.4.4.
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HOEKMAN, BERNARD, and JOEL TRACHTMAN. "Continued suspense: EC–Hormones and WTO disciplines on discrimination and domestic regulation Appellate Body Reports: Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC – Hormones Dispute, WT/DS320/AB/R,WT/DS321/AB/R, adopted 14 November 2008." World Trade Review 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745609990280.
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AbstractBased on the reasoning of the Appellate Body in Canada/United States – Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC–Hormones Dispute (‘Continued Suspension’), this paper analyzes the distinction between the national-treatment obligation under Article III of GATT and the requirement under the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures that such measures be based on a risk assessment that takes into account available scientific evidence. The Appellate Body's reasoning makes clear that the primary purpose of the SPS Agreement is to discipline discriminatory regulation, and not the level of protection. We argue that the case clarifies that de facto protection (market segmentation) created by an SPS measure must be motivated by demonstrating that the measure is addressing a market failure, as reflected in the existence of some scientific basis for a health or safety concern. The scientific-basis requirement is a means for determining the intent of an SPS measure. While this is a factor that is ostensibly not relevant in GATT national-treatment cases, the need for scientific justification is not a move away from a concern with preventing illegitimate discrimination against imported products.
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Chaves Neto, Gabriel, João Euclides Fernandes Braga, Mateus Feitosa Alves, Liana Clébia de Morais Pordeus, Sócrates Golzio dos Santos, Marcus Tullius Scotti, Reinaldo N. Almeida, and Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo Diniz. "Anxiolytic Effect of Citrus aurantium L. in Crack Users." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7217619.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the anxiolytic effects of the essential oil (EO) of Citrus aurantium L. in patients experiencing crack withdrawal. This was developed with internal users in therapeutic communities in Paraíba, Brazil. The test population consisted of 51 volunteers, subdivided into three groups. To elicit anxiety, the Simulated Public Speaking (SPS) method was used. Physiological measures were assessed at specific phases during the experiment using appropriate equipment. Psychological measures of anxiety were assessed using the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory (IDATE) and the Analog Smoke Scale (HAS). EO was administered by nebulization. The experiment was developed in individual sessions and consolidated to four phases. The results demonstrated that the test subjects in the groups that were given the EO maintained controlled anxiety levels during SPS, when compared to the Control Group (no treatment). Subjects who used the EO also maintained levels of “discomfort” and “cognitive impairment” during SPS. It was concluded that individuals who are experiencing internal crack cocaine withdrawal present high anxiety traits and that nebulization of the EO of Citrus aurantium L. provided an acute anxiolytic effect in crack cocaine users exposed to SPS.
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Preminger, Jill E., and Suzanne Meeks. "Evaluation of an Audiological Rehabilitation Program for Spouses of People with Hearing Loss." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 21, no. 05 (May 2010): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.21.5.4.
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Background: Since the psychosocial effects of hearing loss are different in the spouse (SP) than in the person with hearing loss (PHL), it seems reasonable that rehabilitation programs designed for PHLs may need to be adapted to benefit SPs. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of training in communication strategies and psychosocial exercises for SPs of PHLs by determining whether SPs who completed the group class had improved mood, reduced stress, improved marital communication, and greater awareness of their partners' hearing loss–related quality of life (HL-QOL) in comparison with SPs who did not participate in a group class. Additionally, to determine whether PHLs of SPs who participated in a group audiological rehabilitation (AR) class had significantly improved mood, reduced stress, improved marital communication, and better HL-QOL scores in comparison with PHLs whose SPs did not participate in a group class. Research Design: A randomized controlled study. Study Sample: A total of 72 individuals participated in the study, 36 PHLs and 36 SPs. The PHLs were hearing aid users or cochlear implant users; the SPs had normal or near normal hearing. Intervention: PHLs in the control group participated in a traditional group AR program while their SPs received no treatment. PHLs in the experimental group also participated in a traditional group AR program while their SPs participated in a treatment program designed for SPs of PHLs. Classes consisted of 90 min sessions meeting once a week for four weeks. Data Collection and Analysis: All participants completed questionnaires measuring HL-QOL (the SPs filled out third-party reports of HL-QOL), stress, mood (positive affect and negative affect), and communication in the marriage. Scales were completed three times: prior to the AR program, within two weeks after completing the AR program, and 6 mo later. SP awareness of their PHL's HL-QOL was measured by comparing preclass and 6 mo scores with reported critical difference values. Preclass, postclass and 6 mo data were examined with repeated measures ANOVAs. Results: All SPs reported significant improvements in third-party HL-QOL between the preclass and postclass visit. At the 6 mo visit, these reports remained consistent in the control SPs but declined in the experimental SPs. Awareness of HL-QOL in PHLs was improved in SPs who participated in AR classes and remained consistent in SPs who did not. All SPs demonstrated a trend (moderate effect sizes) for decreased stress and decreased negative affect after they and/or their partners completed the AR program. All PHLs demonstrated significant improvements in HL-QOL, significant reductions in stress, significant decreases in negative affect, and significant improvements in marital communication. There were no differences in outcome across the experimental and control PHLs. Conclusions: When PHLs participate in an AR program, they receive significant improvements in QOL (quality of life). Congruence (as defined by similar scores) between SP and PHL assessments of HL-QOL improved in the experimental group, suggesting that the principal impact of the AR program on SPs was improved understanding of PHL experiences with hearing loss.
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McGillion, Michael, Adam Dubrowski, Robyn Stremler, Judy Watt-Watson, Fiona Campbell, Colin McCartney, J. Charles Victor, et al. "The Postoperative Pain Assessment Skills Pilot Trial." Pain Research and Management 16, no. 6 (2011): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/278397.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pain-related misbeliefs among health care professionals (HCPs) are common and contribute to ineffective postoperative pain assessment. While standardized patients (SPs) have been effectively used to improve HCPs’ assessment skills, not all centres have SP programs. The present equivalence randomized controlled pilot trial examined the efficacy of an alternative simulation method – deteriorating patient-based simulation (DPS) – versus SPs for improving HCPs’ pain knowledge and assessment skills.METHODS: Seventy-two HCPs were randomly assigned to a 3 h SP or DPS simulation intervention. Measures were recorded at baseline, immediate postintervention and two months postintervention. The primary outcome was HCPs’ pain assessment performance as measured by the postoperative Pain Assessment Skills Tool (PAST). Secondary outcomes included HCPs knowledge of pain-related misbeliefs, and perceived satisfaction and quality of the simulation. These outcomes were measured by the Pain Beliefs Scale (PBS), the Satisfaction with Simulated Learning Scale (SSLS) and the Simulation Design Scale (SDS), respectively. Student’sttests were used to test for overall group differences in postintervention PAST, SSLS and SDS scores. One-way analysis of covariance tested for overall group differences in PBS scores.RESULTS: DPS and SP groups did not differ on post-test PAST, SSLS or SDS scores. Knowledge of pain-related misbeliefs was also similar between groups.CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that DPS is an effective simulation alternative for HCPs’ education on postoperative pain assessment, with improvements in performance and knowledge comparable with SP-based simulation. An equivalence trial to examine the effectiveness of deteriorating patient-based simulation versus standardized patients is warranted.
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El-Enbaby, Hoda, Rana Hendy, and Chahir Zaki. "Do SPS measures matter for margins of trade? Evidence from firm-level data." Applied Economics 48, no. 21 (November 19, 2015): 1949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1111987.
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Manalu, Velicia Theoartha, Sinta Dewi Rosadi, and Prita Amalia. "IMPLEMENTATION REGIONALIZATION PRINCIPLE BASED ON SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY (SPS) AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT) OF 1969." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 10, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i2.44710.
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<em>The practice of the regionalization principle in Article 6 Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement is still conflicted. This is because of several cases regarding the members misinterpretation of international guidelines in the regionalization principle, such as India – Agricultural Products and Russia – Pigs (EU). Recently, Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (Covid-19) has been considered to affect animal trade. Such conditions prompt the World Trade Organization (WTO) to recommend the Members to take SPS Measures to protect their domestic market. However, the trade would be inhibited in case the country-wide ban approach is applied. Therefore, this paper discusses the possible SPS measures under the regionalization principle to promote the trade during the pandemic according to WTO decisions from previous cases in line with the VCLT of 1969. The research result shows that the Covid-19 is an obstacle to international trade and makes humans and animals vulnerable to this virus. Consequently, many animal trades have been banned to prevent its spread. To deal with this condition, Indonesia could apply the regionalization principle in Article 6 SPS Agreement. Moreover, the government should update the quarantine law by pointing out the regionalization principle, unlike the zone system rules only applied to animals susceptible to Food Mouth Disease</em>
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Cho, Sung Ju, Saera Oh, and Sang Hyeon Lee. "The Impact of Structure Similarity of Nontariff Measures on Agricultural Trade." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 10545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410545.
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This study quantifies the structure similarity of nontariff measures between countries and estimates its impact on bilateral agricultural trade using a structural gravity model. The findings show that a similar structure of technical barriers to trade (TBT) between countries is likely to expand their bilateral trade. However, a similar structure of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) is shown to have negative impacts on agricultural trade. We also discuss the effects of regulatory harmonization on sustainable development.
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Kiitam, Urmo, Lilita Voitkevica, Saima Timpmann, Inese Pontaga, Jaan Ereline, Eve Unt, and Vahur Ööpik. "Pre-Practice Hydration Status in Soccer (Football) Players in a Cool Environment." Medicina 54, no. 6 (December 5, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54060102.
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Background and Objectives: Only a few studies have reported the pre-practice hydration status in soccer players (SPs) who train in a cool climate. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the hydration status of male semiprofessional SPs immediately before their regular training session in winter. The secondary purpose was to compare the urinary indices of the hydration status of Estonian and Latvian SPs. Materials and Methods: Pre-training urine samples were collected from 40 Estonian (age 22.1 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.7 ± 3.9 years) and 41 Latvian (age 20.8 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.3 ± 3.0 years) SPs and analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG). The average outdoor temperature during the sample collection period (January–March) was between −5.1 °C and 0.2 °C (Estonia) and −1.9 °C and −5.0 °C (Latvia). Results: The average pre-training USG of Estonian and Latvian SPs did not differ (P = 0.464). Pooling the data of Estonian and Latvian SPs yielded a mean USG value of 1.021 ± 0.007. Hypohydration (defined as a USG ≥ 1.020) was evident altogether in fifty SPs (61.7%) and one of them had a USG value greater than 1.030. Conclusions: Estonian and Latvian SPs do not differ in respect of USG and the prevalence of pre-training hypohydration is high in this athletic cohort. These findings suggest that SPs as well as their coaches, athletic trainers, and sports physicians should be better educated to recognize the importance of maintaining euhydration during the daily training routine in wintertime and to apply appropriate measures to avoid hypohydration.
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Neven, Damien J., and Joseph H. H. Weiler. "Japan – Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples (AB-2003-4): One Bad Apple? (DS245/AB/R): A Comment." World Trade Review 5, S1 (2006): 280–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745606001479.
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This chapter reviews the decision by the Appellate Body (AB) regarding measures affecting the importation of apples in Japan. Section 2 of the chapter presents some background facts. Section 3 considers the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement and emphasizes the fact that it imposes a discipline on risk-reducing measures even in the absence of discrimination or protectionism. Section 4 discusses how the evaluation of risk-reducing measures can be undertaken in the context of the SPS agreement. Our discussion focuses on two issues: the scope of the mandate given to the adjudicators and the standard of review that they should apply. We emphasize the difficulty of the task faced by the adjudicators, namely to distinguish between determining the level of risk that a country will find optimal to support (which cannot be challenged) and determining whether risk-reducing measures are necessary to achieve the chosen level of risk. We further observe that the common methodology used by Panels, namely to evaluate the existence of risk in the absence of risk-reducing measures, has limited applicability.
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Sari, Ayu Renita, Dedi Budiman Hakim, and Lukytawati Anggraeni. "ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 3, no. 2 (February 4, 2018): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.3.2.111-135.
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The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil
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Sari, Ayu Renita, Dedi Budiman Hakim, and Lukytawati Anggraeni. "ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 3, no. 2 (February 4, 2018): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.3.2.2014.111-135.
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The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil
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Jin, Shun Fu, Rong Yu Fan, and Li Chen. "Performance Analysis of a Simple Power Saving Scheme for Energy Efficient Ethernet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 151 (January 2012): 583–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.151.583.
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In order to improve the energy efficiency and build a green Ethernet, we propose a simple power saving (SPS) scheme with a burst transmission for Energy Efficient Ethernet. In SPS scheme, let the link transfer to the sleep mode as soon as no packets are ready for transmission, whereas let the link return to the awake mode when a fixed number of packets arrive during the sleep mode. We build a vacation queueing model with N strategy to describe the working principle of SPS scheme. By using the method of embedded Markov chain, the formulas of performance measures are given. Finally, numerical results are provided to show the impact of traffic load on system performance.
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de Beurs, Edwin, Deirdre Tielen, and Lisa Wollmann. "The Dutch Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale: Reliability, Validity, and Clinical Utility." Psychiatry Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360193.
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The social interaction anxiety scale (SIAS) and the social phobia scale (SPS) assess anxiety in social interactions and fear of scrutiny by others. This study examines the psychometric properties of the Dutch versions of the SIAS and SPS using data from a large group of patients with social phobia and a community-based sample. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the SIAS is unidimensional, whereas the SPS is comprised of three subscales. The internal consistency of the scales and subscales was good. The concurrent and discriminant validity was supported and the scales were well able to discriminate between patients and community-based respondents. Cut-off values with excellent sensitivity and specificity are presented. Of all self-report measures included, the SPS was the most sensitive for treatment effects. Normative data are provided which can be used to assess whether clinically significant change has occurred in individual patients.
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Knibb, Rebecca C., Aaron Cortes, Christopher Barnes, and Carol Stalker. "Validation of the English Version of the Scale for Psychosocial Factors in Food Allergy and the Relationship with Mental Health, Quality of Life, and Self-Efficacy." Journal of Allergy 2016 (September 5, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4850940.
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Background. The Scale for Psychosocial Factors in Food Allergy (SPS-FA) is based on the biopsychosocial model of health and was developed and validated in Chile to measure the interaction between psychological variables and allergy symptoms in the child. We sought to validate this scale in an English speaking population and explore its relationship with parental quality of life, self-efficacy, and mental health. Methods. Parents (n=434) from the general population in the UK, who had a child with a clinical diagnosis of food allergy, completed the SPS-FA and validated scales on food allergy specific parental quality of life (QoL), parental self-efficacy, and general mental health. Findings. The SPS-FA had good internal consistency (alphas = .61–.86). Higher scores on the SPS-FA significantly correlated with poorer parental QoL, self-efficacy, and mental health. All predictors explained 57% of the variance in SPS-FA scores with QoL as the biggest predictor (β=.52). Discussion. The SPS-FA is a valid scale for use in the UK and provides a holistic view of the impact of food allergy on the family. In conjunction with health-related QoL measures, it can be used by health care practitioners to target care for patients and evaluate psychological interventions for improvement of food allergy management.
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BOHANES, JAN. "United States – Certain measures affecting imports of poultry from China: the fascinating case that wasn't." World Trade Review 11, no. 2 (April 2012): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745611000474.
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Professor Regan's paper on the US–Poultry (China) case provides highly interesting insight both into the facts of the case and the Panel's reasoning, as well as the broader systemic issues lurking behind them. The author has identified a number of thought-provoking aspects in a case that, at first glance, appears to be a relatively bland SPS dispute.
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Garcia-Leal, C., C. M. Del-Ben, F. M. Leal, F. G. Graeff, and F. S. Guimarães. "Escitalopram Prolonged Fear Induced by Simulated Public Speaking and Released Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activation." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71152-6.
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Simulated Public Speaking (SPS) test is sensitive to drugs that interfere with serotonin-mediated neurotransmission and is supposed to recruit neural systems involved in panic disorder. The study was aimed at evaluating the effects of escitalopram, the most selective serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor available, in SPS. Healthy males received, in a double-blind, randomized design, placebo (n=12), 10 (n=17) or 20 (n=14) mg of escitalopram two hours before the test. Behavioural, autonomic and neuroendocrine measures were assessed. Both doses of escitalopram did not produce any effect before or during the speech, but prolonged the fear induced by SPS. The test itself did not significantly change cortisol and prolactin levels, but under the higher dose of escitalopram, cortisol and prolactin increased immediately after SPS. This fear-enhancing effect of escitalopram agrees with previously reported results with less selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the receptor antagonist ritanserin, indicating that serotonin inhibits speaking fear.
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Eger, Thomas, Felix Wörner, Ursula Simon, Sandra Konrad, and Anne Wolowski. "Dental Anxiety and Higher Sensory Processing Sensitivity in a Sample of German Soldiers with Inflammatory Periodontal Disease." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041584.
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(1) Background: Dental anxiety with disease value usually leads to avoidance of dental treatment. For the initial diagnosis of the level of anxiety, questionnaires such as the Hierarchical Anxiety Questionnaire (HAQ) are suitable. The construct of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) describes a general trait in which people with a higher degree of SPS perceive information more strongly and process it more thoroughly. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship between dental anxiety and higher levels of SPS in 116 soldiers referred with different stages of periodontitis for mandatory dental fitness before military deployment. (3) Results: The proportion of patients with periodontitis in stage III + IV was 39% and in stage I + II was 27%. The mean cumulative values of the questionnaires were 20.9 ± 10.6 for HAQ and 27.7 ± 16.0 for SPS. Eleven moderately anxious patients had a SPS value of 37.4 ± 13.5 and 10 highly anxious patients had a value of 36.3 ± 14.1. Patients diagnosed with stage III + IV periodontitis showed significantly higher values on the SPS subscale Low Sensory Threshold (LST), which describes overstimulation by external sensory stimuli, compared to patients with stage I + II periodontitis. Dental anxiety showed moderately significant correlations with the SPS subscale Ease of Excitation (EOE), which measures emotional reactivity to physiological stimuli. (4) Conclusions: Due to the frequency of dental anxiety and higher sensitivity in patients with severe periodontitis, it is useful to record said frequency.
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Alam, Shawkat, and George F. Tomossy. "Overcoming the SPS concerns of the Bangladesh fisheries and aquaculture sector." Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 16, no. 2 (June 19, 2017): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jitlp-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the challenges developing countries face in attempting to balance sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) health and safety measures against concerns about protectionism, illustrated by the impact of trade barriers on the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh. The paper then provides recommendations to overcome the effects of these trade barriers. Design/methodology/approach The author uses a close doctrinal approach for the first three parts of the paper by analysing the provisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement and the effect of those provisions in creating domestic compliance gaps in the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector. A qualitative approach is then adopted in suggesting potential reforms and future directions to assist the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector overcome SPS trade barrier issues. Findings To overcome the market access issues created by SPS trade barriers, Bangladesh and other developing countries require multilateral assistance, accommodation by trading partners and internal reforms. This includes reforming internal governance structures, improving trade participation and negotiation, increasing infrastructure investment and learning from similar countries who have improved their supply chain management. Research limitations/implications This paper will have significant implications by contributing to law and policy reform debates involving international trade law and domestic compliance gaps. It will also assist other developing countries that experience SPS trade barriers to learn from the experience of the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector. Practical implications This paper has practical implications by providing recommendations for how Bangladesh can overcome SPS trade barriers and improve its market access. This will help Bangladesh integrate into the global trading system by enhancing its participation in the SPS framework. Social implications By addressing and providing recommendations for the SPS trade barrier challenges faced by Bangladesh fishery and aquaculture sector, this paper provides a framework to improve the economic development and global competitiveness of the industry. This will contribute the gross domestic product growth and help increase the overall living standards of the people involved in the fisheries and aquaculture business in Bangladesh. Originality/value This paper is an original work that has not been published elsewhere. It is the first time a paper has dealt with the legal, policy and compliance challenges faced by the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh.
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Krieg, Alexander, Yiyuan Xu, and David C. Cicero. "Comparing Social Anxiety Between Asian Americans and European Americans: An Examination of Measurement Invariance." Assessment 25, no. 5 (June 29, 2016): 564–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116656438.
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There have been over 30 studies and two meta-analyses comparing social anxiety between Asian Americans and European Americans. However, few have investigated the invariance of social anxiety measures that would make these comparisons appropriate. In the current study, we systematically examined psychometric properties and configural, metric, and scalar invariance of five social anxiety measures and four short forms that have been used more than once to compare Asian Americans ( n = 232) and European Americans ( n = 193). We found that four (i.e., SPS-6, SIAS-6, SPS, and SPAI-18) of the nine scales were scalar invariant, three scales (i.e., SIAS, SPAI, and B-FNES) only achieved configural invariance, and two scales (i.e., FNES and SADS) failed to achieve configural invariance. Latent mean comparisons based on the scalar invariant measures revealed higher social anxiety scores for Asian Americans than European Americans. The findings are discussed with regard to the issues and challenges when comparing social anxiety among different cultural and ethnic groups.
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Vahedi, Zahra, Adel Mazloumi, Ali Sharifnezhad, Zeinab Kazemi, and Ehsan Garosi. "Head forward flexion, lateral bending and viewing distance in smartphone users: A comparison between sitting and standing postures." Work 67, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 837–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-203303.
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BACKGROUND: Smartphones (SPs) are widely used by people of all age groups and genders. Users spend many hours per day on the SPs for different purposes, which imposes significant stress on their musculoskeletal system. OBJECTIVES: This study explored head forward flexion, lateral bending angle, and viewing distance while working with a SP in sitting/standing postures and one-handed/two-handed grips. The users’ performance as well as pain development were also investigated. METHODS: Participants answered a questionnaire on pain experience before and after SP usage. Neck kinematics of 20 SP users were monitored by a motion analysis system while doing three tasks (typing, video watching, and reading) in sitting and standing postures. Performance was evaluated by number of typed words, amount of errors in typing, and total read words. RESULTS: The results indicated a significant increase in pain complaints in neck and upper limbs after test completion. Working with SPs in sitting and standing postures were, respectively, associated with greater head forward flexion for watching and viewing distance for two-handed typing tasks. Higher left lateral bending values were measured for one-handed watching and reading tasks in standing posture. The performance measures were superior for two-handed grips in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, using SPs in sitting posture creates greater head forward flexion and lower lateral bending angles in all tasks and grip types. The findings of this study can be used to provide recommendations for SP users.
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Pauwelyn, J. "The WTO agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures as applied in the first three SPS disputes. EC - Hormones, Australia - salmon and Japan - varietals." Journal of International Economic Law 2, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 641–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/2.4.641.
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