Journal articles: 'Spur development'

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Rom, Curt R., and Bruce Barritt. "Spur Development of `Delicious' Apple as Influenced by Position, Wood Age, Strain, and Pruning." HortScience 25, no. 12 (1990): 1578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.12.1578.

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The role of spur leaves in bud and fruit development on two spur-type `Delicious' apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) and factors affecting spur development were studied. Reducing spur leaf area on vegetative spurs in August reduced the number of spurs that flowered the following year but did not affect flower size. On spurs that did flower, leaf area reduction the previous year did not influence leaf number or area, but the bourse shoot leaf area was reduced. Spur bud diameter, leaf area, size, specific leaf weight (SLW), and leaf dry weight were larger on 2-year-old vegetative spurs than on 1- or 3-year-old spurs. Within each age section of a limb, spur leaf number, area, size, SLW, and bud diameter decreased from the apical to basal positions on the limb. Flower number did not vary within a limb section, but fruit set was lower on the most apical and basal spurs compared to midshoot spurs. Fruit size was largest at the apical end of each limb section and was smallest at basal positions. These relationships were not affected by strain, tree age, or orchard location. Summer pruning at 30 days after bloom tended to increase leaf number, area, size, and spur length compared to unpruned trees or pruning later in the season but did not influence spur bud diameter.

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Heerema*, Richard J., Ted M. De Jong, and Steven A. Weinbaum. "Almond Spur Autonomy: Leaf Growth, Floral Initiation and Spur Survival." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 851B—851. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.851b.

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Spurs are the primary bearing unit in mature `Nonpareil' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) trees. Our objective was to determine whether almond spurs behave autonomously with respect to various biological activities throughout the season. If autonomous, a spur's carbohydrate demands are met primarily by its own leaves and, therefore, the sink to source ratio of the spur itself is expected to be closely linked to its growth and development. In these experiments almond spurs differing in leaf area and/or fruit number were monitored for leaf development, fruit set, floral initiation, spur survival and carbohydrate storage. Previous-season spur leaf area had no relation to the number of leaves preformed within the dormant vegetative bud or final spur leaf area in the current season, but spurs which fruited in the previous season began spring leaf expansion later and current-season spur fruiting was associated with lower spur leaf area. There was little or no relationship between final percentage fruit set at the spur level and spur leaf area in either the current or previous seasons. Current-season spur leaf area was positively related to both spur flower bud number and spur winter survival. Carbohydrate storage in dormant spurs increased with increasing previous-season spur leaf area. These data are consistent with the concept of spur autonomy especially with regards to spur activities late in the season. The relationships of some of these same spur parameters to spur light exposure are currently being investigated.

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Robinson, Terence L., and Zhongbo Ren. "EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SHADE AND FOLIAR NUTRIENT SPRAYS ON APPLE SPUR VIGOR AND PERFORMANCE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1113c—1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1113c.

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Eleven year-old Empire/M.7 apple trees were shaded continously for 4 years with half-tree shading cages. Shading reduced primary spur leaf duration, bourse shoot leaf area, specific leaf weight, spur diameter and bud diameter. Over the four years, shaded spurs continued to increase in length but spur diameter increased very little resulting in long and brittle spurs. However, shaded spurs continued to flower and set fruit. Leaf area development was similar inside and outside the cages at one week after bloom but by 2 weeks after bloom, spurs inside the cages had significantly lower leaf area. Shading reduced fruit set, fruit size, fruit color, fruit soluble solids and fruit dry matter. Fruit growth rate was reduced by shading early in the season but was no different than the unshaded controls by 4 weeks after full bloom.In an attempt to reverse the negative effects of shading on spur vigor, foliar urea, zinc-EDTA and solubor were sprayed 3 times during the early growing season each year. Rather than increasing spur leaf area, foliar nutrient sprays significantly reduced bourse shoot leaf area and did not increase the duration of primary spur leaves. Although foliar nutrients reduced total spur leaf area, they improved fruit size, color and soluble solids slightly.

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Schechter, Ido, D. C. Elfving, and J. T. A. Proctor. "APPLE TREE LIGHT INTERCEPTION, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, GROWTH, AND YIELD AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1128c—1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1128c.

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Mature apple (Malus domestic a Borkh.) trees with “Starkspur Supreme Delicious” as the scion grafted on nine different rootstocks were studied in 1987 and 1988. Canopy seasonal development and its light interception were examined using fisheye (hemispherical) photographs Rootstock affected the amount of structural wood, the rate of canopy development and the final leaf area. However, rootstock did not affect the sigmoidal pattern of canopy development. Photosynthesis (Pn) was measured under field conditions. Shoot leaves, spur leaves on spurs without fruits (S-F), and spur leaves on spurs with fruit (S+F) from trees on M.26 EMLA and OAR 1 showed no differences in Pn rates. However, for both rootstock, shoot leaves had the highest Pn rate, S+F the lowest, and S-F leaves had intermediate values Growth and yield components were assessed by leaf separation into shoot and spur leaves while harvesting them. Rootstock strongly affected the canopy leaf distribution as well as leaf number, dry weight, area, number of spurs and yield PCLC. Yield efficiency was mainly dependent upon spur leaf dry weight. OAR 1 performed uniquely in this study

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Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. II. Nutritional Effects with Specific Reference to Phosphorus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1018.

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In each of 3 years, vegetative spurs were sampled from l-year-old wood of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. Mineral concentrations of spur leaves and bud apical meristems were determined, and related to spur bud development. The spur leaf P concentration decreased during the growing season each year, hut was unaffected by rootstock. Spur leaves of trees on B.9 rootstock had 30% higher Ca concentrations than trees on M.26 EMLA or seedling rootstocks. In each year, trees growing on M.26 EMLA rootstocks had the highest leaf Mg concentrations. Mineral concentrations were generally unrelated to spur leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, or specific leaf weight. Phosphorus concentrations in spur bud apical meristems declined during two of the three growing seasons of the study and were unaffected by rootstock. Bud P concentration was weakly negatively related to bud diameter and bud appendage number in one year of the study. More vigorous spurs (as indicated by higher spur leaf number, leaf area, and leaf dry weight) had higher bud K levels during each year. No relationships between bud development and either spur leaf mineral concentration or bud apical meristem mineral levels were evident, suggesting that a direct role of mineral nutrition influenced by rootstock at the site of flower formation was unlikely.

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Shampa, Yuji Hasegawa, Hajime Nakagawa, Hiroshi Takebayashi, and Kenji Kawaike. "Three-Dimensional Flow Characteristics in Slit-Type Permeable Spur Dike Fields: Efficacy in Riverbank Protection." Water 12, no. 4 (2020): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040964.

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This paper focuses on finding efficient solutions for the design of a highly permeable pile spur (or slit type) dike field used in morphologically dynamic alluvial rivers. To test the suitability of different arrangements of this type of permeable pile spur dike field, laboratory experiments were conducted, and a three-dimensional multiphase numerical model was developed and applied, based on the experimental conditions. Three different angles to the approach flow and two types of individual pile position arrangements were tested. The results show that by using a series of slit-type spurs, the approach velocity of the flow can be considerably reduced within the spur dike zone. Using different sets of angles and installation positions, this type of permeable spur dike can be used more efficiently than traditional dikes. Notably, this type of spur dike can reduce the longitudinal velocity, turbulence intensity, and bed shear stress in the near-bank area. Additionally, the deflection of the permeable spur produces more transverse flow to the opposite bank. Arranging the piles in staggered grid positions among different spurs in a spur dike field improves functionality in terms of creating a quasi-uniform turbulence zone while simultaneously reducing the bed shear stress. Finally, the efficacy of the slit-type permeable spur dike field as a solution to the riverbank erosion problem is numerically tested in a reach of a braided river, the Brahmaputra–Jamuna River, and a comparison is made with a conventional spur dike field. The results indicate that the proposed structure ensures the smooth passing of flow compared with that for the conventional impermeable spur structure by producing a lower level of scouring (low bed shear stress) and flow intensification.

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Ballerini, Evangeline S., Ya Min, Molly B. Edwards, Elena M. Kramer, and Scott A. Hodges. "POPOVICH, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, plays a central role in the development of a key innovation, floral nectar spurs, inAquilegia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 36 (2020): 22552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006912117.

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The evolution of novel features, such as eyes or wings, that allow organisms to exploit their environment in new ways can lead to increased diversification rates. Therefore, understanding the genetic and developmental mechanisms involved in the origin of these key innovations has long been of interest to evolutionary biologists. In flowering plants, floral nectar spurs are a prime example of a key innovation, with the independent evolution of spurs associated with increased diversification rates in multiple angiosperm lineages due to their ability to promote reproductive isolation via pollinator specialization. As none of the traditional plant model taxa have nectar spurs, little is known about the genetic and developmental basis of this trait. Nectar spurs are a defining feature of the columbine genusAquilegia(Ranunculaceae), a lineage that has experienced a relatively recent and rapid radiation. We use a combination of genetic mapping, gene expression analyses, and functional assays to identify a gene crucial for nectar spur development,POPOVICH(POP), which encodes a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor.POPplays a central role in regulating cell proliferation in theAquilegiapetal during the early phase (phase I) of spur development and also appears to be necessary for the subsequent development of nectaries. The identification ofPOPopens up numerous avenues for continued scientific exploration, including further elucidating of the genetic pathway of which it is a part, determining its role in the initial evolution of theAquilegianectar spur, and examining its potential role in the subsequent evolution of diverse spur morphologies across the genus.

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Klein, I., S. A. Weinbaum, T. M. DeJong, and T. T. Muraoka. "Relationship between Fruiting, Specific Leaf Weight, and Subsequent Spur Productivity in Walnut." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 3 (1991): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.3.426.

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Localized and carry-over effects of light exposure [as inferred from specific leaf weight (SLW)] on spur viability, flowering, and fruit set were monitored in selected spurs throughout walnut (Juglans regia, cvs. Serr and Hartley) tree canopies. Shaded spurs (i.e., average SLW <4 mg·cm-2) were predisposed to die during the winter, and spur mortality was accentuated among spurs that had borne fruit that season. More catkins and distillate flowers per spur were characteristic of the more exposed positions within the canopy (as indicated by SLW) during the previous summer and following an “off” year. In exposed `Serr' canopy positions (SLW >5 mg·cm-2), catkin and Pistillate flower maturation was reduced in fruiting spurs by 60% and 30%, respectively, in the subsequent year relative to vegetative spurs. In `Hartley', the number of distillate flowers was also reduced by 35% on spurs that fruited the previous year relative to spurs that had been vegetative. Maximum rates of return bloom and fruit set were evident in spurs exhibiting the highest SLW and N per unit leaf area (NA), specific to each cultivar. Among spurs of both cultivars, distillate flower development was more sensitive to shading in the previous season than was catkin development. Shell weight of `Serr' varied positively with SLW, but kernel weight, fruit N, and oil concentration did not vary “with SLW in either cultivar.

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Smaoui, Houcem, Karim Mimouni, and Ines Ben Salah. "Do sukuk spur infrastructure development?" International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 14, no. 4 (2021): 655–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-06-2020-0301.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect do Sukuk Spur Infrastructure Development of Sukuk market expansion on infrastructure development for a sample of 15 emerging countries over the period 1997–2018. The paper also compares the role of Sukuk in infrastructure development to that of the size of the banking system, bond market development and stock market development. Design/methodology/approach A novel index of infrastructure development is constructed via principal component analysis. This index is regressed on Sukuk market development and other macroeconomic and institutional variables. To tackle the problems of heteroscedasticity and the existence of serial correlation in the residuals, the panel model is estimated using the generalized least squares (GLS) procedure with random effects and robust standard errors. Findings The evidence shows that a well-developed Sukuk market contributes to the expansion of the country’s infrastructure, whereas a larger banking system and a better capitalized stock market do not have any significant effect on infrastructure development. Surprisingly, well-developed bond markets jeopardize infrastructure expansion, thereby pointing to a potential crowding-out effect between Sukuk and bonds in financing infrastructure investments. Additionally, per capita GDP and education are positively related to infrastructure development, whereas inflation has a negative effect on the country’s proliferation of infrastructure. Originality/value This study uses a novel infrastructure index via principal component analysis and shows that Sukuk markets fill an important gap in the financing of large-scale and long-term projects. This result is novel and has not been documented in previous research.

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10

Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (1995): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.622.

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Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.

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Ouzounis, Theoharis, and Gregory A. Lang. "Foliar Applications of Urea Affect Nitrogen Reserves and Cold Acclimation of Sweet Cherries (Prunus avium L.) on Dwarfing Rootstocks." HortScience 46, no. 7 (2011): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.7.1015.

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Seasonal uptake, storage, and remobilization of nitrogen (N) are of critical importance for plant growth. The use of N reserves for new growth in the spring is especially important for sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), for which new shoot and fruit growth is concomitant and fruit development occurs during a relatively short bloom-to-ripening period. Sweet cherries grafted on precocious, dwarfing rootstocks such as the interspecific (P. cerasus × P. canescens) hybrids Gisela® 5 and 6 tend to produce large crops but smaller fruit when crop load is not balanced with adequate leaf area. Study objectives were to: 1) characterize natural N remobilization during fall and winter to canopy reproductive and vegetative meristems; 2) determine the effect of fall foliar urea applications on storage N levels in flowering spurs; 3) determine whether differential storage N levels influence spur leaf formation in spring; and 4) determine whether fall foliar urea applications affect the development of cold-hardiness. During fall, total N in leaves decreased by up to 51% [dry weight (DW)] and increased in canopy organs such as flower spurs by up to 27% (DW). The N concentration in flower spurs increased further in spring by up to 150% (DW). Fall foliar applications of urea increased storage N levels in flowering spurs (up to 40%), shoot tips (up to 20%), and bark (up to 29%). Premature defoliation decreased storage N in these tissues by up to 30%. Spur leaf size in the spring was associated with storage N levels; fall foliar urea treatments increased spur leaf area by up to 24%. Foliar urea applications increased flower spur N levels most when applied in late summer to early fall. Such applications also affected the development of cold acclimation in cherry shoots positively during fall; those treated with urea were up to 4.25 °C more cold-hardy than those on untreated trees.

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Schechter, Ido, D. C. Elfving, and J. T. A. Proctor. "Apple tree canopy development and photosynthesis as affected by rootstock." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 2 (1991): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-039.

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Trees of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' as the scion grafted on nine different rootstocks (Ottawa 3, M.7 EMLA, M.9 EMLA, M.26 EMLA, M.27 EMLA, M.9, MAC-9, MAC-24, OAR 1) were studied in their 8th and 9th years. Canopy seasonal development and its light interception followed by fisheye (hemispherical) photography showed that rootstock affected the amount of structural wood, the rate of canopy development, and final leaf area. However, rootstock did not affect the sigmoidal pattern of canopy development. Light interception was linearly correlated with tree dimensions and yield. Leaf net photosynthesis (Pn) of trees on dwarfing rootstocks tended to be lower than Pn rates of trees on more vigorous rootstocks. Rootstock did not affect the scion Pn response to different illumination levels. Shoot leaves, spur leaves on spurs without fruit (S − F), and spur leaves on spurs with fruit (S + F) from trees on M.26 EMLA and OAR 1 showed no differences in Pn rates. However, for both rootstocks, shoot leaves had the highest Pn rate, S + F the lowest, and S − F leaves had intermediate values. Key words: light interception, fisheye photography, leaf type.

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Moroney, Paul J., Barry J. O’Neill, Khalid Khan-Bhambro, Shay J. O’Flanagan, Peter Keogh, and Paddy J. Kenny. "The Conundrum of Calcaneal Spurs." Foot & Ankle Specialist 7, no. 2 (2013): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938640013516792.

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Background: Chronic plantar heel pain is a common and potentially debilitating condition, often caused by plantar fasciitis. Plantar calcaneal spurs were originally considered the cause of plantar fasciitis but are now regarded as an incidental finding by most authors. We aimed to test this hypothesis and to investigate predisposing factors for the development of spurs. Methods: We reviewed all lateral ankle X rays taken in our institution over a 6-month period and identified all X rays demonstrating calcaneal spurs. Then, we identified a similar number of age- and sex-matched controls without spurs. We contacted both groups by telephone and compared symptoms of heel pain, plantar fasciitis, associated comorbidities, and foot and ankle outcome scores (FAOSs). Results: We reviewed the X rays of 1103 consecutive patients and found a spur prevalence of 12.4%, more common in women and older patients. Questioning of the spur group and control group found a higher body mass index in the spur group. Patients with spurs were 4 times more likely to have diabetes mellitus and 10 times more likely to have lower-limb osteoarthritis. Patients with spurs had more foot pain and poorer FAOS than the control group, even when patients with plantar fasciitis were excluded. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the presence of a plantar calcaneal spur may be an indicator of foot pain independent of plantar fasciitis. Although spurs may not cause foot pain themselves, they may be an indication of other associated conditions. Clinical relevance: We have demonstrated the relevance of a radiographic finding once considered irrelevant. Level of Evidence: Prognostic, Level III: Case-control study

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Proctor, J. T. A., and J. W. Palmer. "THE ROLE OF SPUR AND BOURSE LEAVES OF THREE APPLE CULTIVARS ON FRUIT SET AND GROWTH AND CALCIUM CONTENT." HortScience 26, no. 6 (1991): 789F—789. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.6.789f.

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The development of a complete and healthy early season canopy of spur leaves, and later addition of bourse leaves, is essential for fruit set, fruit growth and quality in apple. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the temporal role of spur leaves and bourse shoots on fruit set, growth and return bloom in three apple cultivars and fruit Ca Level at harvest in two cultivars. Individual flowering spurs on mature wood of “Cox's Orange Pippin”, “Golden Delicious” and “Crispin” apple trees were modified by removing the spur leaves, the bourse shoot, or both, at full bloom and two, four and eight weeks afterwards. Leaf removal reduced fruit set, yield (as fruit number and not size), fruit calcium level at harvest, and return bloom. Defoliationhad its greatest effect on fruit calcium level when done early in the season and plots of this against treatment time suggested a curvilinear relationship. Return bloom was dependent on the presence of the bourse shoots on the spur but not on spur leaves. Return bloom of all three cultivars declined with the number of fruitlets per spur four weeks after full bloom.

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Ghardallou, Wafa. "Does democratic transition spur financial development?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 8, no. 4 (2016): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-10-2015-0063.

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Purpose The literature studying the effect of democratic political systems on financial development has found conflicting results. Besides, recent work has focused on the level effects of democracy on financial outcomes showing evidence of positive, negative and no direct impact. This paper aims to investigate the dynamic effects of democratic transition on financial development, namely, short run and long run effects. Design/methodology/approach The author wants to see whether financial development improves after a transition to a democratic system and, if it does, for how long. Using a panel data set of 48 events of democratic transitions, the paper relies on an event study and on the estimation of dynamic panel after controlling for other potential determinants. Findings The author finds that transition to a democratic system raises the development of the financial sector. Particularly, these positive effects occurred in the long run, i.e. about 5 years following the democratic transition. However, in the short run, the author finds that the move to democracy does not impact financial outcomes. Originality/value The author contributes by studying the role of political system change on financial development finding that democratic transition increases the development of the financial system. Further, the author contributes by finding that the move to democracy produces positive effect only in the long term.

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Fox, Jeffrey L. "National body will spur vaccine development." Nature Biotechnology 11, no. 8 (1993): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0893-867.

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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Alzheimer’s Discovery Could Spur Drug Development." Psychiatric News 37, no. 20 (2002): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.37.20.0028.

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Yant, Levi, Silvio Collani, Joshua Puzey, Clara Levy, and Elena M. Kramer. "Molecular basis for three-dimensional elaboration of the Aquilegia petal spur." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1803 (2015): 20142778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2778.

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By enforcing specific pollinator interactions, Aquilegia petal nectar spurs maintain reproductive isolation between species. Spur development is the result of three-dimensional elaboration from a comparatively two-dimensional primordium. Initiated by localized, oriented cell divisions surrounding the incipient nectary, this process creates a pouch that is extended by anisotropic cell elongation. We hypothesized that the development of this evolutionary novelty could be promoted by non-mutually exclusive factors, including (i) prolonged, KNOX-dependent cell fate indeterminacy, (ii) localized organ sculpting and/or (iii) redeployment of hormone-signalling modules. Using cell division markers to guide transcriptome analysis of microdissected spur tissue, we present candidate mechanisms underlying spur outgrowth. We see dynamic expression of factors controlling cell proliferation and hormone signalling, but no evidence of contribution from indeterminacy factors. Transcriptome dynamics point to a novel recruitment event in which auxin-related factors that normally function at the organ margin were co-opted to this central structure. Functional perturbation of the transition between cell division and expansion reveals an unexpected asymmetric component of spur development. These findings indicate that the production of this three-dimensional form is an example of organ sculpting via localized cell division with novel contributions from hormone signalling, rather than a product of prolonged indeterminacy.

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Naresh, P., Aman Raj, and J. Tarun Ejazur Rahman G. Bharat. "Design and Development of Spur Gear by using Three Dimensional Printing." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (2019): 1044–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23236.

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LEPKOWSKI, WIL. "Africans spur vision of science-led development." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 20 (1994): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n020.p009.

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Smaoui, Houcem, and Salem Nechi. "Does sukuk market development spur economic growth?" Research in International Business and Finance 41 (October 2017): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.04.018.

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BROWN, STUART S. "Can Remittances Spur Development? A Critical Survey1." International Studies Review 8, no. 1 (2006): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2006.00553.x.

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Gheeraert, Laurent. "Does Islamic finance spur banking sector development?" Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 103 (July 2014): S4—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.02.013.

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Barritt, Bruce H., and Bonnie J. Schonberg. "Cultivar and Canopy Position Effects on Seasonal Development of Vegetative Spurs of Apple." HortScience 25, no. 6 (1990): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.628.

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Vegetative (nonflowering) spur characteristics of `Granny Smith', `Lawspur Rome', and `Redchief Delicious' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) at two canopy positions (1 and 2 m heights) were examined on eight dates throughout a growing season. `Granny Smith' had a greater leaf number/spur (LNO/SP) at each date than `Rome' and `Delicious'. Area/leaf (LA) and dry weight/leaf (LDW) for `Delicious' were substantially less than for `Granny Smith' and `Rome'. Area/leaf increased rapidly after full bloom (FB) until FB + 21 days for `Delicious', FB + 35 for `Granny Smith', and FB + 56 for `Rome', after which no further changes occurred. For each cultivar, leaf area/spur (LAMP) and leaf dry weight/spur (LDW/SP) increased rapidly from FB until FB + 35 days and then more gradually until FB + 104 days. From FB + 21 onward, `Granny Smith' had greater LA/SP and LDW/SP than `Rome', which, in turn, was greater than for `Delicious'. At harvest (FB + 160), LA/SP was 2.5-fold greater for `Granny Smith' and 1.7-fold greater for `Rome' than for `Delicious'. Cultivar differences for leaf dry weight/leaf area (LDW/LA) were small and canopy position differences were large. LDW/LA declined from 7 days before FB to FB + 7, then gradually increased to the end of the season. Dry weight of the vegetative spur buds (with leaves removed) was lower for `Delicious' than for `Rome' or `Granny Smith'. Total spur dry weight (bud + leaves) was, from FB + 21 onward, greatest for `Granny Smith', intermediate for `Rome', and lowest for `Delicious'.

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Wünsche, Jens N., and Alan N. Lakso. "The Relationship Between Leaf Area and Light Interception by Spur and Extension Shoot Leaves and Apple Orchard Productivity." HortScience 35, no. 7 (2000): 1202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.7.1202.

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The study evaluated the relationship of spur vs. extension shoot leaf area and light interception to apple (Malus {XtimesX}domesticaBorkh.) orchard productivity. Fifteen-year-old `Marshall McIntosh'/M.9 trees had significantly greater leaf area and percentage of light interception at 3-5 and 10-12 weeks after full bloom (AFB) than did 4-year-old `Jonagold'/Mark trees. Despite significant increases in leaf area and light interception with canopy development, linear relationships between total, spur, and extension shoot canopy leaf area index (LAI) and 1) light interception and 2) fruit yield were similar at both times. Mean total and spur canopy LAI and light interception were significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield; however, extension shoot LAI and light interception were poorly correlated with yield. In another study total, spur and extension shoot canopy light interception varied widely in five apple production systems: 15-year-old central leader `Redchief Delicious' MM.111, 15-year-old central leader `Redchief Delicious' MM.111/M.9, 16-year-old slender spindle `Marshall McIntosh' M.9, 14-year-old `Jerseymac' M.9 on 4-wire trellis, and 17-year-old slender spindle `MacSpur' M.9. Yields in these orchards were curvilinearly related to total and extension shoot canopy light interception and decreased when total light interception exceeded 60% and extension shoot interception exceeded 25%. Fruit yields were linearly and highly correlated (r2 = 0.78) with spur light interception. The findings support the hypothesis that fruit yields of healthy apple orchards are better correlated with LAI and light interception by spurs than by extension shoots. The results emphasize the importance of open, well-illuminated, spur-rich tree canopies for high productivity.

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Curry, Eric A. "761 PB 187 DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANTHOCYANINS IN BAGGED `DELICIOUS' AND `FUJI' APPLES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 542a—542. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.542a.

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Within red cultivars, highly colored apples are often preferred. In addition to being esthetically more appealing. better color often indicates riper, better tasting fruit. Anthocyanin synthesis in apples is influenced by many external factors including light, temperature, nutrition, pruning, thinning, growth regulators, and bagging. Bagging is the practice of enclosing young fruitlets in several layers of paper to promote color development after the bag is removed in the fall before harvest. In experiments related to the temperature optimum of color development in various cultivars, bagging was used to produce fruit void of anthocyanins. Double layer paper bags (black-lined outer bag, red inner bag) were placed on `Akafu-1 Fuji', `Oregon-Spur Delicious', and the early coloring `Scarlet Spur Delicious' on June 21, 1993. Bags were not removed until fruit was taken to the lab on September 22 for both `Delicious' and `Fuji'. Whereas bagged `Fuji' apples were without red pigment, bagged `Delicious' sports showed considerable red pigment development, completely covering the apple in the case of the blush-type `Scarlet Spur' and showing streaks without pigment in the snipe-type `Oregon-Spur'.

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Gordić, Snežana, Milica Nikolić, and Sonja Orlić. "Analysis of math textbooks by SPUR approach." Norma 25, no. 2 (2020): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/norma2002253g.

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A textbook set is basic didactic material in teaching mathematics and it is very important what kind of textbook teachers and pupils use in teaching mathematics. The aim of this paper is to analyze the tasks in textbook sets of mathematics for the 4th grade of primary school using the SPUR approach. SPUR is a multi-dimensional approach to learning mathematics that encourages development of pupils through four dimensions: skills, properties, uses and representations. The sample consists of math textbook sets for the 4th grade of primary school. The instrument is a checklist compiled for the purpose of this research. Analyzes show that textbook sets differ significantly in the number of tasks by SPUR. Textbook sets predominantly stimulate development of skills, and least frequently the ability to graphically represent procedures and solve tasks.

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Branstetter, Lee, Ray Fisman, C. Fritz Foley, and Kamal Saggi. "Does intellectual property rights reform spur industrial development?" Journal of International Economics 83, no. 1 (2011): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.09.001.

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Buckley, James Michael. "Exhibition Review: A Spur to Planning: “Agents of Change” at SPUR Urban Center, San Francisco." Journal of Planning History 9, no. 2 (2010): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538513210364089.

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Shih, Dong-Sin, and Tzu-Yi Lai. "Reducing of Bend Scour by Setting Spurs in a Curved Channel." Water 12, no. 5 (2020): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051353.

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In Taiwan, the rivers not only are fast-flowing with high discharge, but they badly erode their beds during the typhoon seasons. In addition, erosion on the concave bank in a meandering channel is the primary cause of levee break. Therefore, the study conducted a down-scale experiment on erosion induced by oblique flow in a laboratory. It was similar to number 27–34 cross sections of the Fengshan river of Hsinchu County, Taiwan. The region was chosen because there are some special attacking angles of water flow and historical precedents of levee break. The study adopted the discharges of return periods of 10 and 20 years and measured the flow field by laser doppler velocimetry (LDV). Then the protective effects with different spur types were examined. The results indicate that increasing velocity induces side erosion when the flow impacts with the adjacent angle on the concave bank. However, the decreasing of velocity causes deposition of sediment on the concave bank. Furthermore, based on the vertical velocity profile of water flow, a higher flow rate is measured in the downstream on the concave bank. After the spurs are installed, the velocity at the spurs in the downstream is reduced, and the cross section with the larger velocity is moved to upstream. In addition, after setting the spurs, the reduction rates in volume of scour are 7.97% of a 10 year return period and 4.65% of a 20 year return period, respectively. That demonstrates the scour is effectively reduced as long as the spurs are set. Although the erosion mitigation rate and protection effect are decreased when the velocity is high, there is still a good protection effect at the bank. The setting of spurs has the following effects: First, the maximum scour depth generates in the front spur, while the maximum scour position keeps away from the bank. Then, the overall flow rate can be reduced to approximately 35%–40% comparing with the original flow field. Lastly, the spur on the slope of 1/30 degrees demonstrated the best function of stretching the distance from the embankment.

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Huang, Tingjie, Yan Lu, and Huaixiang Liu. "Effects of Spur Dikes on Water Flow Diversity and Fish Aggregation." Water 11, no. 9 (2019): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091822.

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As a typical waterway modification, the spur dike narrows the water cross section, which increases the flow velocity and flushes the riverbed. Meanwhile, it also protects ecological diversity and improves river habitat. Different types of spur dikes could greatly impact the interaction between flow structure and local geomorphology, which in turn affects the evolution of river aquatic habitats. Four different types of spur dikes—including rock-fill, permeable, w-shaped rock-fill, and w-shaped permeable—were evaluated using flume experiments for spur dike hydrodynamics and fish aggregation effects. Based on Shannon’s entropy, an index for calculating water flow diversity is proposed. Additionally, the impact of the different spur dikes on water flow diversity and the relationship between water flow diversity and fish aggregation effects were studied. The water flow diversity index around the spur dike varied from 1.13 to 2.96. The average aggregation rate of test fish around the spur dike was 5% to 28%, and the attraction effect increased with increasing water flow diversity. Furthermore, we plotted the relationship between water flow diversity index and average fish aggregation rate. A fish hydroacoustic study conducted on the Laohutan fish-bone dike in the Dongliu reach of downstream Yangtze River showed that the fish aggregation effect of the permeable spur dike was greater than the rock-fill spur dike. These research results could provide theoretical support for habitat heterogeneity research and ecologically optimal design of spur dikes.

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Shen, Zhao Kui, and Xiao Lin Pan. "The Development of Graphic Design Method Based on Pro/Toolkit Spur Gears." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.606.

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Pro/Toolkit is the powerful secondary development provide of Pro/E ,It encapsulates many aimed at Pro/E bottom resources library function and call header files.Using VC++6.0 for integrated development environment and under Windows for development.This paper mainly introduces a graphic design method based on Pro/Toolkit spur gears.Firstly by using Pro/E to establish the spur gears 3d model and realize the 3d model parametric design. Then using VC++6.0 to type VC DLL program, design MFC dialog and for source program's compiles and links, to create dynamic link files(DLL or EXE files), through the registration documents and running applications.Finally realizes input gear parameters to get the corresponding gear effect in the dialog.Completed in VC++6.0 integrated development environment using Pro/Toolkit for forging spur gears graphic design. Got use Pro/Toolkit for straight tooth cylindrical gear and internal gear's secondary development interface.To avoid a lot of labor, meet different repeat and improv product design efficiency.

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Rom, Curt R. "SHOOT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF `STARKSPUR SUPREME DELICIOUS' VARIES WITH ROOTSTOCK." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1111f—1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1111f.

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Shoot growth `Starkspur Supreme Delirious' on 10 different rootstock was measured on 3-, 4- and 6-year-old trees at weekly intervals from budbreak until terminal bud formation. Spur density, spur development, and extension shoot leaf area development were measured in September. Growth rate was analyzed by regression against chronological time and accumulated growing degree days using linear and nonlinear statistics.Rootstock affected shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf size, leaf dry weight/leaf area and internode length. Trees on M.4, M.7 EMLA, P-1 and seedling had the longest shoots and highest shoot growth rate. Trees on P16 had least leaves and leaf area per shoot and smallest shoot leaves. Leaf dry wt./area were negatively correlated to leaf size. Typically, trees with shortest shoot length and smallest internode length had greatest spur density. Rootstock affected both rate and duration of shoot growth. Shoots on trees with P22 and P2 rootstocks grew for the shortest duration while trees on M.4 and M.7 EMLA grew for the longest period.

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So, Jung-Duk, Sung-Won Jung, Soon-Goo Kwon, et al. "Development of Automative Program for Designing Involute Spur Gear." Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers 12, no. 6 (2013): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14775/ksmpe.2013.12.6.142.

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35

Oh, Sung-Do, and G. Bunemann. "SEASONAL CHANGES OF ASPARAGINE AND ARGININE CONTENTS IN SPUR BUDS, LEAF BUDS, AND FLOWER BUDS INDUCED BY SUMMER PRUNING IN `FUJI' AND `JONAGOLD' APPLE TREE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 614a—614. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.614a.

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Asparagine and arginine contents in spur buds, leaf buds and terminal buds of shoot were compared in Fuji and Jonagold apple trees during dormant and growing season. Amino acid contents in dormant spur buds were significantly higher in Jonagold than in Fuji, whereas the amino acid contents in shoot bark were not different in two cultivars. Asparagine and arginine contents were considerably higher in leaf and terminal buds of shoot. This phenomenon was quite obvious in Fuji than Jonagold but there was no significant difference in asparagine and arginine contents in spur buds. Flower buds differentiated on summer pruned shoots had higher contents of asparagine and arginine as compared with weak spur buds in Fuji but this was not quite obvious in Jonagold. It suggested that the irregular spur size and poor development of spur buds in Fuji cultivar might be caused by the poor translocation of amino acids as well as nitrogen compounds from shoots and other vegetative organs.

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FUH KUM, George. "The Operation Green Revolution 1973-1986: Sustaining Cameroon’s Planned Development Precept." World Journal of Education and Humanities 3, no. 2 (2021): p63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v3n2p63.

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This paper studies the Green Revolution and its input to Cameroon’s planned development agenda from 1973 to 1986. After attaining statehood, Cameroon like most African states, espoused strategies, aimed at enhancing its socio-economic developments. All these emerged from its foremost planned development policy, introduced in 1960. This policy initially laid emphasis on industrialisation, which was too costly and inert to spur socio-economic growth. Agriculture was thus reconsidered as the basis for real development in the country and the green revolution ideology was adopted to embolden this ambitious quest. Launched in 1973, the revolution did swiftly and hugely enhance Cameroon’s socio-economic development, but nevertheless faded due to obvious deficiencies and the setting in of the economic crunch in 1986. This paper argues that despite its merely ideological bearing and hasty end, the Green Revolution remained a very vital spur to Cameroon’s planned development programme and propounds perspectives for more enhancing inputs. It is built on primary and secondary data and analysed qualitatively.

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Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on the Flowering of `Delicious' Apple. I. Bud Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 1010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1010.

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Floral development was studied in buds of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple trees growing on B.9, M.26 EMLA, M.7 EMLA, P.18, and seedling rootstocks. In each of 3 years, buds were sampled from the previous years growth at intervals throughout the growing season and dissected to determine whether the apex was domed, indicating the start of floral development. Number of bud scales and true leaves increased during the early part of the growing season, but remained fairly constant beyond 70 days after full bloom. The type of rootstock did not affect the number of bud scales or transition leaves, and effects on true leaf numbers were small and inconsistent. Final bract number per floral bud was similarly unaffected by rootstock. The proportion of buds in which flowers were formed was influenced by rootstock in only one year of the study, which was characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall over the period of flower formation. Bracts were observed only in floral buds, and became visible after doming of bud apices had occurred. Flowers were formed during the first 20 days in August, regardless of rootstock or year. The appendage number of vegetative buds was constant from 70 days after full bloom until the end of the growing season, but the number of appendages in floral buds increased due to the continued production of bracts. The critical bud appendage number for `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' before flower formation was 20, and was stable among rootstocks and years. Buds with diameters above 3.1 mm were generally floral, but on this basis only 65% of buds could be correctly classified. Spur leaf number, spur leaf area, and spur leaf dry weight were not good predictors of floral formation within the spur bud.

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Pandey, Manish, Wei Haur Lam, Yonggang Cui, Mohammad Amir Khan, Umesh Kumar Singh, and Z. Ahmad. "Scour around Spur Dike in Sand–Gravel Mixture Bed." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071417.

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Scour is the main cause of failure for spur dike. The accurate prediction of scour around spur dike is essential to design a spur dike. The present study focuses on the maximum scour depth in equilibrium condition and parameters, which influence it in a sand–gravel mixture bed. Outcomes of the present experimental study showed that the non-dimensional maximum equilibrium scour depth increases with critical velocity ratio (U/Uca), water depth-armour particle ratio (h/da), Froude number for sediment mixture (Frsm), water depth-spur dike length ratio (h/l), and decreases with increase in armour particle-spur dike length ratio (da/l). The maximum scour depth is proportional to dimensionless parameters of U/Uca, h/da, Frsm, h/l, but the scour depth is inverse proportional to da/l. Scour around spur dike in a sand–gravel mixture is mainly influenced by the property of the sediment mixture. The scour increases with decrease in non-uniformity of the sediment mixture. A non-linear empirical equation is proposed to estimate the maximum scour depth at an upstream nose of rectangular spur dike with a maximum error of 15%. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the maximum non-dimensional equilibrium scour depth depends on Frsm, followed by the secondary sensible parameters da/l, h/l, and h/da.

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Sun, Zhi Lin, Ju Yuan Luo, Weng Ang Xiang, and Yu Meng Gong. "Environmental Assessment of Xinhe Beach Development." Materials Science Forum 980 (March 2020): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.980.459.

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The proliferation of beach renovation is affecting the change of the landform of the coast and threatening the ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact on the environment after the beach is transformed. The survey area is located near the Shipu fishing port in the south of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province. Based on the Delft-3D grid nesting model and wave-fluid coupling model, the astronomical tide and hydrodynamic environment of the 30 days before the construction were simulated. After the beach was rebuilt and sand was added and the spur dike was added, the astronomical tide and hydrodynamic environment were again simulated. Finally, based on the simulated data, the water level, velocity field, effective wave height distribution, and siltation and siltation of Xinhe Beach were obtained. Xinhe Beach's environmental damage risk indicators can be evaluated based on water level, velocity field, effective wave height direction and sediment erosion and deposition. Artificial sanding and construction of spur dikes will change the hydrodynamics and scouring and siltation of Xinhe Beach, but have little effect on the coastal terrain and ecological environment.

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40

Embree, Charlie. "Early Development of a Free-standing Tree Wall for `Mcintosh' and `Empire' Apples." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 807D—807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.807d.

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Spur-type growth habit, among other factors, is known to reduce vigor in apple trees. High-density orchards can, therefore, be designed with more vigorous rootstocks, which do not require support systems. Trees were planted in a latin square design and trained to modified vertical axis system which, encouraged maximum limb development. Growth response of the spur McIntosh strains; `MacSpur', `Hartenhof', `Stirling', `Chick-a-dee'; and for `Empire' are compared for each of the five rootstocks MM.106, Alnarp 2, MM.111, KSC13, and KSC3. `Empire' on KSC13 grew the largest, the smallest were `Stirling', `Chick-a-dee', and `Empire' on KSC3.

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Rom, R. C., and G. R. Motichek. "The effect of spur and non-spur apple cultivar type on adventitious root development from MM.111 rootstock." Scientia Horticulturae 36, no. 3-4 (1988): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(88)90054-4.

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42

Guimond, Charlotte M., Preston K. Andrews, and Gregory A. Lang. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Floral Initiation in Sweet Cherry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (1998): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.509.

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Flower initiation and development in `Bing' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was examined using scanning electron microscopy. There was a 1- to 2-week difference in the time of initiation of flower buds on summer pruned current season shoots (P) compared to buds borne on unpruned shoots (U) or spurs (S). By late July, this difference was obvious in morphological development. The P buds had already formed floral primordia, while the S and U buds showed little differentiation in the meristem until early August. In general, buds from unpruned shoots were similar developmentally to spur buds. By late August, primordial differentiation was similar in the buds from all the wood types; however, buds from pruned shoots were significantly larger (838 μm) than buds from spurs (535 μm) and unpruned shoots (663 μm). Early summer pruning may shift allocation of resources from terminal shoot elongation to reproductive meristem development at the base of current season shoots. The similarity in reproductive bud development between spurs and unpruned shoots, given the difference in active terminal growth, might suggest that developmental resources are inherently more limiting in reproductive buds on spurs.

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Pepin, H. S., and B. Williamson. "SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING SPUR BLIGHT SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT IN RED RASPBERRY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 183 (April 1986): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.183.18.

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44

Johnson, Jeff. "News: Research, regulations spur development of new CEM incinerator technologies." Environmental Science & Technology 30, no. 11 (1996): 477A—478A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es962470s.

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45

Keim, Tom. "New Uses Spur Lithium-Ion Battery Research and Development [Happenings]." IEEE Power Electronics Magazine 5, no. 4 (2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpel.2018.2873994.

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46

Odhiambo, Nicholas M. "Is financial development a spur to poverty reduction? Kenya's experience." Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 3 (2010): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443581011061311.

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47

Gronvall, Gigi Kwik. "A Biosafety Agenda to Spur Biotechnology Development and Prevent Accidents." Health Security 15, no. 1 (2017): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2016.0095.

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48

Fujii, Makoto, Youich Nagasaki, Minoru Nohara, and Yoshio Terauchi. "Development of a Stress Analysis System for Spur Gear Tooth." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 60, no. 571 (1994): 1059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.60.1059.

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Kumar, Prateek, Ratna Kumar Kommogi, and S. Senthilvelan. "Injection molded asymmetric spur gear — development and preliminary performance evaluation." International Journal of Plastics Technology 13, no. 2 (2009): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12588-009-0014-2.

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Eggoh, Jude, Chrysost Bangake, and Gervasio Semedo. "Do remittances spur economic growth? Evidence from developing countries." Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 28, no. 4 (2019): 391–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1568522.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Spur development'

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